APPLICATION OF

INTEGRATED DESIGN IN

ARCHITECTURAL ENVIRONMENTS

grotteportella

FASHIONDISTRICT

Fadi Castronovo

Prof� Toke Rammer Nielsen

Prof� Christian Anker Hviid

Arch� Luciano Andreotti

ARCH� ALICE CENTIONI

Table of COntents

abstract

introduction

design method

traditional

andreotti architects

integrated design method

integrated design method

dtu PROCESS

integrated design vs traditional design

application of IDP

dtu process in andreotti architects

Grotteportella case

study: overview

DESIGN method PROPOSAL

design strategies

proposed transition process

conclusion

BIbliography

Acknowledgements

APPENDIX

Case study additional documents

ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS

I.

II.II.i

II.iI

III.IIi.I

IIi.iiIII�III

iV.Iv.i

V.

VI.vi.I

vi.ii

VII.IX.X.

Xi.

7

9

13

14

18

21

22

26

29

33

34

39

51

52

55

59

213

217

218

219

253

theory and methodology

analysis

Discussion

Case study: grotteportella

requirementsmunicipal requirements

national

andreotti architects

international

sitedescription

urban context

urban proposal

summary of the proposal

functionsPublic

commercial

residential

tertiary

sustainable strategiesweather and orientation

building elements

NATURAL VENTILATION

building services

environmental impacts

Materials

PARAMETERS LIST

preliminary SPATIAL LAYOUT

PRELIMINARY simulationsVASARI

IDBUILD

Design of Systems

Passive systems analysis

Mechanical cooling category I analysis

Mechanical cooling category II analysis

IESVE BUILDING simulationsIESVE modeling

REsults

building designarchitectural form

architectural strategies

systems DESIGNVentilation

VIII. viii.iviii.i.i

viii.i.ii viii.i.iIi viii.i.iV

viii.ii viii.ii.i

viii.ii.iiviii.ii.iiiviii.ii.IV

Viii.iii viii.iii.i

viii.iii.ii viii.iii.iii viii.iii.iV

Viii.iV viii.iV.i

viii.iV.ii viii.iV.iiiviii.iV.iVviii.iV.V

viii.iV.vi

viii.iV.vii

Viii.V

Viii.Viviii.Vi.i

viii.Vi.ii VIII�Vi�III

VIII�Vi�IV

VIII�Vi�V

VIII�Vi�VI

Viii.VIIviii.VII.i

viii.VII.iI

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Viii.iXviii.IX.i

6464656668

8484848686

7272727677

9292949698100102103

106

116118126128130134138

176176182

186186200

208208

7

Abstract

Several methods of designing are currently utilized in the building business. The most common is the traditional method of designing, which revolves around the role of the architect as the main designer. The other mainstream method is the integrat-ed design method, which is based on the interaction of the diff erent professions. Ac-cording to several professionals, the integrated design method is the most effi cient way of developing a sustainable building. The Civil Engineering department at the Technical University of Denmark, has developed a process in order to maximize the integrated design process the potential for sustainability. What the design engineer attempted with the following thesis, was to modify the method proposed by the DTU, in order to develop a method which would ease the transition from a traditional to an integrated design method. In proposing a new method, the design engineer applied the DTU’s method at the Andreotti Architects studio in Italy over a period of 5 months. From this experience the Grotteportella Fashion District building was developed, and the design engineer also developed a method for the transition from a traditional design method. This method is largely based on DTU’s method, and it focuses on the preparation that an architecture studio must have in order to tackle a project in an integrated design approach.

8

9

I� introduction

10

preface

The need for shelter has evolved over the ages, starting with use of natural shelter to the construction of intricate buildings; man has been able to go from caves to reaching the skies. The need for shelter has defi ned not only the construction methods and ma-terials but also society, cities, and economies. With the passage of time, the builder has evolved into an architect, whom, with the help of engineers, has been able to fabricate the world. With the growth of humanity, architects have been challenged with tackling new needs. Starting from the need for space and individuality, to the new challenges of energy preservation and environmental impacts, architects had to master new sciences in order to build structures that respect nature and humans. [I] The world of building construction has been recently taking a turn towards sustainabil-ity and energy conservation. This change of methodology and mentality is not new to the world of construction. Back in the 1970s and 1980s, when the world saw the fi rst oil crisis, civil engineerings, architects, and businesses started looking into the develop-ment of low energy buildings and set standards in order to achieve this. [I]Currently, residential and commercial buildings are responsible for the generation of 40% of the world’s total green house gases emission. Buildings are also responsible for 30% of the world’s energy consumption. Because of the growing eff ect of global warming and the pending energy crises, the two disciplines have started striving for sustainability. [III]Several major actions have to be taken in order to reach a sustainable level. First, new buildings have to be built with new energetic standards. Second, existing buildings have to be renewed in order to lessen the present load on the energy infrastructure. Lastly, the traditional characteristics of an architect have to change, he must now develop a new set of engineering skills, which allow him to achieve a new sustainable lifestyle. [II] With these new requirements new buildings have to be built with high engineering and architectural standards, this can only be achieved if the two disciplines work in synergy. This synergy requires new methods of design.

11

introduction

Several methods of designing are currently utilized in the building business. The most common is the traditional method of designing, which revolves around the role of the architect as the main designer. Lately, an Integrated Design Method has been devel-oped. The focus of this design method is to use the synergetic knowledge and skills of diff erent disciplines, in order to cut down time and environmental and economic reper-cussions. The BYG department of DTU has further developed this method and has given rise to alternatives and additions to the method, which have proven themselves to be quite successful in the academic and professional environment. [IV] The purpose of this research was to apply the DTU method in a professional environ-ment that has a traditional design method, and analyze the method’s perfomance and propose modifi cations to the method, in order to improve the transition from a tradi-tional to an integrated design method. The chosen environment, was the Adreotti Archi-tects studio (located in Rome Italy). The DTU method was applied to one of the studio’s project. The chosen project was on the development of a high rise building for the reurbanization project of Grotteportella. The site is located in the suburbs of Rome, and the requirements, from both the Municipality and the studio, for the high-rise building was that it had to be a sustainable, energy-effi cient building. Also, the designing of the building had conducted with sophisticated Building Information Modeling tools.After, the project phase concluded, the analysis of the traditional methods and the one applied by the studio was conducted in order to evaluate the methods. Later, the analy-sis was expanded to the study of mainstream Integrated Design Method and the one proposed by DTU. With the experience at the studio and the knowledge of the diff er-ent design methods several suggestions and improvements on the DTU methods were made. This Master thesis will illustrate and describe both the research and the experi-ence. Two main sections are presented, one on the study and analysis of the methods, and the other one is dedicated solely on the Grotteportella project. An Appendix is included, in order to present the architectural drawings and further details.

12

13

Ii. design

methods

14

II�i traditional

As mentioned in the introduction, the design of habitable spaces has been one of the oldest professions, and with the development of new technologies and design methods, the design process has become more effi cient. Generally speaking, a de-sign method is the formulation and development of a standardized procedure in de-signing any object and solving any problem. [V] The purpose of design methods, is to describe the organization and coordination of the interaction between certain design participants. [V] The design method can be expressed through the use of design processes.The design process illustrates the approach that must be taken by the design method. What now has become the most common and standard design procedure to design is an iterative based process, where the proposed idea goes through an indefi nite number of changes until it reaches its optimal stage. This process is represented by the paradigm shown in Figure II.I, where an initial idea A goes through an iterative

Performance Requirements

Design Proposal

Performance Prediction

Performance Desirable?

Desirable Design

Yes

No

FIGURE II�II: performance based design

A

FIGURE II�I: traditional design process

D

CB E

John Cris Jones, Design Method

Kalay Y.E., Automation in Construction

15

process until reaches an optimum point, E. [V] These methods have been thoroughly applied and analyzed in the construction business. Rittel has found that two major ‘generations’ of design methods have been developed through time. [IV] The fi rst generation of design method was developed in the 1960s, by designers like Archer and Asimov. [IV] They developed methods focusing on the optimization of a system-atic and scientifi c way of solving a problem. Therefore, the fi rst generation can be characterized for its scientifi c approach, which is representative of an engineering based approach. Meanwhile, the second generation of design methods, developed during the late 1960s and early 1970s, distanced themselves from the fi rst genera-tion, because of its narrow freedom and lack of intuition. [IV] The second generation bases itself on the intuition and imagination of the designer to solve a specifi c de-sign problem, which is representative of an architectural approach. [IV] This method has presently become the mainstream design mentality. The major role in building design has been assumed by the architect. Meanwhile, the engineering and scien-tifi c aspect has been reduced to a supporting role. Such phenomenon has been thor-oughly described by Chuck Eastman, who said that the most common design proce-dure in most building projects is the Design-Bid-Build (DBB) approach. [VI] Almost 90% of public buildings and about 40% of private buildings have been built using

Owner selects architect

Architect develops program and schematic

design

Architect select engineers on low bid

GC selects subs basedon low bids

Architect or owner select general contractor (GC)

based on low bid

GC and subcontractorsconstruct building

FIGURE II�III: traditional design bid build method

Chuck Eastment, BIM Handbook

16

the DBB approach. In the DBB model, the client hires and architect, who then devel-ops a list of building requirements (a program), and establishes the project’s design objectives. [VI] The architect then, either hires employees or contracts consultants to assist in the designing of structural, HVAC, and piping plans. The following step is the selection of the general contractor (GC) and subcontractors based on low bids. The last step is the construction of the building. This method is summarized in Figure II.III, meanwhile on Figure II.V the involvement time line of the participants is shown. [VI,VII] These methods can be generalized in what Kalay defi nes as a performance based design process, where the process is the description of a method. Accord-ing Kalay building design is an iterative process of exploration, in which alternative shapes for fulfi lling certain functional traits are suggested and evaluated in a given context. [VIII] He expresses the process in the ‘performance-based design’ paradigm in Figure II.II. [VIII] This paradigm shows the iterative process that the building de-sign goes through, in this case in DBB method. [IV]The major benefi t from this approach is to eff ect of the lowest possible price, based on competitive bidding, and less political pressure upon selecting a given contractor. [VI] Several disadvantages are present with this method. The fi rst is being the pres-ence of possible disputes, errors, and omissions between the diff erent participants, which leads to extra costs and time loss. Additionally, due to inconsistency and inac-curacy, it is diffi cult to fabricate materials off site. [VI] Therefore, the DBB method is quite expensive and cost-ineff ective, even though it is based on the lowest bids. [VI] This method, through its iterative process of check and balances between the diff er-ent participants, can lead to major expense losses.Another disadvantage of this design process is the documentation tools that are used throughout this process. Each participant in the DBB method produces their own set of drawings. Therefore, the DBB method is based on a continuous exchange of Printed Sheets as it can be seen in Figure II.IV. [IX] Currently, these printed sheets are most commonly generated with the use of CAD tools. According to Eddy Krygiel, this chain of information sharing has many opportunities for miscommunication, and much information is redundantly reproduced as a way of error checking. [IX]

Architect Contractor

Consultants SubcontractorsPrinted Sheets

(Shop Drawings)

FIGURE II�IV: Printed sheets progressionEddy Krygiel, Green Bim

17

Lastly, the most important disadvantages that hasn’t been mentioned is the mini-mization of the sustainable potential of the building. This is based on the fact that the role of the energy and sustainability engineer is only secondary to the role of the architect. The architect, by professional formation, might not possess the same amount of design knowledge and the tool capacity to perform energy design choices and simulations, which infl uence the overall performance of the building. Werner Sutter states that ‘the conventional design process usually does not involve com-puter simulations of predicted energy performance, so the resulting poor perfor-mance and high operating costs generally comes as a surprise to owners, users, and operators’. [X] Meanwhile, the use of sustainable tools and design choices can help improve the overall sustainable performance of the building, at an early stage. From the Involvement versus Time graph in Figure II.V, taken from Busby Perkins + Will Stantec Consulting’s Roadmap for the Integrated Design Process, one can see how sustainability suff ers due to the fact that the involvement of the design participants is fairly low where the opportunities to infl uence sustainability are quite high. [VII] Therefore, sustainability potential, time, and money are lost, due to this procedure of check and balances between the participants.During the design experience in the Andreotti Architecture studio, several of these limiting factors have been noted.

Intensive High Involvement

Periodic HighInvolvement

ModerateInvolvement

Period LowInvolvement

Sporiadic orNo Involvement

Duration (months)

03 6 91 84 2

Pre-Design

Conventional Architect, Engineer, Contractor

Image Credit: Busby Perkins+Will and Stantec

SchematicDesign

DesignDevelopment

ConstructionDocuments

Bidding, Construction,

CommissioningBuilding

Operation

FIGURE II�V: Involvement chart

18

II�III andreotti Architects

During the internship experience at the Andreotti Architects it was possible to wit-ness the use of the traditional design method in action. The studio is located in Grottaferrata, in the Municipality of Rome. Currently, architect Luciano Andreotti is the chief architect, who runs the offi ce together with chief building surveyor Giorgio Spalletta. Lastly, interior architect Alice Centioni, was the assistant architect. The in-ternship lasted from February 7th to July 7th 2011, for a total of 5 months. Besides several model renderings, the role of the design engineer intern was to develop the new fashion district at Grotteportella, Frascati. During this period, the intern had several chances of seeing the dynamics of a typical Italian architecture studio, and understand the design methodology on several projects that were being developed by hosting architects.Upon witnessing the development of several projects, such as the Cocciano and Fu-selli housing project, and the BMW auto salon, a general design methodology was drawn. The building design process starts with expression of the design require-ments and wishes by the client to the architect. The architect develops a program and draws up several documents and proposals. After the fi rst design proposal is drawn, the municipality has to approve the proposal. This step usually takes lots of time and eff ort, since the architect cannot posses all of the regulatory knowledge. The following step is to pass the design onto the pertaining engineers. Once the project has been bounced around through each participant, the project is passed onto the contractor. This last participant will then bounce the project back and forth with architect, until the construction of the project is complete.Therefore, from this description one can see that the methodology centers the proj-ect’s entire development around the central fi gure of the architect. Hence, the pro-cess can be defi ned as a ‘satellite’ design method. This method has been coined with this name due to the fact that the various participants ‘satellite’ around the major player, the architect. The diagram shown in Figure II.VI shows a schematic of the method.Several parallels can be drawn between this methodology and the traditional meth-od that was described earlier. Starting with the possible creation of disputes among the participants to frequent miscommunications, this methodology falls right into the process that was described by the DBB method. Lots of time is lost not only because of this back and forth process, but also because the documentation, com-munication tools, and drawing methods, such as the use of AutoCAD, that are used to transfer information between the participants lead to the creation of redundant information and confusion.

19

Architect

Client

StructuralEngineer

BuildingServicesEngineer

MunicipalityFire

Engineer

Contractor

START

ENDFIGURE II�VI: satellite design

Most importantly, with this design procedure, the sustainability potential is focused only in the hands of the architect, since he has the job to develop the initial build-ing design. The energy engineer is not called into consideration in the initial design phase but only after the fi rst proposal is approved by the municipality. The architect might possess some rules of thumb that are intended to be sustainable, such as the choice of materials and solar orientation, but during the design phase he does not check the performance of his design choices. Another trend that was noticed was the focus on the use of technical systems, such as photovoltaic systems and solar heaters, without the optimization of certain sustainable strategies, i.e. the use of proper insulation, and natural ventilation. Therefore, the role of the energy engineer must be emphasized during the earlier design phase in order to help the architect make informed design choices, which will prevent the loss of time, money, and im-prove the sustainable performance of the design.

20

21

III� integrated

design method

22

iii�i integrated design method

Seeing all of the issues that are present in the traditional design method, the need for the development of a new design method has become a priority in the build-ing business. Besides the obvious need to resolve the organizational and monetary issues, the most pressing issue is the need for a method that would fully take ad-vantage of the sustainable potential of a design. According to Andreas Dalkowski, ‘years of experience in the design and construction of environmentally conscious non-residential building projects, have shown that an integrated design process is a necessary prerequisite for successfully achieving sustainable buildings’. [X] The re-sponse to this pressing need of sustainable architecture, as Andreas Dalkowski said, is the development of integrated design processes (IDP). [X] In the building environ-ment IDP is ‘an approach to building design that seeks to achieve high performance on a wide variety of well-defi ne environmental and social goals’. [VII] This approach relies upon the interaction of a multi-disciplinary group of designers (architects, en-gineers, and builders), which share a vision and have a holistic understanding of the project. [VII] According to the Roadmap for the Integrated Design Process, IDP is an iterative process where: (1) linearity is not present, (2) is diff erent every time and (3) it is not pre-determined. [VII]IDP involves a diff erent approach from the traditional design method, right at the very early stages of designing. The architect is not the only decision-making par-

SoilsEngineer

FacilityManager

LandscapeDesigner

CostConsultant

FireSpecialist

SimulationSpecialist

Tenant

UrbanPlanner

InteriorDesignerChanging Team Specialists

CivilEngineer

Core TeamArchitect

Structural EngineerEnergy Engineer

Mechanical Engineer

LightingSpecialist

Committed Client

DesignFacilitator(Option)

focusing onrespectivecore team members

managescore team

and changingspecialists

transfer of responsibility

mechanical/technical support

FIGURE III�I: integrated design methodAndreas Dalkowski, IDP

23

ticipant but maintains his guiding function as team leader and moderator. [X] The architect becomes part of a core design team, where he gains knowledge of techni-cal solutions, and allows the engineers to gain insight into the complex architectural design process. From Figure III.I one can see that the method starts with the client’s choice of a core project team, and the assignment of requirements. [X] After choos-ing the team, the client can either remain as an active participant during the entire design process, or he can choose a representative in his place. The core team is composed by the major players that are relevant in the designing of a building, such as the architect, structural, energy, and mechanical engineer, green designer, cost consultant, and general contractor. The core team doesn’t have to be limited to the aforementioned players but can be expanded by calling certain changing specialists that are requested when needed. For example, the lighting specialist is put at the border of the core team because he could be included right away, or be included in the changing team specialists. The team has to be managed by a design facilita-tor, or ‘champion’, which leads the team and ensures the motivation and focus of the design on sustainability. Besides managing the core team, the design facilitator manages the changing team specialists, which are defi ned as the general civil engi-neering team. Once the building design is completed the project is passed onto the general contractor, who is an active participant from the beginning of the design, in order to conclude the project. [X]

FIGURE III�II: integrated design process

24

According to the Roadmap for the Integrated Design Process, the IDP process can be divided seven steps, as it can be seen in Figure III.II. [VII] The fi rst is the Pre-Design phase, where the goals, core objectives, and the direction of the project are set, in order to explore of the relationship between the project and its environment, and reveal the optimum choices for the users and the owner. [VII] The second phase is the Schematic Design, where the team can explore innovative technologies and new ideas, which can help towards the broad goals and objectives. [VII] The following phase, and most crucial, is the Design Development, where one of the schematic designs is chosen by the team and the client. The fourth phase is the Construction Documentation of the project, where construction documents are prepared based on the approved design, together with the fi nal calculations and specifi cations. The fi fth phase is the Bidding, Construction, and Commissioning of the building, where the main design plans are realized. The sixth phase is the Building Operation, where the design team must ensure that the building is properly transferred to the build-ing’s owner and occupants. The last phase is the Post-Occupancy, because with the use of the integrated design, the designing of the building does not end with the construction but conducts proper maintenance and operations on the building to ensure its performance. [VII]With this design method, the building project is tackled by many diff erent partici-pants, and it cannot take a linear iterative path, which was seen in the traditional design method. Instead, as shown in Figure III.II and Figure III.III, the IDP takes an iterative path with feedback loops, which help evaluate all decisions. [VII,X] This kind of iterative process ensures that decisions refl ect the broader team’s collective knowledge, that the interaction between diff erent elements is considered and that

FIGURE III�III: feedback loops

Andreas Dalkowski, IDP

25

Intensive High Involvement

Periodic HighInvolvement

ModerateInvolvement

Period LowInvolvement

Sporiadic orNo Involvement

Duration (months)

03 6 91 84 2

Pre-Design

IDP Architect, Engineer

Image Credit: Busby Perkins+Will and Stantec

SchematicDesign

DesignDevelopment

ConstructionDocuments

Bidding, Construction,

CommissioningBuilding

Operation

IDP Contractor

FIGURE III�IV: involvement chart

solutions go through the steps needed for optimization. [X] One of the benefi ts of IDP is the utilization of building information modeling (BIM). With BIM the design team can utilize advanced software to directly share informa-tion onto a single building model. [IX] These tools reduce the loss of time caused by the sharing of paper documents. [IX] Furthermore, with the use of BIM tools, the dif-ferent participants have the ability to use the building geometry from the model in other applications, such as energy and daylighting analysis software. [IX] This is just on the benefi ts that IDP has on the sustainable potential of a design.Using this design method the potential for sustainability can reach its maximum, since from the beginning of the design phase there is a collaboration with the en-ergy engineer. [VII] As it can be seen in Figure III.IV, the involvement of the IDP archi-tect and the engineer is quite close to the sustainability potential. The focus of the design is moved from the architect and new inputs are presented, which can help analyze and improve the effi ciency of the design. This is achieved through several steps. As mentioned earlier, the fi rst improvement is the inclusion of the energy engineer, which can focus on the analysis or the simulations of the proposal. An energy analysis expert can help with the passive solar design and the use of renew-able energy technologies. [VII] Meanwhile, a simulation expert can help with use of energy modeling, thermal comfort analysis software, and CFD simulations. [IX] By testing the possible design proposals, with the use of such computer software, he can directly inform the other team members on the performance of such proposals. The presence of other specialists, such as a green designer, an ecologist, and a day-light specialist can help obtain higher levels of sustainability.

26

iii�ii DTU process

One of the issues that might arise in the application of the Integrated Design Pro-cess, is the management of large amount of information of the design proposals, and the simulation of such. As mentioned in the previous section the use of computer software is ideal for making informed design choices. But there is a risk that inex-perienced designers, when tackled with a non-performing parameter, might make adjustments that lead to further complications, and slow down the process. Radfort and Gero argue that the current tools are ineffi cient for the investigation of alterna-tives in the early design stage. [VIII] This is because the current software’s focus is on the evaluation of only one proposed design, rather than giving advice that help the designer. Therefore, new software has to be developed in order to give design-ers the chance to make informed decisions. [VIII]According to Steff en Petersen, by giving designers the possibility to have knowledge of the consequences of their design decisions, prior to making adjustments to the their proposals, could help reduce time loss. [VIII] As it can be seen in Figure III.V, by adding a step for parameter variations, while using the rejected proposal as a refer-ence, will give the designer the chance to make a more informed design proposal. The civil engineer department at the Technical University of Denmark (DTU), has de-veloped a MATLAB based software that gives the designer the chance to conduct such investigation on parameter variation. The software is a collection of three modules: Building Calc, LightCalc, and iDbuild, which is the unifi cation of the previous two.

Performance Requirements

Design Proposal

Performance Prediction

Performance Desirable?

Desirable Design

Yes

No

FIGURE III�V: performance based design

Parameter Variations

Informed Design Proposal

27

This simplifi ed simulation tool provides fast needed performance predictions. [VIII] The current limitation of this software is that it can only make performance predic-tions of rectangular single sided rooms with one window. With iDbuild, if a particular performance is undesirable, the designer can then generate design advice through parameter variations using the initial design proposal as reference. [VIII] As it can be seen in Figure III.VI, the software’s output gives the designer the results from the variation of selected parameters, therefore helping him in making decisions. The software has the possibility to vary several design parameters, such as geometry of the room, window, the systems, the room’s construction, etc. Therefore, by basing himself on these overviews, the designer can make informed design decisions and reduce the need for time consuming design iterations to achieve a particular perfor-mance. [VIII] With this design tool, the civil engineering department at DTU proposed their own version of an integrated design method. This method relies on ‘the identifi cation of possible room designs which fulfi ll predefi ned performance demands in the terms of energy performance and indoor environment, prior to the actual building form giv-ing’. [IV] Therefore, by designing rooms that satisfy the energy performance criteria and the indoor environment, the fi nal building design, composed by these rooms, will also satisfy the design goals. This design method can be summarized in four steps, as shown in Figure III.VII. [IV]

FIGURE III�VI: idbuild parameter output

28

FIGURE III�VII: dtu integrated design process

The major players of the process are the client, design facilitator, architect, and the over all building design team. The design facilitator, who must be a specialist in architectural and/or technical energy solutions, must possess outstanding skills in team management and mediation. [VII] The fi rst step in the design process is to set up the design goals for the specifi c building. The client has to express his require-ments based on his ideas and wishes. The second step is to create a space of solu-tions for each room typology according to the design goals. The space of solutions is found through parameter analysis of performance-decisive parameters, and the energy performance and indoor environment. The procedure of establishing a space solution starts with the development of a reference room to be analyzed. The refer-ence is then implemented in iDbuild, which allows the designer to conduct param-eter variation on such room, in order to choose performance-decisive parameters. When a number of possible room designs are established, it is recommended to pro-duce a number of possible building sections. [IV] In the third step the combination of rooms and section views is conducted to produce proposals for total building de-signs. The key person in this part of the process is the architect. The total building design is automatically fulfi lling the design goals, especially regarding energy per-formance and indoor environment. [IV] The last and fourth step of the design pro-cess is based on the selection and optimization of the fi nal building design. [IV] The use of integrated total performance indexes, based on economical considerations regarding the main performance issues related to the total building design, help the choice of the design based on: initial costs, cost of energy consumption over the cycle of the building. With this design process the sustainability of the building is ensured, together with the energy performance and the indoor environment quality.

