Fallout Shelter Management Course 2009 version. Fallout Shelter Management Course Disclaimer/Waiver of Liability The use of or adaptation of any materials

Fallout Shelter Management CourseFallout Shelter Management Course

2009 version

Fallout Shelter Management CourseFallout Shelter Management CourseDisclaimer/Waiver of LiabilityDisclaimer/Waiver of Liability

The use of or adaptation of any materials or any presentation techniques by any entity and/or individual signifies that the user and/or adaptor understands the inherent risks involved and further assumes any and all liability that may result. The City of Huntsville, Alabama, the Madison County Commission, and the Huntsville-Madison County Emergency Management Agency express that reasonable care and good faith were exercised in development of the materials and presentation techniques; nevertheless, use of these materials or presentation techniques is at the sole risk and liability of the user. The City of Huntsville, Alabama, the Madison County Commission, the Huntsville-Madison County Emergency Management Agency, and the federal government specifically disclaim any and all responsibility or liability for any damages to person or property resulting from the use of these materials or presentations. Materials and presentation techniques include any materials and/or presentations, outline instructions and actions which are generally accepted as typical for recovery from the detonation of a nuclear weapon or dispersal of radiological isotopes. However, the conditions created by such events cannot be foreseen, thus, any entity and/or individual implementing the instruction materials may suffer property damages as well as serious injury up to and including death.


-Parking & building access

-Classroom

-Refreshments

-Restrooms

-Schedule: breaks and session lengths

-Smoking

-Outlines/course materials

-Student manuals

-Test

-Graduation & certificate

Pre-course SurveyYes No

1. I want to survive a nuclear attack. ________

2. Survival from a nuclear attack is possible. ________

3. The Government has made all necessary preparations to protect me . ________

4. Protection against nuclear weapon effects is possible. ____ ____5. In a nuclear war, the earth will be destroyed. ____

____ 6. In a Fallout Shelter, purposeful leadership is as important as protection

from radiation or food and water. ________

7. Combining my skills and resources with those of others will enable usto survive. ________

8. How long will lethal radiation last? 1 week____

1 month ____1 year ____forever ____

9. How long will it take to regain our present standard of living? 1 week____

1 month ____1 year ____

never____

10. What portion of our population will be alive 1-year after an attack? 75-100% ____ 50-75% ____25-50% ____ 0-25% ____

This is not refighting the “Cold War” but adapting proven tools to the threat of global terrorism and the spread of nuclear weapons to those who promise to use them if they get them.

The Department of Homeland Security (DHS), under the Metropolitan Medical Response System (MMRS) established a three-phased program against attack with Biological and Chemical agents and Nuclear/Radiological attack.

MMRS requires Madison County to be capable to respond to an attack, postulating a small-yield (10 KT) weapon, and/or a Radiological Dispersion Device (RDD; incorrectly called “Dirty Bomb”) that produces:

- 7,500 immediate deaths- 25,000 contaminated victims (10,000 acute & 15,000 moderate)- 100,000 displaced persons

Having and using Fallout Shelters would minimize these casualties.

Fallout Shelter Management in the Fallout Shelter Management in the 2121stst Century Century

Every disaster evokes the universal human desire to help victims.

This natural desire is transitory - a day or few. The Shelter Manager has this window of opportunity to harness that desire and direct it toward group survival.

The Shelter Manager builds the Shelter Management Team by organizing people while they are most willing to help.

Directing People Amid ChaosDirecting People Amid Chaos

NATIONAL PLANNING SCENARIOSNATIONAL PLANNING SCENARIOS

1: Nuclear Detonation – 10-Kiloton Improvised Nuclear Device 2: Biological Attack – Aerosol Anthrax 3: Biological Disease Outbreak – Pandemic Influenza 4: Biological Attack – Plague 5: Chemical Attack – Blister Agent 6: Chemical Attack – Toxic Industrial Chemicals 7: Chemical Attack – Nerve Agent 8: Chemical Attack – Chlorine Tank Explosion 9: Natural Disaster – Major Earthquake 10: Natural Disaster – Major Hurricane 11: Radiological Attack – Radiological Dispersal Devices 12: Explosives Attack – Bombing Using Improvised Explosive Devices 13: Biological Attack – Food Contamination 14: Biological Attack – Foreign Animal Disease (Foot and Mouth Disease) 15: Cyber Attack

8

FEMA/DHS GuidanceFEMA/DHS Guidancehttp://www.ready.gov/america/beinformed/nuclear.html http://www.fema.gov/hazard/terrorism/nuclear/nu_before.shtm

http://www.ready.gov/america/beinformed/nuclear.html

http://www.fema.gov/hazard/terrorism/nuclear/nu_before.shtm

Upon completion of the course, you will be able to:

1. Know what a Fallout Shelter is and how it protects people.

2. Know how the Fallout Shelter Manager would operate within theHuntsville-Madison County Shelter System.

3. List the three principles of radiation protection and how they are embodied in a Fallout Shelter.

4. Know how to create a shelter staff and organize the shelter population.

5. Operate a Fallout Shelter during the three phases of shelter life.

6. Know the importance of an orderly preparation for life in the post-attack recovery period.

7. Describe the emergency, expedient plans for stocking, equipping andupgrading the protection of Fallout Shelters.

Fallout Shelter Management Course Fallout Shelter Management Course ObjectivesObjectives

YouYou (Fallout Shelter Manager) must be: (Fallout Shelter Manager) must be:

ProactiveAnticipate

EncouragingAdaptableDecisiveResilient

ExemplaryEnduring

Quick

and, Prevail!

Duties of the Fallout Shelter ManagerDuties of the Fallout Shelter Manager1. Fill the shelter rapidly and orderly to capacity.

2. Protect the shelter against weapons effects.

3. Satisfy basic human needs: Air; Water; Sanitation & Hygiene; Sleep; Food; Psychological and Medical support.

4. Establish a Shelter Organization and Schedule to carry out all activities.

5. Maintain order and uphold the highest social standard of society.

6. Train the shelter population for post-attack living.

7. Keep morale high.

8. Prepare for in-shelter emergencies.

9. Prepare for both temporary and permanent shelter exit.

Fallout Shelter Management CourseFallout Shelter Management CourseIntroduction .5 hour

Module 1, Why Fallout Shelters? 2.0 hours

Module 2, Organizing for Survival 1.5 hours

Module 3, Managing Critical Resources 2.5 hours

Module 4, Table Top exercise 1.0 hours

Test, Course Evaluation & Award of Certificates .5 hours

TOTAL 8.0 hours

Nuclear Attack in the 21st CenturyNuclear Attack in the 21st CenturyA nuclear attack may:

• be only on selected targets such as military bases with offensive weapons.

• be a single up to a few dozen detonations on specific or random targets.

• be aimed at communications, the electric power grid, radars and satellites

• be on armed forces outside the United States, e.g. the far East; the Mid East; Europe; the Balkans; naval forces at sea or air battles.

• be an act of by a non-state, i.e. a terrorist group such as Al Qaeda.

• be threatened to bring about a military or political result; to bend the will of the people.

• involve a detonation (fission/fusion) or release via an RDD or RED.

• involve nations or armed forces other than the United States.

• occur all in one attack – or recur over weeks, months, even years.

2009: Russia reserves right to pre-2009: Russia reserves right to pre-emptive nuclear strikes on US, NATOemptive nuclear strikes on US, NATOA Russian security official says Moscow reserves the right to conduct pre-emptive nuclear strikes to safeguard the country against aggression on both a large and a local scale, according to an interview published in the newspaper Izvestia on Wednesday October 14, 2009.

Presidential Security Council chief Nikolai Patrushev singled out the U.S. and NATO, saying Moscow's Cold War foes still pose potential threats to Russia despite what he called a global trend toward local conflicts.

Patrushev was quoted as saying. "In situations critical to national security, options including a preventative nuclear strike on the aggressor are not excluded."

http://www.breitbart.com/article.php?id=D9BAUJ680&show_article=1&catnum=0

http://www.breitbart.com/article.php?id=D9BAUJ680&show_article=1&catnum=0

Protective OptionsProtective OptionsEvacuation

• Feasible if completed before fallout/contamination arrives.• Area would have to be small and time adequate.• Detonation effects (blast/thermal/EMP) may impede evacuation.• Evacuees may be exposed and/or contaminated.

Shelter In Place

• Critical facilities that can not evacuate, e.g., hospitals, must continue to operate.• Necessary if fallout/contamination will arrive before evacuation complete• Fallout Shelters needed to protect against high level radiation/detonation.• Shelter-in-place (not necessarily Fallout Shelter) near RDD/very low level.• Shelter stay would range from a few days to 2 weeks.• Authorities outside affected area can organize rescue/evacuation effort.• Shelterees may be exposed and/or contaminated.

Protective Options: Critical FacilitiesProtective Options: Critical FacilitiesEvacuation

• Feasible only if all staff and patients/clients can evacuate before fallout/contamination arrives and operations transferred to an alternate facility.

Shelter In Place

• Necessary if operations can not be transferred or if staff & clients can not evacuate.• Necessary if needed to support operations of other response agencies.• Must have Radiological Monitoring & Exposure Control capabilities• Critical Facilities may be used to shelter families of the staff.• Critical Facilities will not be used to shelter the general public.


