EXTRA CREDITEXTRA CREDITGet out a piece of Get out a piece of

paper and write paper and write down the 50 states down the 50 states

in the next 5 in the next 5 minutesminutes

Fun Facts about the BRAINFun Facts about the BRAINYour brain is the most complex, mind-blowing organ in Your brain is the most complex, mind-blowing organ in

the universe.      the universe.      Each neuron is connected to other neurons by up to Each neuron is connected to other neurons by up to

40,000 individual connections (called synapses) between 40,000 individual connections (called synapses) between cells.   Multiplying 100 billion neurons times 40,000 cells.   Multiplying 100 billion neurons times 40,000

synapses is equivalent to the brain having more synapses is equivalent to the brain having more connections in it than there are stars in the universe.  connections in it than there are stars in the universe.  

A piece of brain tissue the size of a grain of sand A piece of brain tissue the size of a grain of sand contains 100,000 neurons and 1 billion synapses, all contains 100,000 neurons and 1 billion synapses, all "talking" to one another The brain is one of the best "talking" to one another The brain is one of the best

examples of the “use it or lose it” principle.   Connections examples of the “use it or lose it” principle.   Connections that are used repeatedly in the early years become that are used repeatedly in the early years become

permanent; while those that are not used are pruned.  permanent; while those that are not used are pruned.  At age 11, the brain begins to prune extra connections At age 11, the brain begins to prune extra connections at a rapid rate. The circuits that remain are more specific at a rapid rate. The circuits that remain are more specific

and efficient. and efficient. 

The signals can travel at these high speeds because a The signals can travel at these high speeds because a part of neurons, called axons, are wrapped and part of neurons, called axons, are wrapped and insulated by a special substance called myelin.   insulated by a special substance called myelin.  

Axons that are not insulated by myelin, either by design Axons that are not insulated by myelin, either by design or disease, transmit signals 10 times slower. or disease, transmit signals 10 times slower.

Also, the areas of the brain that develop early, such as Also, the areas of the brain that develop early, such as vision, are the first areas to become myelinated vision, are the first areas to become myelinated (wrapped in myelin), which helps that part of the brain (wrapped in myelin), which helps that part of the brain become more efficient.become more efficient.

During late adolescence and into the mid 20s, the front During late adolescence and into the mid 20s, the front third of the brain, called the prefrontal cortex (PFC) or third of the brain, called the prefrontal cortex (PFC) or executive brain, continues to develop.executive brain, continues to develop.     

    Information in your brain travels at about 268 miles Information in your brain travels at about 268 miles per hour, unless of course you are drunk, then things per hour, unless of course you are drunk, then things really slow down.  really slow down.  

Glucose and oxygen run your brain cells.   Glucose and oxygen run your brain cells.   Unlike other cells in your body, glucose is the Unlike other cells in your body, glucose is the only fuel your brain knows how to use.     only fuel your brain knows how to use.     Anything that impairs glucose delivery to brain Anything that impairs glucose delivery to brain cells is life threatening.   cells is life threatening.  

Oxygen is required to produce energy, without Oxygen is required to produce energy, without it the energy powerhouses of neurons called it the energy powerhouses of neurons called mitochondria will not produce enough energy to mitochondria will not produce enough energy to keep your brain alive.   Because blood delivers keep your brain alive.   Because blood delivers glucose and oxygen to your brain, nothing must glucose and oxygen to your brain, nothing must get in the way of get in the way of blood flow blood flow if the brain is to if the brain is to stay healthy.     Unconsciousness will occur after stay healthy.     Unconsciousness will occur after 8-10 seconds after loss of blood supply to the 8-10 seconds after loss of blood supply to the brain.  brain.  

Construction in ProgressConstruction in Progress

Prefrontal CortexPrefrontal Cortex The front section of your brain, at your forehead, is the prefrontal The front section of your brain, at your forehead, is the prefrontal

cortex. This brain region has been implicated in planning complex cortex. This brain region has been implicated in planning complex cognitive behaviors, personality expression, decision making and cognitive behaviors, personality expression, decision making and moderating correct social behavior.moderating correct social behavior. The basic activity of this brain The basic activity of this brain region is considered to be orchestration of thoughts and actions region is considered to be orchestration of thoughts and actions in accordance with internal goals.in accordance with internal goals.

