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Failed Supernova 0-% . (& (! M2) ' 1 , 2 , "' * 1 1:!, 2:#$1 Phys. Rev. D 98, 103028 (2018) arXiv:1811.03320 1 ,2/)+3NAOJ, 2018/1/7-8

Failed Supernova 0 · MAA & 6jq MAAj). Schematic SN example.—During the SN accretion phase, the matter effect can be so large as to suppress collective flavor conversions [18,33,34]

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  • Failed Supernova

    ( M2)1, 2, 1

    1: , 2:

    Phys. Rev. D 98, 103028 (2018)arXiv:1811.03320

    1

    NAOJ, 2018/1/7-8

  • PNS Failed

    Success

    Shock stallsBH

    formation

    explosion

    Failed Supernova

    Failed SN

    (PNS) (BH)

    2

  • Failed SN

    N6946-BH125M¤, Red super giant, 6Mpc, Cygnus & Cepheus

    LBT failed SN

    (c) NASA

    Gerke+ 2015, Adams+ 20173

  • • PNS•

    • failed SN• BH (EOS)

    Failed SN

    4

  • in SNe

    • (Vacuum)–

    • (MSW)––

    • (Collective)–––

    r

    Neutrino sphere

    Rinteraction ν

    νPNSm12

    m32

    m22

    invertedhierarchy

    m32

    Δm?+

    -Δm?

    normalhierarchy

    5

  • • (Collective oscillation)–––

    r

    Neutrino sphere

    Rinteraction ν

    νPNS

    6

  • Matter effect vs. self-interaction

    7

    r1

    vs.

    (Multi-angle matter suppression)

    (Esteban-Pretel+ 2008, Chakraborty+ 2011)

    • (Collective oscillation)–––

  • Matter effect vs. self-interaction• (Collective oscillation)

    –––

    8

    Single-angle schemeMulti-angle scheme

    (Sigl+ 1993, Duan+ 2006, Dasgupta+ 2008)

    Multi-Azimuthal-angle instabilityTemporal instabilityFast flavor conversion

    Hot topic.

    (Raffelt+ 2013, Dasgupta+ 2015, Sawyer 2016)

    matter suppression (low mass accretion phase )

    Multi-Azimuthal-angle (MAA) instability

  • Bimodal Instability

    MAA instability

    9

  • Φ

    Bimodal

    Multi-Azimuthal-Angle Instability(MAA Instability)

    Bimodal Instability

    10

    νi-νk νi-νj

    νiνk

    Neutrino sphere

    νj

    (Raffelt+ 2013, Chakraborty+ 2014)

  • MAA instability

    large, the unstable region shifts to larger !-values [17]as shown in Fig. 1 for all three cases. We have usedblackbody-like zenith distribution (uniform on 0!u!1)where q bimodal ¼ 1=2þ 1=

    ffiffiffi3

    p$ 1:077, qMZA¼1=2%

    1=ffiffiffi3

    p$%0:077 and qMAA ¼ %1=2. On the horizontal

    axis in Fig. 1, we use !j as a variable, so the physical !range is very different for the 3 cases.

    Numerically it appears that for large !", the instabilityoccurs for #j!& !", where #j is a coefficient different foreach case. It also appears that for the bimodal and MZAcases, actually #j & jq jj and we roughly have !"& j!jj.Note that !" ¼ $!þ "& jqMZAj! ¼ 0:077!, so that, forreasonable values of $, the matter density " would have tobe negative—the MZA instability is self-suppressed by theunavoidable effect of neutrinos themselves, and plays norole in a realistic SN situation. On the other hand, we findthe new MAA instability the least sensitive to mattereffects, as the instability region shifts only for much largerinteraction strength (#MAA & 6jqMAAj).

    Schematic SN example.—During the SN accretionphase, the matter effect can be so large as to suppresscollective flavor conversions [18,33,34]. In Fig. 2 wejuxtapose the instability regions for the IH bimodal andthe new NH MAA instabilities for a simplified SN model.We use single energy and blackbody-like emission at theneutrino sphere, ignoring the halo flux [35]. We choosephysical parameters R, !ðRÞ, and $ that mimic the morerealistic 15M) accretion-phase model used in our previousstudy [18,35]. We show the region where %r > 1, i.e.,where the growth rate is deemed ‘‘dangerous.’’ We alsoshow "ðrÞ, where the shock wave is seen at 70 km.