Module 1

Why Public Fallout Shelters?

Fallout Shelter SystemFallout Shelter System

The Fallout Shelter is the core of the Madison County Population Protection Program.

The mission of the Fallout Shelter Manager: Protect the lives of as many people as possible and assist them to enter the post-attack world well enough in mind and body to begin reconstruction of society.

Within the Fallout Shelter, the Shelter Manager works as an extension of city or county government.

Immunity from LiabilityImmunity from LiabilityThe Code of Alabama 1975, Section 31-9-16,

Title 31 Military Affairs and Civil Defense.

Immunity of state, etc., from liability for torts resulting from emergency management activities ; exemptions of emergency management workers from license requirements; powers, duties, etc., of emergency management workers.

(a) All functions under this chapter and all other activities relating to emergency management are hereby declared to be governmental functions.

(b) Neither the state nor any political subdivision thereof nor other agencies of the state or political subdivisions thereof, nor, except in cases of willful misconduct, gross negligence or bad faith, any emergency management worker, individual, partnership, association or corporation complying with or reasonably attempting to comply with this chapter or any order, rule or regulation promulgated pursuant to the provisions of this chapter or pursuant to any ordinance relating to blackout or other precautionary measures enacted by any political subdivision of the state, shall be liable for the death of or injury to persons, or for damage to property, as a result of any such activity . The provisions of this section shall not affect the right of any person to receive benefits to which he would otherwise be entitled under this chapter or under the Worker's Compensation Law or under any pension law, nor the right of any such person to receive any benefits or compensation under any act of Congress.

(c) Any requirement for a license to practice any professional, mechanical or other skill shall not apply to any authorized emergency management worker who shall, in the course of performing his duties as such, practice such professional, mechanical or other skill during an emergency management emergency.

(d) As used in this section, the term "emergency management worker" shall include any full-or part-time paid, volunteer or auxiliary employee of this state, or other states, territories, possessions or the District of Columbia, of the federal government, of any neighboring county or of any political subdivision thereof, or of any agency or organization performing emergency management services at any place in this state subject to the order or control of, or pursuant to, a request of, the state government or any political subdivision thereof.

(e) Any emergency management worker, as defined in this section, performing emergency management services at any place in this state pursuant to agreements, compacts or arrangements for mutual aid and assistance to which the state or a political subdivision thereof is a party, shall possess the same powers, duties, immunities and privileges he would ordinarily possess if performing his duties in the state, province or political subdivision thereof in which normally employed or rendering services.

(Acts 1955, No. 47, p. 267, §16.)

Fallout Shelter ProfileFallout Shelter Profile Madison Co population is ~270,000. Up to 15% may spontaneously evacuate.

• Madison Co. has more than 150 federally surveyed and approved Public Fallout Shelters. Total capacity is 263,000+ persons.

• Huntsville has reserved a few Fallout Shelters for use in Direction and Control, Medical and Recovery operations. Some are privately owned.

• A number of unsurveyed but potential shelters exist that could augment existing federally surveyed and approved Fallout Shelters.

• Redstone Arsenal & Marshall Space Flight Center have a number of federally surveyed & approved Fallout Shelters for their use.

• 100s of privately owned Tornado/Fallout shelters exist – not in system

• 1000s of boats can anchor along TN River if 200’ from shore in 3’ deep water

Fallout Shelter Program OverviewFallout Shelter Program Overview• Fallout Shelters protect against radiation based on the size, mass and

location or site of the building and its surroundings.

• Fallout Shelters are not intended to protect against other (blast, heat)effects of a nuclear detonation, explosions or Chemical & Biological

Agents.Such a capability may exist in a building due to its size, mass & location.

• Fallout Shelters are not intended for use after use of a RDD (but may be).

• Contamination from a RDD can be expected to cover a few up to a few hundred acres with low-level radioactive material;

• A nuclear detonation may affect large areas (10-100 sq. miles) damaged bydirect effects and 100s to 1,000s of sq. miles with radioactive fallout.

Principles of LeadershipPrinciples of Leadership

The Shelter Manager must:

• Assume command rapidly• Act with authority• Delegate authority• Organize people into task teams to meet needs• Refrain from personal over involvement with shelterees.• Establish priorities• Set a schedule• Be an example of model behavior• Recognize the changing needs of the shelterees• Keep people informed• Motivate people

• In critical facilities, continue operations, continue the mission.

The Three Phases of Shelter StayThe Three Phases of Shelter Stay

• Entry The time from opening until a routine is established.

• Routine A daily living pattern exists along with training & preparation for post-shelter living

• Emergence The period from when preparations are complete and it is safe to exit to begin work of reconstruction until

people can leave shelter permanently.

Shelter EmergenciesShelter Emergencies

The Shelter Manager may be faced with life-threatening emergencies and must plan to cope with them. Examples are:

• Structural damage to the shelter from a nearby detonation.

• Fire in the shelter.

• Dangerously high radiation levels.

• Severely high temperatures and humidity.

• Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide imbalance in the shelter.

• Depletion of essential supplies.

• Disease and injury.

• Unrest, anxiety, crime or defiance of order or authority.

The Shelter Manger’s Responsibilities The Shelter Manger’s Responsibilities in Radiological Protectionin Radiological Protection

1. Have the Radiological Monitor (RM) locate, by use of monitoring instruments, the best protected areas in the shelter.

2. Keep the people in the shelter until outside radiation rates are low enough to leave safely.

3. Keep the shelter, people and supplies from being contaminated.

If no RM or instruments present, use areas with most shielding & distance.

Nuclear Vs. Conventional WeaponsNuclear Vs. Conventional Weapons

Conventional explosives produce- Heat- Blast/Shock and are measured in tons of explosive force.

Radiation Dispersion Device, RDD or “Dirty Bomb”- May use conventional explosive to spread radioisotope- Radioisotopes may be placed or spread without any explosion!- No fission involved – just exposure/contamination.

Nuclear explosions produce- Heat- Blast/Shock- Initial Nuclear Radiation- Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) and- Residual Nuclear Radiation or Fallout and are measures in Kilotons (1,000s of tons) or Megatons (1,000,000s of tons) of explosive force.

Weapon EffectsWeapon EffectsNuclear Weapons produce effects in a time sequence. In order of occurrence and

duration, they are:

• Initial Nuclear Radiation - less than 1 second• Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) - first few seconds• Heat - few to 90 seconds• Blast/Shock - up to 60 seconds• Residual Nuclear Radiation or FALLOUT - diminishes very rapidly

at first, then slowly over . . . hours,

days, weeks, years . . .

Where does the Energy Go?Where does the Energy Go?

The Electromagnetic SpectrumThe Electromagnetic Spectrum

Weapon Effects, Cont’dWeapon Effects, Cont’d

Weapons Effects videoWeapons Effects video

Understanding Radiation & Understanding Radiation & RadioactivityRadioactivity

• Elements are substances that can not be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.

• There are 117 elements; each has unique properties.

• An atom is the simplest unit an element can be divided into and still keeps its unique properties.

• Atoms which emit ionizing radiation are said to be radioactive.

• Ionizing radiation produces charged particles, ions, in anything it strikes. It damages molecules in both living cells and inanimate mater.

• Radiation refers to all sources of energy emissions, such as visible light, radio and sound waves as well as ionizing radiation.

Nuclear or Ionizing RadiationNuclear or Ionizing Radiation

Gamma is the greatest hazard from Fallout

Biological Effects of Ionizing RadiationBiological Effects of Ionizing Radiation

Level of Biological Important Radiation EffectsOrganization Molecular Damage to enzymes, DNA, RNA, etc. and interference

to biological pathways Cellular Damage to cell membranes, nucleus, chromosomes, etc.

Inhibition of cell division, cell death; transformed to malignant state.

Tissues & Damage and disruption to intestinal tract, bone marrow, Organs capillaries, thyroid, central nervous system, etc.

Cancers induced.

Whole Body Radiation ‘Lifeshortening’ & death.

Populations Changes in the genetic characteristics of individuals.

Radiation Measurement Terms/UnitsRadiation Measurement Terms/Units

Four measurements used to describe radiation, radiation exposure and the damage it can do to living beings.

• Activity (quantity)

• Exposure & Exposure Rate (energy)

• Absorbed Dose & Absorbed Dose Rate

• Dose Equivalency & Dose Equivalency Rate

Radiation Measurement Terms/UnitsRadiation Measurement Terms/UnitsActivity (quantity)

Term: Curie, Ci

Measures decay activity and is expressed as disintegrations per second, DPS or counts per minute, CPM.Alpha & beta radiation rates are typically expressed in CPM

1 Ci = 3.7 billion DPS

System International (SI) Term: Becquerel, Bq

1 Bq = 1 DPS


Exposure & Exposure Rate (energy)

Term: Roentgen, R, R/hrMeasures energy of gamma and X-radiation in air.Does not apply to beta or alpha radiation

EM instruments calibrated in Roentgen per hour

SI Term: Coulomb/Kg, C/Kg/hr


Absorbed Dose & Absorbed Dose Rate

Term: RAD, RAD/hr (Radiation Absorbed Dose)Measures energy of any radiation in any mater.