The most typical The most typical psychologicalpsychological term for functions carried out by term for functions carried out by the prefrontal cortex area is the prefrontal cortex area is executive functionexecutive function. Executive function . Executive function relates to abilities to differentiate among conflicting thoughts, relates to abilities to differentiate among conflicting thoughts, determine good and bad, better and best, same and different, determine good and bad, better and best, same and different, future consequences of current activities, working toward a future consequences of current activities, working toward a defined goal, prediction of outcomes, expectation based on defined goal, prediction of outcomes, expectation based on actions, and social "control" (the ability to suppress urges that, if actions, and social "control" (the ability to suppress urges that, if not suppressed, could lead to socially-unacceptable outcomes).not suppressed, could lead to socially-unacceptable outcomes).

Interestingly, the part of the brain known as the limbic system Interestingly, the part of the brain known as the limbic system matures before the prefrontal cortex. The limbic system is key in matures before the prefrontal cortex. The limbic system is key in our emotional responses. This would explain why teens may our emotional responses. This would explain why teens may make decisions based more on feeling rather than rational make decisions based more on feeling rather than rational thinking and may play into why they make unhealthy or risky thinking and may play into why they make unhealthy or risky decisions. decisions.

•A is theA is themyelin myelin sheathsheath

•B is the B is the axonaxon

•C is the C is the cell bodycell body

•D is the D is the dendritedendrite

Details of a neuronDetails of a neuron

The body is made up of billions of cells.Cells of the nervous system, called neurons, are specialized to carry "messages" through an electrochemical process. The human brain has about 100 billion neurons.

Communication of informationbetween neurons is madepossible by movement of chemicals across a small gapcalled the synapse. Chemicals, called neurotransmitters, are released from one neuron at the pre-synaptic nerve terminal. Neurotransmitters then cross the synapse where they may be acceptedby the next neuron at a specialized site called a receptor.

How Neurons CommunicateHow Neurons Communicate

DopamineDopamine: : Natural chemical in brain associated Natural chemical in brain associated

with pleasurewith pleasure What natural things activate What natural things activate

dopamine?dopamine? SportsSports FriendsFriends AccomplishmentsAccomplishments ActivitiesActivities FamilyFamily FoodFood

Healthy Brain at Rest

Healthy Brain: Dopamine Activated

Healthy Brain that is High for First Time

1. Each time a person gets high, the “feel-good” response is less and less.

2. When a person gets high repeatedly, he or she begins to deplete normal dopamine levels.

So eventually…

Brain of Regular Drug User at Rest

Brain of Regular Drug User Brain When High

Healthy Brain at Rest

Healthy Brain: Dopamine Activated

Brain of Drug User at Rest

Drug User’s Brain: Dopamine Activated

Brain of Drug User at Rest

Healthy Brain at Rest

Drug User’s Brain When High

Your Brain After DrugsYour Brain After Drugs

Normal

Cocaine Abuser (10 da)

Cocaine Abuser (100 da)

1.1. Teen choices are normally based on what Teen choices are normally based on what according to the article?according to the article?

2.2. Regions of the brain continue to mature until Regions of the brain continue to mature until what age?what age?

3.3. What part of the brain is responsible for What part of the brain is responsible for thinking ahead and sizing up risks and thinking ahead and sizing up risks and rewards?rewards?

4.4. What part of your brain is responsible for What part of your brain is responsible for emotional responses?emotional responses?

5.5. Why are teens more likely to make bad Why are teens more likely to make bad choices when it comes to drugs?choices when it comes to drugs?

6. What part of your brain creates memories?6. What part of your brain creates memories?

7. What is the name of the two fine tuning 7. What is the name of the two fine tuning processes of the brain called?processes of the brain called?

8. How can teens control how their brain 8. How can teens control how their brain develops?develops?

9. What neurotransmitter is responsible for 9. What neurotransmitter is responsible for making you feel “high” when it floods the making you feel “high” when it floods the brain?brain?

10. What are the 2 things that the limbic system 10. What are the 2 things that the limbic system does in response to the flood of excess does in response to the flood of excess neurotransmitters?neurotransmitters?

TobaccoTobacco

What do you know about Tobacco?What do you know about Tobacco? It is believed that tobacco has been It is believed that tobacco has been

cultivated in the Americas since 6,000 B.C. cultivated in the Americas since 6,000 B.C. Tobacco is in the same family as the Tobacco is in the same family as the

potato, pepper and the poisonous potato, pepper and the poisonous nightshade, a very deadly plant. nightshade, a very deadly plant.

