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Falcon Focus• Use the graph to answer #1• (8-5.1) What is the average speed of the ball? • • 2 m/s • 6 m/s • 8 m/s • 72 m/s• • • • •
Essential Question
• 8-6.1: How would you explain or describe a wave?
8-6.1 Recall that waves transmit energy but not matter
Waves
What is a Wave?
• Wave is a repeating disturbance or vibration that transfers or moves energy from place to place.
Properties of a Waves
• Waves are created when a source of energy (force) causes a vibration.
• A vibration is a repeated back-and-forth or up-and-down motion.
• Waves carry energy through empty space or through a medium without transporting matter.
Property of a Wave
• While all waves can transmit energy through a medium, certain waves can also transmit energy through empty space.
• What is a medium? A medium is a material through which waves can travel. It can be a solid, liquid, or gas.
• When waves travel through a medium, the particles of the medium are not carried along with the wave.
• When there is no medium, certain waves (electromagnetic) can travel through empty space.
MediumsWaves Medium State of Matter
Sound Waves Air Gas
Seismic Waves Crust Solid
Ocean Waves Water Liquid
Closure and Homework
• Answer the following questions for Homework on a separate sheet of paper. (Monday)
• What causes waves? What do waves carry?• What is a wave?• What is a medium?• Give different examples of waves and the
mediums they travel through.• What types of waves travel through a medium and
what type of waves do not require a medium?
Flashback Quiz
• 1. Name the three types of boundaries.• 2. Explain what happens within the three types of
boundaries.• 3. Name what forms from each type of boundary.• 4. Name the stresses that go along with each type
of boundary.• 5. Name the faults that go along with each type
of boundary.•
Falcon FocusMotion 1 30 meters NorthMotion 2 20 meters SouthMotion 3 15 meters North Motion 4 25 meters South
(8-5.1) The total displacement for the object was…0 meters20 meters45 meters90 meters
Falcon Focus• (8-5.4) Which would not be a way to cause a
moving object to move faster?• A increasing the force applied to the object.• B. removing some of the mass of the object.• C. applying force in the opposite direction.• D. adding another force to the object in the same
direction.• Essential Question:• How would you explain the difference between
mechanical and electromagnetic waves?
•8-6.2 Distinguish between mechanical and electromagnetic waves.
• There are two types of waves: mechanical and electromagnetic waves:
•
Mechanical Waves
• Mechanical waves (M & M candy) Medium requires a medium
• Mechanical waves require the particles of the medium to vibrate in order for energy to be transferred.
Mechanical WavesExamples of Mechanical Waves mechanical
waves cannot be transferred or transmitted through empty space or a (vacuum).
water waves earthquake/seismic
waves sound waves and the waves that
travel down a rope or spring are also mechanical waves
Electromagnetic Wave
• Electromagnetic waves (E & E) Empty Space
• Electromagnetic waves are waves that can travel through matter or empty space where matter is not present.
• Does Not Require a Medium
Examples of Electromagnetic Waves
radio waves microwaves infrared rays, visible light (ROY G BIV) ultraviolet rays x-rays Gamma rays
Electromagnetic Wave
Examples of Electromagnetic Waves radio waves microwaves infrared rays, visible light (ROY G BIV) ultraviolet rays x-rays Gamma rays
There are 2 types of Mechanical Waves
Mechanical Waves
• There are 2 Types of Mechanical Waves:• Transverse Waves• Compressional or Longitudinal Waves
Transverse Waves
•Mechanical waves in which the particles of matter in the medium vibrate by moving back and forth and perpendicular (at right angles) to the direction the wave travels are called transverse waves.. •
Transverse Waves
•A transverse wave is made up of crests and troughs.• •Crest: the highest point of a transverse wave • •Trough: the lowest point of a transverse wave
Transverse Waves
•Examples of mechanical transverse waves might include water or ocean waves and waves created from a rope.• • Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves
that can travel without a medium through empty space.
Compressional/Longitudinal Waves
• Mechanical waves in which the particles of matter in the medium vibrate by pushing together and moving apart parallel to the direction in which the wave travels are called compressional or longitudinal waves.
•
Compressional/Longitudinal Waves
• A compressional wave is made up of compressions and rarefactions that travel through a medium.
• Compressions: the part of the wave that pushes or compress together
• • Rarefactions: the part of the wave that
spreads or move apart•
Compressional/Longitudinal Waves
• Examples of mechanical compressional/longitudinal waves might include sound waves, slinky spring, and some seismic waves.