SI Term: Gray, Gy, Gy/hr 1 Gy = 100 RAD


Dose Equivalency & Dose Equivalency Rate

Term: REM, REM/hr (Roentgen Equivalent Man)Measures energy of any radiation in people.

SI Term: Sievert, Sv, Sv/hr 1 Sv = 100 REM

Real Life Radiation MeasurementReal Life Radiation Measurement

For our purposes, 1 R = 1 RAD = 1 REM

1 R/hr = 1 RAD/hr = 1 REM/hr

Available radiation measuring instruments are calibrated in CPM and R/hr.

Naturally Occurring, Long-lived Naturally Occurring, Long-lived Radionuclides in the Human BodyRadionuclides in the Human Body

Isotope: Activity, pCi

(Pico curies)

238U, Uranium 26226Ra, Radium 120228Ra, Radium 50210Pb, Lead 600210Po, Polonium 20040K, Potassium 130,00014C, Carbon 87,0003H, Tritium 27,70087Rb, Rubidium 29,00090Sr, Strontium 2,886

The total radioactivity in the body is 277,582 pCi. This is 10,270 radioactive decays per second (DPS) and 887,374,138 (887 million) disintegration per day in the body. Each radioactive decay produces radiation.

Sources: Radiation Protection (pages 56, 370), Shapiro, 1990, Harvard Press.

Natural Radioactivity in a BananaNatural Radioactivity in a Banana

Bananas are a good source of potassium, a very important nutrient. All natural potassium contains 0.0117% potassium-40 (40K) which is a radioactive isotope of potassium. A medium size banana contains about 451 mg of potassium. The amount of 40K contained in a banana is 0.0528 mg. This is equivalent to 14 DPS or 0.00037 uCi. The dose equivalent, if a banana is eaten, is about 0.01 mREM. Sometimes, this is called the “banana equivalent dose.”

Sources: Food Values of Portion Commonly Used, 16th edition, Bosen and Church. Chart of Nuclide, F. William Walker et al.

Medical effects of radiation videoMedical effects of radiation video

Types of Nuclear DetonationsTypes of Nuclear Detonations

High Altitude Air Burst Surface Burst Subsurface Bursts Burst

As seen 800 miles away in Hawaii.

Types of Nuclear DetonationsTypes of Nuclear DetonationsHigh altitude air burst surface burst subsurface burst (100,000’+) fireball does fireball touches, fireball does

not Not touch craters surface. break

surface of Surface

ground or water.

Not to scale

Effects:

Heat minimal maximized moderate nilBlast nil maximized moderate nilShock nil nil moderate maximizedEMP maximized moderate moderate minimalINR none nil maximized minimalFallout nil minimal maximized minimal

EMP from a High Altitude BurstEMP from a High Altitude Burst

EMP from High Altitude BurstsEMP from High Altitude Bursts

The Reach of 500 KT, 1 MT & The Reach of 500 KT, 1 MT & 5 MT Weapons5 MT Weapons

Weapon Yield Ground Burst Air Burst*500 KT 4 miles 7 miles 1 MT 5 miles 8 miles 5 MT 8 miles 13 miles

Doubling yield does not double the reach. * Average size Russian weapon.

Fallout DecayFallout Decay

Weather PatternsWeather Patterns

Fallout Pattern -Time/Wind effectsFallout Pattern -Time/Wind effects

7/10 Rule for Fallout Decay7/10 Rule for Fallout Decay

The 7/10 rule approximates decay for a single detonation during any period in its history.

For every 7-fold increase in Time, Fallout intensity decreases 10-fold.

Rate/Time Time % Remaining

2800 R/Hr at H+1 (0; time starts at H+1) 100%

280 R/Hr at H+8 7 10%

28 R/Hr at H+49 7x7 1%

2.8 R/Hr at H+343 7x7x7 .10%

Expected Effects of Short Term Expected Effects of Short Term Gamma Radiation DosesGamma Radiation Doses

Dose, in

Roentgens Effect

0 - 50 No obvious effect; lab exam necessary to determine.

80 – 170 Vomiting & nausea for about 1 day in 25% of people; no deaths

expected.

180 – 220 Vomiting & nausea; 50% of people sick; no deaths expected.

270 – 330 100% of people sick; up to 20% deaths. Survivors convalesce 3 months.

400 – 500 50% deaths; survivors convalescent about 6 months.

550 – 750 Up to 100% deaths; few survivors convalescent 6+ mos.

Radiation Sickness is NOT contagious ~ Victims are NOT radioactive!

Principles of ProtectionPrinciples of Protection

Time Fallout radiation intensity decays rapidly; 90% in just the first 7 hours.

The less time you spend in a radiation field, the less dose received.

Distance The farther you are from a source, the less dose you receive.

Shielding Denser (heavier, massive) materials absorb more radiation.Greater thickness of any given material absorbs more

radiation.

Improvising Protection videoImprovising Protection video

Selecting Fallout Shelter SpaceSelecting Fallout Shelter Space

Selecting Fallout Shelter SpaceSelecting Fallout Shelter Space

Fallout Protection Factor, FPFFallout Protection Factor, FPF

FPF = Ratio between the radiation rate OUTSIDE to that INSIDE the shelter. Outside 50 R/hr

Inside or 12.5 R/hr = 4 FPF

A FPF of 100 means the inside rate is 1/100th the outside rate.

Example: The nominal FPF of a shelter is 40. What are the inside rates if the outside rates are:

Time Rate Outside the Shelter1000 1 R/hr1100 100 R/hr1200 500 R/hr1300 440 R/hr1400 50 R/hr2400 40 R/hr

Fallout Protection Factor, FPFFallout Protection Factor, FPF

FPF = Ratio between the radiation rate OUTSIDE to that INSIDE the shelter. Outside 50 R/hr

Inside or 12.5 R/hr = 4 FPF

A FPF of 100 means the inside rate is 1/100th the outside rate.

Example: The nominal FPF of a shelter is 40. What are the inside rates if the outside rates are:

Time Rate Outside Rate Inside the Shelter1000 1 R/hr 0.025 R/hr1100 100 R/hr 2.51200 500 R/hr 12.51300 440 R/hr 111400 50 R/hr 1.252400 40 R/hr 1

Protection Factors & Mass of MaterialsProtection Factors & Mass of MaterialsHow Much Protection?

PF Lead Steel Concrete Earth Water Wood 2 .3"" .7" 2.0" 3.3" 5" 9" 4 .5" 1.5" 5.0" 7.0" 10" 15" 8 1.0" 2.0" 6.5" 10.0" 15" 27" 16 1.2" 3.0" 9.0" 14.0" 20" 3 ft 32 1.5" 4.0" 12.0" 15.0" 2 ft 4 ft 64 2.0" 4.2" 13.2" 19.8" 2.5ft 4.5 ft 128 2.1" 5.0" 15.0" 2 ft 3 ft 5 ft1000 3.0" 7.0" 22.0" 33.0" 4 ft -2000 3.3" 7.7" 2 ft 3 ft 4.5 ft -

Outside radiation, divided by the Protection Factor, is reduced in proportion. For example, if the outside radiation rate is 1,000 R/hr, a person shielded by 3 ft. of earth would receive a dose rate of .5 R/hr. but a person shielded by 1 ft of earth would receive about 10 R/hr.

Possible FPFs in Example BuildingsPossible FPFs in Example Buildings

Applying the 7/10 RuleApplying the 7/10 Rule


Examples: It takes fallout 4 hours (H+5) to reach you and maximum reading in the

shelter with a PF of 55 at H+5 is 35 R/Hr.

• What will the inside and outside rates be in 7 hours?

• In 10 days, 5 hours (H+245 or 5x7x7)?

• If time of detonation is unknown, plot readings for several hours, then extrapolate forward.

Answers: Applying the 7/10 RuleAnswers: Applying the 7/10 Rule


Examples: It takes fallout 4 hours (H+5) to reach you and maximum reading in the shelter with a PF of 55 at H+5 is 35 R/Hr.

• What will the inside and outside rates be in 7 hours?In 7 hours, rate decays 90%. 35 x .10= 3.5 R/hr. Outside rate would be Inside Rate x PF; 3.5 R/hr x 55 = 193 R/hr

• In 10 days, 5 hours (H+245 or 5x7x7)?Inside rate of 35 R/hr goes through two 90% decay cycles. 35x.10x.10= 0.35R/hr. Outside; 0.35 R/hr x 55 = 19 R/hr

• If time of detonation is unknown, plot readings for several hours, then extrapolate forward.

Accumulated ExposuresAccumulated ExposuresThe following readings are taken outside: Time R/hr

Accum. 0400

10415 250430 1000445 3000500 4000600 1680700 1060800 800900 68

1000 581100 46

1200 40

Questions: Accumulated ExposuresQuestions: Accumulated ExposuresThe following readings are taken outside: Time R/hr

Accum. 0400

10415 250430 1000445 3000500 4000600 1680700 1060800 80

• What dose will a person who is outside 0900 68 the shelter until 0500 accumulate? 1000 58

1100 46 1200 40

Answers: Accumulated ExposuresAnswers: Accumulated ExposuresThe following readings are taken outside: Time R/hr Accum.