Steff en Petersen, [IV]

29

IV�I MAINSTREAM IDP VS DESIGN PROCESS

Even though an integrated design process can be applied with slight diff erences, from the researched literature, there are several general diff erences from the tra-ditional design process that has been described in the previous chapter. What dif-ferentiates the IDP from a traditional design process lies in the IDP’s dynamic and iterative nature. In the traditional process, the transition of the design is linear. [VII] This is expressed in how the design is fi rst developed by the architect based on the client requirements, then passed onto the structural engineer, then the mechani-cal engineer, the electrical engineer, and lastly to the builder. When an issue rises, the design has to go through this “chain of command” from the beginning to the end,therefore time and money are lost. [VII]Unlike the IDP, which requires an interaction right from the beginning of the process, the traditional design process the interaction between design members is present only when essential. This lack of interaction from the beginning doesn’t allow the designer to make well-educated design choices. Instead a broad team, who possess-es a greater pool of knowledge, is able to make educated choices that are infl uenced from all the relevant professions. The main diff erences between the integrated de-sign process and conventional design process are shown in Figure III.VIII. [VII]In the fi eld of sustainability the most important diff erences arise. The following quote gives an interesting insight on these design processes and sustainability. “The problem with conventional practice is that this design process is to quick and simple, often resulting in high operating costs, poor comfort performance and very few sustainable gestures that fall within the client’s restrained budget”. [IX] The involvement graphs from the previous sections have been combined in Figure III.IX, in order to have an idea of the diff erence between an integrated design process and

Integrated Design Process

Inclusive from the outset

Front-loaded — time and energy invested early

Decisions influenced by broad team

Iterative process

Whole-systems thinking

Allows for full optimization

Seeks synergies

Life-cycle costing

Process continues through post-occupancy

Conventional Design Process

Involves team members only when essential

Less time, energy, and collaboration exhibited in early stages

More decisions made by fewer people

Linear process

Systems often considered in isolation

Limited to constrained optimization

Diminished opportunity for synergies

Emphasis on up-front costs

Typically finished when construction is complete

vs

vs

vs

vs

vs

vs

vs

vs

vs

FIGURE III�VIII: integrated design vs traditional design

Busby Perkins + Will Stantec Consulting. Roadmap for the Integrated Design Process

30

the traditional design process in relation to the sustainable potential of a project. [VII] This graph shows how the involvement of the IDP team is able to reach a higher level of infl uence on sustainability, compared to the traditional design participants. As mentioned earlier this due to the fact that in the IDP the focus placed on the synergy between the design team members. Therefore, the energy engineer can directly infl uence the design decisions of the other design members, hence minimiz-ing the energy impact of the design. Meanwhile, in the traditional design method, the energy engineer comes into play only when the architect has fi nished his design. These are just some of the sustainable diff erences between the two methods. In the following chapters they will be discussed in further detail. These diff erences were noted in the internship experience conducted at the Andreotti Architecture studio.Lastly, another diff erence between the two methods is the tools that are used for the modeling and transfer of information between the diff erent design participants. As mentioned earlier, the traditional method is based on a continuous exchange of Printed Sheets, which are most commonly generated with the use of CAD tools. This process opens the designers to great chances of miscommunication, confusion, and errors. Meanwhile, one of the benefi ts of IDP is the utilization of BIM tools. With BIM the design team can utilize advanced software to directly share information onto a single building model and have instant feedback from a design decision from other team members. The ability to share information through BIM tools is essential for the sustainable potential of the design. [IX]

SDPD DD CD BC BO/PO

Duration (mos)

Intensive highinvolvement

Periodic highinvolvement

Periodic lowinvolvement

Sporadic orno involvement

Moderateinvolvement

0 3 6 9 12 15 18 42

Image Credit: Busby Perkins+Willand Stantec

Opportunities to influence sustainabilityConventional Architect, Engineer, ContractorIDP Architect, EngineerIDP Contractor

FIGURE III�IX: DEsign methods comparison

31

32

33

IV� application

of IDP

34

iV�i dtu process in andreotti architects

The purpose of this thesis was to apply DTU’s integrated design method in an envi-ronment with the traditional method of design. The environment chosen was the Andreotti architecture studio. From the previous chapter, the overall design process of the studio was described, together with the DTU’s process, in order to give a full understanding of the two processes as they stand. The following is a description of their interaction over a period of 5 months.The experience started with the proposal of the architect, Luciano Andreotti, to the design engineer, Fadi Castronovo, on a project collaboration. The premise of the project was that the building to be designed had to be developed with the use of DTU’s integrated design process. The fi nal agreement between the architect and the engineer was to work on the development of the Grotteportella site’s new fashion district. The application of the integrated design process was lacking some of the es-sential participants in order to provide the necessary IDP experience. For example, there were only two architects and a design engineer, who had knowledge on energy design and simulation tools. The design engineer was also going to act as a design facilitator. In fi gure IV.I, the composition of the team is shown. The project’s out-come is shown in the overview of the Grotteportella fashion district in the following chapter, and it is described in detail in chapter VIII.Even though the architect was willing to apply the proposed method, his initial im-pression on the DTU integrated design process was of skepticism. He was especially skeptical towards the idea of developing a space of solutions prior to developing a proposal for the entire building design. The architect’s principle of designing, was

SimulationSpecialist

(Fadi Castronovo)

InteriorDesigner

(Alice Centioni)Changing Team Specialists

Core TeamArchitect

(Andreotti)Energy Engineer

(Castronovo)

Committed Client

(Luciano Andreotti)

DesignFacilitator

(Fadi Castronovo)

FIGURE IV�I: andreotti design team

35

the result of an intuition and inspiration and not a functional and systematic devel-opment of solutions, as described in the previous section. First Step. The design process started with the development of a program; the under-standing of the requirements; and the writing of a design program. This procedure was conducted during the fi rst month and a half, and the communication between the architect and the engineer was fl uid. The engineer committed himself to under-standing the site’s urban context and requirements, together with an understanding of the studio design process. At the same time the engineer researched on the site’s weather patterns and solar distribution. Having understood the requirements, the engineer focused on the functions that the building had to serve. A deep under-standing of the fashion culture, together with the Italian tradition, had to be acquired by the engineer in order to understand the direction that the design had to take. What followed was the formulation of a list of spaces that the building had to pos-sess in order to satisfy the functions expressed by the architect. This brainstorming process allowed the engineer to have deeper knowledge of the infl uence that the functions have on the expression of the architecture. What followed was an analysis on sustainable strategies that the building could pos-sess. Here the engineer’s knowledge on sustainable solutions, together with the architect experience, showed the potential of infl uencing the sustainability of the building. The synergetic dialogue between the two participants gave spark to many interesting ideas and design choices, thus showing how the infl uence of the diff er-ent disciplines give birth to great design choices. Second Step. As the architect approved the general list of reference rooms and their possible space specifi cations, also know as the space of solutions, the engineer started conducting parameter variations, with iDbuild, on the proposed spaces. This was done in order to have design suggestions in later phases. The task took quite some time, due to the engineer’s lack of design experience in Mediterranean envi-ronments. In the meantime, the engineer showed the progress of such simulations to the architect in order to keep the communication constant. The process took about one month. Once the ‘building blocks’ had reached effi ciency, the following phase of the process could start, the designing of the building.Third Step. This phase of the design, as explained in the DTU process, is supposed to be the architect’s moment of highest involvement. Unfortunately, when confronted with this phase, the architect had to attend to other professional duties. Therefore, he could not participate in this design phase. Thus, the engineer, due to time sched-uling and deadlines, had to design of the building, himself. The procedure involved taking the footprint of the building and together with interior designer, Alice Centio-ni, the ‘building blocks’ were distributed in the most functional way. The engineer,

36

due to his little experience in architectural design sought the input of the architect, as the development of the � oor plans was proceeding. He tried to keep the commu-nication open but had to rely on himself to develop the entire shape of the building, which meant that it was not going to possess the architect’s desired expression. Fourth Step. Finally, the engineer eventually concluded the overall shape of the building without the architect and decided to distinguish the building’s architectural expression with the development of a modern facade. When the architect resumed his role as an active team member, he expressed his concern with the architectural entity of the building. The architect would have liked to apply several cuts to the building. A possible cut was analyzed, but proved to be ineffi cient. Due to time limi-tations other building designs were not developed. Instead, the engineer optimized the design by applying cuts through the facade on the ground � oor and developed a facade that would suggest a modern design. The overall outcome of the engineer’s architectural design pleased the architect, but unfortunately, the design was not the fruit of a full synergetic integrated design experience. On � gure IV.III shows the outline of the design experience at the studio. Meanwhile, � gure IV.II illustrates the involvement of the diff erent participants. It is the belief of the design engineer that there was a major issue in this design experience. Besides the uninvolvement of the architect, the lack of complete under-

.eussi tseggib eht saw tcetihcra eht morf ssecorp ngised detargetni eht fo gnidnatsThe skepticism presented by the architect towards the steps of the DTU process was the major sign of lack of understanding. Therefore, the design engineer has come to the conclusion that certain modi� cations have to be conducted on the method in order to improve the transition from the traditional to an integrated design process.

37

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39

V� grotteportella

case study: overview

40

V�i grotteportella case study: overview

The purpose of this thesis was to analyze both the traditional method of designing and the integrated design process, and to apply the DTU’s IDP in an environment were the traditional method was already present. The environment that was cho-sen was an architectural studio, Andreotti Architects, in Rome, Italy. Currently, archi-tect Luciano Andreotti is the chief architect, who runs the offi ce together with chief building surveyor Giorgio Spalletta. Interior architect Alice Centioni was the assis-tant architect. As mentioned earlier, the internship lasted from February 7th to July 7th 2011, for a total of 5 months. Besides several model renderings, the role of the interning design engineer was to develop the new fashion district at Grotteportella, Frascati, shown in Figure V.I, through the use of the integrated design process drawn by the civil engineering department at DTU. The role of the design engineer was to be the design facilitator through-out the entire design process. Meanwhile, architect Andreotti’s role was to be part of the design team and act as client. The competition, organized by the Municipality of Frascati, for the urban renewal of the Grotteportella site was won by architect Andreotti. For this competition the architect had devel-oped only an urban program and master plan, shown in Figure V.III. Together with the architect, the chosen building to design was a 60 meters fashion district, which would serve as a commercial, tertiary, and residential building. As the IDP specifi es, the fi rst step in the design is the collection of information and wishes by the client, in this case architect Andreotti. The intern collected several requirements. Starting with the municipal requirements, the building had to have a residential area ranging from 35% to 45% of the total area. The commercial space had to be from 10% to 20% of the total area. The tertiary space had to be at least 40% to a 55% of the total area. The national requirements were also studied, mainly the Legislative Decrees 192/05 and 311/06, which specify the U-value for the con-structions and the maximum cooling and heating load limits. Several requirements set by the architect and the design engineer were also expressed, for example the fo-

FIGURE V�i: LaTium geographical map

41

FIGURE V�iII: volumetric master plan

NFIGURE V�iI: master plan

TABLE V�I functional spaces

Public ResidentialInternet Cafe/Bars Single Hotel Suite

Auditorium Double Hotel SuiteAtrium Couples Apartment

Restaurants Relax AreaPark

Commercial TertiaryFlagship Stores Single Offi ce

Electronics Store Double Offi ceSports Caff etteria

Clothes GymRestaurants Wellness CenterBathrooms Open Offi ces

Wine Lounge Meeting RoomBook Stores Copy RoomMusic Store Kitchens

Sushi Bar Relax AreaDesign Store Bars

Salad Bar Ping Pong House

N

42

cus on cradle to cradle design philosophy, together with the focus on maximizing the use of passive systems. A focus was also placed on water saving strategies, and the social renewal of the surrounding community. Lastly, the team decided to use BIM tools, such as Autodesk Revit and IESVE. The last requirements that were set were the energy and indoor environment standards, taken from the EN 15217, EN 15251, and EN 15377. In order to understand the approach that had to be taken during the design phase, an extensive analysis of the site and the urban context was conducted. What followed was an analysis of the functions and sustainable strategies that the building had to serve and have, in order to develop a functional space of solutions. For example, the outer area of the building had to serve a general public function. The commercial function’s aim was to present the costumer with a higher end level of products, which can be from surrounding areas, all of Italy, and international. The residential solution will provide a space for hotel residents and traveling families; this will be expressed in the development of two types of apartments, and two types of fl oors. The purpose of the tertiary section of the building is to provide rentable offi ce space. The development of the building will be focused on providing a sus-tainable indoor environment, therefore working heavily on the building services to choose the optimal daylight distribution and ventilation. With this analysis of the functions a list of the spaces was generated. Meanwhile, a general understanding between the architect and the engineer of the sustainable strategies to be applied was developed. This understanding was expressed through the formulation of a list of strategies to be applied, as shown in chapter VIII.IV. Once the strategies had be explored and understood, the designer, together with the architect, developed preliminary space solutions for the diff erent functions, which can be seen in chapter VIII.V. In this spatial list, the most common rooms were drawn in Google Sketch UP, and general occupational and equipment profi les were gener-ated. This list also included all of the general energy and spatial requirements that the spaces had to respect. Once all of the spaces were described, the preliminary analysis started.The fi rst analysis that was conducted was a general solar and wind study through the use Autodesk Project Vasari software. At this moment the designer was left alone in the analysis. Therefore, in order to conduct a general analysis on the mass model of the building, the design took the footprint generated by the architect and devel-oped a mock up, shown in fi gure V.IV. The development of the fi rst analysis was to see the solar distribution over the faces, as shown in fi gure V.IV, and the solar gain at such heights, in order to evaluate the possible orientation of the majority of the functions. The second simulation was conducted to see infl uence of the neighbor-ing buildings, from a shading point of view, with the use of program’s Ecotect Planar Solar Radiation analyzer. Lastly a wind analysis was conducted. The results of this

43

FIGURE V�iV: Solar distribution SOUTH EAST

FIGURE V�V: Solar shading at 2 meters

FIGURE V�Vi: wind distribution: summer

Knots

10+

9-10

7-9

6-7

4-6

3-4

1-3

0-1

44

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

SYSTEMS RESPONSESYSTEMS RESPONSE

Outdoor Temperatutes Operative Temperatures Reference

Operative Temperatures VAR 1 Operative Temperatures VAR 2Mechanical Cooling Category II (VAR I)

Mechanical Cooling Category I (Var II)

Passive System (Reference)

GRAPH V�I: SYSTEMS RESPONSE COMPARISON

FIGURE V�VII: final single office

FIGURE V�VIII: Orientation variation

45

analysis showed that over an entire year the majority of the wind is coming from east, but the strongest winds are coming from the west. From the results of this mock up analysis, the choice of orienting the building to the south-east was made, in order to take advantage of the solar distribution and prevailing winds.With the list of spaces and the general design strategies developed, the following step was to conduct preliminary simulations and parameter variations with the use of iDbuild, in order to have educated suggestions in the later parts of the design. The entire process is document in chapter VIII.V. Having already drawn the rooms in Google Sketch Up, importing the geometry into iDbuild was quite easy. For each simulation the coordinates set are 41050’29.04’’ N, 12o39’06.84’’E, and a time me-ridian of 15, these were taken from Google Earth. The program loads MATLAB fi les for the weather data that are extracted from the internet weather database of the US Government energy simulation software EnergyPlus. In this case the weather data is taken from a station near the site, more precisely the airport at Ciampino, which is at a distance of approximately 8 kilometers, from the site. The weather data was ex-tracted from the EnergyPlus fi le, and it was analyzed with the use of Microsoft Excel. Several parameters were varied, and general rules of thumb were generated, for ex-ample the U-values of the constructions. The main diffi culty during this design phase was encountered during the designing of the systems of the rooms. After the correct timing of the systems was understood, a study was conducted in order to understand what type of ventilation system would satisfy the Thermal Indoor Requirements, and at the same time satisfy the energy frame. In chapter VIII.IX, the general calcula-tions of the systems ventilation rates are shown. Since the necessary data for the calculation of the loads, based on the thermal gains was not present, the minimum required loads were calculated to satisfy the sensory and chemical pollution loads for the single offi ce. The EN 15251 standard was used, together with CEN 1752, and EN 7730. Three systems were compared, one based of solely on air changing venti-lation, and the other two based on mechanical cooling, one to satisfy Category I and the other Category II, as it can be seen in graph V.I. The system comparison analysis was conducted only on a single offi ce space, since it will be the most common room in the building. The outcome of the comparison of the systems, was quite decisive in the design of the systems. Based on this analysis the choice to use passive sys-tems for the ventilation was made. This system was chosen as the main principle of ventilation also for the other spaces, such as the double offi ce, meeting room, store, and apartment. After a general understanding of the systems was developed, three diff erent room proposals for each room was generated, which all satisfy the energy, indoor, and daylighting requirements. Each of these rooms satisfy the requirements with diff erent orientations, rooms’ depth, and window height. With these design suggestions the architectural development of the building started.

46

FIGURE V�Ix: closed offices floor plan

FIGURE V�X: fashion district

N

47

The development of the architectural form was based on the notion of constructing a landmark and a symbol of a high level of class and design. With this design crite-rion, the architectural eff ort was focused on providing a building that would give the highest quality of interior design and have an inviting modern facade, based on the perforated stainless steel double facade developed by Mophosis architects.The chosen approach was to apply the analyzed spaces and functions, from the pre-vious chapters, to the footprint of the building, given by the architect. As mentioned earlier, a fl oor distribution was already decided. The fi rst four fl oors would be dedi-cated to serve the commercial/public functions. While, the next fi ve fl oors would be dedicated to offi ces. A gym/wellness center fl oor was strategically placed between the offi ces and the apartments, to create a buff er between the two functions. Lastly, the last 7 fl oors were dedicated to the apartments and the hotel.The distribution of the spaces took quite a long time and eff ort. While the offi ce fl oors did not provide major issues in their distribution, the apartments were the big-gest challenge, due to the obtuse angle facing south. This issue was resolved with a meticulous measurement of all of the spaces and help from the interior design architect Alice Centioni. The last spaces that were distributed were the commercial spaces, which did not provide signifi cant issues. After concluding the design of the building certain issues were encountered.The whole process was supposed to be a synergetic eff ort between the design engi-neer and the architect. Unfortunately, this part of the design was not a fruit of syn-ergetic eff ort, due to other professional duties of the architect, who was able to give his input only after the architectural design was concluded by the design engineer. After the design engineer concluded the building, the architect expressed his inter-est in applying cuts through the building structure to allow further sun light to enter the building. From the results of further conducted analyses, with Autodesk Project Vasari, on several proposed cuts and dispositions, it was clear that the cuts did not

FIGURE V�XI: luxury apartments floor plan

N

48

improve the sunlight distribution into the building, as it can be seen in Figure VIII.VI.III. Further commentary on the interaction between the architect and the design can be found in the Analysis of Methods Section.The last phase of the design was the detailed analysis of an offi ce fl oor with the use of the IESVE energy simulation software. With the use of the IESVE plug-in in Revit, the design engineer could easily export the geometry from the program into the other, thus saving a lot of time. After assigning the diff erent building construction properties to windows, exterior walls, and internal partitions, the same occupation, equipment, and shading profi les from iDbuild were applied. Also, the same temper-ature profi les for the ventilation systems in iDbuild were applied in IESVE. Several issues were encountered during the designing of the HVAC system, in ApacheHVAC. These issues were present mainly because the cooling loads were quite signifi cant, and the solar gain had to be meticulously minimized, while not reducing the right to daylight. With the use of the program’s auxiliary ventilation system, it was possible to have an accurate evaluation of the performance of the design. The eff ect of the proposed double facade was expressed through the eff ect of an overhang.From the results of the program it was possible to see that the predicted energy consumption from iDbuild was quite close the one evaluated by IESVE. The energy performance of the offi ce fl oor was of 47 kWh/m2, including hot water consumption. This value is below the set requirements of class A3, 50 kWh/m2 (EN15217:2007). From the IESVE analysis it was possible to confi rm that the indoor environment was in accordance to the set requirements: the predicted percentage of dissatisfi ed people (PPD) never goes above 15% (EN15251:2007). If one was to apply further renewable technologies, such as photovoltaic panels and solar heaters, the energy consumption could be dropped even further.

FIGURE V�XII: iesve model from revit

49

Building systems energy

Month Heating(boilers etc.)

Cooling(chillers etc.)

Fans, pumps andcontrols

Lights Equip.

A-Z Hi/Lo Hi/Lo Hi/Lo Hi/Lo Hi/LoJan 3.0 1.6 0.7 0.7 0.4Feb 1.6 1.6 0.7 0.5 0.3Mar 1.1 2.0 0.8 0.4 0.3Apr 0.6 2.2 0.9 0.4 0.3May 0.2 3.2 1.3 0.6 0.3Jun 0.1 4.0 1.7 0.4 0.3Jul 0.1 5.8 2.4 0.8 0.4Aug 0.1 5.3 2.2 0.7 0.3Sep 0.1 4.5 1.9 0.5 0.3Oct 0.3 3.5 1.5 0.5 0.4Nov 0.7 2.0 0.8 0.6 0.3Dec 2.1 1.8 0.7 0.8 0.4Total 10.0 37.6 15.7 7.0 4.0

Copyright © 2009 Integrated Environmental Solutions Limited All rights reserved

MWh

The maximum value in each column is highlighted in red. The minimum value in each column is highlighted in blue. More than one valuemay be highlighted

Total Yearly Energy Consumption =74.1MWh

Total Yearly Energy Consumption per Floor Area = 42.8kW/m2

Comfort - Occupied

Temp Relative Humidity PPDRoom Name Max

°CMin°C

Max%

Min%

Max%

Min%

A-Z Hi/Lo Hi/Lo Hi/Lo Hi/Lo Hi/Lo Hi/LoApply 15

sp-113-Double_Office 23.4 19.0 38.7 0.3 12.5 5.0

sp-114-Double_Office 23.5 19.0 39.4 0.3 12.8 5.0

sp-115-Double_Office 23.5 19.0 39.6 0.3 13.0 5.0

sp-116-Double_Office 23.6 19.0 39.9 0.3 13.5 5.0

sp-117-Double_Office 23.6 19.0 40.0 0.3 13.7 5.0

sp-118-Single_Office 23.0 19.0 40.2 0.3 13.1 5.0

sp-119-Single_Office 23.0 19.0 40.3 0.3 13.1 5.0

sp-120-Single_Office 23.1 18.9 40.3 0.3 13.2 5.0

sp-121-Single_Office 23.1 19.0 40.1 0.3 13.3 5.0

sp-122-Single_Office 23.1 19.0 40.1 0.3 13.0 5.0

sp-123-Single_Office 23.2 19.0 40.3 0.3 13.0 5.0

sp-124-Single_Office 23.2 19.0 40.4 0.3 13.1 5.0

sp-125-Single_Office 23.2 19.0 40.7 0.3 13.3 5.0

sp-126-Single_Office 22.2 18.6 43.5 0.4 15.3 5.0

sp-127-Single_Office 23.0 18.9 52.4 0.4 14.0 5.0

sp-128-Single_Office 22.9 19.0 52.5 0.4 13.3 5.0

sp-129-Single_Office 22.9 19.0 52.5 0.4 13.3 5.0

sp-130-Single_Office 23.2 18.8 53.7 0.4 14.0 5.0

sp-132-Meeting_Roo

m21.5 20.0 0.4 0.3 7.6 5.0

sp-133-Meeting_Roo

m21.5 20.0 0.4 0.3 7.7 5.0

sp-456-Corridor - - - - - -

Copyright © 2009 Integrated Environmental Solutions Limited All rights reserved

PPD is the percentage of people that will find the room thermallyuncomfortable

Please alter the PPD max limit value to highlight rooms that aremorethermally uncomfortable

(US Only)ASHRAE 55 states comfortlies between 5 and 10%PPD

FIGURE V�XIII: iesve energy analysis

FIGURE V�XIV: iesve PPD REPORT

FIGURE V�XV: iesve daylight analysis

50

51

Vi. design Method

proposal

52

REcap

Based on the analysis that has been conducted on the diff erent design methods and the experience at the Andreotti architecture studio, it is the author’s opinion that the application of the DTU’s method had several issues, which have to be tackled. The fi rst issue was the lacking of understanding of the method by the studio. Also, the development of a space of solutions, with the rooms as building blocks, faced strong skepticism from the architects. Lastly, the traditional method is too radicated in the building system to apply an IDP and expect direct success. Therefore, there has to be a modifi ed integrated design method that helps the transition from the traditional to the integrated design process. Figure VI.I shows the overview of the mental process for the proposal.The engineer believes that from his experience at the Andreotti architecture studio, there are several strategies that must be applied to the DTU’s method in order to im-prove the design process and improve the performance of the method. The engineer suggests four strategies that can be applied. The fi rst strategy is to introduce and teach the method to the new participants. Second, the design team does not have to include all of the disciplines, as mentioned earlier. Third, the architect must main-tain his role as the main design manager. Lastly, the design process cannot place the drawing of the total building design after the development of the space of solutions, since in the traditional method the process revolves around the architect’s expres-sion of a design solution.