    The matter profile never intersects the bimodal instabil-ity region; i.e., this instability is suppressed everywhere inthis specific SN example. On the other hand, "ðrÞ intersectsthe MAA instability region just outside the shock wave.This simplified case illustrates that the MAA instabilitycan arise in SN models where the bimodal instability issuppressed. It also shows that the ‘‘danger spots’’ are in

    very different places, although it remains to be seen if thisfinding is generic.Conclusions.—All previous studies of self-induced

    neutrino conversion in SNe or the early universe were basedon the false premise that solutions of the equations of motionwould inherit the symmetries of the initial or boundaryconditions. We have shown that azimuth-angle instabilitiesare a generic phenomenon of collective neutrino oscillations.Every single case in the previous literature with enforcedaxial symmetry may have missed the dominant effect.We have linearized the equations of motion around the

    initial state of neutrinos in flavor eigenstates. The systemthen shows either the bimodal or the MAA instability, butnot both. (For more complicated spectra that would lead tomultiple spectral splits [14], the bimodal instability occursfor positive spectral crossings, the MAA instability fornegative ones.) However, evolved bimodal solutions,where the off diagonal % entries are not small, may stillbecome ’-unstable, and the other way round.Both instabilities can be suppressed by matter, but the

    required density is larger for MAA. Therefore, it is notnecessarily clear if collective flavor conversions are ge-nerically suppressed during the SN accretion phase, animportant question for possible neutrino mass hierarchydetermination [5]. For those cases where suppression is noteffective, dedicated numerical studies are needed.

    NH

    IHne m

    NYe

    10 9g cm 3

    10 11

    10 10

    10 8

    10 7

    10 6

    10 5

    100 100050 300 5000.1

    1

    10

    102

    103

    104

    103 102 10 1 0.1

    r km

    km1

    km 1

    FIG. 2 (color online). Region where %r > 1 for IH (blue) andNH (red), depending on radius r and multiangle matter potential" for our simplified SN model. Thick black line: SN densityprofile. Thin dashed lines: Contours of constant electron density,where Ye is the electron abundance per baryon. (The IH casecorresponds to Fig. 4 of Ref. [18], except for the simplifiedspectrum used here.)

    0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1400

    1

    2

    3

    4

    5

    j 0

    0

    0MZ A

    Bim odal

    MAA

    FIG. 1 (color online). Growth rate % for blackbody-like zenithdistribution, single energy *!0, and $ ¼ 1=2. Black line: Allcases for !" ¼ "þ $! ¼ 0 (no matter effect). Other lines:Indicated unstable cases for !" ¼ 300j!0j.

    PRL 111, 091101 (2013) P HY S I CA L R EV I EW LE T T E R Sweek ending

    30 AUGUST 2013

    091101-4

    by the MAA instability in case A is consistent with whatwas presented in [34], where an ordered behavior in thefinal ν spectra under MAA effects was found for largeflavor asymmetries (ε≳ 1). Moreover, the symmetrybetween the effects of the bimodal instability in IH andthe MAA one in NH has been recently pointed out with asimple toy model in [32].Finally, in Fig. 5, we show the initial (dashed curves) and

    final fluxes (continuous curves) for e (black curves) and x(light curves) flavors and for neutrinos (left panels) andantineutrinos (right panels). We consider both MZA andMAA effects. The upper panels show the NH, while thelower panels refer to IH. We realize that the final spectra areremarkably similar in both hierarchies. In particular,neutrino spectra present a split at E ≃ 12 MeV. The splitis sharper in IH where it is driven by the bimodal instability.The ν̄ spectra are swapped with respect to the initial ones.In particular, as expected from the swap function of Fig. 3,the swap is more complete in IH, where deviations from acomplete swap are confined to low energies (E ≲ 2 MeV).

    C. Case C

    The gω spectrum for case C (Fig. 1 lower panel) has beenwidely studied in the axial symmetric case as representativeof energy spectra with a flux ordering Nνx ≳ Nνe ≳ N ν̄e and

    energy spectra with multiple crossing points leading tomultiple splits around these points (see, e.g., [22–26]).Remarkably, with spectra of type C, one expects both thehierarchies to be unstable under MAA and bimodal effects,since spectra present both positive (unstable in NH forMAA effects and in IH for the bimodal ones) and negative(unstable in IH for MAA effects and in NH for the bimodalones) crossings. In Fig. 6, we show the radial evolution ofthe function κobtained solving Eqs. (6) and (7). The leftpanels refer to NH, while the right ones to IH. Differentfrom case A, these two equations will have simultaneoussolutions in both hierarchies. Therefore, in the upperpanels, we show the solutions of Eq. (6) (bimodal insta-bility), while in lower panels, we refer to Eq. (7) (MAAinstability). As in Fig. 3, continuous curves refer to MZA,while dashed ones are for SZA.We remark that Eq. (6) havea couple of solutions ðγ;κÞ corresponding to positive andnegative γ, respectively (see, e.g., [35]). However, in thefollowing, we will show only the case with the larger κ.Starting from the NH case, we see that in the SZA situation,both bimodal and MAA effects produce a sharp rise in κaround r≃ 40 km. Therefore, low-radii conversions wouldbe possible in these cases. Since both instabilities arecomparable (peak value of κ≃ 1.2), one expects that bothwould equally contribute to the further flavor evolution.Passing now to the MZA case, as expected from [35], the

    FIG. 5 (color online). Case A. MZA and MAA flavor evolution for ν’s (left panel) and ν̄’s (right panel) in NH (upper panels) and IH(lower panels). Energy spectra initially for νe (black dashed curves) and νx (light dashed curves) and after collective oscillations for νe(black continuous curves) and νx (light continuous curves).

