Exploration and Discovery

Mr. MarstonDominion Christian High School

Marietta, GAFall 2009

World History

1. Islam & the Spice Trade Malacca (SE ASIA)

2. A New Player Europe

Marco Polo, 1271

Expansion becomes a state enterprise monarchs had the authority & the resources.

Better seaworthy ships.

3. Chinese Admiral Zheng He & the Ming “Treasure Fleet”: some scholars suggest he landed on the Pacific Coast of North America

Marco Polo (1254-1324)

Marco Polo

• Venice, Italy• Visited Asia and China• Met Kublai Khan• Wrote Il Milone

Admiral Zheng HeAdmiral Zheng HeAdmiral Zheng HeAdmiral Zheng He

1371-1435

Each ship was 400’ long and 160’ wide!

Motives for Exploration

• Luxury items from the east

Gems

Diamonds Rubies

Silk Road

Silk

Porcelain

Spices

Cloves Cinnamon

Trade with the East was blocked

• Terrain was rugged and difficult to cross

• Local rulers charged fees, taxes and tolls

• Italians held monopoly on Oriental trade

• Rise of Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Empire

Why Explore

• gold and wealth• Thrill of adventure• Spirit of curiosity• Individual achievement• Fame• Glory• To spread Christianity

Prester John: legend of Christian monarch among the Muslims. It was a quest to find

him.

Competition between Spain and Portugal

The Treaty of TordesillasThe Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & , 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation: divided The Pope’s Line of Demarcation: divided

world between Portugal and Spainworld between Portugal and Spain

The Treaty of TordesillasThe Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & , 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation: divided The Pope’s Line of Demarcation: divided

world between Portugal and Spainworld between Portugal and Spain

Results of Treaty of Tordesillas

• 1. encouraged Portugal to colonize Africa and East Asia

• 2. Gave Spain control of the New World, except Brazil

• 3. Cut Spain off from going east around Africa to get to India and China

A Map of the Known A Map of the Known World,World, pre- 1492pre- 1492

A Map of the Known A Map of the Known World,World, pre- 1492pre- 1492

Maps

• Maps became more accurate of the Mediterranean Sea and along the European coast

• Maps were updated more regularly• Still, uncharted waters remained

south towards Africa

Compass

Early Chinese Compass

Compass

• Invented by the Chinese• Europeans mounted it on a stiff card

marked with the cardinal directions (north, south, east, west): could now be used on a moving ship

• Helped sailors determine direction and follow a definite course

Astrolabe: used to show how the sky looks at a specific

place at a specific time

Quadrant: used to locate correct latitude by measuring the altitude of the stars

Cross Staff: used to determine the vessel’s latitude by measuring the altitude of the

North Star or the sun

Astrolabe, quadrant and cross-staff

• Could determine distance from equator.

• Could determine position with some degree of accuracy

• Problems:Difficult to use on a moving shipCouldn’t use on cloudy days

The Caravel: Portuguese ship developed in the 15th century with square and lateen sails.

Instrumental in the discovery of the New World.Sturdy enough ships to sail long distances.

Square: PowerLateen: Maneuverability

Square Sails: Lateen Sails

The Greeks knew the world wasn’t flat!!

• no fear of ships falling off the earth• Known world was familiar with Africa,

Asia, and Europe in the 14th century• Columbus underestimated the

distance between the Canary Islands and Japan by approximately 10,000 miles

Eratosthenes

• Eratosthenes (276 - 195 B.C.)• Eratosthenes used geometry to

estimate the circumference of the Earth.

• Eratosthenes measured the altitude of the noontime sun at Alexandria at its maximum on Jun 21st. On that date, the Sun is directly overhead at noontime at Syene, in southern Egypt (latitude = 23.5 degrees north).

• The zenith distance is the angle from the zenith to the point where the Sun was at noon; it is also 90 degrees minus the altitude. At Syene, the zenith distance was 0 degrees; at Alexandria it was about 7 degrees.

• He knew how far it was from Alexandria to Syene, so he used geometry and the difference in zenith angle to estimate

the size of the Earth.

Portugal/Spain: Searched for new trade routes to the East

Trade Routes: Where?

• Southward to Africa• Westward across the Atlantic

Prince Henry, the Prince Henry, the NavigatorNavigator

1394-14601394-1460

Prince Henry, the Prince Henry, the NavigatorNavigator

1394-14601394-1460

School for Navigation, 1419

Sagres, Portugal

Remains of Prince Navigator’s School in Sagres, Portugal: School improved navigational instruments,

drew up more accurate maps, and developed the caravel.

Prince Henry the Navigator

• Never sailed himself• “greatest figure in the history of

exploration”• Set up a school of maritime “experts”

(cartographers and seamen) to find a way to expand Portuguese trade with the East

• Excited by the possibility of sailing around Africa and find a water route to India

Portuguese Maritime Portuguese Maritime EmpireEmpire

Portuguese Maritime Portuguese Maritime EmpireEmpire

1. Bartolomeu Dias, 1487 (explored and mapped the African coastline down to the Cape of Good Hope)

2. Vasco da Gama, 1498 (India)

Calicut.

3. Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque (Goa, 1510; Malacca, 1511).

Result of de Gama’s success: cut the time and labor involved in trade, and netted profit of 600% to his investors.

Portuguese

• Controlled the African route• Became the dominant European

power in Asia

• Potugeuese colonies in Asia

Bartolomeu Dias

Vasco De Gama

Ferdinand Magellan & Ferdinand Magellan & the First the First

Circumnavigation of the Circumnavigation of the World:World:Early 16Early 16cc

Ferdinand Magellan & Ferdinand Magellan & the First the First

Circumnavigation of the Circumnavigation of the World:World:Early 16Early 16cc

Christopher Columbus

• Italian from Genoa• Commissioned by Queen Isabella and

King Ferdinand of Spain to find an alternative route to Japan and Asia by sailing westward

• “discovered” the Bahamas and the island of San Salvador “Holy Savior”

• Opened up the Western Hemisphere to European exploration and colonization

Landing in the “Indies”

Naming of America

• Italian Amerigo Vespucci explored South America. A German mapmaker Named Martin Waldseemoller began to sell maps with the name “America” written on it.

Ferdinand Magellan 1519-1522

Magellan

• Portuguese with Spanish citizenship• First to travel across the Pacific• First to circumnavigate the globe• Magellan was killed in the Philippines

Strait of Magellan

Other Voyages of Other Voyages of ExplorationExploration

Other Voyages of Other Voyages of ExplorationExploration

Amerindian Civilization

• Some were farmers and lived in villages

• Others were nomadic and followed herds of animals

• Worshipped a one “Great Spirit”

5 main regions of Amerindian Civilization

• 1.Northeastern Indians: Iroquois Confederacy

• 2. Southeastern Indians: Indian “mound” builders

• 3. Central: Plains Indians• 4. Southwest: “Cliff Dwellers”

pueblos or adobe huts/villages• 5. West Coast

MesoAmerican Civilizations

Mesoamerican Civilization

• More advanced and civilized than North American• Built large cities• Traded with their neighbors• Created art and literature

• Olmecs• Maya• Aztecs• Inca

Olmec: 1400 to 400 B.C.

• First Mesoamerican civilization• Laid foundations for civilizations that

followed• Inhabited Southern Mexico• Known for sculpture and art• “Colossal heads”• Performed ritual bloodletting

Olmec Civilization

Olmec Statues: Colossal Heads

Ritualistic bloodletting

Mayan Civilization: 250 to 900 A.D.

• Many city states: not single empire• Southeastern Mexico• Stepped pyramids• Die out as a result of agricultural disaster• Writing system• Computed the length of a year to 365 ¼ days• Human sacrifice• Mayan Calendar will reset in December 21, 2012

to 13.0.0.0.0

Mayan Civilization

Mayan Ruins

Mayan Number System

Aztecs: 1325-1521

• Central/Southern Mexico• Practiced human sacrifice• Tenochtitlan: capital• Lake Texcoco• Chinampas: floating gardens

Aztecs

Tenochtitlan: capital of the Aztecs

Human Sacrifice of the Aztecs

• Aztec Human Sacrifice

Chinampas: floating gardens of the Aztecs

Aztec Warriors

• Every able bodied Aztec had to serve in the army

• Conquered more than 5 million people and collected tribute from them

• Prisoners of war were sacrificed to their gods.

Inca: 1380-1570

• Western coast of South America (Peru)• Farmers who raised maize, potatoes,

and cotton• Incas ruled an empire• Abolished human sacrifice an

cannibalism• Planned their cities and connected

them with well-constructed roads

Quipu: accounting and census purposes

Inca Empire

Machu Pichu

Spanish Exploration

• Conquistadorsa.Searched for riches and gold. El

Dorado.b.Converted the Indiansc.Established Spanish authority

Used superior weaponry and horses to subdue the Indians.

El Dorado

Spanish Conquistadors

Vasco Nunez de Balboa: 1474-1519: Discovered the Pacific Ocean

Balboa releasing his dogs on homosexual Indians

Francisco Francisco PizarroPizarro

The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:

The The IncasIncas

The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:

The The IncasIncas

AtahualpaAtahualpa

vsvs..

Fernando Cortez: Fernando Cortez: conquistador: conquistador:

explorer and soldier explorer and soldier of fortuneof fortune

Fernando Cortez: Fernando Cortez: conquistador: conquistador:

explorer and soldier explorer and soldier of fortuneof fortune

The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:The AztecsThe Aztecs

The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:The AztecsThe Aztecs

Montezuma IIMontezuma IIMontezuma IIMontezuma II

vsvs..

vsvs..