Chemicals Found In Cigarettes Chemicals Found In Cigarettes

There are 600 ingredients in cigarettes, that There are 600 ingredients in cigarettes, that when burned created 4,000 chemicals. when burned created 4,000 chemicals. 200 are know poisons200 are know poisons 69 are known to cause cancer (carcinogens)69 are known to cause cancer (carcinogens)

Did you KNOWDid you KNOW Smoke from one cigarette can take up to three Smoke from one cigarette can take up to three

hours to clear an average sized room!hours to clear an average sized room! Smoke filled rooms can have up to Smoke filled rooms can have up to sixsix-times the -times the

air pollution as a busy highwayair pollution as a busy highway

Chemicals Found In CigarettesChemicals Found In Cigarettes AcetoneAcetone AmmoniaAmmonia ArsenicArsenic BenzeneBenzene Carbon monoxideCarbon monoxide CyanideCyanide DDTDDT FormaldehydeFormaldehyde LeadLead MethanolMethanol NapthaleneNapthalene

NicotineNicotine TarTar MercuryMercury

FDA Regulation of TobaccoFDA Regulation of Tobacco

Are tobacco products regulated by the Are tobacco products regulated by the FDA?FDA?

Are nicotine replacement products Are nicotine replacement products (patches, gum, lozenge) regulated by (patches, gum, lozenge) regulated by the FDA?the FDA?

Short Term Effects of Tobacco UseShort Term Effects of Tobacco Use

SmellSmell NailsNails TeethTeeth WrinklesWrinkles High blood pressureHigh blood pressure Increased heart rateIncreased heart rate Shortness of breathShortness of breath Sexual dysfunctionSexual dysfunction

Long Term Effects of Tobacco UseLong Term Effects of Tobacco Use

Heart diseaseHeart disease Stoke Stoke EmphysemaEmphysema Lung cancerLung cancer Bladder cancerBladder cancer Larynx cancerLarynx cancer Stomach cancerStomach cancer Uterine cancerUterine cancer Breast cancerBreast cancer

Why do people smoke?Why do people smoke?

AvailableAvailable StressStress WeightWeight BoredomBoredom InfluenceInfluence ImageImage

The FactsThe Facts

The majority of people, even teens, do The majority of people, even teens, do NOT smoke.NOT smoke. 74% of Missourians are SMOKE-FREE74% of Missourians are SMOKE-FREE Only Only 26 26 out of out of 100100 adults smoke. adults smoke. Only Only 2424 out of out of 100100 teenagers smoke. teenagers smoke.

The FactsThe Facts

Nicotine is Nicotine is ADDICTIVEADDICTIVEIt’s easier never to start smoking than to quit smokingIt’s easier never to start smoking than to quit smoking

Most teens (75%) who are daily smokers and planned Most teens (75%) who are daily smokers and planned to stop smoking were still smoking 5-7 years laterto stop smoking were still smoking 5-7 years later

8 out of 10 teens say that if they had to do it over, they 8 out of 10 teens say that if they had to do it over, they would would NOTNOT start smoking start smoking

Just what price are you willing to pay Just what price are you willing to pay for Tobacco...for Tobacco...

Tobacco Industry Tobacco Industry InfluenceInfluence The tobacco industry spendsThe tobacco industry spends

12.4 billion12.4 billion dollars yearly dollars yearly 34.1 million34.1 million dollars a day dollars a day

advertising their product!advertising their product! In MO they spend In MO they spend $460.9$460.9

millionmillion a year on advertising a year on advertising and marketingand marketing

WHY?WHY? They lose over 440,000 They lose over 440,000

customers in the U.S. every customers in the U.S. every yearyear

Almost Almost 90%90% of smokers of smokers started smoking before the started smoking before the age of 18!age of 18!

What is marijuana?

Marijuana—often called pot, grass, reefer, weed, herb, mary jane, or mj—is a greenish-gray mixture of the dried, shredded leaves, stems, seeds, and flowers of Cannabis sativa, the hemp plant. Most users smoke marijuana in hand-rolled cigarettes called joints, among other names; some use pipes or water pipes called bongs. Marijuana cigars called blunts have also become popular. Teeee

What Pot Smokers Will Tell You

Marijuana/Weed/Pot… is safer than alcohol is not addictive will help you do things better is natural → is safe is “medical” → is safe is good for society

Current TrendsCurrent Trends

In the past few years, according to the 2004 Monitoring the Future Survey, an annual survey of

drug use among the Nation’s middle and high school students, illicit drug use by 8th-, 10th-, and

12th graders has leveled off. Still, in 2004, 16 percent of 8th-graders reported that they had tried marijuana, and 6 percent were current

users . Among 10th-graders, 35 percent had tried marijuana sometime in their lives, and 16

percent were current users. As would be expected, rates of use among 12th-graders were higher still. 46% percent had tried marijuana at

some time, and 20 percent were current users.