Vi�I design STRATEGIES

Strategy 1. As mentioned earlier one of the biggest issues was the understanding of the integrated design method by the new participants. Therefore, before a new design can be tackled, the architecture studio has to take an active part in learning the design process before hand. This can be achieved through the participation of

Architect

Client

StructuralEngineer

BuildingServicesEngineer

MunicipalityFire

Engineer

Contractor

START

END

Step 2Step 1

St

ep

3

Step 4

Client, Architects, Design Facilitator,

Engineers

Architects, Design Facilitator

Engineers

Architects, Design Facilitator

Engineers, Design FacilitatorClient, Architects, Design Facilitator,

Engineers

Establish designgoalsTeach and Explain IDP

Conduct group seminarsDesign Exercises

Build Communication

Generated proposals for total building design

and spaces

Establish design proposals for rooms and sections

Selection and optimization of fi nal building design

Ideas and

Wishes

Design

FIGURE VI�IV: proposed design method

FIGURE VI�I: design idea

53

the design team in seminars and courses that teach the method. Besides the learn-ing of the method, the team has to actively take part in design exercises, which help the development of the group’s dynamics, build communication, and trust between the participants. It is essential for the group to understand and witness the benefi ts of the IDP and to construct a strong dynamic. Strategy 2. It is the belief of the engineer that the inclusion of all of the core design team participants, such as the mechanical and structural engineer, will not immedi-ately help the development of a dynamic group. This conclusion is based on the fact that the studio is not used tp having these participants during the design phase, and their immediate inclusion might overwhelm the architects. Therefore, the two most important members that must be included right away, are the design facilitator and the energy engineer. These two participants have been chosen because the design facilitator is essential in managing the group, and the energy engineer must be in-cluded in order to ensure that sustainability is at the center on the design. In fi gure VI.II the proposed transition design team is shown.Strategy 3. In the traditional architecture studio, the architect is the main player and point of reference. In the Italian construction and architecture business there is usually a main architect who is the owner of the studio and oversees all of the proj-ects. In the IDP ideally, the architect is on the same ‘level’ as the other participants, but, as mentioned earlier, within a traditional studio the architect’s role is not on the same level. Therefore, if an integrated design approach is to be taken, the role of the architect must be maintained as the main design manager until the integrated de-

SimulationSpecialist

Supporting ArchitectChanging Team Specialists

Core TeamArchitect

Energy Engineer

Committed Client

ArchitectDesign Facilitator

FIGURE VI�II: transitioning design team

54

sign dynamics are developed. The only issue with this decision is that the position of the design facilitator, which is to lead the team and ensures the motivation and focus of the design on sustainability is minimized. Hence, the proposed strategy is to maintain the architect as the main manager but have as a close collaborator and ‘equal’ manager the design facilitator, who must have a deep understanding of the architectural design process and the integrated design method.Strategy 4. Lastly, since the development of a space of solutions, with the rooms as building blocks, encountered strong skepticism by the architects, steps 3 and 4 in the DTU’s method cannot progress in a linear matter. There has to be a change in the DTU’s process. This change involves the modifi cation in the steps’ progression. The engineer believes that the total building design has to be conducted at the same time as the proposal of the space of solutions. Hence, the steps would have to be conducted in parallel. This can be achieved through the close collaboration of the architect and the energy engineer. In this collaboration, as the architect develops the spaces to be included in the building, they are then analyzed right away with the use of parameter variation software. This step needs close collaboration and coordination between the two participants, but it is the author’s belief that with the fi rst strategy, this step will improve the transition from a traditional design process, lacking the input of the energy engineer, to the full adoption and expansion of the IDP. From these strategies the engineer modifi ed the DTU’s IDP and proposed a new process in the attempt to solve the issues that are encountered in the transition from a traditional design method.

Step 2Step 1

Client, Architects, Design Facilitator,

Engineers

Architects, Design Facilitator

Engineers

Establish designgoalsTeach and Explain IDP

Conduct group seminarsDesign Exercises

Build CommunicationIdeas and

Wishes

Design

FIGURE VI�III: pre-design preparation

55

Step 4Architects, Design Facilitator

Engineers, Design FacilitatorClient, Architects, Design Facilitator,

Engineers

Generated proposals for total building design and

spaces

Establish design proposals for rooms and sections

Selection and optimization of fi nal building design

FIGURE VI�IV: design phase

Vi�II proposed transition process

The proposed process is largely based on DTU’s method, but it adapts the mentioned strategies into the process in order to create a new method for the transition from a traditional to an integrated design method. he proposed method is not aimed to be repeated by the group for each desig, but it is developed for the fi rst times the group attempts to conduct an integrated design process. After the group has conducted this process enough times and a strong design team is formed, it is possible to use a regular integrated design process. The transition process is divided into four steps.Step 1. The fi rst step is based on strategy 1, that before a new design can be tackled, the architecture studio has to take an active part in learning the design process before the designing starts. Figure VI.III shows this fi rst step. This can be achieved through the participation of the architecture studio and engineers (or engineer as suggested in strategy 2) in seminars and courses that teach the method. These seminars can be conducted by the design facilitator, who must have had experience in IDP. Besides learning such method, the team has to actively take part in design exercises, which help the development of the group’s dynamic and build communication and trust among the participants. An additional requirement is the use of BIM software and methods, since they improve the communication and sharing of information. It is essential for the group to understand and witness the benefi ts of the IDP and to con-struct a strong dynamic. This step is the most important step for transitioning group, because without the architect’s understanding of the process, and the development of communication, the integrated design process will not succeed and the group will fall back into the traditional dynamics.

St

ep

3

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Step 2. The second step in transitioning the design process is to set up the design goals for the specifi c building. The client has to express his requirements based on his ideas and wishes. Compared to the DTU’s method, the participants in this step are the entire design team. This is to strengthen and give chance to the development of team com-munication. Figure VI.IV shows this second step.Step 3. As mentioned in strategy 4, the development of a space of solutions, with the rooms as building blocks, encountered strong skepticism from the architects. There-fore, steps 3 and 4 in the DTU’s method cannot progress in a linear matter. There has to be a change in DTU’s process so that the steps would have to be conducted in parallel. This can be achieved through the close collaboration of the architect and the energy engineer. In this collaboration, as the architect develops the spaces to be included in the building, they are then analyzed right away with the use of parameter variation software. With this step, the role of the architect is always placed as the main refer-ence point, but he has to start adapting his design approach to collaborate with the energy engineer. With this process the architect’s role is not disturbed, but it is eased into a new dynamic. This step needs close collaboration and coordination between the two participants, but it is the author’s belief that with the fi rst strategy, this step will improve the transition from a traditional design process, lacking the input of the en-ergy engineer, to the full adoption and expansion of the IDP. Besides the fi rst step, this part of the design is the most important phase and the toughest, since the participants are no longer conducting exercises, but real designing. Therefore the role of the design facilitator is crucial in facilitating this step. He must be the catalyst between the two participants and ensure that communication and sharing of information is fl uid and direct. Figure VI.IV shows this third step.Step 4. The last step of the design process is based on the selection and optimization of the fi nal building design. The use of integrated total performance indexes, based on economical considerations regarding the main performance issues related to the total building design, help the choice of the design based on: initial costs, cost of energy consumption over the cycle of the building. Figure VI.III shows this fourth step.This method proposal has been the fruit of the application of the DTU’s method in an architecture studio, and fi gure VI.V shows the steps of this proposal. The modifi cations that have been conducted to DTU’s method do not aim at the substitution of the origi-nal process but at its adaptation as a transition method. The next step of this analysis should be the application of the proposed strategies and process in order to optimize it and receive feedback, but due to time limitations this could not be done.

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VIi. conclusion

60

The purpose of this research was to apply the integrated design method proposed by DTU in a professional environment that had a diff erent design method and see how the IDP method performed. The method was to be applied on a project pro-posed by the architectural studio Andreotti Architects (located in Rome Italy) and Fadi Castronovo, a student of DTU, on the development of a high rise building for the reurbanization project of Grotteportella.During this experience, the student conducted a historical and scientifi c analysis of design methods from a traditional point of view, together with the analysis of the design method of the Andreotti Architects studio. Later, the analysis was expanded on the study of mainstream Integrated Design Method and the one proposed by DTU. The comparison between the traditional and integrated design methods was then made in order to have a complete understanding of the methods.While this research was being conducted, the development of the Grotteportella sustainable high-rise building was made with the use of the DTU’s Integrated De-sign Method. The site is located in the suburbs of Rome, and the requirements, from both the Municipality and the studio, for the high-rise building was that it had to be a sustainable, energy effi cient building. The urban context was closely studied, and the functions to be included were expressed through the development of a space of solutions, to be analyzed in iDbuild. The design of the building was then conducted with sophisticated Building Information Modeling tools. Lastly, the building was an-alyzed with the use of the IESVE sophisticated energy tool. From the results of the program, it was possible to see that the predicted energy consumption from iDbuild was quite close the one evaluated by IESVE. The energy performance of the offi ce fl oor was of 47 kWh/m2, which satisfi ed the energy requirements.From the analysis that had been conducted on the diff erent design methods and the experience at the Andreotti architecture studio, it is the author’s opinion that the application of the DTU’s method had several issues, which had to be tackled. Sev-eral strategies have been proposed in order to solve these issues, and modifi cations have been made to the DTU’s method. This modifi ed method was developed for the transition from a traditional to an integrated design method. The proposed method is not aimed to be repeated by the group for each design, but it is developed for the fi rst times the group attempts to conduct an integrated design process. To conclude, it is the author’s opinion that this research has given a great insight on the potential that DTU’s method possesses. Further research should be conducted in order to see if the proposed method performs as intended.

61

62

63

VIII� CASE STUDY:GROTTEPORTELLA

64

VIII�i project requirements

VIII�I�i MUNICIPAL REQUIREMENTS

The following is one of the main requirements set forth by the Municipality of Fra-scati. For a complete overview of the requirements, please refer to the Appendix, or section for the Italian version.

ARTICLE 3The functions are regulated by the following rules:

• Residential. The residential area has to be at 35% to 45% of the total area of the site.

• Commercial. The commercial space has to be from 10% to 20% of the total area of the site. With a dimensional limit of the single commercial units of 250 m2. This dimensional limit does not regulate commercial space of ex-hibition nature.

• Tertiary. The tertiary space has to be at least 40% to a 55% maximum of the total area of the site.

• Production. The lots that have pre-approved project, together with the area that will be taken by Municipality, will have a production spatial limit of 10.000 m2.

The sum of the areas for building concentration, together with the areas for hand-crafting shops, public green parks, and spaces dedicated for public services, cannot exceed the 65% of the entire site. The remaining area will be given to the Munici-pality in order to develop an Agricultural and Urban Park. Indexes of construction for the areas that are not dedicated to buildings are allowed to be raised to a maximum of 50%. This does not change the requirement of allowing 20% of the area to be given to the Municipality. Out of functions regarding the areas of the site that are not regulated by the pro-posal, only the commercial and tertiary functions are excluded. Therefore, the resi-dential function can be expanded within the dictated limits.In the sum of the areas for building concentration, the following proposals are al-lowed:

• The coordinated realization of new buildings in the undeveloped areas. This is always within the limit set by the index of construction.

• Operations of building renovation, demolition, reconstruction, and expan-sion will be limited within the limits set earlier.

65

VIIi�I�ii National

Energy Saving. The Legislative Decrees 192/05 and 311/06 require the energetic improvement in both the private and public sectors. Therefore, the use of poor de-sign choices will negatively infl uence the project, and will not adhere to set legis-lature. The fi rst step required is to look at the building’s envelope. First, one must adhere to the standards, and then optimize the materials. This fi rst step is to ensure that waste of energy is prevented, froms poor thermal resistance. The following are the standards for the climatic zone D.

Element U value (W/m2K)

Vertical 0.36Roofs 0.32Floors 0.36

Windows 2.4Glazing 1.9

One must note that these requirements are rather poor, especially when compared to Danish Standards. The according to the Legislative decree 192/311, based on the climatic zone of the site the following limits have to respected for the heating:

Residential Buildings Climatic Zone D

Area to Volume Ratio Heating Limits in kWh/m3

<0.2 34>0.9 88

Cooling Limit 30 kwh/m 2

Other Buildings Climatic Zone D

Area to Volume Ratio Heating Limits in kWh/m3

<0.2 9.6>0.9 22.5

Cooling Limit 10 kwh/m3

TABLE VIII�I�I: Thermal Resistances Requirements

TABLE VIII�I�II: Residential Buildings energy Consumption Limit

TABLE VIII�I�III: Other Buidings Energy Consumption Limit

66

Besides the requirements set forth by the Municipality, which do not enter into the specifi cs of the projects; the architecture studio has set additional standards to be respected during the design phase. These design standards do not necessarily rely on regulations set by the Municipality or local legislature, but they rely on the ar-chitects’ and the designers’ desire to propose a truly cradle to cradle, sustainable design. These criteria are presented in the following paragraphs.

Cradle-to-Cradle Design. The natural cycle of any environment allows excess energy and waste to be recycled; nature is always able to “digest” the waste and itself. Ac-cording to William McDonough in his book Cradle to Cradle, “waste is equal to food.” [XI] These ideas of recycling back to nature should be assimilated into the end of the project. If a technical product has components that cannot be consumed, then these components must be easily recyclable and must never leave the closed-loop tech-nical cycle. The second set of criteria comes from James M. Benyus’ Biomimicry, the design laws of nature. [XIII] These design laws include many of the criteria already mentioned, but they introduce new rules for energy generation. Natural environ-ments rely on energy from the sun, for example photosynthesis, one of the most effi cient energy generation systems. An engineer must emulate nature by generat-ing energy from renewable sources whether they be solar, wind, or hydro-electric energy. The use of these renewable sources should be considered in all possible designs because of these characteristics.

Passive Systems. Currently, in the construction business in Italy, the trend is to ap-ply energy savings systems (such as photovoltaic and solar collectors), without ap-plying the most basic energy savings design choices that can signifi cantly reduce consumption. For example, energy consumption can be reduced by using proper insulation, by eliminating thermal bridges, by using smart solar shading systems, or by installing energy performing windows. Furthermore, the correct designing of energy consuming systems (such as ventilation, lighting, heating and cooling) with passive natural systems (such as daylighting and natural ventilation) can bring huge advantages from an energy point of view. Lastly, the use of active energy saving systems can be applied to bring a building to a carbon neutral status. Therefore, the focus of the design team will be fi rst on the minimization of impacts through the use of smart design choices and passive systems, and then the use of active systems energy saving systems as a last resort.

Social Renewal. The other focus of the design team is to provide sustainability by providing a social and cultural spaces through architecture. The designer must gen-erate designs that respect people while protecting them from unsafe and unhealthy environments. To prevent unhealthy surroundings, the design of a project must not

VII�i�iIi andreotti architects

67

cause a detachment of humanity from life and nature. Any project should respect the surroundings of a given location just as nature does. Projects should honor the com-munity and the environment around it by involving them in the design process to minimize possible impacts on the surroundings. Therefore, the studio wants to pro-mote space that blend natural and social spaces. Hence, the designers will develop a building where the physical barriers provided by buildings will protect the resident from harsh natural conditions, but they will not eradicate the resident from nature. This breakdown of barriers will be supported by minimizing the impact on the land-scape by the buildings and by providing spaces where the residents can come into direct contact with nature, such as parks, piazzas, and bicycle paths.

Water Savings. The world is currently facing several problematic crises. One crisis that is often-times underestimated is the growing problem on water. If the water crisis is to be solved, a holistic and sustainable approach must be taken to generate solutions to this problem. Therefore, the aim is to minimize the use of potable water in all of their projects. [II] According to the sustainable philosophy, no wastewater should ever leave a building, unless the building emits chemicals in the water that cannot be purifi ed locally. The current project is a residential/commercial and ter-tiary building; so no chemicals should be released into the plumbing system. There-fore, the team wants to minimize the emission of wastewater into the environment, and this will be achieved by treating at least 90% of wastewater on site. The team feels that this is the best choice for this site because it is even possible to recycle 100% of the wastewater. For example, the wastewater treatment model after the Solaire Building wastewater system, located at 20 River Terrace New York City, has been proven to recycle 100% of their wastewater. [IX]

BIM. A recent trend in sustainable development has been the growth of Building Information Modeling, or BIM. The process of BIM involves the full cooperation of diff erent trades in the construction process to meet desired objectives of the proj-ect, while effi ciently and economically delivering the fi nal product. In the case of sustainable development, each trade must bring a passion that derives from a strong sense of ethics and responsibility in order to present a truly sustainable result. The passion comes together collectively from the start of the design process while uti-lizing BIM practices to provide the means to deliver a functional project. BIM tools can only be brought into the project if the team is adequately skilled. In the studio Autodesk AutoCAD is the common tool. New tools will be used such as Autodesk Re-vit Architecture and Google Sketchup for the 3D and 2D modeling, and idBuild and IESVE will be used for the energy modeling and analysis of the project. Thanks to these tools the designing period will benefi t both in time and in eff ort.

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VIi�i�IV international

Several international standards will be used for the designing of the building. The following is a list of standards, together with a quick description of the standards and chosen requirements:

• EN15217:2007. This paper gives information about the energy performance certifi cates according to the EPBD requirements and the CEN standards for the EPBD. Energy performance certifi cates will have to be available when buildings are sold or rented and will be displayed in public buildings. The aim of the ar-chitecture studio is to aim is develop the most sustainable building. Therefore, an A3 certifi cation will be sought out.

A1A1

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A3A3

C2C2

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E2E2

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>25>25

>50>50

>75>75

>100>100

>125>125

>150>150

>175>175

>200>200

>225>225

>260>260

>300>300

>340>340

>380>380

>450>450

FIGURE VIII�i�i: energy certification classes

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• EN15251:2007. This European Standard regards the indoor environmental in-put parameters for design and assessment of energy performance of buildings. It address the indoor air quality, thermal environment, lighting, and acoustics. This standard describes how design criteria for the indoor environment are to be set for dimensioning systems and for the energy calculations. The paper highlights some of the new principles used in the standard, such as the defi -nition of diff erent categories of indoor environment; the diff erence between target values used for dimensioning and energy calculations; the principles to be used when defi ning the ventilation rates; and evaluation of the indoor en-vironment. Since the standard has been developed through the use of the ISO 7730:2005 and CEN 1752:1998 standards, for the indoor environment and ven-tilation rates, they will not be relisted. The standard also include the EN 12464 standard for the recommended lighting. The desired aim is adhere to Category II. Therefore, the following standards have to be met for the building in ques-tion:

Percent of People Dissatisfi ed PPD<6%Predicted Mean Vote -0,2<PMV<0,2

Recommended CO2 Concentration Above Outdoor Concentration 350 PPM

Design Relative Humidity for:Dehumidifi cation 50%

Design Relative Humidity for:Humidifi cation 30%

Type of building Ventilation Rate

Very Low Polluting Offi ce Building

Based of Equation B.1 in Annex Bq tot = ( n q p ) + ( A q B )

Residential Building Choose between higher ventilation rate based on Table B.5 in Annex B

where:

qtot= total ventilation rate of the room, l/s

n = design value for the number of the persons in the room

qp = ventilation rate for occupancy per person, l/(s pers)

A= room fl oor area, m2

qB = ventilation rate for emissions from building, l/(s m2)

TABLE VIII�I�V: Recommend Criteria for Ventilation Rates

TABLE VIII�I�IV: Recommend Criteria for Indoor Air Quality

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Type of Space Winter Operative Temperature (oC)

Summer OperativeTemperature (oC)

Residential Buildings: Living Spaces 20 26

Residential Buildings:Other Spaces 16 n/a

Single Offi ce 20 26

Landscaped Offi ce 20 26

Conference Room 20 26

Auditorium 20 26

Cafeteria/Restaurant 20 26

Department Store 16 25

Type of SpaceMaintained

Illuminance at Working Areas (lx)

UGR(Unifi ed Glaring Rating)

Ra(Color RenderingIndex)

Single Offi ce 500 19 80

Open Plan Offi ce 500 19 80

Conference Rooms 500 19 80

Restaurant - - 80

Sales Area 300 22 80

Till Area 500 19 80

Corridor 100 28 40

Stairs 150 25 40

TABLE VIII�I�VII: Recommend Criteria for Lighting

TABLE VIII�I�VI: Recommend Criteria for Operative Temperatures

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Type of Building Type of Space Sound PressureLevel [db(A)]

ResidentialLiving Room 32

Bed Room 26

Place of AssemblyAuditoriums 33Court Rooms 35

Commercial

Retail Shops 40Department Stores 45

Supermarkets 45Computer Rooms, Large 50Computer Rooms, Small 45

Offi ce

Small Offi ces 35Conference Rooms 35Landscaped Offi ces 40

Offi ce Cubicles 40

RestaurantCafeterias 40

Restaurants 45Kitchens 55

GeneralToilets 45

Cloakroms 45

TABLE VIII�I�VIII: Recommend Criteria for Noise Criteria

• EN 15377:2008. This standards is required for the design of embedded water-based surface heating and cooling system. Since the building will be using fl oor heating, these standards will help with the designing of the system.

• EN ISO 15316:2007. Method for calculation of system energy requirements and system effi ciencies for heating systems in buildings.

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VIII�ii GROTTEPORTELLA SITE

VIII�ii�i site description

The ex-industrial area of Grotteportella is situated on the northern part of the Mu-nicipality of Frascati, and it is on the southern border of the Municipality of Rome. The site is confi ned on the north-west side by the plunge of San Matteo, on west side by the road that gives access to the Banca d’Italia. Lastly, on the south side it is confi ned by the west piedmont of the Castelli Romani. The site is accessible from the north-west thanks to the Roma Napoli Highway, through Via di Torrenova and the area of Tor Vergata. From the south-east, it is accessible through the west piedmont of the Castelli Romani. The main road connects the district with Tor Vergata, in particular with the two neigh-boring settlements of the CNR (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche), the municipality of Rome, the Banca d’Italia, the territory of Frascati, and the access to the highway from the junction with Via di Torrenova. The main road is aligned with Via Enrico Fermi that reaches the CNR and the center of Frascati. The site is about 500 meters away from the future terminal of the third metro line of the city of Rome, and also from sport establishments of P.P. of Tor Vergata. There are three incomplete second-ary roads, which start from the piedmont and are parallel to the main road. They allow access to part of the lots. Inside this site there are no transversal connections between these roads. Therefore, it is currently necessary to utilize the piedmont to move through the site.The urbanized works are lacking or incomplete. Two wastewater collectors, property of ACEA ATO2, are present through Via di Grotteportella. These collectors bring the waste to the main purifi er of Roma-Est, which is able to withstand the waste load. The property is highly fractioned. There are three types of lots, 3,6 hectares, 1,8 hectares, and hectares.Currently the site is partially occupied by warehouses for production and storage activities, and residential housing, which are located on Via di Grotte Portella. There-fore, the site is characterized by its fragmentation, which is lacking spaces and ad-equate infrastructures for public use. This fragmented characteristic, disorganized and degraded, from an environmental point of view, will be accentuated by the ap-proved intervention proposed by the Bandi del Patto Territoriale.

Viii�ii�ii urban context

The area of interest is located at the center of the Roman territory, which is defi ned by the Tiburtino and Tuscolano axis. The area is characterized by a deep stratifi ca-tion of interventions and transformations. These were accelerated after World War II, and it is still being aff ected; it is soon to exhaust its modularity. The site is also

73

FIGURE VIII�ii�i: terrain view

terrain view

FIGURE VIII�iI�ii: LaTium geographical map

FIGURE VIII�ii�iII: ITALy geographical map

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FIGURE VIII�ii�iV: TOWN PLAN

75

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FIGURE VIII�ii�V: neighboring functions

76

characterized by the presence of tertiary, commercial, and management activities. All of these activities have been implemented in an uncoordinated and slow manner, causing strong issues with infrastructure connections within the urban context. The site has the presence of sporadic public housing, which makes it impossible to conduct any changes for the improvement of pub-lic services.Therefore, the development of this area has caused several diffi cult outcomes that have shaped the direction of the project. To start, the urban environment is poorly integrated, even though the present functions are well diversifi ed. These functions are casually distributed; they are divided into parts by the territory that is abandoned. Hence, their morphological relationships are weak and ineffi cient. Another issue is the loss of environmental unity between the agricultural use and structural settlements, which gave a strong character to the Roman countryside. This is due to the frag-mentation and poor urban distribution. This discontinuity will cause also the loss of ecological biodiversity and vitality. Lastly, another concern is the exponential growth of a diffi cult and confused necessity of movement, which has overburden the current infrastructure with high volumes of traffi c. Therefore, this calls for an intervention that is able to reduce the use of mo-torized movement.

viii�ii�iii URBAN PROJECT PROPOSAL

The proposal concerns an area of about 33 hectares, which will be destined to varied urban so-lutions. For the context in which this area is found, several functions will be included. Tertiary, commercial, public, and private services will be provided. Furthermore, a strong residential component will be present, in order to guarantee the use of the site through the entire arc of the day. The plan for the residences is to generate medium to small buildings, for student hous-ings and young couple residences. The Municipality of Frascati set the new development with fi ve social objectives. These are coherent with the objective set forth by the architectural studio.

• The completion, in a coordinated manner and according to a quality urban plan, of the frag-mented and incomplete site. This will be conducted both from a urban and architectural point of view, which has characterized Grotteportella in these past years, while keeping track of the fl uctuating conditions of the context. A particular attention will be given to the reconstruction of the functional, infrastructural, and the landscape functions. This is because they are separated and are communicating poorly, due to incomplete infrastruc-tural networks, residuals of abandoned territories, and confl icted environmental impacts.

• The relocation of small traditional activities that are currently located in historical center of Frascati. This is because some of these activities are no longer compatible with socio-environmental characteristics of Frascati, and some of them are no longer compatible with the rules of the current town plan.

• The construction of social buildings, which satisfy the set standards.

77

• The construction of a polyvalent social and cultural center, which will be located at the center of a civic piazza. This piazza will be at the service of all of Frascati.

• The reclaim and maintenance of agricultural traditions, which constitute a big section of the territory. This will be conducted in order to bring back value to the landscape and in-tegrate the functions with the neighboring infrastructures.

VIIi�II�IV summary of the proposal

The following is part of the summary of the project’s proposed actions. The full version and be found in the Appendix, Together with the original Italian version. The proposal will be charac-terized by:

• The high density of the land, which will achieved by concentrating the entire al-lowed area inside a controlled portion of the area, which will be less than 50% of the entire area.

• Guarantee the maintenance of the agricultural function of the non-urbanized area. This will be achieved by assigning the administration of the area to the municipal-ity.

• Guarantee the multi-functionality of the site, by integrating all of the functions in compartments, which are coherent with the tendencies of the context.

• Guarantee an adequate use of tools and public spaces.• To foresee the planning of green space that is higher than the required standard.

• Integrated Design. The development will have to follow the rules of integrated design, in order to ensure a sustainable environment.