0400

1 -0415 25 6.5 R0430 100 220445 300 720500 400 1600600 168 4440700 106 5810800 80 674

• What dose will a person inside a shelter 0900 68 748with a PF of 40 accumulate by 0500? 1000 58 811

1100 46 8631200 40 906

Answers: Accumulated ExposuresAnswers: Accumulated ExposuresThe following readings are taken outside: Time R/hr Accum.

0400

1 -0415 25 6.5 R0430 100 220445 300 720500 400 1600600 168 4440700 106 5810800 80 674

• A person is in a Shelter with a PF of 10. 0900 68 748What dose would a he accumulate by noon? 1000 58 811

1100 46 8631200 40 906

Federal Fallout Shelter StandardsFederal Fallout Shelter Standards

To meet federal standards, a public Fallout Shelter must have:

• 10 sq. ft./person with a 3 cfm/person ventilation rate, or• 500 cu. ft./ person if unventilated.• A Fallout Protection Factor, FPF, of 10 or more and• A capacity of 50 persons or more.

Other, “best available” (but still federally approved) shelters must offer:

• The same area/volume & FPF characteristics,• A capacity less than 50 persons.

Fallout Shelters in Madison CountyFallout Shelters in Madison County

Madison County, excluding Redstone Arsenal, has 108 active public Fallout Shelters with a total nominal capacity of 217,000 persons.

These shelters are divided geographically into 9 groups for administration and mutual support.

The Radiological Monitor’s JobThe Radiological Monitor’s Job

The Radiological Monitor, RM, uses available radiation monitoring instruments to survey the shelter. He reports findings to the Shelter Manager, SM, to:

• Locate the best protected areas of the shelter (highest FPF)

• Record the total accumulated dose of the shelter population.

• Advise the SM how to rotate shelterees between different areas to equalize exposure to radiation and accumulated doses.

• Set time limits for those working outside the shelter (Exposure Control.)

Radiation Exposure RecordRadiation Exposure RecordExposure Control Instructions

• Identify all rooms where people are to shelter. Sketch the building to show those rooms. Keep a separate record for each room. Use one spot in a room to all take readings. Rates will be different in each room. • Record dose rate in each room at least once every hour; record readings more often if the dose rate changes rapidly such as 10 R/hr in 10 minutes. If you run out of forms, record readings on the wall inside the room.• Calculate the Accumulated Dose for each room: [(1st rate + 2nd rate) ÷ 2] x fraction of hour. Example: if the 1st rate is 35 R/hr & the 2nd rate is 44 R/hr after 30 minutes, calculate [(35+44) ÷ 2 ]x .5 = 20 R, rounded up. (1 hour = 1)• Assume the Accumulated Dose is the same for everyone in the same room.• Compare Accumulated Doses for each room. Prioritize: first, put people in places where the Accumulated Dose is the least; use places with higher Doses last.

Exposure LimitsMinimize Accumulated Doses by putting people where the Dose Rate is the least. If vital work outside the shelter is necessary, do not exceed an additional 25 R exposure (calculated by Stay Time/Entry Time method, below) without good reason. Plan the destination, the route, time allowed outside and who can go. Decontaminate people who reenter the shelter; shake/brush clothing & wash exposed skin.

Radiation Exposure RecordRadiation Exposure Record

Date & Time Dose Rate, R/hr

1-Hour Dose, R

Accumulated Dose, R

0 0

SAMPLE RADIATION EXPOSURE RECORDSAMPLE RADIATION EXPOSURE RECORDLocation Readings Taken: Location Readings Taken: Middle of Room B-5, Basement, Smith Building Middle of Room B-5, Basement, Smith Building

Date & TimeJul 10

Dose Rate, R/hr

1-Hour Dose, R

Accumul-ated Dose, R

Building Sketch

Show where readings are taken

8 a.m. 4 0 0

9 a.m. 26 4+26÷2=15 15

10 a.m. 50 38 53

11 a.m. 30 40 93

12 p.m. 19 25 118

1 p.m. 14 17 135

2 p.m. 10 12 147

3 p.m. 8 10 157

4 p.m. 6 7 164

5 p.m. 5 6 170

Exposure ControlExposure ControlDecay Rate Extrapolation

• Radiation intensity from loses strength rapidly; 90% in the first 7 hours & 99% in 49 hours.• Plot readings as soon as radiation is detected. Reading will first rise, peak & then fall or decay.• The rise and peak are not predictable.• Once decay starts, the rate of decay is predictable and plots as a straight line.• Plot at least 2 readings an hour apart.• Connect the points & extend line to Time After Burst line.• Estimate future exposure rates at the intersection of the Exposure Rate and Time After Burst lines.• Continue to plot readings to verify accuracy of extrapolation.• Redraw line as necessary.

Exposure ControlExposure ControlEntry Time & Stay Time Calculations

• Entry Time is the time in the future, calculated from the Decay Rate Extrapolation, when people may leave shelter to perform a specific task.

• Stay Time is the length of time people may remain outside shelter without exceeding an Exposure Limit of 25 R.

• Example: it will take 45 minutes to bring water back to the shelter. The current outdoor Dose Rate is 60 R/hr. In 45 minutes, a person would accumulate about 45 R. By decay rate extrapolation, you estimate that 2.5 hours from now the Dose Rate will decay to 32 R/hr and a 45 minute exposure would be about 24 R, an acceptable Dose. If “now” is noon, the Entry Time becomes 2:30 p.m. and the Stay Time is 45 minutes. Track, by Dose Rate or Accumulated Dose and the clock the actual Dose. In this example, return by 3:15 p.m. or if exposure reaches 25 R.

Radiation Levels and Shelter ExitRadiation Levels and Shelter Exit

If outside rate is:

Suggested Limits for Shelter Exit - Recommendations

More than 100 R/r

Outdoor activities more than a few minutes long may result in sickness or death. The only occasions which might justify this are: (1) risk of death or serious injury in present shelter from fire or collapse, or (2) present shelter is greatly inadequate-may result in fatalities-and better shelter is only a few minutes away.

10-100 R/hr

Time outside shelter should be held to a few minutes and limited to the most essential tasks that cannot be postponed for at least one more day. All people should stay in the best protected area no matter how uncomfortable.

2-10 R/hr

Very short periods (less than 1 hour per day) outdoors are tolerable for the most essential purposes. Rotate outdoor tasks among shelterees to minimize exposure.

0.5-2 R/hr

Outdoor activity up to a few hours a day is tolerable for essential purposes. Eating, sleeping and all other activities should be done in the best protected area.

Less than 0.5 R/hr

No special precautions except to sleep in the shelter.

Decontamination, Entering and Decontamination, Entering and Leaving the ShelterLeaving the Shelter

• After fallout arrives, decontaminate people and supplies by:

• Brushing • Shaking• Washing• Sweeping particles from shelter entrances• Filtering water

• Coordinate trips outside the shelter with EMA or your RM.

• Set Exposure Limits: Plan the destination, the route, time allowed outside and who can go.

Activation of Fallout SheltersActivation of Fallout Shelters

• Fallout Shelters may be activated:

• As a result of escalating international tensions (Increased Readiness)• Upon the Attack Warning from the federal government• Upon a detonation with no warning

• Public instructed to bring water, food, medicine, bedding, etc. with them.

• If time allows, the shelters would be staffed and efforts made to stock them with water, first aid kits, sanitation/hygiene supplies and food.

• The public enters the shelters only upon the Attack Warning.

Upgrading Fallout ProtectionUpgrading Fallout Protection

Increase shielding by:

First: Plan & improvise vents, ventilation & at least 2 entrances. Second: Add wooden supports on each story.Third: Add a maximum of 12” dirt on upper floors/roof. Forth: Cover windows & openings with plywood sheets.Last: Pile dirt to ceiling height along outside walls & windows.

Upgrading Fallout ProtectionUpgrading Fallout ProtectionIncrease shielding by:

First: Plan & improvise vents, ventilation & at least 2 entrances. Second: Add wooden supports on each story.Third: Add a maximum of 12” dirt on upper floors/roof. Forth: Cover windows & openings with plywood sheets.Last: Pile dirt to ceiling height along outside walls & windows.

A shelter to be upgraded is a single story high and 200’ x 200’ in size. It has a 6’ wide double door in front and a 3’ wide single door in back.

It is decided to pile dirt 12” on the roof & 6’ high - 6’ wide at base slopping evenly up to the 6’ mark - around the exterior except at the doors.

How much dirt is needed?

Upgrading Fallout ProtectionUpgrading Fallout Protection

How much dirt is needed? Is it practical?

• A shelter to be upgraded is a single story high and 200’ x 200’ in size. It has a 6’ wide double door in front and a 3’ wide single door in back.

• Dirt is to be piled 12” high on the roof & 6’ high; 6’ wide at base sloping evenly up to the 6’ mark around the exterior except at the doors.

• Roof : calculate volume as 200’ x 200’ x 1’ = 4,000 cu ft of dirt• Sides: calculate volume using area of triangle x liner feet

• 6’ x 6’ x .5 = 18 cu ft per linear foot• 200’ + 200’ + 200’+ 200’ – 9’ = 791 linear feet. • 18’ x 791’ = 14,238 cu ft

• Total volume needed = 18, 238 cu ft or 676 cu yds (56 dump trucks @ 12 cu yd)• Other materials needed: plywood to cover 22 windows & 225 support posts.