• Cortes sent by governor of Cuba to explore mainland: not conquer. He chose conquest on his own initiative

• Cortes enlisted suppressed local Indian tribes to help him defeat the Aztecs

• With several hundred men, Cortes marched on the capital of the Aztecs, captured Montezuma and wiped out Aztec resistance

Mexico Surrenders to Mexico Surrenders to CortezCortez

Mexico Surrenders to Mexico Surrenders to CortezCortez

The Death of The Death of Montezuma IIMontezuma IIThe Death of The Death of Montezuma IIMontezuma II

Other Spanish Conquests• Coronado: (1540)

explored southwestern U.S. including Texas and Arizona

• Ponce de Leon: (1513) Florida. Searched for Fountain of Youth.

• Hernando de Soto: (1539) SE United States. Discovered the Mississippi River

• Spanish begin to settle along the coastline of eastern United States

• St. Augustine: oldest city in the United States (1565)

Spanish Conquistadors

De Leon

Hernando de Soto

Bartolome de la Casas: 1474-1566

• Roman Catholic friar• Wanted to assist the Indians from

mistreatment and abuse from the Spanish

• 1542: helped pass the “New Laws,” which protected the Indians from being made slaves.

Las Casas

The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange”

The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet

Potatoes

Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine

Cocoa Pineapple

Cassava POTATO

Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE

Syphilis

Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice

Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley

Grape Peach SUGAR CANE

Oats

Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE

Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox

Flu Typhus Measles Malaria

Diptheria Whooping Cough

Trinkets

Liquor

GUNS

French, Dutch, and English Exploration

• French:• Jacques Cartier: eastern CanadaNew Foundland, and Labrador, and sailed up

to the St. Lawrence River and founded Montreal

Believed there was a Northwest Passage to Asia

Samuel de Champlain: founded Quebec in 1608 and discovered Lake Ontario, Huron and Lake Champlain

Jacques Chartier

Samuel de Champlain

Other French explorers• Jacques Marquette• Louis Joliet

• Explored the Mississippi River• Sieur de La Salle: traveled to the

mouth of the Mississippi River and discovered the Gulf of Mexico.

• Claimed the entire Mississippi River Valley for France. “Louisiana”

Marquette and Joliet

La Salle

Dutch Explorers

• Henry Hudson (English)Hudson River and Hudson Bay

Henry Hudson

English Explorers

• John Cabot (Italian): explored the northern coast of North America and found rich fishing areas off the Newfoundland coast.

• English first permanent settlement was at Jamestown in 1607 under the leadership of Captain John Smith

John Cabot

Europe and the East

• Portuguese Pedro Cabral: established a trading

post in IndiaAlfonso de Albuquerque: viceroy of

Portuguese holdings in the East.Set up trading posts and plantations

along the trade routes to support and protect Portuguese traders

Cabral’s route

Portuguese Empire in Asia (1600’S)

Portuguese

• Persian Gulf• Red Sea• Ceylon (Sri Lanka)• Banten, Java

• Began trading with Japan• Macao (China)

Weaknesses of Portuguese empire

• 1. Empire spread out too widely for administration and defense

• 2. Many Sailors died at sea• 3. Portuguese treated the Asians

harshly• 4. Asians wanted to trade with other

nations instead of Portuguese

Dutch in Asia• Java and Sumatra• Expelled Portuguese from Banten• Captured the main spice islands and

founded the city of Batavia• Traded with Japan and Formosa (Taiwan)

• By middle of 17th century, Dutch controlled the trade with the East

• Established Capetown, South Africa in 1652.

Dutch Empire in Asia

Dutch Asian Empire 1650

Dutch Worldwide Empire 1700

English in Asia

• India

East responds to the West

• China and Japan did not like European powers in their business

• Portugal paid tribute to the Chinese to be in Macao ($30,000.00) per year.

• Japan welcomed Francis Xavier (Jesuit missionary)

Commercial Revolution

• From land to money as the basis for wealth.

• Mercantilism: dominant economic system. Colonies should benefit the mother country.

Zero sum gain (one country gains at another country’s loss)

Goals of mother country

• 1. obtain precious metals (gold and silver)

• 2. nations sought to acquire colonies• 3. become self-sufficient and not rely

on other nations• 4. maintain a favorable balance of

trade (export more than import)

Weaknesses of mercantilism

• 1. government regulated economic activities

• 2. interests of government superseded the interests and welfare of the people

Capitalism

• Used money to make money in order to make a profit.

• Companies: group of investors who pooled resources to share profits and liabilities.

• Joint-stock company: investment in return for stock certificates

• Capital: money

Capitalism cont

• Dividend: profit paid to investorsSuccessful joint stock companiesEnglish East India CompanyDutch East India CompanyProspectus: details of a proposed

business ventureUnderwriter: individual or company who

agrees to share in profits and losses of a project.