Homework/Closure• Answer the following questions on another sheet of paper for Homework. (Tuesday)• • Compare and contrast mechanical and compressional/longitudinal waves. Give an example of each
type.• Compare and contrast a transverse wave and compressional waves. Give an example of each type.• Describe the motion of a buoy when a water wave passes. Does it move the buoy forward?
Explain Why?• Explain how you could model a compressional/longitudinal wave using a coiled spring or slinky toy.• List the characteristics of a mechanical wave.• • Extra Credit: • • Why do boats need anchors if ocean waves do not carry matter forward?• The average speed of sound in water is 1,500 m/s. How long would it take a sound wave to travel
9,000 m? (Use the steps to work out this problem)•
Flashback Quiz: Types of Rocks• 1.(8-3.4) Rocks that form below Earth’s surface and cool slowly are called _.• a.extrusive igneous• b.extrusive metamorphic• c.intrusive igneous• d.intrusive metamorphic• 2.(8-3.4) More often than metamorphic or igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks have —• a.a glassy appearance• b large quartz crystals• c many holes from trapped gases• d numerous fossils • 3. (8-3.4) In addition to heat, which of the following changes granite to gneiss?• a) acid• b) erosion• c) pressure• d) water• 4. The rock cycle indicates all of the following about each type of rock EXCEPT• A. breaks at the focus• B. changed by forces at Earth’s surface• C. form other rocks• D. provide materials to make other rocks• 5. (8-3.4) The process of changing a rock from a solid into magma or lava due to high heat is known as_• A. crystallization B. deposition• C. erosion D. melting•
Falcon Focus
• (8-5.3) What is the primary force that Student 1 works against in order to lower Student 2?
• friction• gravity• magnetism• pressure
Just do the Essential Question for today
(8-6.3) How would you illustrate and contrast the two types of mechanical waves?
Learning Object
• 1. Students will focus on the following terms: friction, gravity, balance force, unbalance force, and inertia.
• 2. Students will describe the two categories of waves.• 3. Students will demonstrate the two types of
mechanical waves.• 4. Students will complete an activity sheet for
understanding.• 5. Students will complete the flashback quiz.• 6. Closure• 7. Students will start on standard 8-6.3
Wave Quiz
• 1. Waves transmit or carry ________ but not ________________.• 2. What is a wave?• 3. How are waves created?• 4. Describe the 2 types of waves. • 5. What is a medium?
• 6. What are the 2 types of Mechanical Waves?
• 7. What is the highest point and lowest point called in a transverse wave?
• 8. What is the area called when the parts come together and what is it call when they spread far apart in a compressional wave?
• 9. How does transverse waves move?• 10. How does compressional waves move?
• 8-6.3. Summarize factors that influence the basic properties of waves (including frequency, amplitude, wavelength, and speed).
•
• The basic properties of waves are influenced by several factors. •
Frequency
• Frequency is a measure of how many waves pass a point in a certain amount of time.
• The higher the frequency, the closer the waves are together and the greater the energy carried by the waves will be.
• The lower the frequency, the farther apart the waves are.
Amplitude
• Amplitude is a measure of the distance between a line through the middle of a wave and a crest or trough.
• The greater the force that produces a wave, the greater the amplitude of the wave and the greater the energy carried by the wave.
• In a transverse wave the higher the wave, the higher the amplitude.
• Sounds with greater amplitude will be louder;• light with greater amplitude will be brighter.
Wavelength
• Wavelength is a measure of the distance from the crest on one wave to the crest on the very next wave or it can be from trough to trough.
• Shorter wavelengths are influenced by the frequency.
• A higher frequency causes a shorter wavelength and greater energy.
Speed
• Speed is a measure of the distance a wave travels in an amount of time.
• The speed of a wave is determined by the type of wave and the nature of the medium.
• As a wave enters a different medium, the wave’s speed changes.
• Waves travel at different speeds in different media.
Speed
• All frequencies of electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed in empty space.
•
Homework/Closure• Answer the following questions on another sheet of paper for Homework.
(Thursday)• • Describe the difference between a compressional wave with a large amplitude and
one with a small amplitude. • Describe how the wavelength of a wave changes if the wave slows down and its
frequency doesn’t change. • Form a hypothesis to explain why a sound wave travels faster in a solid than in a gas.• You make a transverse wave by shaking the end of a long rope up and down. Explain
how you would shake the end of the rope to make the wavelength shorter. How would you shake the end of the rope to increase the energy carried by the wave?