Fallout Shelter ReadinessFallout Shelter Readiness

Operational Readiness means your shelter is ready for use. To do this:

1. Determine what shielding capabilities the structure has. Upgrade the shielding where needed.

2. Select, train and assign Shelter Managers and Radiological Monitors.

3. If available, stock shelters with water, sanitation/hygiene & first aid supplies & food plus radiological monitoring instruments provided through EMA.

4. SM fills all shelter staff positions and begin Shelter Team training/functions.

5. Coordinate Shelter Readiness activities with EMA.

Attack Warning Signals - MethodsAttack Warning Signals - Methods

• EAS, Emergency Alert System

• TV

• Radio

• NOAA Weather Radio

• Outdoor Warning Sirens

• Cable & Satellite TV/Radio

• Internet, Blackberry, etc.

• Pager, PDA, etc., etc

Attack Warning SignalsAttack Warning Signals

Outdoor Warning Sirens

• Attack Warning Signal - a 3 to 5 minute wavering siren means that an actual attack or missile launch against the US has been detected; take protective action immediately. “This signal will be used for no other purpose and will have no other meaning.”

• Alert Signal - is a 3 to 5 minute steady siren means “turn on your radio or television and listen for emergency information and instructions.” This signal is typically used to during Tornado Warnings or other peacetime emergencies such as a Hazardous Material release.

Emergency Operations CenterEmergency Operations Center

• The EOC serves as the seat of government during an emergency. An EOC must have:

• Protection from fallout radiation (FPF of 100 recommended; new EOC is ~ 60)

• Warning systems to notify the public. The EOC can activate the EAS and has outdoor warning siren coverage of ~80% county population.

• Communications with local and state government agencies and with Fallout Shelters through the Shelter Complex Headquarters. (phones, radios & runners)

• Trained staff from local government agencies & RACES

• Equipment & supplies (if time allows, shelters stocked during Increased Readiness – otherwise everyone brings their own supplies!)

Command & Support of Fallout Command & Support of Fallout SheltersShelters

Emergency Operations CenterExecutive Group_______________

Mayor/ Chairman, Madison County Commission

EMA

SCH 1

16 Shelters

SCH 2

15 Shelters

SCH 3

22 Shelters

SCH 4

22 Shelters

SCH 5

11 Shelters

SCH 6

14 Shelters

SCH 7

14 Shelters

SCH 8

24 Shelters

SCH 9

15 Shelters

Critical Facilities

MedicalLaw Enf.

FireRescue

EngineeringUtilities

SCH = Shelter Complex HeadquartersNumber of shelters grouped in each SCH


Module 2

Organizing for Survival

Shelter OrganizationShelter Organization

The Shelter Manager is responsible for organizing shelterees into specialized teams capable of group survival.

These teams are:

• Leadership Teams

• Management (Task) Teams

• Groups of people – “communities”

• 2.2A and 2.2A1

Organization at Entry and After . . .Organization at Entry and After . . .

At entry, the shelter organization need not be in its final, permanentform since it exists only to meet the requirements of the shelter Entry period. These requirements are:

• A Traffic Leader to direct filling of the shelter (fill innermost areas first, working back to entrance) and take head count.

• Traffic Assistants to aid the Leader & direct traffic.

• Medical, Communications, Safety and Sanitation Teams.

• Other required team(s), depending on circumstances.

2.2B1

Fallout Shelter Manager’s GuideFallout Shelter Manager’s Guide

A written plan on how to organize your shelter.

Simple Shelter Organization ChartSimple Shelter Organization Chart

• TBD

Sample Daily SchedulesSample Daily SchedulesSample Daily Schedule

0700 Wake up0730 * Breakfast0830 Clean up0900 Sick Call0930 Training session / Group meeting / continue Sick Call / Recreation1000 †“Coffee” Break - if water supply is adequate1030 Training1100 Training. Education for school children1130 Free time for quiet activitiesNoon * Lunch12301300 Clean up1330 Information and Training session1400 Education for school children1430 Emergency Drill1500 “Coffee” Break - if water supply is adequate1530 Recreation activities160016301700 * Dinner17301800 Clean up1830 Daily Briefing1900 Training session1930 Recreation activities20002030 Free time for quiet activities21002130 “Coffee” Break - if water supply is adequate2200 Free time for quiet activities2230 Prepare for sleep2300 Lights out

† If water is rationed, include Water Distribution, Washing and Hygiene periods.

* If Food is rationed, consider more frequent meals, with smaller portions, for morale purposes.

Sample Daily Schedule - Two Shifts

Shift A

Sleep

Wake upBreakfastClean upSick CallGroup meeting or Sick Call“Coffee” BreakTrainingTraining or EducationFree time for quiet activitiesLunch

Clean upTraining

“Coffee” Break Quiet recreation

Free time

Dinner

Clean upFree timeRecreation

Daily briefingTraining

Emergency Drill“Coffee” Break

Free time for quiet activities

Prepare for sleepSleep

Time00300100013002000230030003300400043005000530060006300700073008000830090009301000103011001130Noon123013001330140014301500153016001630170017301800183019001930200020302100213022002230230023302400

Shift B“Coffee” BreakQuiet recreation

Free time for quiet activitiesDinner

Clean upTrainingTraining or EducationFree time for quiet activities

Group meeting“Coffee” BreakQuiet recreation

Free time for quiet activitiesPrepare for sleepSleep

Wake upBreakfast

Clean upSick Call


Emergency Drill“Coffee” Break”Free time for quiet activitiesLunch

Clean upTraining

Shift A

Sleep


Clean upTraining


Free time

Dinner






Time00300100013002000230030003300400043005000530060006300700073008000830090009301000103011001130Noon123013001330140014301500153016001630170017301800183019001930200020302100213022002230230023302400






Wake upBreakfast

Clean upSick Call



Clean upTraining

Shelter GroupsShelter Groups

The needs of everyone are met by organizing and exerting leadership through four groups:

• Core Management Staff

• Task Teams

• Community Groups

• Advisory Group

2.2Cx

Organizational Chart Organizational Chart for an 800-person Shelterfor an 800-person Shelter

Tailoring: Meeting Tailoring: Meeting YourYour Needs NeedsThe Form your shelter organization will take depends on:

• The size of the shelter;

• The shape of the shelter and contiguous shelter areas (e.g. separated building wings or floors, etc.);

• Capability of the shelter as limited by its structure (e.g., an unventilated basement) and its supplies (e.g., ample vs. scarce water);

• Availability of trained people for team positions;

• The shelterees themselves; how well they know each other, community spirit, etc. . .

• For Critical Facilities – your mission. 2.2D2

Relationships Between Shelter GroupsRelationships Between Shelter Groups

Community Groups

• The Community Group head is responsible to see that shelterees participate in shelter activities.

• In Critical Facilities, these can be workers arranged in their work units.

• 2.E 3-5

Task TeamsTask Teams

Task Teams plan and implement activities such as training, feeding, medical care, etc.

The Task Team Chief is responsible to assign, train, schedule & supervise members of his team. He is responsible for members while they are on duty with the team.

Considerations for team assignments:

• Reunite family or friends• Rotate assignments or unpleasant tasks• Give variety to the routine• Gain better cooperation• Give it a rest!

• In Critical Facilities – to accomplish the mission.

RegistrationRegistrationRegistration is the best means for obtaining information to:

• Identify & define skills & talents among the shelterees (in addition to job skills.)

• Provide data for assigning people to Task Teams & Community Groups.

• Aid in reuniting families, return of personal property & taking the shelter census.

• The Administrative Team keeps shelter records. At entry, get only the essential information; wait for a more appropriate time to complete Registration Forms.

• In Critical Facilities, spouses, children, relatives & friends of employees must be expected, accommodated and organized! Put them to use!

2F

DHR Form DHR Form EWS-1EWS-1

Shelter Staff IdentificationShelter Staff Identification

The Shelter Manager and his staff should be identified by some distinctive method. People will instinctively look to you for help & direction.

• Such distinctive methods include labeled headgear, vests or armbands. Labels are included in the Shelter Kit.

• Individual Shelterees should be identified by a name tag or improvised label. This helps break the ice and makes it easier for people to work together.

• In Critical Facilities, the Shelter Manager may be the Director or the function may be delegated.

2FB

Organizing Shelter ResourcesOrganizing Shelter Resources

1. Centralized supply management.

2. Decentralized Supply Management- Functional- Area

3. Combined Supply Management

2G

Managing Shelter SuppliesManaging Shelter Supplies

Sources of Supplies:

• Supplies normally kept in the building

• Supplies belonging to and brought in by shelterees

• Supplies stocked during Increased Readiness

• Improvised supplies

• External sources, when safe

2.H23

Managing Shelter Supplies, Cont’dManaging Shelter Supplies, Cont’d

Inventorying Supplies:

• The Shelter Manager should inventory all supplies and materials as soon as possible after entry.