• Public Services. The predicted number of inhabitants will be of 754, with the following endowment of the public services:

Table VIII�II�i: SPACE REQUIREMETS

required Program Proposal

22 m2/inhabitant for public services divided into:

34,5 m2/inhabitant for public services divided into:

7 m2/inhabitant for education and collective activities

7 m2/inhabitant for education and collective activities

4 m2/inhabitant for public parking space

4 m2/inhabitant for public parking space

11 m2/inhabitant for green spaces

23,5 m2/inhabitant for green spaces

• Eradication of Barriers. Particular attention will be dedicated to eliminate the already ex-isting barrier and prevent the creation of future ones.

• Especially, the removal of the ones caused by buildings that limit the mobility of inhabitants and visitors. Attention will be given to subjects with handicaps, both the interior to the exterior of the building.

78

D773_000400

ACQUA

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166

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122

46

52

121

129

182

207

206

209

30

169

6

187

101

80

91

89

87

79

77

99

100

114

86

113

73

72

205

194

210

208

200

219

222

225

224

229

220

227228

299

291

290

292

296

298297

216

293

217

215

98

302+

208+

208+

219+

220+

220+

220+

220+

220+

220+

227+227+

227+

228+

216+

217+

215+

39+

76+

4+

50+

84+

60+

198+

197+

196+

54+54+

16+

260+

69+

204+

50+

213+

300+

98+

13

14

1

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6

7

9

10

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MU

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FOSSO

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911

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270

283

287

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252

249

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247

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242

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941

942

LEGEND

PERIMETER OF THE DIVISION 1

EXISTING BUILDINGS and AGREED PROJECTS(not included in the proposal)

SURVEYED PROPERTIES(aree libere)

EXISTING BUILDINGS and AGREED PROJECTS(included in the proposal)

22S

HE

ET 4

SH

EE

T 4

SH

EE

T 4

274/p

STRADA

FIGURE VIII�VI: lot distribution

79

FIGURE VIII�VII: volumetric master plan

N

80

110,00

109,00

108,00

107,00

106,00

104,00

103,00

100,0099,00

98,00

105,00

110,63

107,47

103,56

103,13

99,68

101,35

98,52

96,55

105,69

108,89

110,64

104,76

94,39

99,22100,12

95.71

97.81

96.75

97,40

97.35

107.25

103.17

105.53104.57

107.89

110.83

111.01

105.02

108.15

109.11

102.25

105.09

102.75

105.75

120.00

113.70

113.05

112.62

108.17

106.76

110.90

110.00

120.40

121.35

117.60

119.05

113.54

114.11120.50

120.40

121.30

113.20

119.11

114.50

110.88

112.00

116.66117.40

119.75

110.00

100.07

100.38

101.97

103.31

104.30

103.86

103.99

106.43

105.60

109,64

105.99

105.48

106.35108.73

105.57

129.13

114.83

118.39

118.88

110.24

117.69

116.20

115.69

121.03

117.51

100.21

101.64

100.46

101.62

102.69

100.24

101.11

101.60

97.38

96.88

93.20

93.07

111.07

2

4

122.55

104.62

91.45

101.97

103,00

104,00

100,00

98,00

102.53

104,00

101.40

109.40

101.45

102.454

111.20

106,00

108.0108.70

95

3

ab

c

de

3

96.88100.00

103.00104.00

106.0095.00

93.00

plan limit

plan limit

104.00104.57

1

grotte portellaroad

plan limit

plan limit

hole of cavaliere

roundabout

291.00

93.0093.20

98.00100.00

101.45101.97

103.00104.00

104.62106.00

111.20109.40

108.70101.40

road nearGrotte Portellaroad near

Grotte Portella

TRA

NS

VE

RS

AL P

RO

FILES

LON

GITU

DIN

AL P

RO

FILES

plan limit

plan limit

93.0098.00

99.00100.00

103.00103.00

100.0093.00

93.00

plan limit

limite piano93.00100.00

103.00106.00

104.00107.00

107.00

105.00

106.00

104.00

abcde

104.00104.00

104.0093.00

roundabout

plan limit

plan limit

roundabout

93.00104.00

106.00108.00

110.00111.00

110.00108.00

107.27127.27

plan limit

limite piano

99.00107.00

110.00112.00

115.00114.00

113.00113.00

116.00112.00

rotatoria stradale

101.0099.00

plan limit

limite piano

99.0099.00

103.00

plan limit

110.00110.00

110.00113.00

112.00

117.00

121.00121.00

120.00116.00

114.00117.00

117.00114.00

113.00

1

120120

111110

109108

107106

105104

10398

10099

118116

93.0093.00

97.0094.00

115

plan limit

3

grotte portellaroad

plan limit

N

FIGURE VIII�ii�VIII: terrain profiles

81

FIGURE VIII�ii�IX: functional master plan

N

82

• The removal of urban barriers, that oppose themselves to the circulation of hand-icapped people. These diffi culties include the use of pedestrian streets, under-passages, stairs, and other inadequate entrances to the site. Only one drivable street, at slow speed (30 km/h), divides the urban site. There are no underpas-sages; and for the passage across and through the main road (Via di Grottepor-tella), which has the maximum vehicular density, a system of bike paths will be developed by using the Danish tradition of separate lanes. Lastly, all of the pub-lic spaces will be wheelchair accessible.

• All of the buildings will be developed in order to have vast open spaces at the ground fl oors. This will allow for pedestrian crossing even in the spaces that are defi ned by buildings. The compact design of the urban site will allow the pedes-trians to reach any point of interest with minimal distances.

• The removal of perceived barriers that diminish or remove the possibility to rec-ognize and localize public buildings.

• Mobility and Public Transportation. A pedestrian and bicycle connection will be de-veloped. This will cross the entire site and it will connect to the surrounding area of Tor Vergata, towards the CNR. It is also planned to connect the pedestrian/cycling network to the future terminal of the future metro C, and the sports complexes next to the site.

• Natural Functions. The project will account for natural cycles of the area. Furthermore, the restoration of natural functions that had been lost, will also be conducted. This will be described in further detail in the following sections.

• Management of Waste Disposal. The site planning will focus on the effi cient use of resources and on the reduction of waste generation, from the construction to decon-struction phase. In particular during the construction phase the following actions will be taken:

• The use of renewal and recyclable materials, which are durable, will be favored and enforced. Technologies and construction procedures that lower the energy and water-use will be adopted. A special focus will be given to the on-site re-covering of materials (from demolition and land movements), together with the safeguard of natural habitats.

• Space will be dedicated to the separate collection of waste (recycling), and the recovery of solid waste produced by the site.

83

FIGURE VIII�ii�x: architect‘s view

FIGURE VIII�ii�XI: public piazza

FIGURE VIII�ii�XI: boulevard

84

VIII�III functionsThe requirements of the building’s space distribution have to satisfy four diff erent functions: public, commercial, residential, and tertiary. Even though these are the main requirements, the major goal of the building is to represent a landmark. Therefore, the building will have to provide a higher level of class and design. The area of development is 3300 m2 with a pos-sible height of 60 m. Based on the Integrated Design process suggested by DTU, before one could start drawing up a building proposal, one has to understand and develop a list of func-tions that will compose the building, which can be easily simulated and checked for their impact. In order to develop this list of functions, a research was conducted to understand what are the already existing functions in the neighborhood, so that the lacking structures can be included, and the existing renewed. For the entire description of the required func-tions please refer to the Appendix.

VIII�III�i public

As mentioned earlier the site will provide public spaces for the residents and visitors, but for the lot in question there are no spatial requirements specifi ed. One of the requirements, set by the studio, is to breakdown physical barriers, which buildings create. Therefore, the public space will not just be defi ned by the open area surrounding the building, but it will also extend into and throughout the building. The following are the intended spaces that will be included in the project. Open Ground Floor / Promenade. The public piazza will di-rectly interact with the interior, which will invite visitors to come inside, by having the fi rst fl oor completely visible. A curtain glass wall will surround the fi rst fl oor, and the entrance to the building will have an atrium/promenade, which will extend up for the fi rst three fl oors. The purpose of the atrium is to allow natural light to enter an internal public piazza, but at the same time protect the space from winter cold weather or rain. The atrium will provide several functions, starting with open bars and small restaurants. It will mainly invite visitors to venture themselves into the commercial spaces, which the atrium will cut through and give a view like an architectural section drawing. The major concern that one might have is the indoor environment for the space, for this, displacement ventilation will be designed in order to provide the proper ventilation. Also, during the summer, a system of active solar shading will be applied in order to prevent overheating. In order to provide heating during the winter heating systems will be utilized. The design of the atrium will be inspired by the atrium of the IT University of Copenhagen, which has an interesting interaction of the atrium with the interior spaces of the building. External Bar and Restaurant. The public piazza will not only interact with the atrium but will interact with the spaces inside the building. One of the most common traditions in Italy is drinking coff ee and wine, and eating food. Therefore, the public piazza will give the possibility for bars to expand their area outside of the build-ing, and the restaurants and wine bars that will on the ground fl oor will also extend to the piazza. But these spaces will have to maintain a high level of design.

VIII�III�II COmmercial

The fi rst function, that will be serviced inside the building, will be commercial, which will be of an allowable area of 1693.5 m2. Therefore, the fi rst space that will impact the visitor and the resident will be the atrium that will cut through the commercial area. Hence the visitor

85

FIGURE VIII�III�III: residential FIGURE VIII�III�IV: Office space

FIGURE VIII�III�I: Commercial FIGURE VIII�III�II: public

86

will be visually invited to enter the commercial area and discover its interiors. As mentioned earlier, the surrounding commercial spaces are mainly two malls with stores for small busi-ness and handmade activities. Sustainable markets will be present in other buildings of the urban project. Therefore, the new commercial space in the building will not replace nor com-pete with the already existing, but it will add a diff erent commercial function that is lacking in the area. The commercial section will be concentrated in the lower parts of the building in order centralize the functions. Fashion. Italy is world renounced for its high end fashion style, so having store with brands such as Prada and Dolce and Gabbana, will satisfy this demand of fashion, which present spaces cannot satisfy. International fashion brands will also be pres-ent. The spatial design will be based and infl uenced, for example, Gucci stores. Design. The other type of store will sell products of design. This can vary from graphic design, interior design (such as furniture, kitchens etc.), product design, and art. The aim is to present the costumer with a higher end level of products, which can be from surrounding areas, all of Italy, and international.

VIII�III�III RESIDENTIAL

As mentioned earlier the building must satisfy the residential function of approximately 5080.5 m2. Since the building will function also as an offi ce building, the most logical resi-dential solution is the development of apartment fl oors. These fl oors will be located on the top fl oors of the building, in order to distance the apartments from the hectic life of the com-mercial space. The residential solution will provide a space for hotel residents and traveling families. This will be expressed in the development of two types of apartments, and two types of fl oors. All of these fl oors will be only accessible to the residents by a system of the access cards, which will grant access through a system of elevators.

VIII�III�IV TERTIARY

The last function that the building will have to serve is tertiary, which was decided to be as-signed to be offi ce space, for a total of 4516 m2. As mentioned earlier, the offi ce space will be located in between the residential and the commercial fl oors, in order to serve as a buff er for the residential. The building will be inspired by the offi ce building of the New York Times, de-signed by Renzo Piano. The building will also rely on the modularity of the building elements. The following spaces will be included. Open Offi ce Floor. The purpose of this section of the building is to provide rentable offi ce space. The development of the building will be focused on providing a sustainable indoor environment, therefore working heavily on the building services to choose the optimal daylight distribution and ventilation. Also, open desks will be chosen in order to promote interaction between the workers, and stir away from the “cubicle generation”. The fl oor will contain several social catalysts. There will be a printer room, a small kitchen, and space for relaxing, eating and socializing. Closed Offi ce Floor. Thanks to the modularity of the construction, the distribution of the spaces will be made simpler in the closed offi ce. This simplicity means that modular single and double offi ces and conference rooms can be easily made because of the modularity of the structure. This fl oor will also in-clude printer rooms, common rooms, a small kitchen, and space for relaxing. The rooms will be oriented on the façade of the building, in order to have the maximum daylight exposure. This cellular design will also improve the simulation of the building during the integrated de-sign period of the building.

87

FIGURE VIII�III�V: GlenOak High School

Canton� Ohio

FIGURE VIII�III�VI:IT University of Copenhagen Denmark

FIGURE VIII�III�VI:Skaters MACBA Barcelona

88

FIGURE VIII�III�Vii: Apple store nyc

FIGURE VIII�III�VIii:Gucci store nyc

FIGURE VIII�III�iX:sushi bar sao Paulo brasil

89

FIGURE VIII�III�XI:Residential Tower / Meir Lobaton + Kristjan Donalson

FIGURE VIII�III�X:Passive Solar House / Dick Clark

90

List of Spaces

TABLE VIII�III�I

Public ResidentialInternet Cafe/Bars Single Hotel Suite

Auditorium Double Hotel SuiteAtrium Couples Apartment

Restaurants Relax AreaPark

FIGURE VIII�III�XI:internet bar

Commercial TertiaryFlagship Stores Single Offi ce

Electronics Store Double Offi ceSports Caff etteria

Clothes GymRestaurants Wellness CenterBathrooms Open Offi ces

Wine Lounge Meeting RoomBook Stores Copy RoomMusic Store Kitchens

Sushi Bar Relax AreaDesign Store Bars

Salad Bar Ping Pong House

91

FIGURE VIII�III�XII:nokia store nyc

FIGURE VIII�III�XiI

Salad bar

92

VIII�IV SUSTAINABLE strategies

As mentioned in the Project Requirements, the aim of the studio is to minimize the im-pact of the impact of the building from a holistic point of view. The focal point of the thesis is the energy certifi cation and optimization of the project. Therefore, an entire section is dedicated to the all the possible strategies that will be applied to the project, starting with the project’s orientation, to the materials, and fi nally the systems.

VIII�IV�I WEATHER and ORIENTATION

From ancient times, builders and architects have used the sun’s energy in order to pas-sively heat their houses and buildings. The most pressing issue was the protection from environmental factors, such as the weather. Based on the climate, the builder would make heavier or lighter structures and insulate it accordingly. Another factor was the way the building was oriented, which, together with the openings, determined the building’s consumption. Therefore, a deep understanding of the infl uence of the build-ing’s orientation must be acquired. The site’s climatic zone is particularly homogenous, which is composed of a Mediterranean temperate weather. The site is characterized by a sensible changing seasons, with hot summers, non-rigid winter, and with spring and fall that are pretty similar. The changing seasons don’t cause major environmental discomfort, but it requires signifi cant air conditioning, and humidity is a pressing issue. Based on the climatic conditions and the lot’s perimeter, one can choose the orientation of the building. The best design choices, to gain the highest solar contribution, are to orient the building along the east-west longitudinal axis and to develop the southern and northern sides of the building. This means that the building will extend itself on the longitudinal side and shorten its depth. The south side will be open to the exterior with windows and passive systems of solar collection, such as Trombe walls. Meanwhile, the north side will be reduced in its openings, and it will have high levels of insulation. A variation of plus or minus 15o from the horizon. The orientation toward east favors the morning activities, and the west orientation favors afternoon activities. Through such orientation, the following energetic contributions are made:

• The maximum use of the solar supply on the south side, when it is most useful, es-pecially during the winter, when the sun is highest in the sky.

• Easy protection from overheating by using shading systems.• Minimizing the west exposure of the building in order to avoid overheating. The

overheating eff ect is caused by the combination of the low sun, and the air being at its highest temperature.

• The organization and distribution of the spaces in order to minimize waste of en-ergy.

• The best solution is to concentrate on the south side the majority of the housing functions, so that on the north side, one can concentrate the internal services, such as bathroom, kitchens, and stairs. These last functions act as buff er between the spaces that are most occupied, and the coldest front of the building.

93

luminosity

precipitationtemperature

20 m

m

130

mm

11 h

rs

5 hr

s

30 C

13 C

o

o

http://www.rome30.com/it/tempo-roma.html

jan

feb

mar

apr

may

june ju

l

aug

sept

oct

nov

dec

FIGURE VIII�IV�I: season distribution

FIGURE VIII�IV�II: sun orientation

FIGURE VIII�IV�III: wind orientation

94

VIII�IV�II building elements

The next strategy is regarding the use of energy saving constructions techniques. The most important factor is to look into the reduction of thermal bridges.

• Structural Foundations. The use of insulation in the foundations will minimize the pres-ence of thermal bridges. The insulation will be applied on the exterior side of the struc-ture, facing the ground. The insulation will go from the ground level all the way to the top of the footing.

• Vertical and Horizontal Structural Elements. Insulation will be applied to the structure in order to minimize thermal bridges. A structural construction method is to use rigid insu-lating panels during the pour of the concrete. These panels substitute the usual wooden panels that are used in the pouring phase of the concrete, but instead of being removed once the concrete is solidifi ed, they remain as a structural member.

• Exterior Walls. Exterior walls present the possibility of having several alternatives. The most important factor is to lower the thermal transmittance. Therefore, several param-eters can be changed regarding the materials used, but the U value will remain pretty much unvaried, since it has to satisfy the Italian Standards, of 0.36 W/m2K. This standard is quite poor, meaning that lower transmittance can be achieved with the use of standard prac-tice materials. Therefore, this parameter will be varied in the Integrated Design Process. The possible implementation of double-facades and Trombe walls will be researched and studied.

• Windows. The current standard in Italy is the use of double glazing windows, which off ers decent thermal resistance, but higher quality is achievable. In the parameter variations, several types of windows will be tested in order to minimize heat transfer and overheat-ing, with the use of blinds and/or overhangs.

• Floors. Even though the hot season for this site is quite short, and not as intense as other parts of Europe, a possibility in lowering the heating load is through the use of radiant panels. The use of fl oor heating has many benefi ts. The direct heating of the lower parts of the body, the most sensitive, together with the uniform heating of the air, are some of the benefi ts of the fl oor heating. These benefi ts can be extended to the use of radiant panels in the walls. Even though, the demand for heated fl oors is growing in Italy, be-cause of their high cost, this design choice will be probably limited to the public spaces, while in other the use of radiators will desirable.

• Roofs. The necessary insulation will be installed in order to prevent thermal losses, but the use of extensive green roofs will also be considered. Extensive green roofs are designed to be virtually self-sustaining and should require only a minimum of maintenance, per-haps a once-yearly weeding or an application of slow-release fertilizer to boost growth. Extensive roofs are usually only accessed for maintenance. There are several benefi ts to green roofs. For example: the reduction of heating loads (by adding mass and thermal re-sistance value) and the reduction of cooling loads (by evaporative cooling) on a building by fi fty to ninety percent. Furthermore this design will help reduce storm water run-off , by collecting all the rain water and reusing it inside the building. Since the building will be 60 meters tall, the use of green roof will be utilized for their aesthetic nature, and only extensive green roofs will be used in order to minimize maintenance and the use of water.

95

FIGURE VIII�IV�IV: wall insulation FIGURE VIII�IV�V: trombe wall FIGURE VIII�IV�VI: double facade

FIGURE VIII�IV�VII: double glazing

FIGURE VIII�IV�VIII: triple glazing

FIGURE VIII�IV�IX: inTegrated blinds

FIGURE VIII�IV�X: green roof

FIGURE VIII�IV�XI: heated floor

96

VIII�IV�III natural ventilation

Since the weather at the site can reach the maximum temperatures of 30oC and with a thermal excursion of 10oC, there is a heavy use of mechanical cooling. In archi-tecture, natural ventilation is often used as a low-energy environmental solution to improve indoor micro-climates and thermal comfort in buildings. In hot and hu-mid tropical climates, natural ventilation is particularly eff ective as it maintains the equilibrium of relative humidity inside and outside buildings and prevents indoor humidity from condensing. [XIII] Therefore, the best energy saving strategy is to rely on the study of natural ventilation for the design. The objective of natural ventila-tion is to help the mechanical ventilation in minimizing the thermal load. The physi-cal designing of this system will be conducted later on in the thesis.

• Cross Ventilation. This condition is based on the positioning of openings inside a space and the pressure diff erences of air present. With this movement of air, heat that is produced in the space is removed, and clean cooler air is introduced. To maximize the eff ectiveness of openings, narrow buildings with open plans and well-placed openings work best. Building elements like fi ns, wing walls, parapets and balconies may be designed to enhance wind speeds and should be an integral part of cross-ventilation design. This is controllable through the size of the opening of the windows, and through controllable fi ns of possible shading systems. [XIV]

• Stack Ventilation. Thanks to the movement of air through the building, due to cross ventilation, it possible to use the “stack eff ect” to further cool down the building. The stack eff ect uses the thermal properties of air. Therefore the cool air coming into the building is heated by the heat sources in the space, and it is channeled through the use of stacks to the outside of the building. It can be used during summer nights, where the thermal mass of the building is warm. Hence the stack eff ect cool down the building from the inside. In winter days, the air can be warmed through a greenhouse eff ect in the double facade. Dur-ing summer days, the hotter external air is channeled through the stack, which is cold from the previous night, and it can be cooled down even further through the use of water sprays. This is known also as the Wind Tower Ventilation, which can be driven by physical fi ns on top of the stack. Several other factors can de-termine the eff ectiveness of the stack, starting with the height of the tower, the section of the stack. [XIV]

Natural ventilation is obviously an important architectural feature in hot humid cli-mates as wind motion removes heat concentration and humidity, thereby improving thermal comfort. [XIII] Some disadvantages are present in the use of natural ventila-tion. Since it is based on the conditions of the external winds (and they are not al-ways available), natural ventilation cannot be used as sole substitute to mechanical ventilation, but it is the perfect addition and support for minimizing the load on the system.

97

FIGURE VIII�IV�XiV: cross ventilation

FIGURE VIII�IV�XII: stack ventilation

FIGURE VIII�IV�XV: wind tower ventilation

FIGURE VIII�IV�Xiii: Stack ventilation

variation

98

VIII�IV�IV Building services

Since several building elements have been already proposed in order to minimize heat trans-fer, the next step is to look at the use of energy saving strategies in building services. The fo-cus will be put into Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning, Lighting, and other electrical uses.

• Heating. In Italy the most common method of heating is through the use of radiators, which has a good heat transfer coeffi cient, but it does not assure an even distribution of temperature in spaces. Another mainstream method of heating is through the use of ventilation systems, which consume a lot of energy. As mentioned earlier, several strat-egies will be used in order to minimize the heating demand. Floor heating and radiant wall panels are some of the options. The main focus will be placed on providing heat-ing for just extreme cases, and using the sun as the main source of heating, with proper shading. The use of thermal solar panels will defi nitely play big role for the demand of domestic hot water (DHW). The use of evacuated tube solar collectors is quite distrib-uted in Italy, and it will be thoroughly designed.

• Ventilation Principle and Distribution. The possibility of using diff erent types of ven-tilation principles will be studied. Currently, the mainstream methods of ventilation are based on displacement or mixing ventilation. Mixing ventilation is mostly used for offi ces and fairly small spaces. Displacement ventilation is used in space with a sig-nifi cant height. Therefore, since the building has diff erent types of function, diff erent methods of ventilation will be used. In both cases the distribution methods can either be based on a Variable Air Volume (VAV), or Constant Air Volume (CAV) principle.

• Heat Recovery. Whatever the principle or distribution method will be, the systems will heavily rely on the recovery of heat during the treatment of air. New generation Heat Exchangers can reach up to 85% of effi ciency, which can lead to signifi cant energy sav-ings.

• Energy Effi cient Lighting. The use of LED lighting instead of fl uorescent bulbs, will be maximized. For example, a LED table light can be 20% brighter than most incandescent and 90% more effi cient. The lighting systems will be controlled by a manual and auto-matically timed operation of switches. Motion sensitive passive infrared and acoustic detection systems will be installed to detect the presence of occupants. Light sensitive photocells will also be installed to control the illumination level of a room, and they will be connected to an automatic controller that is programmed to reduce the use of the electrical lighting system.

• Photovoltaic Energy. Since there is an abundant presence of solar energy, photovol-taic panels will be considered during the last phases of the design, in order to provide sustainable electricity. A particular focus will be placed in choosing panels that are lead and cadmium free, and have a low material footprint.

• Geothermal Energy. The use of geothermal thermal energy will be studied, but not de-signed and detailed.

99

FIGURE VIII�IV�XVII: thermal panels

FIGURE VIII�IV�XIX: heat exchanger

FIGURE VIII�IV�XVIII: VAV controller

FIGURE VIII�IV�XXI: motion sensor

FIGURE VIII�IV�XX: energy efficient lighting

FIGURE VIII�IV�XVI: photovoltaic panels

100

VIII�III�V environmental impacts

The overview studies the building’s life cycle over a span of fi ve main stages: raw materials, manufacture, transport, use, and disposal. To achieve this goal the following guide was used: Environmental Improvement Through Product Development, written by the DTU Manage-ment Engineering, IPU, and the Danish Environmental Protection Agency. For this task a step-by-step approach was used, the fi rst step started by looking at the raw materials used in the construction of the building, from manufacturing to in-situ.

From this life cycle analysis, it is easy to see that majority of the impacts of the building lie in the construction, manufacturing, use, and demolition of the building. Besides the construc-tion and the demolition, the most pressing issues are related to the water usage and the energy required for the maintenance of the indoor climate. Unfortunately, most users are not aware of the environmental impacts they are causing. Therefore a system of educational services must be implemented.The study of the environmental impacts is just a preliminary step in the study of the prod-uct development. The creation of an environmental profi le will defi ne the actual impacts according to their types. The purpose of the profi le is to “create a more transparent picture of the physical relationships that underpin each environmental focus area”. These areas are divided in four categories: Materials, Energy, Chemicals, Other. This categorization of the en-vironmental impacts is formulated in a MECO-matrix. In the following page the matrix can be seen. From the matrix, can be easily seen that most of the impacts lie in the energy category. By comparing the construction and demolition to the use of the building, it can be calculated that over a lifespan of a 100 years, the use will have the majority of the impact. Therefore, it was decided to focus on minimizing the energy consumption, during the use of building.

