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Combustion Fundamentals of Fire Safety The Grenfell Tower Fire: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design José L. Torero University College London United Kingdom Lecture1

Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design · Combustion Fundamentals of Fire Safety The Grenfell Tower Fire: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design

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Page 1: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design · Combustion Fundamentals of Fire Safety The Grenfell Tower Fire: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design

Combustion Fundamentals of Fire SafetyThe Grenfell Tower Fire: 

Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design

José L. ToreroUniversity College London

United Kingdom

Lecture‐1

Page 2: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design · Combustion Fundamentals of Fire Safety The Grenfell Tower Fire: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design

Fire• Physical phenomenon that evolves in space and time – affect the wellbeing of people and property

Ignition

Voluntary

Accident

Natural

Human

Growth

Losses Pro

tect

ion

SafetyRegulation

Codes & Profession

Crime

Page 3: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design · Combustion Fundamentals of Fire Safety The Grenfell Tower Fire: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design

How could this happen?

o 100 + buildings tested – 100% failureo 10 + buildings being evacuated in the UKo 5 + buildings being evacuated in Germanyo Several buildings being investigated in the US (including several hotels)

o Several buildings being investigated in Australia (including hospitals) … as you know

o … this is only the beginning …

Page 4: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design · Combustion Fundamentals of Fire Safety The Grenfell Tower Fire: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design

Andraus Building Sao Paulo, Brazil, February 24th, 1974

Page 5: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design · Combustion Fundamentals of Fire Safety The Grenfell Tower Fire: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design

Hawaii, July 15th 2017Peru, July 20th 2017

Dubai, August 4th 2017

Rostov‐on‐Dom, September 29th 2017

Jecheon, December 22nd 2017

Page 6: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design · Combustion Fundamentals of Fire Safety The Grenfell Tower Fire: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design

Neo200 (February 3rd, 2019)o “Cigarette blamed for Vic apartment fire”o “Cladding audit found Melbourne apartment tower posed 'moderate' fire safety 

risk (Victorian Cladding Taskforce)”o "While most of the building is not clad at all, where any cladding is used it is 

compliant with VBA [Victorian Building Authority] standards," Neo200 tweeted in June 2017.

o "This building is extremely safe, it's around 90 per cent made out of concrete panel construction, there's only about a 10 per cent mix of ACM panels," Sahil Bhasin (building inspector) told ABC Radio Melbourne”

o "We didn't hear the alarm until about 15 minutes ago. We thought it was a few blocks down"

o "It was smoky through the stairwell and then when we heard it was on the floor that we were supposed to be on we thought, someone's looking after us”

o "The fire occurred, the sprinklers came on and, assisted with the MFB, the fire was doused.”

o Mr Bhasin, who is the general manager of Roscon, said it appeared the building's fire plan had worked "perfectly”

o "I'll be pushing for a nationwide ban on combustible cladding really to further protect Victorians from being exposed to unacceptable fire risk (VCT)"

Page 7: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design · Combustion Fundamentals of Fire Safety The Grenfell Tower Fire: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design

Are Façade Fires an Unavoidable Feature of Modern Architecture?

Page 8: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design · Combustion Fundamentals of Fire Safety The Grenfell Tower Fire: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design

The Key Changes

o The building envelopeo New construction methodologieso Flammable insulation materials – encapsulationo etc …

… it is not “one” problem!

Page 9: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design · Combustion Fundamentals of Fire Safety The Grenfell Tower Fire: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design

The Building Envelope

Page 10: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design · Combustion Fundamentals of Fire Safety The Grenfell Tower Fire: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design

Fire Safety Strategies

oPrescriptive DesignoPerformance Based Design

Page 11: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design · Combustion Fundamentals of Fire Safety The Grenfell Tower Fire: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design

Life Safety

Compartmentation

Response

Structure

Page 12: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design · Combustion Fundamentals of Fire Safety The Grenfell Tower Fire: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design

Life Safety

Compartmentation

Response

Structure

Common Sense

Common Sense

Common Sense

Specify According to Manufacturers

Standard Test Data

Locate According to

manufacturers Specifications

Define according to simple

rules (Common

Sense)

Page 13: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design · Combustion Fundamentals of Fire Safety The Grenfell Tower Fire: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design
Page 14: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design · Combustion Fundamentals of Fire Safety The Grenfell Tower Fire: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design
Page 15: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design · Combustion Fundamentals of Fire Safety The Grenfell Tower Fire: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design
Page 16: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design · Combustion Fundamentals of Fire Safety The Grenfell Tower Fire: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design
Page 17: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design · Combustion Fundamentals of Fire Safety The Grenfell Tower Fire: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design