• Illustrate a transverse wave including the following properties: crest, trough, amplitude, wavelength, and frequency.
• •
Types of Rock Flashback Quiz
• 1. What processes do igneous rocks go through? • 2. What processes do metamorphic rocks go
through?• 3. What processes do sedimentary rocks go
through?• 4. Name where all 3 types of rocks are found
(form).• 5. Fossils are found mainly in which type of rock.
Construct & Label a Transverse Wave
• Show High Frequency• Low Frequency• One Wave Cycle• Amplitude• Resting Position• Wavelength• Crest• Trough
Types of Fossils Flashback Quiz
• 1. Which type of fossils forms when minerals soak into the buried remains replacing the remains and changing them into rock?
• 2. Which type of fossil forms when a mold is filled?
• 3. Which type of fossil forms when entire organisms or parts of organisms are prevented from decaying by being trapped in rock, ice, tar, and amber?
• 4. Which type of fossil forms when the mud or sand hardens to stone where a footprint, trail, or burrow of an organism?
• 5. Which type of fossil forms when sediments bury an organism and the sediments change into rock; the organism decays leaving a cavity in the shape of the organism?
Flashback Quiz: Geologic Time• Flashback Quiz: Geologic Time
• 1.(8-2.3) Earliest life forms on Earth were affected by each of the following EXCEPT _______.• a. forming of the atmosphere• b. mountain building• c. unconformitites• d. volcanic activity• • 2. (8-2.4) Of the following, the largest division on the geologic time scale is a(n)• a. epoch• b. era• c. period • d. year• • 3. (8-2.4) The smallest unit of geologic time is a(n) _______.• a. century• b. epoch• c. era• d. period
• 4. (8-2.5) Which statement best explains why rock from the Precambrian time period contains very few fossils?
• a.A global event destroyed all life-forms at some point during Precambrian time.
• b.During early Precambrian time, there were no life-forms on Earth.• c.Life-forms on Earth during Precambrian time were soft-bodied
and left very few fossil imprints.• d.Precambrian life-forms have not had time to fossilize.• • 5. (8-2.5) _______ became the dominant life-form during the
Cenozoic Era.• a. Fish• b. Insects• c. Mammals• d. Plants
Falcon Focus
• Earthquakes release seismic waves, which are waves of _______. (8-6.1)
• a)soil• b)energy• c)soil and energy• d)soil, energy, and motion • Essential Question: (8-6.3) How would you
explain the difference between the speed of a mechanical and an electromagnetic wave?
FALCON FOCUS
• Which statement is true about waves? (8-6.2)• a) transfer energy from water molecule to nearby
water molecule• b) move water molecules continuously outward• c) move matter from the center of the wave in an
up down motion• d) move both energy and water from one place to
another • Essential Question: (8-6.4) How would you distinguish
the difference among reflection and refraction?
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
• (8-6.4) How would you distinguish the difference among reflection and refraction?
Refraction
• Refraction is the bending of waves caused by a change in their speed as they pass from one medium to another. As waves pass at an angle from one medium to another, they may speed up or slow down. The greater the change in speed of the waves, the more the waves will bend.
• Refraction of light going from air through a convex lens, for example, can make images appear larger as the light waves bend.
Examples:
•Prism, Magnifying Glass, Convex lenses, Glasses, Drop of water on letters, Anything that is being magnified
Refraction
Refraction
• Prisms or diffraction gratings separate white light into its different components or colors by bending the light at different angles depending on the frequencies of the light passing through the prism or diffraction grating. Different colors of light have different frequencies.
Refraction
Refraction
Reflection
• Reflection is the bouncing back of a wave when it meets a surface or boundary that does not absorb the entire wave’s energy. All types of waves can be reflected.
Reflection
• Reflections of sound waves, for example, are called echoes and help bats and dolphins learn about their environments.
• Plane mirrors and other smooth surfaces reflect light to form clear images.
Examples
• Plane Mirror , The color of an object & Echoes, Waves Bouncing off cliffs, ball bouncing from the wall
Reflection
Reflection
Reflection
Ticket Out The Door
• 1. Name the 2 wave behaviors that was covered on today.• 2. Explain refraction.• 3. Give 2 examples of refraction. • 4. Explain reflection.• 5. Give 2 examples of reflection.
Transmission
• Transmission of waves occurs when waves pass through a given point or medium.
• Sound waves are transmitted through solids, liquids, and gases.