• Prepare to ration supplies for a 14 day stay

• Develop multiple uses for supplies & materials

2.H23

Managing Shelter Supplies, Cont’dManaging Shelter Supplies, Cont’d

Distributing Shelter Supplies:

1. Fixed Point method

2. Moving Point Method

3. Combined method

2.H23

Shelter Records - 1Shelter Records - 1

A Shelter Log is kept by the Administrative Team to record:

1. Changes in vital statistics: census; births & deaths

2. Medical events & treatments

3. Serious violations of Shelter Rules

4. Major management decisions

5. Daily summary of shelter status & problems

2.I4-6


A Communications Log is Kept by the Communications Team

1. All messages are entered in the log.

2. Keep separate logs for Incoming and Outgoing messages.


Medical records are kept by the Medical Team

1. Record the names of those with medical problems, their symptoms, medication & treatment.

2. Deaths and circumstances are recorded


A Supply Status Summary is kept by the Supply Team:

1. Record the Inventory of all Shelter Supplies

2. Provide a running account (e.g. at end of each day) of all supplies.


A Radiation Monitoring Log is kept by the Radiological Monitor

1. Enter shelter survey dose rates, best protected area and FPF data.

2. Enter readings, by area on radiation levels & accumulated exposures.

3. Record the daily and accumulated dose for each shelteree.

Management of Private PropertyManagement of Private Property

• Bulky items should be excluded to save space; store in non-shelter area of the building.

• Pets should be excluded from the shelter area for sanitation & safety reasons BUT may be put in non-shelter areas of the building. Care & feeding is up to the owners. Alternate: leave pets in cars.

• Encourage the donation of personal items if they help achieve the goal of group survival. Even drugs, alcohol and weapons can be viewed positively as survival supplies rather than as dangerous or personal possessions.

• A working car will be worth its weight in gold.

Private Property - 1Private Property - 1

Personal items that may be useful include:

Beverages Notebooks Shovels ClothingGloves Cell phones Axes MedicinePens & pencil Knives Games Rope, wire,

stringUtensils Radios, DVDs, CDs Hammers BooksCleaners Flashlights Tools ToysBatteries Laptops, PDAs Diapers SoapTowels Nails, nuts & bolts Bedding Food

What’s in your car?2.J

Private Property - 2Private Property - 2

• A working car will be worth its weight in gold!

• Disabled cars – just worth their weight in silver.

• Expect most (maybe all) cars to be disabled by EMP.

• Reserve working cars for use by Shelter Manager (e.g., messengers)

• Use disabled cars as sources of 12 Volt batteries & lights.2.J

Social Control in a ShelterSocial Control in a ShelterHint: This Is the Most Important Concept in This Course!Hint: This Is the Most Important Concept in This Course!

Every society has rules.

Social Control is the way the group makes, communicates & enforces these rules.

The Shelter Manager must develop a plan for shelter living containing a Schedule and set of Rules encompassing all shelter activities.

This plan must be presented to and accepted by the shelterees!

The Advisory Group is the key to success. The Advisory Group, made up of mature, grounded individuals selected from the Community Groups, can be a focus of feedback from the Community Groups - and a source of information to the groups. The Advisory Group can exert calm, purpose, leadership, persuasion, morale building & moral authority, etc. to support the Manger.

The Importance of Social ControlThe Importance of Social Control

The Shelter Plan evokes confidence & a sense of security among shelterees by assuring them the highest standards of society will govern their stay.

It also makes the future somewhat predictable by showing what they must do to increase their chances of survival.

• 2.K.

Establishing Shelter RulesEstablishing Shelter Rules

Every aspect of shelter living should be governed by rules, including:

1. Entering and leaving the shelter.

2. The use of all equipment and tools.

3. All daily activities: meals; recreation; sanitation, sleeping . . .

4. Potential troublesome behavior: fighting, quarreling, gambling; gang activity; alcohol or drug use; smoking, sexual behavior, etc.

2.L.1

Developing Shelter RulesDeveloping Shelter Rules

1. Develop rules early, in advance of a problem. Proactive is much better than reactive.

2. Some rules may be elective, others prescribed.

3. Determine if a rule fulfills its intended purpose.

4. Coordinate rules so they don't conflict.

5. Make only necessary rules. If it ain’t broke . . .

2.L.2

Maintaining Order in the ShelterMaintaining Order in the Shelter• Identify and respond to potential problems before a rule is broken.

• Evaluate the seriousness of a rule violation.

• Corrective action should be in proportion to the offense.

Reproof Physical Restraint .Counsel Arrest

• Make clear you are concerned with group survival, not punishingone individual.

• Violent responses or expulsion from the Shelter are not recommended.

• If restraint is warranted, wrap person in sheets & bind with belts, rope, etc. and set a 24/7 watch on him/them in a isolated, secure area.

2.M

The Shelter ScheduleThe Shelter Schedule

The schedule should be developed by your core management staff as soon as possible after Entry.

Guidelines:

1. Limit activities to an hour or less because of reduced attention span & fatigue.

2. Spread activities throughout the day for variety.

3. Schedule training when shelterees are most alert.

4. Allow daytime nap & rest periods.

5. Provide several snack breaks.

2.N.1-2

Shelter Schedule - 1 ShiftShelter Schedule - 1 ShiftSample Daily Schedule

0700 Wake up0730 * Breakfast0830 Clean up0900 Sick Call0930 Training session / Group meeting / continue Sick Call / Recreation1000 †“Coffee” Break - if water supply is adequate1030 Training1100 Training. Education for school children1130 Free time for quiet activitiesNoon * Lunch12301300 Clean up1330 Information and Training session1400 Education for school children1430 Emergency Drill1500 “Coffee” Break - if water supply is adequate1530 Recreation activities160016301700 * Dinner17301800 Clean up1830 Daily Briefing1900 Training session1930 Recreation activities20002030 Free time for quiet activities21002130 “Coffee” Break - if water supply is adequate2200 Free time for quiet activities2230 Prepare for sleep2300 Lights out

† If water is rationed, include Water Distribution, Washing and Hygiene periods.

* If Food is rationed, consider more frequent meals, with smaller portions, for morale purposes.

Shelter Schedule - 2 ShiftsShelter Schedule - 2 ShiftsSample Daily Schedule - Two Shifts

Shift A

Sleep


Clean upTraining


Free time

Dinner






Time00300100013002000230030003300400043005000530060006300700073008000830090009301000103011001130Noon123013001330140014301500153016001630170017301800183019001930200020302100213022002230230023302400






Wake upBreakfast

Clean upSick Call



Clean upTraining

Shift A

Sleep


Clean upTraining


Free time

Dinner






Time00300100013002000230030003300400043005000530060006300700073008000830090009301000103011001130Noon123013001330140014301500153016001630170017301800183019001930200020302100213022002230230023302400






Wake upBreakfast

Clean upSick Call



Clean upTraining


Module 3

Managing Critical Resources

Atmosphere and TemperatureAtmosphere and Temperature

Three goals of the Shelter Manager:

1. Maintain the temperature of the shelter within survival limits.

2. Control critical components in the atmosphere.

3. Control potentially lethal or noxious substances.

3.A2-3

Atmosphere and Temperature - 2Atmosphere and Temperature - 2

Air exchange is by means of:

1. Natural ventilation

2. Forced ventilation

Effective Temperature, ETEffective Temperature, ET

ET is a measure of temperature, humidity and air movement combined.

• People are much more comfortable at high temperature with low humidity and air movement than in high humidity or still air.

• ET may greatly lower the shelter capacity - far, far below nominal capacity!

Managing Effective Temperature in Managing Effective Temperature in a Sheltera Shelter

• One average size male produces 70,000 calories/hour or 288 BTU/hr at rest. One hundred average-size males can produce 28,800+ BTU/hr.

• The output of the average home heating system is 30-40,000 BTU/hr.In a shelter, people are allotted space at the rate of 10 sq. ft/person; 100 people in 1,000 sq. ft. Imagine the constant heat output of the average house in 1/2 its volume!

-Where does the excess heat go? -How does it affect people? -How do you manage it?

• Heat build up will be tremendous in areas with restricted airflow!Comfort↓ Fatigue↑ Irritability↑ Health↓ Heat stroke & death possible.

Zones of Equal Ventilation Rates in CFM per Person for 90% Zones of Equal Ventilation Rates in CFM per Person for 90% Reliability of Not Exceeding 82Reliability of Not Exceeding 82oo ET ET

Capacity Vs. Temperature & Capacity Vs. Temperature & VentilationVentilation

• Federal Fallout Shelter Standards for ventilation = 3 cfm/person ventilation rate, or 500 cu. ft./ person if unventilated.

• Higher than optimum Effective Temperature can lower shelter capacity to the number of shelterees that do not produce excess temperatures.

• Lower than optimum ventilation can lower shelter capacity to the number of shelterees that don’t exceed O2 or CO2 imbalance.

If you must reduce the number of people in your shelter, where will you send them?

Effective Temperature RangesEffective Temperature Ranges

The range of comfort for Effective Temperature:

50○ET Lower tolerance level if food & clothing available

67-72○ET Normally the most comfortable range

78-85○ET Tolerable, even for long periods

85-90○ET Heat stress progressively worsens

>95○ET Circulatory system collapse, death.