Manufacture• Windows• Steel Beams• Lights• Electrical Wiring• Ducts• Metal and Plastic piping• Radiators and radiating panels• Doors• Sinks• Toilets• Kitchen Stoves• Floor heating

Disposal and Recycling• Steel• Concrete• Wood• Insulation• Plastics• Metal

Use• Heating• Mechanical Ventilation• Lighting• Water-Use• Maintenance• Waste Production

Transport• Vans• Cars• Trucks• Planes

Raw Materials• Steel• Wood• Concrete• Plastics• Insulation• Vapor Barriers• Mortars• Water

101

FIGURE VIII�IV�XXII: meco matrix

102

VIII�III�VI MATERIALS

The following is a table of general materials that will be used in the development of the building. The following materials will be recovered from recycled materials. The table also illustrates the recycling, recovery, reuse, and disposal of each material. This is accordance to the Cradle to Cradle approach and philosophy, which was mentioned in the previous section.

Material Source European Code for Waste Pretreatment

Concrete Selection from other mate-rials. Reduction of load.

Lightweight Concrete Selection from other mate-rials.

Conglomerate of Reinforced Concrete

Construction and Demolition.

10 13 03 Reinforced Concrete.17 01 01 Cement.

17 07 01 Mixed Waste.

Fiber Cement Selection from other mate-rials. Reduction of load.

Brickworks Construction and Demolition.

17 01 02 Bricks.17 01 03 Tiles and Ceramics.17 07 01 Mixed Waste.

Cleaning. Selection from other materials. Reduction of Load. Milling, screening, grain selection, and selec-tion of metal residuals.

Tile Cleaning.

Ceramics Construction and Demolition.

17 01 03 Tiles and Ceramics.17 07 01 Mixed Waste.

Cleaning. Selection from other materials. Reduction of Load

Demolition Waste Reduction of Load

Silicon and AluminumMaterials

Cleaning processes, me-chanical works, and sand-

ing processes.

12 01 01/ 12 01 0212 01 03/ 12 01 04

12 02 01

Test of transfer of the waste.

Treated Wood Building and demolition industry.

03 01 99/ 03 01 0103 01 02/ 03 01 0303 01 99/ 15 01 03

Cleaning. Selection from other materials. Reduction of Load

Iron Alloys Industrial activities. Con-struction and Demolition.

11 04 01/ 12 01 0312 01 04/ 15 01 0417 04 01/ 17 04 02

Metals Industrial activities. Con-struction and Demolition.

15 01 04/ 17 04 0520 01 01/ 20 01 0215 01 04/ 16 02 08

Cleaning. Selection from other materials. Reduction of Load

Insulation Selection from other mate-rials. Reduction of Load

103

RecycleRecover -

Legisl (d.lgs 22/1997)

Reuse Disposal

Chipping Plants.Grain for recycled concrete, pegging, and foundation layering.

Waste dump of second cat-egory.

Chipping Plants.Formation of Lightweight Concrete. Grain for recy-cled Lightweight concrete.

Waste dump of second cat-egory.

R13-R5

Chipping Plants.Reuse together with other lithoid materials, for foun-dation beds.

Waste dump of second cat-egory.

Chipping and Treatment Plants. R13-R5

Production of prime and secondary resources. Re-use for primary function, fi lling materials for road pavement.

Waste dump of second cat-egory.

Chipping and Treatment Plants.

Reuse for original function, fi lling materials for road pavement.

Waste dump of second cat-egory.

Chipping Plants.Reuse for original function, fi lling materials for road pavement.

Waste dump of second cat-egory.

Chipping Plants. Filling materials for road pavement.

Waste dump of second cat-egory.

R5 Filling materials for road pavement.

Recycling Plants. Burners with energy recovery. R13-R3 Reuse of materials, for sec-

ondary functions.Waste dump of fi rst cat-egory.

R1-R4

Melting processes. R13-R4 New production of metals. Waste dump of fi rst cat-egory.

If organic burned for heat recovery.

Waste dump of fi rst cat-egory.

104

VIII�III�VII PARAMETERS LIST

The following are tables showing the performance-decisive parameters that will be varied in the initial simulation stage with the use of idBuild. The list was generated based on Table I in the Method and Simulation Program for Informed Decisions in the Early Stages of Building Design written by Steff en Petersen and Svend Svendsen. The graph on the side of the page was taken from the PowerPoint presentation Method for Integrated Design in New Low Energy Offi ce Buildings, by Steff en Petersen. In this graph one can see how diff erent design factors infl uence each other. Especially one can see how many diff erent design facts infl uence architecture, and vice-versa.

Geometry Constructions Systems and Services Energy Supply

Room Depth U-Value of Opaque Constructions Internal Loads Thermal Effi ciency of

Heating System

Room Width Thermal Capacity of Constructions Lighting COP Cooling System

Room Height Thermal Capacity of Interiors Ventilation Photovoltaic and Solar

Water Heating

Overhang WindowThermal Set Points:

Cooling and Heating Season

Specifi c Fan Power for Ventilation

Window Constructions

Geometry Mechanical

Frame Construction Natural

Position in Facade Infi ltration

Glazing Type Hybrid

105

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106

VIII�V PRELIMINARY Spatial layout

The next step in the Integrated Design Process is to establish design proposals for rooms and sections. This is conducted through the development of spatial solutions where a list of room typologies was created. With these space solutions the building designers can iden-tify a list of performance-decisive parameters, which defi ne the physical layout of room and section that fulfi ll the design goals. Therefore, the following are sketches of the possible suitable spaces. Not all of these will be simulated.

Table VIII�V�i: General Information and Requirements for the Building

Type Residential, Commercial, Tertiary

Image Refl ect a nurturing and sustainable space for living and working

Floors 60 meters in height for a possible total of 12 fl oors

Site Information

Geographical Location

Grotteportella, Frascati, Rome 41o50’25.95’’N12o39’04.08’’E

Size of Site 10830 m2 Open Field

Shadows No signifi cant shading from surrounding buildings

Required Functions

Residential 1693.5 m2

Commercial 5080.5 m2

Tertiary 4516 m2

Table VIII�V�iI: Energy and Indoor Requirements and Lighting

Energy Frame Based on EN15217:2007 the energy frame is set to A3

Indoor Class Based on EN15251:2007 the indoor class is set to Category II

Lighting Based on EN15251:2007 and EN12464-1

FIGURE VIII�V�I: Integrated design process

107

TERTIARY

The following are tables summarizing the tertiary spaces.

Table VIII�V�iII: Single Office - DOuble office

Number of Occupants 1 occupant - 2 occupantsOccupation Hours 8:30-18 except weekends, all year around

Equipment Required 1-2 computer, 1 printer, 1 phoneFlexibility Work position has to be fl exible

Space Required Approx 15 m2 , 3 m x 6 mThermal Indoor Requirements Class II – max. 5% outside

Air Quality Class II

Daylight and Lighting DF 2% on working areasLighting : 500 lux on the desk – 200 lux

Acoustics Follow the national standard

Operational Comfort Controllable thermostat on thermostatGlare control essential

Table VIII�V�iV: executive Office

Number of Occupants 2 occupantsOccupation Hours 8:30-18 except weekends, all year around

Equipment Required 1 computer, 1 printer, 1 phoneFlexibility Work position has to be fl exible

Space Required Approx 25 m2 , 5 m x 6 mThermal Indoor Requirements Class II – max. 5% outside

Air Quality Class II

Daylight and Lighting DF 2% on working areasLighting : 500 lux on the desk – 200 lux

Acoustics Follow the national standard

Operational Comfort Controllable thermostat on thermostatGlare control essential

Table VIII�V�V: Open Offices

Number of Occupants 20 occupantsOccupation Hours 8:30-18 except weekends, all year around

Equipment Required 1 computer, 1 printer, 1 phoneFlexibility Work position has to be fl exible

Space Required Approx 6 m2 , 3 m x 2 m, per personThermal Indoor Requirements Class II – max. 5% outside

Air Quality Class II

Daylight and Lighting DF 2% on working areasLighting : 500 lux on the desk – 200 lux

Acoustics Follow the national standard

Operational Comfort Controllable thermostat on thermostatGlare control essential

108

Table VIII�V�VI: Cafeteria

Number of Occupants 100 occupantsOccupation Hours 8:30-16 except weekends, all year around

Equipment Required 4 cashiersFlexibility Work position has to be fl exible

Space Required Approx 25 m2, 20 m x 40 mThermal Indoor Requirements Class II – max. 5% outside

Air Quality Class II

Daylight and Lighting DF 2% on working areasLighting : 500 lux on the desk – 200 lux

Acoustics Follow the national standard

Operational Comfort Controllable thermostat on thermostatGlare control essential

Table VIII�V�VII: Meeting Room

Number of Occupants 10 occupantsOccupation Hours 8:30-18 except weekends, all year around

Equipment Required 10 computers, 1 phone, 1 projectorFlexibility Work position has to be fl exible

Space Required Approx 30 m2, 6 m x 6 mThermal Indoor Requirements Class II – max. 5% outside

Air Quality Class II

Daylight and Lighting DF 2% on working areasLighting : 500 lux on the desk – 200 lux

Acoustics Follow the national standard

Operational Comfort Controllable thermostat on thermostatGlare control essential

Table VIII�V�VIII: Gym and Wellness Center

Number of Occupants 40 occupantsOccupation Hours 8:30-22, except sunday, all year around

Equipment Required 1 cashier, 1 computerFlexibility Work position has to be fl exible

Space Required Approx 100 m2, 5 m x 20 mThermal Indoor Requirements Class II – max. 5% outside

Air Quality Class II

Daylight and Lighting DF 2% on working areasLighting : 300 lux on the desk – 200 lux

Acoustics Follow the national standard

Operational Comfort Controllable thermostat on thermostatGlare control essential

109

FIGURE VIII�V�II: Single office

FIGURE VIII�V�IIi: Double office

FIGURE VIII�V�IV: meeting room

110

COMMERCIAL

The following are tables summarizing the commercial spaces.

Table VIII�V�ix: Unspecified Store

Number of Occupants 10 occupants

Occupation Hours From 9 to 20, during week days, all year around

Equipment Required 2 Cashiers, 1 Computer, 1 TVFlexibility Work position has to be fl exible

Space Required Approx 250 m2 , 25 m x 10 m, varies based on the necessary function

Thermal Indoor Requirements Class II – max. 5% outsideAir Quality Class II

Daylight and LightingDF 2% on sales areas

Lighting : 300 lux on the desk, Varies on the Space

Acoustics Follow the national standard

Operational Comfort Controllable thermostat on thermostat Glare control essential

Table VIII�V�x: Restaurant

Number of Occupants 50 occupants

Occupation Hours From 9 to 20, during week days, all year around

Flexibility Work position has to be fl exibleSpace Required Approx 250 m2 , 25 m x 10 m

Thermal Indoor Requirements Class II – max. 5% outsideAir Quality Class II

Daylight and Lighting DF 2% on sales areasLighting : 300 lux on the desk - 500 till area

Acoustics Follow the national standard

Operational Comfort Controllable thermostat on thermostat Glare control essential

Table VIII�V�XI: Fashion Store

Number of Occupants 10 occupants

Occupation Hours From 9 to 20, during week days, all year around

Equipment Required 2 Cashiers, 1 ComputerSpace Required Approx 250 m2 , 25 m x 10 m

Thermal Indoor Requirements Class II – max. 5% outsideAir Quality Class II

Daylight and Lighting DF 2% on sales areasLighting : 300 lux on the desk - 500 till area

Acoustics Follow the national standard

Operational Comfort Controllable thermostat on thermostat Glare control essential

111

FIGURE VIII�V�V: GYM

FIGURE VIII�V�VI: FASHION STORE

112

PUBLIC

The following are tables summarizing the public spaces.

Table VIII�V�XII: Internet Cafe/Bar

Number of Occupants 10 occupants

Occupation Hours From 9 to 22, during week days, all year around

Equipment Required 2 Cashiers, 1 to 10 computersFlexibility Work position has to be fl exible

Space Required Approx 100 m2 , 5 m x 20 m, varies based on the necessary function

Thermal Indoor Requirements Class II – max. 5% outsideAir Quality Class II

Daylight and Lighting DF 2% on working areasLighting : 500 lux on the desk – 200 lux

Acoustics Follow the national standard

Operational Comfort Controllable thermostat on thermostat Glare control essential

Table VIII�V�XIII: Auditorium

Number of Occupants 150 occupants

Occupation Hours From 8 to 12 and from 14:30 to 17:30, all year around

Equipment Required 1 laptop, 1 phone, 1 projectorFlexibility Work position has to be fl exible

Space Required Approx 600 m2 , 20 m x 30 mThermal Indoor Requirements Class II – max. 5% outside

Air Quality Class II

Daylight and LightingNo daylighting requirements, because Audi-toriums usually need darkness for presenta-

tions.Acoustics Follow the national standard

Operational Comfort Controllable thermostat on thermostat Glare control essential

Table VIII�V�XIV: Restaurant

Number of Occupants 120 Occupants

Occupation Hours From 12 to 15 and from 19 - 02, all year around

Equipment Required 2 cashiers, 1 laptopFlexibility Work position has to be fl exible

Space Required Approx 500 m2 , 20 m x 25 mThermal Indoor Requirements Class II – max. 5% outside

Air Quality Class IIAcoustics Follow the national standard

Operational Comfort Controllable thermostat on thermostat Glare control essential

113

FIGURE VIII�V�VII: INternet BAR

FIGURE VIII�V�VIII: AUDITORIUM

FIGURE VIII�V�IX: restaurant

114

RESIDENTIAL

The following are tables summarizing the residential spaces.

Table VIII�V�XV: Single Hotel Suite

Number of Occupants 2 occupantsOccupation Hours Estimated 8 to 9 and 18 to 22

Occupation Hours (Resting Period) Estimated 22 to 8Equipment Required 2 laptops, 1 TV

Space Required Approx 40 m2, 5 m x 8 m Thermal Indoor Requirements Class I – max. 5% outside

Air Quality Class I

Daylight and Lighting DF 2% on working areasLighting : 500 lux on the desk – 200 lux

Acoustics Follow the national standard

Operational Comfort Controllable thermostat on thermostat Glare control essential

Table VIII�V�XVI: Double Hotel Suite

Number of Occupants 4 occupantsOccupation Hours Estimated 8 to 9 and 18 to 22

Occupation Hours (Resting Period) Estimated 22 to 8Equipment Required 2 laptops, 1 TV

Space Required Approx 60 m2, 10 m x 8 m Thermal Indoor Requirements Class II – max. 5% outside

Air Quality Class IIDaylight and Lighting DF 2% on working areas

Lighting : 500 lux on the desk – 200 luxAcoustics Follow the national standard

Operational Comfort Controllable thermostat on thermostat Glare control essential

Table VIII�V�XVII: Apartment

Number of Occupants 4 occupantsOccupation Hours Estimated 8 to 9 and 18 to 22

Occupation Hours (Resting Period) Estimated 22 to 8Equipment Required 2 laptops, 1 TV, 1 washer

Space Required Approx 80 m2, 10 m x 8 m Thermal Indoor Requirements Class II – max. 5% outside

Air Quality Class IIDaylight and Lighting DF 2% on working areas

Lighting : 500 lux on the desk – 200 luxAcoustics Follow the national standard

Operational Comfort Controllable thermostat on thermostat Glare control essential

115

FIGURE VIII�V�X: Single hotel suite

FIGURE VIII�V�xii: double hotel suite

FIGURE VIII�V�xIii: apartment

116

VIII�VI PRELIMINARY Simulations

The next step in the Integrated Design Process is to conduct simulations that will allow the designer to develop spaces, which satisfy the project’s requirements and iron out any possible issues with the energy consumption. The fi rst set of simula-tions will be conducted with the use of Autodesk Project Vasari, which will help ana-lyze the infl uence of surrounding buildings on a mock up of the building. The second set of simulations will be conducted with iDbuild, which will help come up with rules of thumb for the design of each space. After these rules are defi ned, the spaces will be analyzed with IESVE, which will give a more detailed description of the space’s impact. This will be conducted after a building model is chosen.Autodesk Project Vasari. The following description of Vasari is taken from its web-site. The program is an easy-to-use, expressive design tool for creating building con-cepts. The software allows the user to mass model a building and it permits the user to analyze its “behaviour” under certain condition. Vasari goes further, with inte-grated analysis for energy and carbon, providing design insight where the most im-portant design decisions are made. The program is able to help the design get early results from an energy and solar radiation point of view. For this section, three types of analyses were conducted: solar shading analysis, solar distribution, and wind dis-tribution. All of these were conducted on a mock building. This mock up is not a fi nal or proposed distribution of the functions; it is just a representation in order to see the impact of the shading from other building, the overall solar distribution on the building, and the wind distribution in the area. From each of the results shown, design suggestions were made. Three diff erent mock ups were made in order to have variations of the building design. The mock ups varied in their orientation, but not in the architectural shape, since the architect’s initial vision had to be respected. The fi rst step was the mass modeling of the buildings based on the initial archi-tect’s view. Then the energy simulations were conducted. The most valuable infor-mation were the coordinates used for the simulations, which were 41050’29.04’’ N, 12o39’06.84’’E.iDbuild. The following description of the iDbuild program is taken from the soft-ware’s manual. iDbuild is a combination of the features of BuildingCalc with the fea-tures of LightCalc (BC/LC). This means that the LightCalc routines are called within BuildingCalc to estimate the daylight levels with regard to a shading control and consequently increase or decrease the electrical light levels. The program executes the routines in an iterative manner to account for the extra heat gain from the elec-trical lighting. The program is evaluating energy performance of rooms based on the methodology from EPBD [EPBD, 2002] and the specifi c Danish requirements from the Danish Building Code and SBi specifi cation 213. The indoor environment is eval-uated according to DS/EN 15251.

117

FIGURE VIII�VI�i: AUTODESK PROJECT VASARI

FIGURE VIII�VI�iII: IDbuild

FIGURE VIII�VI�iI: MOCK UP OF THE BUILDING

118

Solar Distribution. Vasari is able to give the user a graphical and numeric representation of the solar distribution of selected faces. The simulation was conducted on the mock up of the building that has to be developed, together with the directly surrounding buildings. As mentioned earlier three diff erent mock ups were made, therefore three diff erent simulations were conducted. The program is able to give a Comma Separated Value Excel fi le with these value of the solar distribution in kWh/m2 at diff erent coordinates over the faces. Since the fi les are immense and poorly organized, the graphical analysis was used. From the legend shown on the right side, one can see that there is a color gradient corresponding to the cu-mulative solar distribution in kwh/m2 over a study of a solar year of 2010. The values are based on a cumulative scale, where the max value recorded is 990 kWh/m2 and the lowest is 0 kWh/m2. The steps in the scale are 10 between the max and min, with these values its easy to translate the values on the legend as percentages. The development of this analysis is to see the solar distribution over the faces, and the solar gain at such heights, so to evalu-ate the possible orientation of the majority of the functions and the use of photovoltaic and solar collectors on the facade. But more specifi cally the simulation was initially conducted to see the infl uence of the neighboring buildings, from a shading point of view. At fi rst, this simulation was thought to be the best representation of the shading, but then another tool within the project was chosen, the Ecotect Planar Solar Radiation analyzer. In the following section the results from this analysis are shown for the shading simulation. All the daylight simulations for the spaces will be analyzed initially with iDbuild and later on with Radiance. As it can be seen from the results, the majority of the solar gain is on the south facade, with an average distribution of 600 kWh/m2, and the lowest on the north facade, with an average distribution of 200 kwh/m2. All of these results are based on the legend on the left. From the graphical results from the other simulations, where the building was exposed to the true south and south-west, it can be concluded that the most effi cient orientation should be the south east, shown at the bottom of the page. This is due to the fact that most of the oc-cupancy is during the morning, and the east allows to best take advantage of the solar gain.

VIii�VI�i VASARI

FIGURE VIII�VI�iV: BUILDING SOUTH EAST Orientation

N

119

FIGURE VIII�VI�VII: Solar distribution south east

FIGURE VIII�VI�V: Solar distribution south EAST

FIGURE VIII�VI�VI: Solar distribution SOUTH EAST

120

FIGURE VIII�VI�X: BUILDING SOUTH Orientation

FIGURE VIII�VI�VIII: Solar distribution SOUTH

FIGURE VIII�VI�IX: Solar distribution South

N

121

FIGURE VIII�VI�XIII: BUILDING SOUTH weST Orientation

FIGURE VIII�VI�XI: Solar distribution SOUTH WEST

FIGURE VIII�VI�XII: Solar distribution WEST

N

122

Solar Shading. Vasari is able to give the user a graphical representation of the solar shading for an entire year. The simulation is based on the algorithm developed for the Autodesk Eco-tect Analysis tool. In fact, the interface is the same as the Ecotect’s. The data is graphically represented over a cut plane slightly above the ground. The analysis was conducted over the solar year of 2010, and on three diff erent cut planes at 2 m, 7.5 m, and 15 m. The purpose was to see how the solar shading from other buildings was infl uencing the area in between the buildings over the ground plane. From this analysis, one can see that on the south west side of the building, there is a signifi cant drop in the solar radiation. At a height of 2 meters ,one can see that the shade of the building on the south east is infl uencing and uniting with the shade of the mock up. Therefore it is important during the design phase of the building to keep track of this generated shade bridge. The same issue is presented on the north east, where the neighboring building’s shade is infl uencing and uniting with the shade from the mock up. Therefore, is important to keep track of this result during the building formula-tion. The shortest distance between the south west and the mock up is 30 meters, which is substantial, and the same is for the neighboring building on the north east. Based on these results, during the modeling in iDbuild and Radiance, the following consideration will be made. The fi rst consideration is that there are obstructions in the lower fl oors commercial fl oors from on the south west and the north east. The second consideration is that the offi ce fl oors, and the residential fl oors, which are the ones that demand the most heating, will be located on the taller parts of the building, in order to exploit at best the solar gain. The graph at the bottom of the page gives a graphical representation of the solar radiation, were on the y-axis there is the time of the day, and on the x-axis there is the time of one year. The colors, which are explained on the legend on the right, represent the intensity of the solar radiation.

FIGURE VIII�VI�XIV: TOTAL SOLAR SHADING

123

FIGURE VIII�VI�XV: Solar shading at 2 meters

FIGURE VIII�VI�XVI: Solar shading at 7.5 meters

FIGURE VIII�VI�XVII: Solar shading at 15 meters

124

FIGURE VIII�VI�XVIII: WIND DISTRIBUTION: SPRING

Knots

10+

9-10

7-9

6-7

4-6

3-4

1-3

0-1

Wind Distribution. Vasari is able to give the user a visual representation of the wind distri-bution at the site. The purpose of this analysis is to see the prevailing winds and how these can be exploited from a natural ventilation point of view. The analysis was made over an entire year period, in the year 2010. The project expresses the winds through a representa-tion of wind roses. The graph at the bottom of the page gives an graphical representation of the winds, where on the y-axis there is the time of the day, and on the x-axis there is the time of one year. The colors, which are explained on the legend on the right, represent the intensity of the winds. The results of this analysis show that over an entire year the major-ity of the wind is coming from east, but the strongest winds are coming from the west. This might bring the designer to orient the building towards the east, but with further analysis the conclusion is diff erent. Based on the hottest seasons, spring and summer, one can see that the majority of the winds come from the south west, with speeds up to 10 knots, around 19 km/h. The autumn season shows that prevailing winds are coming from the east, but they are fairly weak. Therefore, is it important to seriously value these results during the devel-opment of the building. Due to the fact that there are higher chances of overheating on the west during the summer, the most favorable orientation should be the south-east.

FIGURE VIII�VI�XIX: WIND DISTRIBUTION: YEAR

125

FIGURE VIII�VI�XX: wind distribution: one year

FIGURE VIII�VI�XXII: wind distribution: summer

FIGURE VIII�VI�XXI: wind distribution: autumn

126

VIII�VI�II IDbuild

iDbuild is mainly suitable for performance predictions when designing offi ce build-ings, schools, etc, where there might be specifi c demands regarding daylight levels. Furthermore, energy for lighting is a part of the energy frame for all buildings. The use of the stand-alone thermal module BuildingCalc is recommended for perfor-mance prediction in relation to design of dwellings. iDbuild is able to use BC/LC as a calculation engine for parameter variations of all input parameters to give building designers an overview of how diff erent parameters aff ect the energy consumption and indoor environment of the room.The program is essential in this part of the design because it allows the user to test his design choices, and to conduct fast parameter variations, in order to satisfy the set requirements. The program is easy to use and the interface is linear, as in the menus follow a linear input. The program allows the user to choose between three diff erent types of simulations, BuildingCalc, LightCalc, and iDbuild (Buildingcalc and Lightcalc together). For all of the simulations in this phase, iDbuild was chosen as the main simulation environment. Another useful tool of iDbuild is its integration with the drawing software Google SketchUp. With a plugin that comes with the package it is possible to export text fi les from SketchUp, which can be imported into iDbuild. Therefore a total of 5 text fi les were created to simulate all of the most signifi cant space. For each simulation the coordinates set are 41050’29.04’’ N, 12o39’06.84’’E, and a time meridian of 15, these were taken from Google Earth. The program loads MATLAB fi les for the weather data that are extracted from the internet weather da-tabase of the US Government energy simulation software EnergyPlus. In this case the weather data is taken from a station near the site, more precisely the airport at Ciampino, which is at a distance of approximately 8 kilometers from the site. With this information one can plot an entire solar year. Also the program can calculate the solar radiation at diff erent orientations of the site. On the left both the solar plot and the solar radiation are shown. From the solar radiation tables, one can see that they are not too far off from the graphical results of Vasari. For all of the simulations, the program sets the summer period from the 19th to the 37th week of the year, and winter from 1st to the 18th and 38th to the 53rd week of the year. The major dif-fi culty that was encountered during this simulation phase was the designing of the systems. An entire section of this chapter is dedicated to the discussion of the design of the systems.At the end of the chapter one can fi nd comprehensive tables that show the fi nal de-sign choices and the parameter variations for each of the simulations, where the highlighted green parameters are the chosen values for the design. Also it is impor-tant to see that three diff erent room designs satisfy the requirements for the offi ces and the double offi ces. The variation of the depth for the single offi ce from 4 to 6 meters is essential for this building, and all three depths satisfy the requirements.