• Evacuation– Detection– Alarm– Displacement away from the fire– Crowd management

• Compartmentalization– Slows fire growth– Minimizes smoke spread

• Response– Automatic (fire suppression)– External– Internal

• Structural Integrity

Fire Safety Strategies

Page 18: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design · Combustion Fundamentals of Fire Safety The Grenfell Tower Fire: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design

Time Lines

t

%100%

StructuralFailure

EvacuationCompleted

Untenable Conditions

Page 19: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design · Combustion Fundamentals of Fire Safety The Grenfell Tower Fire: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design

t

% StructuralFailure

100%

EvacuationCompleted

Untenable ConditionsSolution

Page 20: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design · Combustion Fundamentals of Fire Safety The Grenfell Tower Fire: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design

The Objectives

te<<<<tf

te<<<<tS

ts→

Page 21: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design · Combustion Fundamentals of Fire Safety The Grenfell Tower Fire: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design

Why is this important?Impact of External Fire Spread

Protected Egress Paths

Adequate Travel Distances

Effective Detection

Compartmentalization

Structural integrity –Given a 1 Floor Fire

Fire Brigades: Defend in Place

Page 22: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design · Combustion Fundamentals of Fire Safety The Grenfell Tower Fire: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design

How do things change?

• Detection• Egress• Protection of egress paths – compartmentation• Active fire suppression: Sprinklers• Structural integrity• Fire Brigade operations• etc …

Page 23: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design · Combustion Fundamentals of Fire Safety The Grenfell Tower Fire: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design

Shepherds Bush Court, August 19th 2016

Grenfell Tower Fire, June 14th 2017

Is it possible for firefighters to identify when this will happen?

Page 24: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design · Combustion Fundamentals of Fire Safety The Grenfell Tower Fire: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design

No Vertical Flame Spread

Acceptable Vertical Flame Spread

Performance Criteria

Disclosure of what this means in regards to Vertical 

Flame Spread and the implications for the specific building safety is not clear

All Com

es Back to 

Fire Fighting 

Ope

ratio

nsOne Compartment Fire

Unknown

Well defined procedures

Undefined Procedures

Page 25: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design · Combustion Fundamentals of Fire Safety The Grenfell Tower Fire: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design

How is this different?

Page 26: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design · Combustion Fundamentals of Fire Safety The Grenfell Tower Fire: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design

Why is this the outcome?

Page 27: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design · Combustion Fundamentals of Fire Safety The Grenfell Tower Fire: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design

What has truly changed?

Page 28: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design · Combustion Fundamentals of Fire Safety The Grenfell Tower Fire: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design

A fundamental change of the problem …

Page 29: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design · Combustion Fundamentals of Fire Safety The Grenfell Tower Fire: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design

Filling the opening?◦Relative displacement◦Construction Detailing

Page 30: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design · Combustion Fundamentals of Fire Safety The Grenfell Tower Fire: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design

Complex Building Systemso Complex: Building systems are “multi‐purpose” (energy, stability, durability, comfort, life cycle, fire barriers, etc.)

o Dependent on labour skill and cost: Tolerances, installation times, modification during construction, etc. 

o If the objective is to guarantee encapsulation then this is the problem that needs to be solved!

Page 31: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design · Combustion Fundamentals of Fire Safety The Grenfell Tower Fire: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design

Encapsulation

Page 32: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design · Combustion Fundamentals of Fire Safety The Grenfell Tower Fire: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design

Encapsulation

Page 33: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design · Combustion Fundamentals of Fire Safety The Grenfell Tower Fire: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design

Protective Layers

How do we establish performance for encapsulation/ protective layers?

Page 34: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design · Combustion Fundamentals of Fire Safety The Grenfell Tower Fire: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design

Complexity o External fires change everything and severely expose building occupants

o The fire safety strategy is designed for “no” external flame spread

o How can performance be assessed?

Concrete Structure

PIR Insulatio

n

Aluminum Plate

Polyethylene InfillW

External Flow

Internal Flow

External Heat Flux

Conductive Heat Flux

Melting

Charrin

g

Conductive Heat Flux

Burn‐out

Splitting

Page 35: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design · Combustion Fundamentals of Fire Safety The Grenfell Tower Fire: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design

Flammability to Encapsulation = Complexity

o Challenged our understanding of how to achieve quality, safe, robust, resilient infrastructureo Design principleso Design practiseso Performance assessmento Regulatory frameworkso Professional boundarieso Integrated designo Definition of competenceo … etc.