Temperature ControlTemperature Control

Control high temperatures by:

• Avoiding heat producing activities• Utilize the initial coolness of the shelter• Ventilation

Control low temperature with:

• Warm food & beverages• Body coverings• Physical activity• Bundling

Ventilation TechniquesVentilation Techniques

Kearny FanKearny Fan

Oxygen/Carbon Dioxide ImbalanceOxygen/Carbon Dioxide Imbalance Content: Symptoms: Inhale Exhale

O2 21% is normal. 21% 15.3% 14% is threshold Nails & lips blueof danger. Vision ImpairedReflexes slowGiddyUnconsciousness8% is fatal. Death

CO2 .03% is normal. .03% 3.5%2-4% Deep breathingNausea10% UncoordinationUnconsciousness15-30% Diminished respirationBlood pressure fallsComa, Death

N2 78.4% - 78.4% 75%H2 O varies - typical example - 0.75% 6.2%

3.A 12-13

Noxious SubstancesNoxious Substances

Gas: Source: Symptoms:

Carbon Monoxide Engine exhaust Flushed, ruddy skinTobacco smoke Poor balanceOpen flames Faint

UnconsciousnessDeath

Methane , CH4 Decomposing Combines with 02 to

(Explosive!) human waste deplete 02 supply.

Other gasses, Cleaning agents Dangerous in a closed,fumes, vapors Solvents poorly ventilated shelter

DegreasersBatteriesFire Extinguishers, etc.

3.B1-2

WaterWater

Three goals of the shelter manager:

1. Control the use & distribution of water.2. Secure & make drinkable alternate water sources3. Control water consumption.

• 1 Quart of water/day/person is the recommended ration.

• This is below what people normally need but is acceptable as an austere ration when:

• Temperature and humidity are close to optimum,• Physical activity is restricted,• Salty or protein rich foods are eliminated, and• Disease/injury that increase the need for water are absent.

3.B 1-2

Water-2Water-2

Water is essential for life. When deprived of water, the physical damage to the body becomes irreversible; after 4 or 5 days without, water will not help a person recover.

• Symptoms of water deprivation are:

1. Impaired mental function,

2. Confusion, and

3. Hallucination

3.B 1-2A

Water - an Essential NeedWater - an Essential Need

Trips outside the shelter to get water before radiation levels are safe must be considered.

Control of shelterees may be difficult if the water ration is very low or if they feel distribution is unfair or unwise.

• Sources of Water:

1. Containers issued during Increased Readiness.2. Water system of the shelter building.3. Juice in canned foods. 4. Water mains, fire hydrants, wells, streams, ponds, etc.

The water may have to be purified, filtered or decontaminated for biological organisms & hazardous chemicals. Fallout is nearly insoluble in water & is easily filtered out with, e.g., a towel.

Water RationingWater Rationing

"An Equal Amount For All” is generally the best rule.

Exceptions:

1. Team members involved in strenuous physical activity.2. Diabetics, burn victims, the injured, etc.3. Infants, nursing mothers, etc.

3.B 8-9

Water Rationing - 2Water Rationing - 2

• Serve at regular intervals, up to 6 times a day.

• If practical, keep a "water log" for each individual to allow more flexibility in rationing.

• Issue each individual a drinking cup; mark it keep it in a safe place to use for the entire shelter stay.

• Restrict the use of water for other purposes such as hygiene, sanitation, fire fighting or decontamination.

SafetySafety


1. Be able to meet such environmental emergencies as:

- Fire, toxic fumes, smoke, & oxygen depletion

- Structural damage

- Panic among the shelterees

2. Organize a safety program.

3. Prepare shelterees to respond to emergencies.

3.C. 1-3

Safety - Entry PhaseSafety - Entry Phase

At entry, inspect the building - both shelter & non-shelter parts - to eliminate fire hazards; to gather fire extinguishers, tools and others materials and to gain a knowledge of the building layout.

If possible, have drivers leave ignition keys in ignition & doors unlocked, windows cracked about 1”. They can keep trunk key if it is different.

3.C. 1-3A

Safety - Routine Phase: Safety - Routine Phase: Preparing SheltereesPreparing Shelterees

• Emphasize the importance of fire prevention. If necessary, restrict smoking and use of flammable materials.

• Organize able bodied shelterees to upgrade the shelter.

• Set up a 24-hour fire watch. Inspect the shelter for:• Exposed wiring• Dangerous Machinery• Oxygen containers, first aid kits, foodstuffs & other usable items, etc.• Flammable, volatile substances and other hazards, etc.• Fire exits

• Drill shelterees in evacuation procedures3.C. 1-3B

Fire ExtinguishersFire Extinguishers

Preferred types:- Dry chemical- Sand- Water

Oxygen ∆ Fuel

HeatTypes to avoid:- Carbon dioxide- Halon systems (Oxygen displacing)- Carbon tetrachloride (Halon 104; now illegal )- Bromotriflouroumethane (Halon 1301)- Soda Acid (now illegal but may be in older buildings)

FoodFood


1. Control and distribute food.

2. Keep food edible.

3. Meet the special needs of infants, the elderly, the sick and the injured.

Sources of FoodSources of Food

• Food may be stocked during Increased Readiness from commercial suppliers.

• Food may be brought by people entering the shelter.

• Some food may already be in the shelter building.

• Rationing may be required; a shelter census, an inventory and the estimated length of shelter stay are necessary.

• Hold some food in reserve for the unexpected: spoilage, overcrowding or a longer than expected stay.

Food RationingFood Rationing

• “An equal portion for all” is again generally best. The same exceptions in water rationing may apply.

• Meals should be served on a regular schedule, 5 or 6 times a day in conjunction with the water serving.

• Be flexible: if possible, keep a food account for each individual.

Food Preparation ProblemsFood Preparation Problems

• Extra water needed for preparation & cleanup.

• Procedures needed for cleanup, garbage disposal & spoilage prevention.

• Some foods may need to be heated.

• Individual utensils will be required.

• Feeding may have to be done in shifts.

SleepSleep


1. Designate a sleep area, group & position the people.

2. Provide bedding and other equipment.

3. Control nighttime disturbances, etc.

Sleeping ArrangementsSleeping Arrangements

• A single shift for sleep is best.

• Have designated sleep period (s) and control other activities.

• Partition or isolate the sleep area from the rest of the shelter.

• Group sleepers on the basis of marital status, age and sex.

• Position sleepers head-to-toe.

3.E 3-7

Sleeping ArrangementsSleeping Arrangements

SanitationSanitation


1. Provide an adequate number of toilets (& TP).2. Maintain shelter cleanliness.3. Allow those personal hygiene activities that can be permitted.

Sanitation Considerations . . .Sanitation Considerations . . .

1. Isolate the toilet area from all other areas and, if possible, near an exhaust vent to control odors & fumes.

2. Establish these guidelines to insure fire safety, good health, hygiene and high morale:

• Remove trash & garbage from the living areas ASAP.

• Hold regular cleanups, especially after each meal.

• Devise secondary uses for reusable items.

• Do not use water for cleaning or hygiene unless the supply is unlimited and humidity no problem.

3.F.

MedicalMedical

Four goals of the Shelter Manager:

1. Establish a medical capability.

2. Detect sickness, injury & other medical problems.

3. Treat those sicknesses and injuries.

4. Set up a preventive medicine program.

3.GI4A

Medical SuppliesMedical Supplies

• Some shelters will have First Aid supplies already there.

• Some supplies, such as bandages, can be improvised.

• Some shelterees, such as diabetics, can be expected to bring their own medicines and may share them.

• First Aid supplies may be distributed in Increased Readiness.

3.GI4B

Managing Medical SuppliesManaging Medical Supplies

• Medical supplies should be controlled and distributed by one specific member of the Medical Team.

• Keep medicines under a 24-hour watch; keep a running inventory.

• Give only the immediate dosage.See that all medicines are taken on the spot, in the presence of the Medical Team.

• Record each patient's medication in the Medical Log.

3.GI4C

Medical StaffMedical Staff

Identify those with a medical background at Registration.

There is no plan to send doctors, nurses or EMTs to shelters.

3.GI4D

Medical OperationsMedical OperationsA separate "sickbay" should be created and isolated from the Medical Team

examination, diagnosis & treatment area.

This isolated sickbay:1. Allows easier & better care.2. Reduces the spread of contagious diseases.3. Reduces the demoralizing effect of sickness on the rest of the shelterees.

A system for detection & diagnosis should be instituted:1. At entry; screen shelterees by trained medical staff as available.2. After entry; “sick” persons report to the examination & treatment area.3. Daily; at a scheduled “Sick Call.”4. Daily; with medical rounds throughout the shelter medical continued.

3.GI4E

Medical PrioritiesMedical Priorities

Treat all shelterees who have medical problems. But, if there are not supplies or medical staff to give everyone attention, then the Shelter Manager must establish a system of priorities...

Such a system of priority treatment already exists and can be adapted to the fallout shelter. The system is called Triage (French "to Sort”).

Triage categories, in order of treatment priority, are suggested:• Immediate Immediate treatment will save life.• Delayed Non-life threatening injury; treatment can wait.• Expectant Mortally wounded; treatment will not

succeed.• Dead Set aside until burial/disposal can be arranged.