Other TrendsOther Trends

It was a contributing factor in 119,000 It was a contributing factor in 119,000 emergency room visits in 2002emergency room visits in 2002

57% of juvenile males and 32% of 57% of juvenile males and 32% of juvenile females arresteesjuvenile females arrestees

tested positive for marijuana tested positive for marijuana

THC (delta -9- THC (delta -9- tetrahydrocannabinoltetrahydrocannabinol))

Main active ingredient in marijuanaMain active ingredient in marijuana

The membranes of certain nerve The membranes of certain nerve cells in the brain bind to THC. Once cells in the brain bind to THC. Once securely attached, THC kicks off a securely attached, THC kicks off a series of cellular reactions that lead series of cellular reactions that lead to the high that users experience.to the high that users experience.

How does Marijuana effect How does Marijuana effect the brain?the brain?

When someone smokes marijuana, THC rapidly When someone smokes marijuana, THC rapidly passes from the lungs into the bloodstream, passes from the lungs into the bloodstream, which carries the chemical to organs throughout which carries the chemical to organs throughout the body, including the brain. In the brain, THC the body, including the brain. In the brain, THC connects to specific sites called connects to specific sites called cannabinoid cannabinoid receptors receptors on nerve cells and thereby on nerve cells and thereby influences the activity of thoseinfluences the activity of those cellscells. Some . Some brain areas have many cannabinoid receptors; brain areas have many cannabinoid receptors; others have few or none. Many cannabinoid others have few or none. Many cannabinoid receptors are found in the parts of the brain that receptors are found in the parts of the brain that influence pleasure, memory, thought, influence pleasure, memory, thought, concentration, sensory and time concentration, sensory and time perception, and coordinated movement.perception, and coordinated movement.

Effects on the BrainEffects on the Brain

Problems in memory and learningProblems in memory and learning Distorted perceptionDistorted perception Difficulty in thinking and problem solvingDifficulty in thinking and problem solving Loss of coordinationLoss of coordination Increased heart rateIncreased heart rate Research findings for long-term marijuana Research findings for long-term marijuana

use indicate some changes in the brain use indicate some changes in the brain similar to those seen after long-term use of similar to those seen after long-term use of other drugs (cocaine, heroin) other drugs (cocaine, heroin)

Effects on the HeartEffects on the Heart

One study has indicated that a user’s One study has indicated that a user’s risk of heart attack more than risk of heart attack more than

quadruples in the first hour after quadruples in the first hour after smoking marijuana. The researchers smoking marijuana. The researchers

suggest that such an effect might suggest that such an effect might occur from marijuana’s effects on occur from marijuana’s effects on blood pressure and heart rate andblood pressure and heart rate and

reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of blood.blood.

Effects on the LungsEffects on the LungsA study of 450 individuals found that A study of 450 individuals found that

people people who smoke marijuana who smoke marijuana frequently but do not smoke frequently but do not smoke

tobaccotobacco have have more health problems more health problems and miss more days of work than and miss more days of work than

nonsmokersnonsmokers. Many of the extra sick . Many of the extra sick days among the marijuana smokers in days among the marijuana smokers in

the study were for the study were for respiratory illnessesrespiratory illnesses..

Even infrequent use can cause burning and stinging of the mouth and throat, often accompanied by a heavy cough. Someone who smokes marijuana regularly may have many of the same respiratory problems that tobacco smokers do, such as daily cough and phlegm production, more frequent acute chest illness, a heightened risk of lung infections, and a greater tendency to obstructed airways.

Smoking marijuana increases the likelihood Smoking marijuana increases the likelihood of developing cancer of the head or neck, of developing cancer of the head or neck, and the more marijuana smoked the and the more marijuana smoked the greater the increase. A study comparing greater the increase. A study comparing 173 cancer patients and 176 healthy 173 cancer patients and 176 healthy individuals produced individuals produced strong evidence strong evidence that marijuana smoking doubled or that marijuana smoking doubled or tripled the risk of these cancers.tripled the risk of these cancers.

Marijuana use also has the potential to promote Marijuana use also has the potential to promote cancer of the lungs and other parts of the cancer of the lungs and other parts of the

respiratory tract because it contains irritants and respiratory tract because it contains irritants and carcinogens. In fact, marijuana smoke contains carcinogens. In fact, marijuana smoke contains

50 to 70 percent more carcinogenic50 to 70 percent more carcinogenic hydrocarbons than does tobacco smokehydrocarbons than does tobacco smoke. It . It also produces high levels of an enzyme that also produces high levels of an enzyme that

converts certain hydrocarbons into their converts certain hydrocarbons into their carcinogenic form—levels that may carcinogenic form—levels that may accelerateaccelerate the changes that ultimately produce the changes that ultimately produce malignant malignant

cellscells. Marijuana users usually inhale more . Marijuana users usually inhale more deeply and hold their breath longer than tobacco deeply and hold their breath longer than tobacco

smokers do, which increases the lungs’ smokers do, which increases the lungs’ exposure to carcinogenic smoke. These facts exposure to carcinogenic smoke. These facts

suggest that, suggest that, puff for puff, smoking marijuana puff for puff, smoking marijuana may increase the risk of cancer more than may increase the risk of cancer more than

smoking tobacco.smoking tobacco.