    MULTI-AZIMUTHAL-ANGLE INSTABILITY FOR … PHYSICAL REVIEW D 90, 033004 (2014)

    033004-7

    Bimodal MAA

    (Raffelt+ 2013) 11(Chakraborty+ 2014)

  • Bimodal Instability

    Φ

    1-2

    N_dof ×N_E ×N_θ = O(106-7)

    Multi-Azimuthal-Angle Instability(MAA Instability)

    Φ O(102-3)

    N_dof ×N_E ×N_θ ×N_Φ = O(109)10

    12

  • 13

    S

    3 survival probability multi-angle term (1 - v v’)

  • • ( )• 40M¤ EoS:LS220 1D model

    – Sumiyoshi et al. 2007, 2008•

    ••

    failed SNe

    • ~ 800 ms BH•

    • 600 ms

    0 2 4 6 8

    10 12 14 16 18 20

    0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

    Lum

    inos

    ity [1

    052

    erg/

    s]

    time after bounce [sec]

    νeν-eνx

    purple: egreen: eblue: x

    _

    0

    5

    10

    15

    20

    25

    30

    35

    0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

    Aver

    age

    ener

    gy <

    Eν>

    [MeV

    ]

    time after bounce [sec]

    νeν-eνx

    time after core bounce [sec]14

  • –600 ms 10 MeV

    0

    0.2

    0.4

    0.6

    0.8

    1

    0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

    P ee

    Radius [km]

    ρeρe/100

    1/100

    600 ms

    15

  • –600 ms MAA Instability

    16

  • Failed SN

    MSW resonance (ρ ~ 103 g/cc)

    17

    resonance survival

    probability

    failed SNe

    (Tomas+ 2004)

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ARsG9Cg8+rgCwILmO7qDHmsSejd4EjJJkbcpbgDI3RMp/7HBVi1Oa4XtOP2AZ3MXl7zBzFOD3SDb3SA93SM338WasW1aj/pcq33uAKt9h/PLzx/i/L4jvAwRerCUPnn2kcC2Y01xaghNlIk2SNboTU1RqNPpXD09eN+fXx2gRd0QvrvKQnumelduXNuF4T6xdI8qCyP8fy21GnMnMZWptO5xbjiSUwgjFM8lhmkMMyVqFyW4kTnOFcGVRmlQUl10hVWmLOEL6ZsvIJy4iTSw==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ARsG9Cg8+rgCwILmO7qDHmsSejd4EjJJkbcpbgDI3RMp/7HBVi1Oa4XtOP2AZ3MXl7zBzFOD3SDb3SA93SM338WasW1aj/pcq33uAKt9h/PLzx/i/L4jvAwRerCUPnn2kcC2Y01xaghNlIk2SNboTU1RqNPpXD09eN+fXx2gRd0QvrvKQnumelduXNuF4T6xdI8qCyP8fy21GnMnMZWptO5xbjiSUwgjFM8lhmkMMyVqFyW4kTnOFcGVRmlQUl10hVWmLOEL6ZsvIJy4iTSw==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

    ⌫̄e + ⌫̄µ/⌧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

    ⌫̄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

    18

    MSW resonance

  • • SK• 50 kpc failed SN

    Super-Kamiokande

    ⌫̄e + p ! n+ e+

    ν

    ν

    ν νe_

    50 kpc

    Abe et al. 2011

    LMC

    19

  • Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment

    DUNE

    40Ar + ⌫e !40 K⇤ + e�

    • 2028• SK

    20

  • 0

    100

    200

    300

    400

    500

    600

    700

    0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

    even

    t rat

    e [n

    umbe

    r s-1

    ]

    times after bounce [ms]

    inverted hierarchynormal hierarchy

    no oscillation

    Super-K and DUNE

    SN1987A 11

    SK DUNE

    0

    200

    400

    600

    800

    1000

    1200

    1400

    0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

    even

    t rat

    e [n

    umbe

    r s-1

    ]

    times after bounce [ms]

    inverted hierarchynormal hierarchy

    no oscillation

    Super-Kamiokande DUNE

    21

  • • 1 failed SN

    • SNe

    • SK DUNE

    • EOS

    22