3.G 2-13A

Medical - MortuaryMedical - MortuaryIn event of death:

• Record the death & the circumstances in the Shelter Log

• Give personal effects to the family or store them

• If the family requests, hold a simple religious ceremony

• Attach durable identification to the body, wrap it securely and remove it from the shelter area.

• Protect against vermin/scavengers

• Consult with the EOC before burial.

3.6

Incidence of Illness in The PopulationIncidence of Illness in The PopulationChronic Conditions Percent Afflicted

Arthritis and Rheumatism 25-39 (of adults)Asthma and Hay Fever 12High Blood Pressure 11Heart Conditions 7Diabetes 5Chronic Bronchitis 3Peptic Ulcer 2Diabetes 2Pregnancy 2Epilepsy 0.5

Acute Illnesses in 3-month Period Percent Afflicted

Respiratory Ailments, Winter 47Respiratory Ailments, Summer 15Infective and Parasitic Diseases, Winter 7Infective and Parasitic Diseases, Summer 5Digestive Ailments 3Other 16

Light and PowerLight and Power

Three goals of the Shelter Manager are:

1. Insure as many portable auxiliary lighting devices are brought into the shelter at entry as possible.

2. Control the use of emergency power should normal power fail.

3. Provide sufficient light in each different shelter area for each particular shelter task.

Sources of Emergency LightingSources of Emergency Lighting

• Auxiliary generators.

• Battery powered lighting. (Good – 1st choice)

• Non-Electric lighting. (Bad – use only if no other option)

If insufficient lighting exists, this may mean periods of planned darkness.

3.H 145

Sources of Emergency Lighting -2Sources of Emergency Lighting -2

• Battery powered lighting – car option

Before you do any of the following – if car starts – reserve car for use by Messengers or as a “battery charger” Don’t disable a good car!

• Remove car batteries - only from cars that do not start - parked near shelter

• Remove dome lights, trunk lights, etc. & with at least 18”-36” of wires.

• Position batteries in shelter; attach wires & lights

• As batteries discharge, replace with new batteries or recharge batteries

CommunicationsCommunications

The three goals of the Shelter Manager are:

1. Establish a capability for both in-shelter and external communications.

2. Have regular briefings with the shelter population

3. Allow shelterees to communicate with you

3.I 1-6A

In-shelter CommunicationsIn-shelter Communications

• Megaphone

• Written notices "broadsides"

• PA system, intercom etc.

3.I 1-6B

External CommunicationsExternal Communications

• Telephones/cell phones

• Two-way radios

• Messengers, once it Is safe

3.I 1-6C

Communications Coming Into the ShelterCommunications Coming Into the Shelter

1. Emergency Alert System (EAS) radio on AM & FM bands

2. NOAA Weather radio

3. Emergency Operations Center (EOC), or

3. Shelter Complex Headquarters (SCH), or

4. Other shelters.

5. Functioning cell phone, pager & other wireless systems, etc.

The SM's Role in Evaluating MessagesThe SM's Role in Evaluating Messages

The Shelter Manager must evaluate all incoming messages & decide when and how to pass the information on to the shelterees.

The Shelter Manger probably will not have a monopoly on all information coming into the shelter if cell phones or radio/TV service exists. Shelter Manager will get information from EOC to enable him to counter rumors & false reports.

Information available to the Shelter Manager pertaining to shelter living, even if incomplete, should not be withheld. Only technical or other incidental data should not be relayed.

3.I

Communicating With the Shelter Communicating With the Shelter PopulationPopulation

Entry: Tell people where to go in the shelter, what to do and reassure them about its protective capability. Traffic Assistants and/or early briefings can accomplish this.

Routine: Hold regular briefings, at least once a day, to update shelterees.

Relay emergency information or that requiringimmediate action at once.

Use a prearranged signal (e.g. whistle) to get attention.

For routine messages, use the chain of command & group sessions.

Emergence: Continue briefings: emphasize the importance of returning to the shelter to eat & sleep, etc., until it is safe to leave permanently.

3.I 9

TrainingTraining

The Two goals of the Shelter Manager:

1. Establish a training program.

2. Motivate the shelterees to participate.

The training should:

• Provide shelterees with factual information about their current status and what is likely to occur in the future.

• Teach each person how to do his job on a Task Team and how to get along with other shelterees.

• Prepare the people for survival in the post-attack world.

Guidelines for TrainingGuidelines for TrainingCourse content should be meaningful and useful.

• Keep a slow pace; use short, 30-minute sessions, and plan to use the estimated length of shelter stay.

• Encourage shelteree participation; vary training methods

• Training priorities:1. Core management and Task Teams2. Shelterees, on rules & procedures3. Shelterees, on post-attack living4. Children with normal education.

• Begin training sessions after the shelter is organized. the schedule is working and the Training Team selected and prepared.

3.JA

Psychological SupportPsychological Support

The two goals of the Shelter Manager:

1. Help alleviate mental anguish.

2. Prevent problems from becoming overwhelming.

Psychological support makes positive use of the basic human instinctfor self preservation.

3.KA

Sources of Psychological SupportSources of Psychological Support

• Effective management builds confidence & trust.

• Sympathetic & friendly interaction with others.

• Goal oriented behavior.

• Use of psychological first aid to treat maladaptive responses.

3.KB

Psychological First AidPsychological First Aid

• Psychological first aid: Immediate support given to persons in emotional distress.

• The basic technique is a relatively brief (10 minute) personal interview.

The purpose of the interview is to:

• Permit problems to be expressed.

• Provide reassurance.

• Identify potentially dangerous persons.

• Identify useful skills that can put to use after person is sufficiently recovered.

• Engage their minds and channel worry into purposeful work.

Specialized Psychological SupportSpecialized Psychological Support

• Children - Tend to imitate the behavior of adults to reduce their own emotional stress.

• Elderly - May be confused; difficult to accept reality of the attack; rigid in their views.

• Those separated from family members

Service, Religious & Recreational Service, Religious & Recreational ActivitiesActivities

The goal of the Shelter Manager:

Develop organized, voluntary efforts to:

1. Reduce fear, grief, & anxiety.

2. Break down barriers to develop team spirit.

3. Pass the time more quickly.

4. Give comfort & strength through religious devotions.

5. Make people feel they are giving a worthwhile contribution

3.L

Service ActivitiesService Activities

• Caring for children.

• Caring for the elderly.

• Caring for the sick and Injured.

• Improving the safety or appearance of the shelter.

• Improvising games, toys and other pastime materials.

• Making bedding, dividers, furnishings, utensils, etc.

3.LA

Religious ActivitiesReligious Activities

• Should be held only at the request of the shelterees.

• Services may be denominational or nondenominational or individual prayer and meditation as determined by shelterees.

• Space and time should be made available for these important activities.

3.LB

Recreational ActivitiesRecreational Activities

These are limited only by space, Effective Temperature, food and water

constraints. Examples are:

• Physical fitness activities, aerobics, exercises, calisthenics, isometric exercises, etc.

• Arts & crafts.

• Group games, singing, story telling, skits, plays, talent shows, etc.

3.LC

Shelter Exit - the Temporary PhaseShelter Exit - the Temporary Phase1. Shelter Related Work

• Removal of waste and garbage.• Burial/removal of the dead.• Relocation of the sick and injured to hospitals.• Transfer of problem shelterees to authorities.

2. Shelter Supplies: Restock or Resupply

• Water & food• Sanitation & hygiene supplies• Medicine, etc.

3. Recovery

• Damage surveys/repairs• Radiation surveys around the shelter.• Calculate projected safe exit time for general exit.• Restoration of essential community services.

3M

Exit - Permanent PhaseExit - Permanent Phase

• The purpose of sheltering shifts from protection to housing and feeding.

• Activities will turn from shelter living to reconstruction & return to "normal" living.

• This phase will last until people can live at home or in some other permanent housing.

• Expand living space to allow comfort & privacy.

• The Shelter Staff will be reorganized:

• Some Task Teams no longer needed; others expanded.• Shelter Manager fills vacancies as turnover occurs.• Shelter records must be accurately kept.

Exit - Permanent Phase, Cont’dExit - Permanent Phase, Cont’d

1. Shelter buildings:

• The non-shelter part may be returned to its original use.

• EOC will notify you when to close the shelter:• Relocate remaining shelterees to other facilities.• Dispose of remaining supplies.• Clean the area.

2. Return all records to the EOC.

3. Release the Shelter Staff.

3.N.

What Next?What Next?• Put Shelter Guide where you & management know where it is (e.g., with building

Fire, Severe Weather or Safety Plans). Add phone numbers.

• Size up your building. Find the shelter areas. What is in them? Where, how, would you move the contents?

• Sketch shelter areas and non-shelter areas on a floor plan. What non-shelter areas would be most useful? Where would the toilets go?

• Decide what parts of your shelter you'd allocate for the community groups and which parts for the staff.

• Plan how to ventilate areas with poor air flow.

• Plan how the building should be upgraded. Mark areas where there is no shelter and where upgrading is not required. Calculate materials needed.

• Recruit other interested persons to serve in management and task teams. Explain the job to them. Call EMA (427-5130) for answers to their questions.


Documents

Fallout Shelter Management Course 2009 version. Fallout Shelter Management Course Disclaimer/Waiver of Liability The use of or adaptation of any materials