127

FIGURE VIII�VI�XXIII: Solar year plot

FIGURE VIII�VI�XXV: solar radiation: EAST

FIGURE VIII�VI�XXIV: solar radiation: SOUTH

FIGURE VIII�VI�XXVI: solar radiation: north

FIGURE VIII�VI�XXVII: solar radiation: west

128

VIII�VI�III DESIGN of SYSTEMS

The main diffi culty during this design phase was encountered during the design of systems of the rooms. This diffi culty was caused by the thermal excursions that happen from day to night. This required a further investigation of the weather data. The weather data was extracted from the EnergyPlus fi le, and it was analyzed with the use of Microsoft Excel. This fi rst analysis was to compare the trend of the outdoor temperatures from EnergyPlus with the weather data taken from the Rome 30 web site, Figure VIII.IV.I . The data from Rome 30 seems to show only the maximum temperatures, while in Excel, through a polynomial trendline, one can see the overall trend of the outdoor temperatures. With this analysis it was understood that during half of the month of September the temperatures are still in a high range. Therefore, in the defi nition of the non-heating season in iDbuild the weeks were extended from 19:37 to 19:41. By changing the outside heating season weeks, a signifi cant reduction in overheating hours was witnessed. After the correct timing of the systems was understood, a study was conducted in order to understand what type of ventilation system would satisfy the Thermal Indoor Requirements, but at the same time satisfy the energy frame. Three systems were compared, one based of solely on air changing ventilation, and the other two based on mechanical cooling, one to satisfy Category I and the other Category II. The system comparison analysis was conducted only on the single offi ce, since it will be the most present room in the building. In all of the cases a WinDat#1 Dark Blinds 20Air-4SN-12Kr-4-12Kr-SN4 window with a shading control system for temperature or glare, except for the single offi ce on the north where no shading control was implemented, and simple triple glazing 4SN-12Kr-4-12Kr-SN4 was chosen. For the other rooms other parameters were varied. In the following pages one can fi nd how each system was defi ned, and an analysis of how each system responds to the outdoor tempera-tures, during occupation hours. This analysis is shown over a period of an entire year and particularly during the summer and winter solstices, and the equinoxes. Finally a compari-son between the systems is shown. For the calculations for ventilation rates one can refer to section VIII.VII.II Ventilation System, where the calculation example for the single offi ce was conducted.Passive System. This system was the most challenging to design. Several iterations had to be conducted in order to fi nd the correct heating and cooling temperature set points, to-gether with the most suitable venting and ventilation air changes. Mechanical Cooling Category I. This system was designed in order to satisfy the Thermal Indoor Requirements for Category I. In order to satisfy these requirements 50 W/m2 of me-chanical cooling had to be provided, together with 20 l/s/m2 of maximum ventilation, and 15 l/s/m2 of maximum venting.Mechanical Cooling Category II. This system was designed in order to satisfy the Thermal Indoor Requirements for Category II. In order to satisfy these requirements 50 W/m2 of me-chanical cooling had to be provided, together with 16 l/s/m2 of maximum ventilation, and 10 l/s/m2 of maximum venting.

129

y = 4E-14x4 - 9E-10x3 + 5E-06x2 - 0.0057x + 8.6133

-5

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5

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15

20

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30

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0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

Te

mp

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at

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e

Te

mp

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Hours Hours (hrshrs)

Outdoor TemperatutesOutdoor Temperatutes

FIGURE VIII�VI�XXVII: window

Table VIII�VI�I: Windat#1 Properties

Thermal Properties Visual Transmittances t (-)Profi le Angle g-value dir (-) Dir -> dir Dir -> diff Dir -> redir

O Deg 0.489 0.682 0 01O Deg 0.489 0.681 0 02O Deg 0.487 0.678 0 03O Deg 0.482 0.67 0 04O Deg 0.471 0.65 0 05O Deg 0.444 0.604 0 06O Deg 0.388 0.51 0 07O Deg 0.286 0.345 0 08O Deg 0.141 0.136 0 09O Deg 0 0 0 0

g-value dif (-) 0.398U-value (W/m2K) 0.554

Inner Surface Refl ectance r (-) 0.291Slat Distance (m) 0.072

Slat Width (m) 0.08

130

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

PASSIVE SYSTEMPASSIVE SYSTEM

Outdoor Temperatutes Operative Temperatures Reference

VIII�VI�IV Passive system analysis

GRAPH VIII�VI�II: PASSIVE SYSTEM

-5

0

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10

15

20

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30

35

40

0 5 10 15 20 25

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Daily hoursDaily hours

HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE yearly overviewHOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE yearly overview

Outdoor Temperatures Occupation Hours Operative Temperatures Reference System Occupation Hours

GRAPH VIII�VI�III: HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE YEARLY OVERVIEW

131

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132

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HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE DEC� HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE DEC� 21

Outdoor Temperatures Occupation Hours Operative Temperatures Reference System Occupation Hours

0

5

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0 5 10 15 20 25

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HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE MARCH HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE MARCH 21

Outdoor Temperatures Occupation Hours Operative Temperatures Reference System Occupation Hours

GRAPH VIII�VI�IV: HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE DEC. 21

GRAPH VIII�VI�V: HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE MARCH 21

133

0

5

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HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE june HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE june 21

Outdoor Temperatures Occupation Hours Operative Temperatures Reference System Occupation Hours

0

5

10

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0 5 10 15 20 25

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Daily hoursDaily hours

HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE SEPT HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE SEPT 21

Outdoor Temperatures Occupation Hours Operative Temperatures Reference System Occupation Hours

GRAPH VIII�VI�VII: HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE JUNE 21

GRAPH VIII�VI�VIII: HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE SEPT� 21

134

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

mech� cooling system mech� cooling system (higher airhigher air-changeschanges)

Outdoor Temperatutes Operative Temperatures VAR 2

VIII�VI�V MECHANICAL COOLINg Category I analysis

GRAPH VIII�VI�IX: MECH� SYSTEM

-5

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HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE yearly overviewHOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE yearly overview

Outdoor Temperatures Occupation Hours Operative Temperatures VAR 2 System Occupation Hours

GRAPH VIII�VI�X: HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE YEARLY OVERVIEW

135

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136

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HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE DEC� HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE DEC� 21

Outdoor Temperatures Occupation Hours Operative Temperatures VAR 2 System Occupation Hours

0

5

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HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE MARCH HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE MARCH 21

Outdoor Temperatures Occupation Hours Operative Temperatures VAR 2 System Occupation Hours

GRAPH VIII�VI�XI: HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE DEC. 21

GRAPH VIII�VI�XII: HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE MARCH 21

137

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Daily hoursDaily hours

HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE june HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE june 21

Outdoor Temperatures Occupation Hours Operative Temperatures VAR 2 System Occupation Hours

0

5

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15

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30

0 5 10 15 20 25

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Daily hoursDaily hours

HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE SEPT HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE SEPT 21

Outdoor Temperatures Occupation Hours Operative Temperatures VAR 2 System Occupation Hours

GRAPH VIII�VI�XIII: HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE JUNE 21

GRAPH VIII�VI�XIV: HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE SEPT� 21

138

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

mech� cooling systemmech� cooling system

Outdoor Temperatutes Operative Temperatures VAR 1

VIII�VI�VI MECHANICAL COOLING Category II analysis

GRAPH VIII�VI�XV: MECH� SYSTEM

-5

0

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0 5 10 15 20 25

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Daily hoursDaily hours

HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE yearly overviewHOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE yearly overview

Outdoor Temperatures Occupation Hours Operative Temperatures VAR 1 System Occupation Hours

GRAPH VIII�VI�XVI: HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE YEARLY OVERVIEW

139

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140

0

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HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE DEC� HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE DEC� 21

Outdoor Temperatures Occupation Hours Operative Temperatures VAR 1 System Occupation Hours

0

5

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0 5 10 15 20 25

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Daily hoursDaily hours

HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE MARCH HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE MARCH 21

Outdoor Temperatures Occupation Hours Operative Temperatures VAR 1 System Occupation Hours

GRAPH VIII�VI�XVII: HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE DEC. 21

GRAPH VIII�VI�XVIII: HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE MARCH 21

141

0

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Daily hoursDaily hours

HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE june HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE june 21

Outdoor Temperatures Occupation Hours Operative Temperatures VAR 1 System Occupation Hours

0

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HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE SEPT HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE SEPT 21

Outdoor Temperatures Occupation Hours Operative Temperatures VAR 1 System Occupation Hours

GRAPH VIII�VI�XIX: HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE JUNE 21

GRAPH VIII�VI�XX: HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE SEPT� 21

142

The outcome of the comparison of the systems, was quite decisive in the design of the sys-tems. From the systems response graph one can see that the passive system, compared to the mechanical cooling has several hours of over cooling and over heating. This was also seen in the Thermal Indoor Environment results, where the reference system (passive sys-tem) has around 40 hours of over heating in the summer, 60 hours of over heating in the winter, and 60 hours of over cooling in the summer. This might lead to the conclusion that mechanical cooling would be the best design choice, but two factors discredit such state-ments. First, these hours outside the ranges are just 2% out of the entire year. Therefore, the passive system is under the 5% limit of maximum deviation from Class II. Second, from can be seen in the systems variation graphs, the energy performance of the mechanical cooling systems do not satisfy the energy class requirements. Furthermore, from the comparison of the detailed systems during the summer and winter solstices, one can see the response of the passive system is comparable to the response of the mechanical cooling systems. Based on this analysis the choice to use passive systems for the ventilation was made. This system was chosen as the main principle of ventilation also for the other spaces.

FIGURE VIII�VI�XXVIII: Systems variation

143

-5

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0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

SYSTEMS RESPONSESYSTEMS RESPONSE

Outdoor Temperatutes Operative Temperatures Reference

Operative Temperatures VAR 1 Operative Temperatures VAR 2

FIGURE VIII�VI�XXIX: Indoor environment variation results

Mechanical Cooling Category II (VAR I)

Mechanical Cooling Category I (Var II)

Passive System (Reference)

GRAPH VIII�VI�XXI: SYSTEMS RESPONSE COMPARISON

144

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HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE DEC� HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE DEC� 21

Outdoor Temperatures Occupation Hours Operative Temperatures Reference System Occupation Hours

Operative Temperatures VAR 1 System Occupation Hours Operative Temperatures VAR 2 System Occupation Hours

0

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HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE MARCH HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE MARCH 21

Outdoor Temperatures Occupation Hours Operative Temperatures Reference System Occupation Hours

Operative Temperatures VAR 1 System Occupation Hours Operative Temperatures VAR 2 System Occupation Hours

GRAPH VIII�VI�XXII: HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE DEC. 21

GRAPH VIII�VI�XXIII: HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE MARCH 21

145

0

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HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE SEPT HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE SEPT 21

Outdoor Temperatures Occupation Hours Operative Temperatures Reference System Occupation Hours

Operative Temperatures VAR 1 System Occupation Hours Operative Temperatures VAR 2 System Occupation Hours

0

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HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE june HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE june 21

Outdoor Temperatures Occupation Hours Operative Temperatures Reference System Occupation Hours

Operative Temperatures VAR 1 System Occupation Hours Operative Temperatures VAR 2 System Occupation Hours

GRAPH VIII�VI�XXIV: HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE JUNE 21

GRAPH VIII�VI�XXV: HOURLY SYSTEM RESPONSE SEPT� 21

146

Table VIII�VI�V: Final Design

Geometry Room

Width 3 m

Depth 4 m

Height 2.8 m

Window

Height 1.6 m

Width 2.6 m

Off set Wall 0.9 m

Orientation 0

Glazing WinDat#1 Dark Blinds 20Air-4SN-12Kr-4-12Kr-SN4 (Temp or Glare Cut-Off )

Frame

U-value 1.2 W/m2K

Width 0.15 m

Psi 0.257 W/mK

Overhang

Distance 0.2 m

Length 0.3 m

Wall Depth 0.1

Construction

U-value Facade 0.15 W/m2K

U-value Floors, Roof 0 W/m2K

Thermal Capacity Middle Heavy

Sensors Standard iDbuild Settings

Air Rate 10 l/s/personAir Rate for

Building Emissions 0.5 l/s/m2

Table VIII�VI�Vi: Systems Settings

Profi le Working Hrs Heating Season

Non-Working Hrs Heating Season

Working Hrs Cooling Season

Non-Working Hrs Cooling Season

Time Profi leWeeks 1:18 42:53 1:18 42:53 19:41 19:41Days 1:5 1:7 1:5 1:7

Hours 9:19 1:24 9:19 1:24

Set PointsHeating 20oC 20oC - -

Cooling 22oC 22oC 23oC 23oC

Internal Loads 200 W 0 W 200 W 0 W

Infi ltration 0.1 l/s/m2 0.1 l/s/m2 0.1 l/s/m2 0.1 l/s/m2

Mech.Vent.

Min. Airchange 0.82 l/s/m2 0 l/s/m2 0.82 l/s/m2 0 l/s/m2

Max. Airchange 5 l/s/m2 5 l/s/m2 5 l/s/m2 5 l/s/m2

Max. Vent. 8 l/s/m2 8 l/s/m2 8 l/s/m2 8 l/s/m2

HX Effi ciency 0.85 (Bypass) 0 0.85 (Bypass) 0

Mechanical Cooling 0 0 0 0

Ligh

ting

General

Setpoint 200 lux 200 lux 200 lux 200 lux

Min. Power 0 0 0 0

Max. Power 6 W/m2 6 W/m2 6 W/m2 6 W/m2

Control ON/OFF Always MIN ON/OFF Always MIN

Task

Setpoint 500 lux 500 lux 500 lux 500 lux

Min. Power 0 0 0 0

Max. Power 1 W/m2 1 W/m2 1 W/m2 1 W/m2

Control ON/OFF Always MIN ON/OFF Always MIN

Single office

147

FIGURE VIII�VI�XXX: Systems variation

FIGURE VIII�VI�XXXI: Room depth variation

148

Table VIII�VI�VIi: Parameter Variation

Geometry RoomDepth 4 - 5 - 6 metersHeight 2.7 - 2.8 - 3

Window

Height 1.5 - 1.6 - 1.7 metersOrientation -45 - 0 - 45 degrees (SW - S - SE)

GlazingPilkington Suncool Brilliant 6B(30)-12Ar-4-12Ar-SN4WinDat#1 Dark Blinds 20Air-4SN-12Kr-4-12Kr-SN4

Dblskin 10-500Air-Windat#1 Dark Blinds-4-15Ar-SN4

FIGURE VIII�VI�XXXII: Final spatial definition

FIGURE VIII�VI�XXXIV: window height variation

149

FIGURE VIII�VI�XXXIII: Glazing variation

FIGURE VIII�VI�XXXV: Orientation variation

150

Table VIII�VI�VIII: Final Design

Geometry Room

Width 3 m

Depth 4 m

Height 2.8 m

Window

Height 1.6 m

Width 2.6 m

Off set Wall 0.9 m

Orientation 0

Glazing 4SN-12Kr-4-12Kr-SN4 (No Shading Control)

Frame

U-value 1.2 W/m2K

Width 0.15 m

Psi 0.257 W/mK

Overhang

Distance 0.2 m

Length 0.3 m

Wall Depth 0.1

Construction

U-value Facade 0.15 W/m2K

U-value Floors, Roof 0 W/m2K

Thermal Capacity Middle Heavy

Sensors Standard iDbuild Settings

Air Rate 10 l/s/personAir Rate for

Building Emissions 0.5 l/s/m2

Table VIII�VI�IX: Systems Settings

Profi le Working Hrs Heating Season

Non-Working Hrs Heating Season

Working Hrs Cooling Season

Non-Working Hrs Cooling Season

Time Profi leWeeks 1:18 42:53 1:18 42:53 19:41 19:41Days 1:5 1:7 1:5 1:7

Hours 9:19 1:24 9:19 1:24

Set PointsHeating 20oC 20oC - -

Cooling 22oC 22oC 23oC 23oC

Internal Loads 200 W 0 W 200 W 0 W

Infi ltration 0.1 l/s/m2 0.1 l/s/m2 0.1 l/s/m2 0.1 l/s/m2

Mech.Vent.

Min. Airchange 0.82 l/s/m2 0 l/s/m2 0.82 l/s/m2 0 l/s/m2

Max. Airchange 5 l/s/m2 5 l/s/m2 5 l/s/m2 5 l/s/m2

Max. Vent. 8 l/s/m2 8 l/s/m2 8 l/s/m2 8 l/s/m2

HX Effi ciency 0.85 (Bypass) 0 0.85 (Bypass) 0

Mechanical Cooling 0 0 0 0

Ligh

ting

General

Setpoint 200 lux 200 lux 200 lux 200 lux

Min. Power 0 0 0 0

Max. Power 6 W/m2 6 W/m2 6 W/m2 6 W/m2

Control ON/OFF Always MIN ON/OFF Always MIN

Task

Setpoint 500 lux 500 lux 500 lux 500 lux

Min. Power 0 0 0 0

Max. Power 1 W/m2 1 W/m2 1 W/m2 1 W/m2

Control ON/OFF Always MIN ON/OFF Always MIN

north Single office

151

FIGURE VIII�VI�XXXVI: WINDOW

FIGURE VIII�VI�XXXVII: Orientation variation

Table VIII�VI�X: triple glazing window Properties

Thermal Properties Visual Transmittances t (-)Profi le Angle g-value dir (-) Dir -> dir Dir -> diff Dir -> redir

O Deg 0.489 0.682 0 01O Deg 0.489 0.681 0 02O Deg 0.487 0.678 0 03O Deg 0.482 0.67 0 04O Deg 0.471 0.65 0 05O Deg 0.444 0.604 0 06O Deg 0.388 0.51 0 07O Deg 0.286 0.345 0 08O Deg 0.141 0.136 0 09O Deg 0 0 0 0

g-value dif (-) 0.398U-value (W/m2K) 0.554

Inner Surface Refl ectance r (-) 0.291

152

Table VIII�VI�xI: Parameter Variation

Geometry RoomDepth 4 - 5 - 6 metersHeight 2.7 - 2.8 - 3

Window

Height 1.5 - 1.6 - 1.7 metersOrientation -135 - 180 - 135 (NW - N - NE)

GlazingPilkington Suncool Brilliant 6B(30)-12Ar-4-12Ar-SN4

4SN-12Kr-4-12Kr-SN4WinDat#1 Dark Blinds 20Air-4SN-12Kr-4-12Kr-SN4

FIGURE VIII�VI�XL: window height variation

FIGURE VIII�VI�XXXVIII: Final spatial definition

153

FIGURE VIII�VI�XXXIX: Glazing variation

FIGURE VIII�VI�XLI: room depth variation

154

Table VIII�VI�V: Final Design

Geometry Room

Width 3 m

Depth 6 m

Height 2.8 m

Window

Height 1.6 m

Width 2.6 m

Off set Wall 0.9 m

Orientation 0

Glazing WinDat#1 Dark Blinds 20Air-4SN-12Kr-4-12Kr-SN4 (Temp or Glare Cut-Off )

Frame

U-value 1.2 W/m2K

Width 0.15 m

Psi 0.257 W/mK

Overhang

Distance 0.2 m

Length 0.3 m

Wall Depth 0.1

Construction

U-value Facade 0.15 W/m2K

U-value Floors, Roof 0 W/m2K

Thermal Capacity Middle Heavy

Sensors Standard iDbuild Settings

Air Rate 10 l/s/personAir Rate for

Building Emissions 0.5 l/s/m2

Table VIII�VI�Vi: Systems Settings

Profi le Working Hrs Heating Season

Non-Working Hrs Heating Season

Working Hrs Cooling Season

Non-Working Hrs Cooling Season

Time Profi leWeeks 1:18 42:53 1:18 42:53 19:41 19:41Days 1:5 1:7 1:5 1:7

Hours 9:19 1:24 9:19 1:24

Set PointsHeating 20oC 20oC - -

Cooling 22oC 22oC 23oC 23oC

Internal Loads 200 W 0 W 200 W 0 W

Infi ltration 0.1 l/s/m2 0.1 l/s/m2 0.1 l/s/m2 0.1 l/s/m2

Mech.Vent.

Min. Airchange 1.13 l/s/m2 0 l/s/m2 1.13 l/s/m2 0 l/s/m2

Max. Airchange 5 l/s/m2 5 l/s/m2 5 l/s/m2 5 l/s/m2

Max. Vent. 8 l/s/m2 8 l/s/m2 8 l/s/m2 8 l/s/m2

HX Effi ciency 0.85 (Bypass) 0 0.85 (Bypass) 0

Mechanical Cooling 0 0 0 0

Ligh

ting

General

Setpoint 200 lux 200 lux 200 lux 200 lux

Min. Power 0 0 0 0

Max. Power 6 W/m2 6 W/m2 6 W/m2 6 W/m2

Control ON/OFF Always MIN ON/OFF Always MIN

Task

Setpoint 500 lux 500 lux 500 lux 500 lux

Min. Power 0 0 0 0

Max. Power 1 W/m2 1 W/m2 1 W/m2 1 W/m2

Control ON/OFF Always MIN ON/OFF Always MIN

Double office

155

FIGURE VIII�VI�XXX: reference

FIGURE VIII�VI�XXXI: Room depth variation

156

Table VIII�VI�VIi: Parameter Variation

Geometry RoomDepth 4 - 5 - 6 metersHeight 2.7 - 2.8 - 3

Window

Height 1.5 - 1.6 - 1.7 metersOrientation -45 - 0 - 45 degrees (SW - S - SE)

GlazingPilkington Suncool Brilliant 6B(30)-12Ar-4-12Ar-SN4WinDat#1 Dark Blinds 20Air-4SN-12Kr-4-12Kr-SN4

Dblskin 10-500Air-Windat#1 Dark Blinds-4-15Ar-SN4

FIGURE VIII�VI�XXXII: Final spatial definition

FIGURE VIII�VI�XXXIV: window height variation

157

FIGURE VIII�VI�XXXV: Orientation variation

FIGURE VIII�VI�XXXIII: Glazing variation

158

Table VIII�VI�xiI: Final Design

Geometry Room

Width 6 m

Depth 5 m

Height 2.7 m

Window

Height 1.7 m

Width 4.6 m

Off set Wall 0.9 m

Orientation 0

Glazing WinDat#1 Dark Blinds 20Air-4SN-12Kr-4-12Kr-SN4 (Temp or Glare Cut-Off )

Frame

U-value 1.2 W/m2K

Width 0.15 m

Psi 0.257 W/mK

Overhang

Distance 0.2 m

Length 0.3 m

Wall Depth 0.1

Construction

U-value Facade 0.15 W/m2K

U-value Floors, Roof 0 W/m2K

Thermal Capacity Middle Heavy

Sensors Standard iDbuild Settings

Air Rate 10 l/s/personAir Rate for

Building Emissions 0.5 l/s/m2

Table VIII�VI�xiIi: Systems Settings

Profi le Working Hrs Heating Season

Non-Working Hrs Heating Season

Working Hrs Cooling Season

Non-Working Hrs Cooling Season

Time Profi leWeeks 1:18 42:53 1:18 42:53 19:41 19:41Days 1:5 1:7 1:5 1:7

Hours 9:19 1:24 9:19 1:24

Set PointsHeating 21oC 21oC - -

Cooling 21.5oC 21.5oC 23oC 22.5oC

Internal Loads 400 W 0 W 400 W 0 W

Infi ltration 0.1 l/s/m2 0.1 l/s/m2 0.1 l/s/m2 0.1 l/s/m2

Mech.Vent.

Min. Airchange 1.96 l/s/m2 0 l/s/m2 1.96 l/s/m2 0 l/s/m2

Max. Airchange 8 l/s/m2 8 l/s/m2 8 l/s/m2 8 l/s/m2

Max. Vent. 10 l/s/m2 10 l/s/m2 10 l/s/m2 10 l/s/m2

HX Effi ciency 0.85 (Bypass) 0 0.85 (Bypass) 0

Mechanical Cooling 0 0 0 0

Ligh

ting

General

Setpoint 200 lux 200 lux 200 lux 200 lux

Min. Power 0 0 0 0

Max. Power 6 W/m2 6 W/m2 6 W/m2 6 W/m2

Control ON/OFF Always MIN ON/OFF Always MIN

Task

Setpoint 500 lux 500 lux 500 lux 500 lux

Min. Power 0 0 0 0

Max. Power 1 W/m2 1 W/m2 1 W/m2 1 W/m2

Control ON/OFF Always MIN ON/OFF Always MIN

executive office

159

FIGURE VIII�VI�XLIII: Orientation variation

FIGURE VIII�VI�XLII: Room depth variation

160

Table VIII�VI�xIV: Parameter Variation

Geometry RoomDepth 4 - 5 - 6 metersHeight 2.7 - 2.8 - 3

Window

Height 1.5 - 1.6 - 1.7 metersOrientation -90 - 0 - 90 meters

GlazingPilkington Suncool Brilliant 6B(30)-12Ar-4-12Ar-SN4WinDat#1 Dark Blinds 20Air-4SN-12Kr-4-12Kr-SN4

Dblskin 10-500Air-Windat#1 Dark Blinds-4-15Ar-SN4

FIGURE VIII�VI�XLIV: Final spatial definition

FIGURE VIII�VI�XLVI: room height variation

161

FIGURE VIII�VI�XLV: Glazing variation

FIGURE VIII�VI�XLVII: window height variation

162

Table VIII�VI�xV: Final Design

Geometry Room

Width 6 m

Depth 5 m

Height 2.8 m

Window

Height 1.7 m

Width 5.8 m

Off set Wall 0.8 m

Orientation 0

Glazing WinDat#1 Dark Blinds 20Air-4SN-12Kr-4-12Kr-SN4 (Temp or Glare Cut-Off )

Frame

U-value 1.2 W/m2K

Width 0.15 m

Psi 0.257 W/mK

Overhang

Distance 0.2 m

Length 0.3 m

Wall Depth 0.1

Construction

U-value Facade 0.15 W/m2K

U-value Floors, Roof 0 W/m2K

Thermal Capacity Middle Heavy

Sensors Standard iDbuild Settings

Air Rate 10 l/s/personAir Rate for

Building Emissions 0.5 l/s/m2

Table VIII�VI�xVI: Systems Settings

Profi le Working Hrs Heating Season

Non-Working Hrs Heating Season

Working Hrs Cooling Season

Non-Working Hrs Cooling Season

Time Profi leWeeks 1:18 42:53 1:18 42:53 19:41 19:41Days 1:5 1:7 1:5 1:7

Hours 9:15 1:24 9:15 1:24

Set PointsHeating 20oC 20oC - -

Cooling 21oC 20.5oC 23.5oC 22.5oC

Internal Loads 700 W 0 W 700 W 0 W

Infi ltration 0.1 l/s/m2 0.1 l/s/m2 0.1 l/s/m2 0.1 l/s/m2

Mech.Vent.