• Light waves are transmitted through transparent materials (may be clear or colored material such as filters) that allow most of the light that strikes them to pass through them.
Transmission
Transmission
• Only a small amount of light is reflected or absorbed.
• Opaque materials allow no light waves to be transmitted through them.
• Translucent materials transmit some light, but cause it to be scattered so no clear image is seen.
Transparent
• Items can be classified by the way they interact with light. Materials that allow most all light to pass through them are called transparent. Examples of transparent items are glass, water, and air.
Translucent
• Those materials that allow some light to pass through them are called translucent and include things like frosted glass and wax paper.
Opaque
• If an object does not allow any light to pass through it then it is opaque. Most objects are opaque and include things made of wood, stone, and metal.
Absorption
• Absorption of certain frequencies of light occurs when the energy is not transferred through, or reflected by, the given medium.
• Objects or substances that absorb any wavelength of electromagnetic radiation become warmer and convert the absorbed energy to infrared radiation.
•
Examples of Absorption
• Theater Curtains• The color Black
Need to Know Information
• Mass is measured in ______________ by a _________________________.
• Weight is measured in _____________ by a ____________________.
Need to Know Information
• Mass is measured in _____grams or kilograms_________ by a ________triple-beam balance_________________.
• Weight is measured in _____Newtons________ by a ___spring scale_________________.
• 8-6.6 The relationship between the ear and sound waves to explain hearing as follows:
• Vibrating objects produce sound and that vibrations can be transferred from one material to another.
•Explain hearing in terms of the relationship between sound waves and the ear.
•
• Sound waves are gathered by the outer ear which is shaped to help capture the sound waves (energy transferred in particles of air) and send them through the ear canal, which transfers them to the eardrum.
• The vibrations of air particles cause the eardrum to vibrate. – If the vibrations follow each other slowly (low frequency)
the sound is heard as a low pitch. – If the vibrations follow each other in rapid succession (high
frequency), the sound is heard as a high pitch. – Sound waves with large amplitudes push on the eardrum
with more force and are heard as loud sounds. Sound waves with small amplitudes push on the eardrum with less force and are heard as soft sounds.
•
• Vibrations from the ear drum are transmitted to three small bones of the middle ear, which transmit the vibrations to the inner ear.
• The vibrations in the liquid of the inner ear cause the tiny hairs to vibrate. The vibrating tiny hairs transmit the energy to nerves attached to the hairs.
• The nerve impulses are transmitted to the brain and interpreted as hearing.
• 8-6.6 Explain sight in terms of the relationship between the eye and the light waves emitted or reflected by an object.
• The eye and light emitted or reflected by an object to allow sight to occur as follows:
• Light waves that have been emitted or reflected by an object, enter the eye and first pass through the transparent layer called the cornea where they are refracted.
• • The light rays are then refracted again as they
pass through the transparent lens (convex).•
• The lens focuses the light waves on the retina, located on the back of the inside of the eye.
• • The retina is composed of tiny light sensitive
nerves that transfer the energy of the light waves to nerve impulses transmitted through the optic nerve to the brain for interpretation as sight.
• 8-1.6 Use appropriate tools and instruments (including convex lenses, plane mirrors, color filters, prisms, and slinky springs) safely and accurately when conducting a controlled scientific investigation.
• Different tools are needed to collect different kinds of data.• • Convex lenses are tools used to bend, or refract, light causing
objects to be magnified. • • A plane mirror is a tool used to reflect light. • • A color filter is a tool that blocks certain wavelengths of light
and transmits others. • •
• A prism is a tool that breaks light into the colors of the spectrum.
• – To use a prism appropriately, the light has to enter
the prism at the correct angle to the surface in order to separate the white light.
• • A slinky spring is a tool used to model waves
Use care when handling these tools when gathering data.
• Care should be taken not to break or scratch the mirrors, lenses, or prisms.
• Color filters should not be scraped across each other as they will scratch.
• Slinky springs should not be over-stretched or twisted.
• Use tools from previous grade levels that are appropriate to the content of this grade level such as:
• Eyedroppers • magnifiers, • rulers (measuring to millimeters)• thermometers (measuring in oF and oC) • beakers (measuring to milliliters),• forceps/tweezers• graduated cylinders (measuring in milliliters)• meter sticks and meter tapes (measuring in meters, centimeters,
or millimeters)• compasses
• plane mirrors• prisms• timing devices (measuring in minutes or seconds)• triple beam balances (measuring to grams)• tuning forks• spring scales (measuring in newtons or grams) to
gather data. • •