Other Health Effects Some of marijuana’s adverse health effects may occur

because THC impairs the immune system’s ability to fight off infectious diseases and cancer. In

laboratory experiments that exposed animal and human cells to THC or other marijuana ingredients, the normal disease-preventing reactions of many of

the key types of immune cells were inhibited. In other studies, mice exposed to THC or related

substances were more likely than unexposed mice to develop bacterial infections and tumors.

Effects of Heavy Marijuana Use on Learning Effects of Heavy Marijuana Use on Learning and Social Behavior and Social Behavior

Depression, anxiety, and personality disturbances Depression, anxiety, and personality disturbances have been associated with marijuana use. have been associated with marijuana use.

Research clearly demonstrates that marijuana Research clearly demonstrates that marijuana has potential to cause problems in daily life or has potential to cause problems in daily life or make a make a person’s existing problems worseperson’s existing problems worse. . Because marijuana compromises the ability to Because marijuana compromises the ability to learn and remember information, the more a learn and remember information, the more a person uses marijuana the more he or she is person uses marijuana the more he or she is

likely to fall behindlikely to fall behind in accumulating intellectual, in accumulating intellectual, job, or social skills. Moreover, research has job, or social skills. Moreover, research has shown that marijuana’s adverse impact on shown that marijuana’s adverse impact on memory and learning can memory and learning can last for days or last for days or

weeksweeks after the acute effects of the drug wear after the acute effects of the drug wear off.off.

Students who smoke marijuana Students who smoke marijuana get lower gradesget lower grades and are and are

less likely to graduate from less likely to graduate from high schoolhigh school, compared with , compared with their non-smoking peers. A their non-smoking peers. A

study of 129 college students study of 129 college students found that, for heavy users of found that, for heavy users of marijuana (those who smoked marijuana (those who smoked

the drug at least 27 of the the drug at least 27 of the preceding 30 days), critical preceding 30 days), critical skills related to attention, skills related to attention,

memory, and learning were memory, and learning were significantly impaired significantly impaired even even afterafter they had not used the they had not used the drug for at least drug for at least 24 hours24 hours. .

The heavy marijuana users in the The heavy marijuana users in the study had more trouble sustaining study had more trouble sustaining and shifting their attention and in and shifting their attention and in registering, organizing, and using registering, organizing, and using

information than did the study information than did the study participants who had used marijuana participants who had used marijuana

no more than 3 of the previous 30 no more than 3 of the previous 30 days. As a result, days. As a result, someone who someone who

smokes marijuana every day may smokes marijuana every day may be functioning at a reduced be functioning at a reduced

intellectual level all of the timeintellectual level all of the time..

More recently, the same researchers More recently, the same researchers showed that the ability of a group of long-showed that the ability of a group of long-

term heavy marijuana users to recall term heavy marijuana users to recall words from a list remained words from a list remained impaired for aimpaired for a weekweek after quitting, but returned to normal after quitting, but returned to normal

within 4 weeks.within 4 weeks.

In another study, marijuana users reported In another study, marijuana users reported that use of the drug that use of the drug impaired severalimpaired several important measures of life achievementimportant measures of life achievement including cognitive abilities, career status, including cognitive abilities, career status, social life, and physical and mental health.social life, and physical and mental health.

Research has shown that babies born to women who used marijuana during their pregnancies display altered

responses to visual stimuli, increased tremulousness, and a high-pitched cry, which may indicate neurological problems in development. During infancy and preschool years, marijuana-exposed children have been observed

to have more behavioral problems than unexposed children and poorer performance on tasks of visual

perception, language comprehension, sustained attention, and memory. In school, these children are more

likely to exhibit deficits in decision-making skills, memory, and the ability to remain attentive.

Effects on Pregnancy

Addictive Potential

Long-term marijuana use can lead to addiction for some people; that is, they

use the drug compulsively even though it interferes with family, school, work, and recreational activities. Drug craving and

withdrawal symptoms can make it hard for long-term marijuana smokers to stop using

the drug. People trying to quit report irritability, sleeplessness, and anxiety.

They also display increased aggression on psychological tests, peaking approximately

one week after the last use of the drug.