Min. Airchange 2.68 l/s/m2 0 l/s/m2 2.68 l/s/m2 0 l/s/m2

Max. Airchange 6 l/s/m2 6 l/s/m2 20 l/s/m2 20 l/s/m2

Max. Vent. 4 l/s/m2 4 l/s/m2 5 l/s/m2 5 l/s/m2

HX Effi ciency 0.85 (Bypass) 0 0.85 (Bypass) 0

Mechanical Cooling 0 0 0 0

Ligh

ting

General

Setpoint 200 lux 200 lux 200 lux 200 lux

Min. Power 0 0 0 0

Max. Power 6 W/m2 6 W/m2 6 W/m2 6 W/m2

Control ON/OFF Always MIN ON/OFF Always MIN

Task

Setpoint 500 lux 500 lux 500 lux 500 lux

Min. Power 0 0 0 0

Max. Power 1 W/m2 1 W/m2 1 W/m2 1 W/m2

Control ON/OFF Always MIN ON/OFF Always MIN

MEETING ROOM

163

FIGURE VIII�VI�LXIX: Orientation variation

FIGURE VIII�VI�LXVIII: Room depth variation

164

Table VIII�VI�xVII: Parameter Variation

Geometry RoomDepth 4 - 5 - 6 metersHeight 2.7 - 2.8 - 3

Window

Height 1.6 - 1.7 - 1.8 metersOrientation -90 - 0 - 90 meters

GlazingPilkington Suncool Brilliant 6B(30)-12Ar-4-12Ar-SN4WinDat#1 Dark Blinds 20Air-4SN-12Kr-4-12Kr-SN4

Dblskin 10-500Air-Windat#1 Dark Blinds-4-15Ar-SN4

FIGURE VIII�VI�L: Final spatial definition

FIGURE VIII�VI�LII: room height variation

165

FIGURE VIII�VI�LI: Glazing variation

FIGURE VIII�VI�LIII: window height variation

166

Table VIII�VI�xVIII: Final Design

Geometry Room

Width 25 m

Depth 10 m

Height 2.8 m

Window

Height 1.7 m

Width 24.6 m

Off set Wall 0.9 m

Orientation 0

Glazing WinDat#1 Dark Blinds 20Air-4SN-12Kr-4-12Kr-SN4 (Temp or Glare Cut-Off )

Frame

U-value 1.2 W/m2K

Width 0.15 m

Psi 0.257 W/mK

Overhang

Distance 0.2 m

Length 0.3 m

Wall Depth 0.1

Construction

U-value Facade 0.15 W/m2K

U-value Floors, Roof 0 W/m2K

Thermal Capacity Middle Heavy

Sensors Standard iDbuild Settings

Air Rate 10 l/s/personAir Rate for

Building Emissions 0.5 l/s/m2

Table VIII�VI�xiX: Systems Settings

Profi le Working Hrs Heating Season

Non-Working Hrs Heating Season

Working Hrs Cooling Season

Non-Working Hrs Cooling Season

Time Profi leWeeks 1:18 42:53 1:18 42:53 19:41 19:41Days 1:5 1:7 1:5 1:7

Hours 8:20 1:24 8:20 1:24

Set PointsHeating 16oC 16oC - -

Cooling 19oC 19oC 23oC 23oC

Internal Loads 1500 W 0 W 1500 W 0 W

Infi ltration 0.1 l/s/m2 0.1 l/s/m2 0.1 l/s/m2 0.1 l/s/m2

Mech.Vent.

Min. Airchange 0.6 l/s/m2 0 l/s/m2 0.6 l/s/m2 0 l/s/m2

Max. Airchange 6 l/s/m2 6 l/s/m2 6 l/s/m2 6 l/s/m2

Max. Vent. 4 l/s/m2 4 l/s/m2 4 l/s/m2 4 l/s/m2

HX Effi ciency 0.85 (Bypass) 0 0.85 (Bypass) 0

Mechanical Cooling 0 0 0 0

Ligh

ting

General

Setpoint 200 lux 200 lux 200 lux 200 lux

Min. Power 0 0 0 0

Max. Power 6 W/m2 6 W/m2 6 W/m2 6 W/m2

Control ON/OFF Always MIN ON/OFF Always MIN

Task

Setpoint 500 lux 500 lux 500 lux 500 lux

Min. Power 0 0 0 0

Max. Power 1 W/m2 1 W/m2 1 W/m2 1 W/m2

Control ON/OFF Always MIN ON/OFF Always MIN

store

167FIGURE VIII�VI�LV: Orientation variation

FIGURE VIII�VI�LIV: Room depth variation

168

Table VIII�VI�xX: Parameter Variation

Geometry RoomDepth 9 - 10 - 11 metersHeight 2.7 - 2.8 - 3

Window

Height 1.6 - 1.7 - 1.8 metersOrientation -90 - 0 - 90 meters

GlazingPilkington Suncool Brilliant 6B(30)-12Ar-4-12Ar-SN4WinDat#1 Dark Blinds 20Air-4SN-12Kr-4-12Kr-SN4

Dblskin 10-500Air-Windat#1 Dark Blinds-4-15Ar-SN4

Final spatial definition

FIGURE VIII�VI�LVII: room height variation

169

FIGURE VIII�VI�LVI: Glazing variation

FIGURE VIII�VI�LVIII: window height variation

170

Table VIII�VI�xXI: Final Design

Geometry Room

Width 10 m

Depth 6 m

Height 2.7 m

Window

Height 1.9 m

Width 9.6 m

Off set Wall 0.5 m

Orientation 0

Glazing WinDat#1 Dark Blinds 20Air-4SN-12Kr-4-12Kr-SN4 (Temp or Glare Cut-Off )

Frame

U-value 1.2 W/m2K

Width 0.15 m

Psi 0.257 W/mK

Overhang

Distance 0.2 m

Length 0.3 m

Wall Depth 0.1

Construction

U-value Facade 0.15 W/m2K

U-value Floors, Roof 0 W/m2K

Thermal Capacity Middle Heavy

Sensors Standard iDbuild Settings

Air Rate 10 l/s/personAir Rate for

Building Emissions 0.5 l/s/m2

apartment

171

Ta

bl

e V

III�V

I�x

XII

: Sy

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Cool

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71:

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:17

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7

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o C16

o C-

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Cool

ing

19o C

19o C

19o C

23o C

23o C

23o C

Inte

rnal

Loa

ds10

00 W

400

W0

W10

00 W

400

W0

W

Infi

ltra

tion

0.1

l/s/

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0.1

l/s/

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0.1

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0.1

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20

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0.75

l/s/

m2

0.75

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0 l/

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2

Max

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chan

ge6

l/s/

m2

6 l/

s/m

26

l/s/

m2

6 l/

s/m

26

l/s/

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6 l/

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2

Max

. Ven

t.

5 l/

s/m

25

l/s/

m2

5 l/

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25

l/s/

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5 l/

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25

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HX

Effi

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0.85

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00.

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85 (B

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hani

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00

00

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Lighting

Gen

eral

Setp

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200

lux

200

lux

200

lux

200

lux

200

lux

200

lux

Min

. Pow

er0

00

00

0

Max

. Pow

er6

W/m

26

W/m

26

W/m

26

W/m

26

W/m

26

W/m

2

Cont

rol

ON

/OFF

ON

/OFF

Alw

ays

MIN

ON

/OFF

ON

/OFF

Alw

ays

MIN

Task

Setp

oint

500

lux

500

lux

500

lux

500

lux

500

lux

500

lux

Min

. Pow

er0

00

00

0

Max

. Pow

er1

W/m

21

W/m

21

W/m

21

W/m

21

W/m

21

W/m

2

Cont

rol

ON

/OFF

ON

/OFF

Alw

ays

MIN

ON

/OFF

ON

/OFF

Alw

ays

MIN

172

FIGURE VIII�VI�LX: Orientation variation

FIGURE VIII�VI�LIX: reference

173

Table VIII�VI�xXIII: Parameter Variation

Geometry RoomDepth 6 - 7 - 8 metersHeight 2.7 - 2.8 - 3

Window

Height 1.5 - 1.6 - 1.7 metersOrientation -90 - 0 - 90 meters

GlazingPilkington Suncool Brilliant 6B(30)-12Ar-4-12Ar-SN4WinDat#1 Dark Blinds 20Air-4SN-12Kr-4-12Kr-SN4

Dblskin 10-500Air-Windat#1 Dark Blinds-4-15Ar-SN4

FIGURE VIII�VI�LXI: Final spatial definition

FIGURE VIII�VI�LXIII: window height variation

174

FIGURE VIII�VI�LXII: Room depth variation

FIGURE VIII�VI�LXIV: window height variation

175

176

VIII�VII IESVE BUILDING SIMULATIONS

The last phase of the design was the detailed analysis of an offi ce fl oor with the use of the IESVE energy simulation software. This phase of the design process is essen-tial to confi rm the design choices, and receive further feedback.The fi rst step was to build the model in ModelIT. With the use of the IESVE plug-in in Revit, the design engineer could easily export the geometry from the BIM program into the energy analyysis software, thus saving quite a lot of time. The only issue that was encountered in this phase was the lack of freedom of which sections of the building could be imported into the program. Therefore, in order to analyze the of-fi ce fl oor, all of the other spaces had to be deleted after being imported in IESVE; but even with this issue, time was saved.What followed was the assigning of all of the constructions specifi cations to the ge-ometry. On pages 176 and 177, one can fi nd all of the constructions specifi cations. Unfortunately, the import plug-in from Revit did not include the specifi cations of the constructions. Therefore, there was some time loss in re-assigning the constructions. After assigning the diff erent building construction properties, to windows, exterior walls, and internal partitions, the following step was to assign all of the internal gains to each room template. The same occupation, equipment, and shading profi les and loads from iDbuild were applied. Also, the same temperature profi les for the auxiliary ventilation systems in iDbuild were applied in IESVE. An additional profi le had to be developed in order to improve indoor environment of certain offi ces fac-ing south. The proposed double facade in section VIII.VII.I, had to be expressed as an additional overhang, 0.5 m projection, compared to IDbuild’s 0.3 m. This is because it was not possible to model such facade in the ModelIT. All of the profi les specifi ca-tions can be found on pages 178 and 179.Several issues were encountered during the designing of the HVAC system, in ApacheHVAC, shown in fi gure VIII.VII.III. These issues were present mainly because the cooling loads were quite signifi cant, and the solar gain had to be meticulously minimized, while not reducing the right to daylight. The design engineer lacked ex-perience in developing HVAC systems in Italy. Therefore, the assistance of a building services engineer to conduct further analysis would have been essential. But, with the use of the program’s auxiliary ventilation system it was possible to have an ac-curate evaluation of the performance of the design. Auxiliary ventilation bases it self on temperature set points, chosen by the user, in order to maintain the desired operative temperatures, with having to develop the entire HVAC system. The tem-perature set points for the heating and cooling seasons are shown in tables VIII.VII.XVII and VIII.VII.XVIII.

VIII�VII�I IESVE modeling

177

FIGURE VIII�VII�I: iesve model from revit

FIGURE VIII�VII�II: iesve office floor

FIGURE VIII�VII�III: APACHEHVAC SYSTEM

178

Table VIII�VIi�i: window Properties

Material Thickness(mm)

Conductivity (W/mK) Coating Resistance

(m2K/W) Transmittance

PILKINGTON K 4 1.06 Insinde Film - 0.73Krypton 12 - - 0.61 -

PILKINGTON K 4 1.06 Insinde Film - 0.73Krypton 12 - - 0.61 -

PILKINGTON K 4 1.06 Insinde Film - 0.73

Table VIII�VIi�iI: window Properties

Net U value 0.7161 W/m2K

Visible LightTransmittance 0.771

Frame Uvalue 0.73

Table VIII�VIi�iII: shutter Properties

Radiation to Lower 0Radiation to Raise 600

Frame Uvalue 0.73Thermal Properties

Profi le Angle g-value dir (-)O Deg 0.489

1O Deg 0.4892O Deg 0.4873O Deg 0.4824O Deg 0.4715O Deg 0.4446O Deg 0.3887O Deg 0.2868O Deg 0.1419O Deg 0

Table VIII�VIi�iV: projections Properties

Overhang Projection 0.5 mOverhang Off set 0.1 m

Table VIII�VIi�V: shading profile

00:00 gt(to,20,100)24:00 gt(to,20,100)

179

Table VIII�VIi�Vi: external wall Properties

Material Thickness(m)

Conductivity (W/mK)

Resistance(m2K/W)

Edilit Panels 0.01 0.29 0.034Ventilated Air Gap 0.045 0.25 0.18

Marine Plywood 0.02 0.06 0.33Insulation in Rock Wool 0.1 0.035 2.86

Sacrite 0.025 0.38 0.07Thermal and Acoustic Insulation 0.05 0.035 1.43

Sacrite 0.025 0.038 0.07Insulation in Rock Wool 0.1 0.035 2.86

Vapor Barrier 0.005 0 0.00Double Layer of Plasterboard 0.025 0.16 0.004

Uvalue 0.1227

Table VIII�VIi�VII: interNAL WALL

Material Thickness(m)

Conductivity (W/mK)

Resistance(m2K/W)

Double Layer of Plasterboard 0.025 0.16 0.004Thermal and Acoustic Insulation 0.1 0.035 2.86

Double Layer of Plasterboard 0.025 0.16 0.004Uvalue 0.33

Table VIII�Vii�VIII: FLOOR

Material Thickness(m)

Conductivity (W/mK)

Resistance(m2K/W)

Marble 0.02 0.12 0.17Expanded Polyurethane 0.055 0.054 3.67

Reinforced Concrete 0.2 1.49 0.53Double Layer of Plasterboard 0.025 0.21 0.16

Uvalue 0.45

Table VIII�Vii�IX: ROOF

Material Thickness(m)

Conductivity (W/mK)

Resistance(m2K/W)

Marble 0.02 3 0.027Expanded Polyurethane 0.2 0.05 4

Acoustic Insulation 0.01 0.05 0.2Reinforced Concrete 0.2 0.4 0.5

Corrugated Panel 0.002 52 0Double Layer of Plasterboard 0.025 0.16 0.156

Uvalue 0.2

180

Table VIII�VIi�xi: occupancy profiles

Time Offi ces Time Meeting Room00:00 0 00:00 009:00 0 09:00 009:00 0.84 09:00 0.513:00 0.84 12:00 0.513:00 0 12:00 014:30 0 14:30 014:30 0.84 14:30 0.518:00 0.84 16:00 0.518:00 0 16:00 024:00 0 24:00 0

Table VIII�VIi�xII: equipment profiles

Time Offi ces Time Meeting Room00:00 0 00:00 009:00 0 09:00 009:00 0.67 09:00 0.6713:00 0.67 12:00 0.6713:00 0 12:00 014:30 0 14:30 014:30 0.67 14:30 0.6718:00 0.67 16:00 0.6718:00 0 16:00 024:00 0 24:00 0

Table VIII�VIi�x: internal gains

Single Offi ce Single Offi ce South Double Offi ce Meeting Room CorridorPeople 90 W 90 W 180 W 450 W -

Computer 100 W 100 W 200 W 500 W -Lighting 200 W 200 W 400 W 500 W 100 W

Table VIII�VIi�xIII: dimming profile

Time00:00 ramp(e1,0,1,500,0)24:00 ramp(e1,0,1,500,0)

181

Table VIII�VIi�xIV: auxiliary ventilation air exchange rates

Single Offi ce Single Offi ce South Double Offi ce Meeting Room CorridorVentilation 4 l/(m2s) 4 l/(m2s) 4 l/(m2s) 8 l/(m2s) -Infi ltration 0.1 l/(m2s) 0.1 l/(m2s) 0.1 l/(m2s) 0.1 l/(m2s) 0.1 l/(m2s)

Table VIII�VIi�xV: ventilation profiles

Time Offi ces Time Meeting Room00:00 0 00:00 007:00 0 07:00 007:00 1 07:00 118:00 1 16:00 118:00 0 16:00 024:00 0 24:00 0

Table VIII�VIi�xVI: venting profile

Time00:00 ramp(ta,22,0,23,100)24:00 ramp(ta,22,0,23,100)

Table VIII�VIi�xVII: cooling ventilation profiles

Time Offi ces Time South Offi ces Time Meeting Room00:00 24 oC 00:00 24 oC 00:00 25 oC07:00 24 oC 07:00 24 oC 07:00 25 oC07:00 21 oC 07:00 19.5 oC 07:00 21.5 oC18:00 21 oC 16:00 19.5 oC 16:00 21.5 oC18:00 24 oC 16:00 24 oC 16:00 25 oC24:00 24 oC 24:00 24 oC 24:00 25 oC

Weekends 25 oC Weekends 25 oC Weekends 25 oC

Table VIII�VIi�xVIII: heating ventilation profiles

Time Offi ces Time South Offi ces Time Meeting Room00:00 16 oC 00:00 16 oC 00:00 16 oC07:00 16 oC 07:00 16 oC 07:00 16 oC07:00 19 oC 07:00 19 oC 07:00 20 oC18:00 19 oC 18:00 19 oC 16:00 20 oC18:00 16 oC 18:00 16 oC 16:00 16 oC24:00 16 oC 24:00 16 oC 24:00 16 oC

Weekends 16 oC Weekends 16 oC Weekends 16 oC

182

From the results of the program it was possible to see that the predicted energy consumption from iDbuild, was quite close the one evaluated by IESVE. The energy performance of the offi ce fl oor was of 47 kWh/m2, including hot water consumption. This value is below the set requirements of class A3, 50 kWh/m2. From the IESVE analysis it was possible to confi rm that the indoor environment was in accordance to the set requirements, the PPD never goes above 15%. If one was to apply further renewable technologies, such as photovoltaic panels and solar heaters, the energy consumption could be dropped even further. From the daylight analysis, shown on pages 182 and 183, it was possible to confi rm that the set requirements of 2% day-light factor of the working area, was fulfi lled. Besides the issues encountered with ApacheHVAC, the results from the other simulations are quite satisfactory, and per-form according to the predicted results from the preliminary analysis.

VIII�VII�II IESVE results

Comfort - Occupied

Temp Relative Humidity PPDRoom Name Max

°CMin°C

Max%

Min%

Max%

Min%

A-Z Hi/Lo Hi/Lo Hi/Lo Hi/Lo Hi/Lo Hi/LoApply 15

sp-113-Double_Office 23.4 19.0 38.7 0.3 12.5 5.0

sp-114-Double_Office 23.5 19.0 39.4 0.3 12.8 5.0

sp-115-Double_Office 23.5 19.0 39.6 0.3 13.0 5.0

sp-116-Double_Office 23.6 19.0 39.9 0.3 13.5 5.0

sp-117-Double_Office 23.6 19.0 40.0 0.3 13.7 5.0

sp-118-Single_Office 23.0 19.0 40.2 0.3 13.1 5.0

sp-119-Single_Office 23.0 19.0 40.3 0.3 13.1 5.0

sp-120-Single_Office 23.1 18.9 40.3 0.3 13.2 5.0

sp-121-Single_Office 23.1 19.0 40.1 0.3 13.3 5.0

sp-122-Single_Office 23.1 19.0 40.1 0.3 13.0 5.0

sp-123-Single_Office 23.2 19.0 40.3 0.3 13.0 5.0

sp-124-Single_Office 23.2 19.0 40.4 0.3 13.1 5.0

sp-125-Single_Office 23.2 19.0 40.7 0.3 13.3 5.0

sp-126-Single_Office 22.2 18.6 43.5 0.4 15.3 5.0

sp-127-Single_Office 23.0 18.9 52.4 0.4 14.0 5.0

sp-128-Single_Office 22.9 19.0 52.5 0.4 13.3 5.0

sp-129-Single_Office 22.9 19.0 52.5 0.4 13.3 5.0

sp-130-Single_Office 23.2 18.8 53.7 0.4 14.0 5.0

sp-132-Meeting_Roo

m21.5 20.0 0.4 0.3 7.6 5.0

sp-133-Meeting_Roo

m21.5 20.0 0.4 0.3 7.7 5.0

sp-456-Corridor - - - - - -

Copyright © 2009 Integrated Environmental Solutions Limited All rights reserved

PPD is the percentage of people that will find the room thermallyuncomfortable

Please alter the PPD max limit value to highlight rooms that aremorethermally uncomfortable

(US Only)ASHRAE 55 states comfortlies between 5 and 10%PPD

FIGURE V�XIV: iesve PPD REPORT

183

Building systems energy

Month Heating(boilers etc.)

Cooling(chillers etc.)

Fans, pumps andcontrols

Lights Equip.

A-Z Hi/Lo Hi/Lo Hi/Lo Hi/Lo Hi/LoJan 3.0 1.6 0.7 0.7 0.4Feb 1.6 1.6 0.7 0.5 0.3Mar 1.1 2.0 0.8 0.4 0.3Apr 0.6 2.2 0.9 0.4 0.3May 0.2 3.2 1.3 0.6 0.3Jun 0.1 4.0 1.7 0.4 0.3Jul 0.1 5.8 2.4 0.8 0.4Aug 0.1 5.3 2.2 0.7 0.3Sep 0.1 4.5 1.9 0.5 0.3Oct 0.3 3.5 1.5 0.5 0.4Nov 0.7 2.0 0.8 0.6 0.3Dec 2.1 1.8 0.7 0.8 0.4Total 10.0 37.6 15.7 7.0 4.0

Copyright © 2009 Integrated Environmental Solutions Limited All rights reserved

MWh

The maximum value in each column is highlighted in red. The minimum value in each column is highlighted in blue. More than one valuemay be highlighted

Total Yearly Energy Consumption =74.1MWh

Total Yearly Energy Consumption per Floor Area = 42.8kW/m2

FIGURE V�XIII: iesve energy analysis

Carbon Dioxide

Month System(boilers, chillers, fans,pumps)

Lights Equip.

A-Z Hi/Lo Hi/Lo Hi/LoJan 1,789.6 360.5 181.2Feb 1,481.5 266.1 157.6Mar 1,659.3 232.2 165.5Apr 1,730.1 189.3 173.4May 2,399.5 294.8 173.4Jun 2,962.5 193.1 165.5Jul 4,282.4 423.7 181.2Aug 3,908.6 386.4 165.5Sep 3,317.3 277.8 173.4Oct 2,643.3 246.7 181.2Nov 1,609.5 325.5 157.6Dec 1,705.0 400.6 181.2Total 29,488.5 3,596.6 2,056.8

Copyright © 2009 Integrated Environmental Solutions Limited All rights reserved

kgCO2

The maximum value in each column ishighlighted in red. The minimum value in each column is highlighted inblue. More than one value may be highlighted

Total carbon dioxideemissions = 35,141.9kgCO2

FIGURE V�XIV: iesve co2 REPORT

184

FIGURE VIII�VII�IV: single office

FIGURE VIII�VII�V: double office

185FIGURE VIII�VII�VII: single office

FIGURE VIII�VII�VI: double office

186

VIII�ViII BUILDING DESIGN

The development of the architectural form was based on the notion of constructing a landmark and a symbol of a high level of class and design. With this design crite-ria the architectural eff ort was focused on providing a building that would give the highest quality of interior design, and have an inviting modern facade. The chosen approach was to apply the analyzed spaces and functions, from the pre-vious chapters, to the footprint of the building, given by the architect. As mentioned earlier, a fl oor distribution was already decided. The fi rst four fl oors would be dedi-cated to serve the commercial/public functions. While the next fi ve fl oors would be dedicated to offi ces. A gym/wellness center fl oor was strategically placed between the offi ces and the apartments, to create a buff er between the two functions. Lastly, the last 7 fl oors were dedicated to the apartments and to the hotel.The distribution of the spaces took quite a long time and eff ort. While, the offi ce fl oors did not provide major issues in their distribution, the apartments were the big-gest challenge, due to the obtuse angle facing south. This issue was resolved with a meticulous measurement of all of the spaces and help from the interior design architect Alice Centioni. The last spaces that were distributed were the commercial spaces, which did not provide signifi cant issues. After the interior design was concluded, the focus was placed in designing the dou-ble facade of the building. The facade was based on the system developed by the Morphosis architecture studio, which will be described later. This system allows for a dynamic facade, which gives an modern cutting-edge look at the building. The ‘cuts’ in the facade alleviate the closing eff ect that the double facade gives to the building. The sharp angles should suggest that interior the building is equally sharp in its design. After concluding the design of the building, certain issues were en-countered.The whole process was supposed to be a synergetic eff ort between the design engi-neer and the architect. Unfortunately, this part of the design was not a fruit of syn-ergetic eff ort, due to other professional duties of the architect, who was able to give his input only after the architectural design was concluded by the design engineer. After the design engineer concluded the building, the architect expressed his inter-est in applying cuts through the building structure to allow further sun light to enter the building. From the results of further conducted analyses, with Autodesk Project Vasari on several proposed cuts and dispositions, it was clear that the cuts did not improve the sunlight distribution into the building, as it can be seen in Figure VIII.VI.III. Further commentary on the interaction between the architect and the design can be found in the Analysis of Methods Section.