Page 36: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design · Combustion Fundamentals of Fire Safety The Grenfell Tower Fire: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design

“The Wake Effect”

… or the unintended consequences of our actions

Page 37: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design · Combustion Fundamentals of Fire Safety The Grenfell Tower Fire: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design

Why are we back to the 1970’s?

Joelma fire, Sao Paulo, Brazil, Friday, February 1st, 1974

Page 38: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design · Combustion Fundamentals of Fire Safety The Grenfell Tower Fire: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design

Drivers and Constraints

Page 39: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design · Combustion Fundamentals of Fire Safety The Grenfell Tower Fire: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design

Energy: Quantifiable Performanceo Energy conservation targets

Page 40: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design · Combustion Fundamentals of Fire Safety The Grenfell Tower Fire: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design

Social Housing: 1960’s – 1970’s

Page 41: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design · Combustion Fundamentals of Fire Safety The Grenfell Tower Fire: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design

Grenfell Tower

2009

2016

Page 42: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design · Combustion Fundamentals of Fire Safety The Grenfell Tower Fire: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design

Poly‐iso‐cianurate Insulation (PIR)

Aluminium Composite Cover (ALUCOBOND)

Mineral Wool (Fire Barrier)

How do we quantify performance?

Page 43: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design · Combustion Fundamentals of Fire Safety The Grenfell Tower Fire: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design

ComplianceBS‐476

ISO‐1716 ISO‐1182

Page 44: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design · Combustion Fundamentals of Fire Safety The Grenfell Tower Fire: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design

Is this a solely a material flammability issue?

Page 45: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design · Combustion Fundamentals of Fire Safety The Grenfell Tower Fire: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design

Flammability TestsReaction‐to‐fireClassification:

A1, A2, B, C, D, E

Heat of combustion(ISO 1716) 

Non‐combustibility test (ISO 1182)

Ignitability test(ISO 11925‐2)

SBI(ISO 13823)

Room corner test(ISO 9705)

f(…, FIGRA, SMOGRA, …)

Are we truly testing “system” behaviour?

Page 46: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design · Combustion Fundamentals of Fire Safety The Grenfell Tower Fire: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design

Does this test provide system performance?Does this test assess true mechanical behaviour?

Fire‐resistancePass‐FailR,E,I

Page 47: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design · Combustion Fundamentals of Fire Safety The Grenfell Tower Fire: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design

Spill Plumes

Lf

Page 48: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design · Combustion Fundamentals of Fire Safety The Grenfell Tower Fire: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design

Are these the right tests?

BS 8481

Page 49: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design · Combustion Fundamentals of Fire Safety The Grenfell Tower Fire: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design

ANSI FM 4880

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 2 4 6 8

FM4880 BS8414 NFPA285

[kW/m

2]

[m]

Page 50: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design · Combustion Fundamentals of Fire Safety The Grenfell Tower Fire: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design

Performance

… we know perfectly well how to do it …

… but it requires “bespoke” performance protocol for each particular system … there is no standardize test because we are testing “system behaviour”: Building + Envelope

… Past: One test for all materials… Today: A bespoke performance protocol for each system 

Page 51: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design · Combustion Fundamentals of Fire Safety The Grenfell Tower Fire: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design

How do we bring attention to the “wake”?

o Safety is not a constrainto It is not the bad testo It is not the bad material

o It is the lack of understanding of the consequences of our actions

Page 52: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design · Combustion Fundamentals of Fire Safety The Grenfell Tower Fire: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design

Today: Design for Implicit Performance

Standardization of Space

Standardization of Response

One Size Fits All

Means of Escape

Compartmentation

Geometry

Active

Passive

Fire Service

Consequence:Enormous Safety Factors

Waste

Unidentified Mistakes

Compromised Aesthetics

Loss of Function

Unsustainable

Page 53: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design · Combustion Fundamentals of Fire Safety The Grenfell Tower Fire: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design

 

Tomorrow: Design for Explicit Performance

Materials

Burning

Smoke/Heat

Structure

People

Design

Education

Quantifiable Safety Factors: Sustainable

Material Science

Reactive Flow

Fluid Mechanics

Heat Transfer

Solid MechanicsPhysiology

PsychologySociology

Architecture

Regulatory Law

Page 54: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design · Combustion Fundamentals of Fire Safety The Grenfell Tower Fire: Failing to Understand Complexity in Tall Building Design

Thank you!

A viable technical proposition … an enormous philosophical departure