VIII�VIiI�I Architectural form

187

FIGURE VIII�VIII�I: fashion district

FIGURE VIII�VIII�II: master plan

N

188

FIGURE VIII�VIII�III: architectural development

FIGURE VIII�VIII�IV: fashion district

189

FIGURE VIII�VIII�V: analysis of building proposal

190

After having described the architectural form, it is necessary to give an idea of the spatial distribution of the building. Starting with the ground fl oor, the space will be accessible from the outside from the north, west, east, and south side, marked in red. Two reception desks will be placed on the east side of the fl oor, one facing the elevator entrance and one public entrance on the west. Meanwhile, on the west side of the building, the commercial area starts. The purpose of the reception desks is to direct the arriving visitors to the correspond-ing fl oors. The fl oors will have assigned elevators. Therefore, the offi ce fl oors will have el-evators that will arrive only on those fl oors, and so on for the other functions. On the ground fl oor a promenade between the commercial and the reception area will create a soothing atmosphere. This will be a connection between a natural environment and the busy life of everyday. The promenade will be completely open to the public and to the ex-terior. This ‘openness’ will help the breaking of the physical barriers created by the building and contribute to a healthier environment for the visitors. Lastly, to contribute to this ‘open-ness’, the fi rst two fl oors will have a glass facade. To contribute to the cutting edge design of the building, V columns will be included in the design.Certain design factors were strictly kept in mind during this phase. For example, two fi re es-cape stairs were placed at the north east and west corners of the building. The positioning of the stairs allow for a maximum evacuation distance of 24 m, which is within the limits of 25 m. Air locks for the stairs and the main core of elevators were designed in order to ensure a fi re-free buff er zone. Also the green arrow shows the fi re escape exit, showing a direct path to exit.Another design factor that was kept in mind was to dedicate plenty of space to the ducts for the ventilation system and other building services.

VIII�ViII�I�I GRound FLoor

FIGURE VIII�VIII�VI: promenade

191

FIGURE VIII�VIII�VII: reception

FIGURE VIII�VIII�VIII: ground floor plan

N

192

Together with the west side of the ground fl oor, there will be two additional commercial fl oors in the building. These are the fi rst and the second fl oor. Both of these fl oors will be accessible through public entrances. The fi rst are two sets of outside stairs that connect the ground fl oor to the north-west and the south-west terraces. For both fl oors a ‘catwalk’ will be present, which will connect the west with the east side of the building. These catwalks should remind the visitors of a fashion ‘catwalk’.The number of stores can easily vary due to the modularity of the construction.On the west side of the Flagship fl oor, a health bar will be located. As one can notice the fl oor of the health bar will be retracted in order to open up the area and allow the ground fl oor to have an atrium, as mentioned earlier in the Functions section. This atrium continues up to the fourth fl oor, where the restaurant fl oor is located. Together with the catwalk and the open promenade, this atrium contributes to the architectural idea of showing the ‘insides’ of the building, just like an architectural section of the building. The stores will benefi t from the double facade system just like the rest of the building. Lastly, on the Flagship fl oor, there will be a terrace that will give the public a chance to relax, look at the view of the surrounding Roman Castles mountains, listen to a live concert, etc. As mentioned earlier, this terrace will be accessible from a set of stairs at the south-east side. Parts of this terrace will be covered with vegetation, which will not be accessible on foot and will it serve only as a decoration. These green roof are the triangular shapes located on the terrace. The purpose of these small green roofs is not necessarily to benefi t from their heat island reduction eff ect but mainly to introduce the visitors to this kind of passive design.

VIII�ViII�I�II Commercial floor

FIGURE VIII�VIII�IX: flagship first floor plan

N

193

FIGURE VIII�VIII�XI: fashion second floor plan

FIGURE VIII�VIII�X: side entrances

N

194

In order to satisfy the tertiary requirement a total of 5 fl oors were dedicated to offi ces. Two types of fl oors were developed. The fi rst being an open offi ce fl oor, where only desks are present, with the possibility of having several closed offi ces, but two meeting rooms are always present. Also open desks were chosen in order to promote interaction between the workers, and stir away from the “cubicle generation”.The other kind of offi ce fl oor was based on a distribution of closed offi ces. The area of the single offi ces varies from 12 m2 to 15 m 2. Meanwhile, the double offi ces can vary from 15 m 2 to 18 m2. There is the possibility of having more single offi ces or big offi ces dedicated to the managers, on the south east squared section of the building. One must keep in mind that all of these dispositions are representative, but not limiting. Because of the modular design partition walls can be installed very easily in order to defi ne the space accordingly to client’s needs. The development of the closed offi ce fl oor took quite some time, several iterations for the placing of the offi ces was conducted. There is a printer room, a storage space, and an area for relaxing, eating and socializing on both types of fl oors. Also, just like the gym and wellness center fl oor, a north facing terrace was added in order to give the workers a chance to glance at Rome.The development of the building was focused on providing a sustainable indoor environ-ment. Therefore by focusing on the passive systems and the building services, the optimal daylight distribution and ventilation was chosen.

VIII�ViII�i�III office FLOORs

FIGURE VIII�VIII�XII: closed offices floor plan

N

195

FIGURE VIII�VIII�XIII: open offices floor plan

FIGURE VIII�VIII�XIV: open offices floor plan

NN

196

The fourth fl oor will be dedicated to the restoration of the visitors. Two main restaurants will be designed. The one closet to the north-west terrace will be dedicated to light-eating and cold foods, and it will be able to hold 84 people inside, with more during special events on the terrace. Meanwhile, the restaurant on the south-east will be able to hold around 120, and it will serve all ranges of high quality foods, making it a 5 star restaurant. It is quite important to mention that the terrace will be facing Rome, and the near Calatrava Sport Village, giving the visitors a chance to have a unique view, which is not currently present in the neighbor-hood.A gym and wellness center will be included in the building on the 9th fl oor, in order to sepa-rate the offi ce fl oors from the residential fl oors, but it will serve both. The necessary space for the HVAC units was given. The choice to place them on this fl oor was to allow the lessen-ing of the pressure loads and losses onto the ventilation system. This fl oor will have a gym of 155 m2 and a wellness center for massage, tanning salon, sauna, and fi nally locker rooms for showering. Lockers will be placed inside the locker rooms. A lounge/terrace will give the possibility to relax after a session of working out and have a view of Rome.

VIII�VIIi�I�IV GYM/WELLNESS CENTER and restaurant

FIGURE VIII�VIII�XV: north terrace

197

FIGURE VIII�VIII�XVI: restaurant floor plan

FIGURE VIII�VIII�XVII: gym and wellness center floor plan

NN

198

The last fl oors that were detailed were the apartments and the hotel. It was mentioned earlier in the Functions section, these apartments have to provide a luxurious environment. Therefore, maximum attention was given during the space distribution phase in order to en-sure the most effi cient space for all of the apartments. In the apartment fl oors, a total of 6 apartments were developed. All of them have a fully furnished living room, a full kitchen with a dining table, two bathrooms, and two bedrooms. The most luxurious apartments, found on the squared corner of the building, have balconies and bigger spaces. Each apartment has storage spaces which can be easily accessed, and where tenants can park their bicycles. These fl oors were the fruit of cooperation between the design engineer and the interior designer.The hotel fl oor was developed from the fl oor plan of the apartment fl oors. Therefore spe-cial eff ort was applied to derive an extra room from the south facing apartments. From this eff ort, three single bedroom apartments were made, together with two double room apart-ments. The previous luxury apartments in the squared section of the building were divided in two, in order to have a total of 4 single room rentable apartments. The storage spaces that was previously designated for the tenants is now a staff storage for cleaning utensils and bed linings.

VIII�ViII�I�V Luxury and hotel apartments

FIGURE VIII�VIII�XVIII: ROOF

199

FIGURE VIII�VIII�XIX: hotel apartments floor plan

FIGURE VIII�VIII�XX: luxury apartments floor plan

NN

200

VIII�VII�II ARCHITECTURAL strategies

The chosen double facade was based off of the facade system developed by the Morphosis architecture studio, located in Santa Monica, California, together with the architectural metal and glass company Zahner, from Kansas City, Kansas. Together the two have developed the metal facade for the San Fransisco Federal Building and the Cooper Union’s New Academic building in New York. The exterior façade of the last, is made up of a high performance stainless steel curtain wall that wraps the entire building. This custom facade by Zahner is densely perforated except in certain rectangular areas, so that the visual eff ect is a series of rectangles shapes scattered across the surface of the facade. It is made up of operable pan-els that can open and close depending on environmental conditions.According to the German architectural magazine DETAIL “The new university building for the Cooper Union unites three schools in a single location. Its striking external form is an expres-sion of the innovative claims of this institution; internally, it is designed to promote an inter-disciplinary dialogue between art, architecture and engineering. The sculptural facade plays with light, shade and transparency. Large areas of glazing are enclosed within an outer layer of perforated stainless-steel sheeting, which screens the spaces within against overheating yet still allows internal activities to shimmer through to the outside.” (Konzept 2010-9)

double facade

FIGURE VIII�VIII�XXI: San Francisco federal building facade

201

FIGURE VIII�VIII�XXII: view through panels

FIGURE VIII�VIII�XXIII: cooper union steel facade

202

The following are the building elements that will be utilized in the building. All of them come with their respective Uvalue.

Building elements

Table VIII�ViIi�I: EXTERNAL WALL

Depth[m]

λ[W/mK]

R[m²K/W]

External Resistance 25 0.041 Edilit Panels 0.01 0.29 0.0342 Ventilated Air Gap 0.045 0.25 0.183 Marine Plywood 0.02 0.06 0.334 Insulation in Rock Wool 0.1 0.035 2.865 Sacrite 0.025 0.38 0.076 Thermal and Acoustic Insulation 0.05 0.035 1.437 Sacrite 0.025 0.038 0.078 Insulation in Rock Wool 0.1 0.035 2.869 Vapor Barrier 0.005 0 0.00

10 Double Layer of Plasterboard 0.025 0.16 0.004 Internal Resistance 10 0.10

ΣR 8 Total Depth 0.4 m Uvalue 0.13

1

2

INT EXT

3

4

5

6

7

8

910

203

Table VIII�VIii�II: interNAL WALL

Depth[m]

λ[W/mK]

R[m²K/W]

Internal Resistance 10 0.101 Double Layer of Plasterboard 0.025 0.16 0.0042 Thermal and Acoustic Insulation 0.1 0.035 2.863 Double Layer of Plasterboard 0.025 0.16 0.004 Internal Resistance 10 0.10

ΣR 3.30 Total Depth 0.15 m Uvalue 0.33

INT INT

1

2

3

204

Table VIII�ViIi�III: FLOOR

Depth[m]

λ[W/mK]

R[m²K/W]

Internal Resistance 10 0.101 Marble 0.02 0.12 0.172 Expanded Polyurethane 0.055 0.054 3.673 Reinforced Concrete 0.2 1.49 0.534 Double Layer of Plasterboard 0.025 0.21 0.16 Internal Resistance 10 0.10

ΣR 4.72 Total Depth 0.3 m Uvalue 0.45

INT

INT

1

2

3

4

205

Table VIII�ViIi�IV: ROOF

Depth[m]

λ[W/mK]

R[m²K/W]

External Resistance 25 0.041 Marble 0.02 3 0.0272 Expanded Polyurethane 0.2 0.05 43 Acoustic Insulation 0.01 0.05 0.24 Reinforced Concrete 0.2 0.4 0.55 Corrugated Panel 0.002 52 06 Double Layer of Plasterboard 0.025 0.16 0.156 Internal Resistance 10 0.1

ΣR 5 Total Depth 0.52 m Uvalue 0.2

INT

EXT

1

2

3

45

6

206

VIII�ViII�III SCHEDULES

Table VIII�ViIi�V: FLOORS

Floor Area (m2)-2 Basement 1036-1 Basement 10360 Ground Floor 20101st Floor - Commercial 12102nd Floor - Commercial 12103rd Floor - Restaurant 13004th Floor - Closed Offi ces 9705th Floor - Closed Offi ces 9706th Floor - Closed Offi ces 9707th Floor - Open Offi ces 9708th Floor - Open Offi ces 9709th Floor - Wellness Center 97010th Floor - Apartments 97011th Floor - Apartments 97012th Floor - Apartments 97013th Floor - Hotel 97014th Floor - Hotel 97015th Floor - Hotel 97016th Floor - Hotel 970

Table VIII�ViIi�V: hotel floors

Room Area (m2) NumberSingle 1 44 4Single 2 50 4Single 3 53 4Double 1 83 4Double 2 92 4Single 4 51 4Single 5 47 4Single 6 50 4Single 7 47 4Total Single 28Total Double 8

207

Table VIII�VIii�V: office floors

Room Area (m2) NumberMeeting Room 1 29 3Meeting Room 1 28 3Single 1 14 3Single 2 14 3Single 3 14 3Single 4 14 3Single 5 12 3Single 6 13 3Single 7 13 3Single 8 14 3Single 9 14 3Single 10 15 3Single 11 15 3Single 12 15 3Single 13 16 3Double 1 16 3Double 2 16 3Double 3 17 3Double 4 18 3Double 5 18 3Total Single 39Total Double 15

Table VIII�ViIi�V: apartment floors

Room Area (m2) NumberApartment 1 71 3Apartment 2 75 3Apartment 3 83 3Apartment 4 92 3Apartment 5 98 3Apartment 6 98 3Total Apartments 18

208

VIII�VII SYSTEMS DESIGN

In locations such as Italy, with high summer temperatures, the most logical way to choose the design loads is to base the calculations on the solar thermal gains from the windows, which have a major infl uence on the ventilation loads. Since the necessary data for the calculation of the loads based on the thermal gains was not present, the minimum required loads were based on the following calculations and design inputs.

pollution loads

Sensory Pollution LoadsThe sensory pollution load is determined by calculating the polluting equipment used in the offi ces. According to the equipment mention in Table VIII.V.III, and based on table VIII.VII.I the total sensory pollution load is the following:

0.1×15 m2 + 0.05×15 m2 + 0.5 + 0.25 + 0.75 + 1 = 4.75 olf

This takes into account the pollution from the fl oor (0.1 olf/m2 fl oor), the walls and ceiling (0.05 olf/m2 fl oor), the table and chair (0.5 olf), 1 PC (0.25 olf/PC), a printer (0.75 olf) and fi nally one occupant (1 olf), all over an area of 15 m2.

VIII�VII�II VENTILATION SYSTEM

VIII�VII�I sensory pollution load

Floor (olf/m2 fl oor) 0.1Walls Ceiling (olf/m2 fl oor) 0.05

Furniture (olf) 0.5Laptop (olf) 0.25

Fax (olf) 0Printer (olf) 0.75

Chemical Pollution LoadsSince the equipment used in the offi ce contributes to the chemical pollution of the space, it is essential to calculate the chemical pollution loads derived from the equipment. Accord-ing to EN 15251:2006, a building is considered very low polluting when the emission of total volatile compounds (TVOC) is below 0.1 mg/m2h. The level of TVOC in this case is the following:

(0.008+0.001)×(15 m2) + (0.015+0.025+0.075) =0.0167 μg/(s m2 fl oor) = 0.06 mg/(m2 h)

This takes into account the chemical pollution, reported in Table VIII.VII.II from the fl oor (0.008 μg/s/m2 fl oor), the walls and ceiling (0.001 μg/s/m2 fl oor), the table and chair (0.015

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ventilation rates

The chemical and sensory loads require a minimum ventilation rate so that pollution is re-moved from the space. Sensory Pollution. Considering the sensory pollution load and according to CR1752:2008, the required ventilation rate for comfort can be calculated from the CR1752:2008, Equation A2, Annex A, p.28.

Where Gc is the previously calculated sensory pollution load. Some assumptions had to be made in order to calculate this fl ow rate. The fi rst assumption was to choose a value for the desired perceived indoor air quality, Cc,I. of 1 decipol. This assumption was made to be 1, to achieve the best air quality and fulfi ll the category A requirements. The second assumption was to choose a value for the perceived outdoor air quality at intake, Cc,o, of 0 decipol. This assumption was made to be 0, because the offi ce building will be placed in a non-urban area, hence the air quality can be assumed to be pristine. The last assumption was to choose the

VIII�VII�II pollution and chemical load

Pollution load 0% smokersFloor (ug/m2) 0.008

Walls Ceiling (ug/m2) 0.001Furniture (ug/s) 0.015

Laptop (ug/s) 0.025Fax (ug/s) 0

Printer (ug/s) 0.075

VIII�VII�II�Iii SINGLE OFFICE DATA

Room Height (m) 2.7Room Width (m) 3Room Depth (m) 5 (reference)External Wall (m) 3.94Room Area (m2) 12

Room Volume (m3) 32.4Height Window (m) 2.6Width Window (m) 1.6Area Windows (m2) 4.16Internal Walls (m2) 37.24

Ceiling (m2) 12

Qc = 10Cc,l - Cc,o

Gc #fv

1 = 47.6 l/s52.6

μg/s); 1 PCs (0.025 μg/s/PC), a printer (0.075 μg/s). Of course an occupant is assumed not to contribute to the chemical pollution of the offi ce. Therefore, offi ce under assessment is considered very low polluting.

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ventilation eff ectiveness, ev, of 0.95. This assumption was based on the graph presented in CEN 1752, page 70. In this graph, the temperature diff erence between supply air and the air in the breathing zone was taken negative considering the summer case. Hence, the ventila-tion eff ectiveness was between 0.9 and 1, 0.95 was chosen as an average value. So accord-ing to the sensory pollution load, the air change in the offi ce is 4 l/m2s, based on the systems variation in idbuild, the chosen ventilation rate of 5 l/m2s, since it provided the optimum indoor operative temperatures.

Chemical Pollution. Considering the chemical pollution load and according to EN15251:2006, the required ventilation rate from a health point of view can be calculated from the CR1752:2008, Equation A3, Annex A, p.29:

Where Gh is the previously calculated chemical pollution load. Some assumptions had to be made in order to calculate this fl ow rate. The fi rst assumption was to choose a value for the guideline value of a chemical, Ch,I of 0.2 micrograms per liter. This assumption was made to be 0.2. , to achieve the best air quality and fulfi ll the category A requirements. The second assumption was to choose a value for the outdoor concentration of a chemical air quality at intake, Ch,o, of 0 micrograms per liter. This assumption was made to be 0, because the offi ce building will be placed in a non-urban environment, hence the air quality can be assumed to be pristine. The last assumption was to choose the ventilation eff ectiveness, ev, of 0.95. This assumption was based on the graph presented in CEN 1752, page 70. In this graph the tem-perature diff erence between supply air and the air in the breathing zone was taken negative considering the summer case. So according to the chemical pollution load, the air change in the offi ce is 0.1 h-1. At fi rst this was chosen as the minimum air change rate, in order to remove the pollution present in the room, but then the minimum was changed, due to the following calculations based on the EN 15251 standard.

EN 15251:2006. Based on the Equation B.1 in Annex B, one can calculate the recommended ventilation rate for non-residential buildings. This value was used as the minimum require-ment.

q tot / A = ( n q p ) / A + ( q B )

q tot / A = ( 1 × 10 l/s person ) / (15 m2) + 0.35 l/m2s = 0.82 l/m2s or 1 h-1 air change

where:

qtot= total ventilation rate of the room, l/s

n = design value for the number of the persons in the room

qp = ventilation rate for occupancy per person, l/(s pers)

A= room fl oor area, m2

qB = ventilation rate for emissions from building, l/(s m2)

Qh =Ch,l - Ch,o

Gh #fv

1 = 1.174 l/s1.316

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ventilation principle

The ventilation principles that were available for this design were the following: mixing, dis-placement, and personalized. Even though each of these principles has several advantages and disadvantages, the mixing ventilation principle was chosen. The selection of the ventila-tion principle was based on several deciding factors. In Figure VIII.VII.I, taken from Awbi’s ”Ventilation of Buildings”, the most effi cient ventilation system to use, according to the air fl ow rate, the cooling capacity, and the diff erence of tem-perature between exhaust (Qe) and supply air (Qs) is shown. Considering the calculated fl ow rate of 52.6 l/s and the room surface of 15 m2, the air fl ow rate per fl oor area is of 5 l/m2s. Subsequently, assuming that the diff erence of temperature (Qe-Qs) for mixing ventilation has to be lower than 8 (K) and for displacement ventilation has to be lower than 5 (K), the ventilation system indicated from the graph in Figure VIII.VII.I is the mixed fl ow.

FIGURE VIII�VII�I: ventilation principle

212

213

ix� bibliography

I. Stefano Capolongo, Laura Daglio, Ilaria Oberti. Edifi cio, Salute, Ambiente. Milano, Italy: HO-EPLI MILANO, 2007.

II. McLennan, Jason F. The Philosophy of Sustainable Design. Kansas City: Ecotone Publishing Company LLC, 2004.

III. Tester, W. Jeff erson. Sustainable Energy: Choosing Among Options. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2005.

IV. Steff en Petersen, Svend Svendsen. Method for integrated design of low energy buildings with quality indoor environment. Lyngby: Technical University of Denmark, Department of Civil Engineering, 2008.

V. John Chris Jones. Perspective about “Design Methods for Everyone”. http://www.softopia.demon.co.uk/2.2/designmethodsforeveryone.html, July 7th, 2011.

VI. Chuck Eastman, Paul Teicholz, Rafael Sacks, Kathleen Liston. BIM Handbook. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Inc. 2008.

VII. Busby Perkins + Will Stantec Consulting. Roadmap for the Integrated Design Process. Vancouver CA: BC Green Building Roundtable, 2007.

VIII. Steff en Petersen, Svend Svendsen. Method and simulation program for informed deci-sions in the early stages of building design. Lyngby: Technical University of Denmark, Depart-ment of Civil Engineering, 2008.

IX. Eddy Krygiel, Dradley Nies. Green BIM. Indianapolis, Indiana: Wiley Publishing, 2008.

X. Gunter Lohnert, Andreas Dalkowski, Werner Sutter. Integrated Design Process. Interna-tional Energy Agency: Solar Heating & Cooling Program. Berling / Zug. April 2003.

XI. McDonough, William. Cradle to Cradle: Remaking The Way We Make Things. New York: North Point Press, 2002.

XII. Benyus, James M. Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired By Nature. New York: Harper Perennial, 2002.

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XIII. Anh Tuan Nguyen, Sigrid Reiter. The eff ect of ceiling configurations on indoor air motion and ventilation flow rates. Local Environment Management and Analysis (LEMA), University of Liège, Belgium. 21, September 2011.

XIV. Sustainability Victoria. Natural Ventilation Systems. http://www.resourcesmart.vic.gov.au/documents/Natural_Ventilation_Systems.pdf 15, March 2011.

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x� Acknowledgements

There are several people that I would like to acknowledge and thank for their sup-port, whether it be intellectual, psychological, or moral, in the development of this thesis.I would like to thank the Architectural and Civil Engineer departments at the Tech-nical University of Denmark. I would like especially thank my supervisor Professor Toke Rammer Nielsen and my co-supervisor Professor Christian Anker Hviid for their availability, support, and patience in the making of this thesis. I would also like to thank the following professors, who have formed me to become the engineer I am today: Professor Christian Ronne, Professor Hans Janssen, Professor Steff en Peters-en, and Professor Jan Karlshoj.I would like to thank the members of the Andreotti Architects studio, especially Ar-chitect Luciano Andreotti, who allowed me to conduct my thesis at his studio and followed me during the development of the project. I would like to thank Architect Alice Centioni, who gave me the idea of conducting my thesis at the studio, and for her moral support inside and outside of the offi ce. Lastly, I would like to mention Architect Vittorio Centioni, who gave me essential suggestions during the develop-ment of the building.I want to thank my family. My mom and dad, who supported me during these years of study, and throughout my entire life, and for pushing me in becoming the best per-son, engineer, and scientist that I could be. I would like to thank my brother who has always been there and has given me the most valuable advice throughout my life.I would like to thank my extended family. My aunt and uncle for supporting me dur-ing this experience in Italy. My cousins, Alice, Luna, Martino, Edoardo, Maria Rosaria, Carmen, and Marie Michelle, for being there for me in most diffi cult moments of this experience and my life, and Viola for inspiring me.I would like to thank my friends in Italy, Marco, Alberto, Chiara, Francesco, and Sara, for being my best friends in the most diffi cult moments. I would like to mention Vito and Giovanna Perucca.I would like to thank the best sisters in the world, Maria Cristina and Maria Veronica, for being the truest and craziest girls I know.I would like to thank my friends at DTU: Daniela, Giorgos, Giuliano, Jacopo, Javier, Matias, Matteo N., Nicolas, Anna, Jessica, Ruben, and Ana. But most especially Nicola, Fernando, Matteo Z., Stamatis, and Lorenzo for being who you are and for always be-ing there for me.I would like to thank my friends in New York and at Cooper Union: Gee, Michael, Rafael, Vanessa, Paul, Deep, Jeff rey, David, James, Richard, Jan, Jeremy, Samar, Risa, Alan, Juan, Samuel Ghelli, and Smushi. I would like to thank Peter Cooper, who has founded the institution that allowed me to reach my potential.I want to thank Marc for being a source of wisdom and love.Most importantly, I want to thank Hyeji, who has shown me a diff erent way of seeing the world, for giving me the passion for architecture, life, and emotions.