Experimental‘Heavy Ion Physics’

B. A. Cole and W.A. Zajc

                       

ExperimentalStudies of QCD

B. A. Cole and W.A. Zajc

                       

ContextContext The past decade has revolutionized our appreciation of

the strong interaction, driven by RHIC Discoveries Lattice QCD Theoretical Advances

The critical role of ‘saturation’ phenomena Strong coupling studies in AdS/CFT

                       

But One ExampleBut One Example1) Comparing energy loss and p-perpendicular - broadening in

perturbative QCD with strong coupling N = 4 SYM theory.Fabio Dominguez (Columbia U.) , C. Marquet (Saclay, SPhT & Columbia U.) , A.H. Mueller (Columbia U.) , Bin Wu (Peking U. & Columbia U.) , Bo-Wen Xiao (Columbia U.) . Mar 2008. 33pp. e-Print: arXiv:0803.3234 [nucl-th]

1) References | LaTeX(US) | LaTeX(EU) | Harvmac | BibTeX | Cited 1 time 2) Abstract and Postscript and PDF

2) Jet evolution in the N=4 SYM plasma at strong coupling.Y. Hatta (Tsukuba U., GSPAS) , E. Iancu (Saclay, SPhT) , A.H. Mueller (Columbia U.) . Mar 2008. 37pp. e-Print: arXiv:0803.2481 [hep-th]

1) References | LaTeX(US) | LaTeX(EU) | Harvmac | BibTeX | Cited 2 times 2) Abstract and Postscript and PDF

3) Deep inelastic scattering off a N=4 SYM plasma at strong coupling.Y. Hatta, E. Iancu (Saclay, SPhT) , A.H. Mueller (Columbia U.) . Oct 2007. 36pp. Published in JHEP 0801:063,2008. e-Print: arXiv:0710.5297 [hep-th]

1) References | LaTeX(US) | LaTeX(EU) | Harvmac | BibTeX | Cited 7 times 2) Abstract and Postscript and PDF from arXiv.org

4) Deep inelastic scattering at strong coupling from gauge/string duality: The Saturation line.Y. Hatta, E. Iancu (Saclay, SPhT) , A.H. Mueller (Columbia U.) . Oct 2007. 40pp. Published in JHEP 0801:026,2008. e-Print: arXiv:0710.2148 [hep-th]

1) References | LaTeX(US) | LaTeX(EU) | Harvmac | BibTeX | Cited 14 times 2) Abstract and Postscript and PDF

                       

Executive SummaryExecutive Summary

The past decade has revolutionized our appreciation of the strong interaction, driven by RHIC Discoveries Lattice QCD Theoretical Advances

The critical role of ‘saturation’ phenomena Strong coupling studies in AdS/CFT

Columbia has played a leading role in all of these. There are outstanding new experimental opportunities.

The size of our group (Brian Cole + WAZ)

is sub-optimal for pursuing those opportunities

                       

Columbia LeadershipColumbia Leadership

Dates back to 1974 (preQCD!)

Long interregnum: LBNL Bevalac ~ 1976 BNL AGS ~ 1986 CERN SPS ~ 1986● ● ● ●

RHIC 2000 (LHC) 2008-9

                       

PHENIX InvolvementPHENIX Involvement Major Columbia Involvement in

Design Electronics Data Acquisition Leadership Science

of this international collaboration

Faculty: B. Cole, WAZ Research Scientist: C.Y. Chi

E. Mannel Post-docs: W. Holzmann, N. Grau,

D. Winter Graduate Students:

A. Angerami, T. Engelmore, J. Hanks, Y. Lai, E. Vazquez, (Yujiao Chen)

                       

PHENIX ResultsPHENIX Results

First RHIC data taken in 2000 Since then

41 PRL’s 18 Phys. Rev. C’s 5 Phys. Rev. D’s 2 Phys. Lett. B’s 1 Nucl. Phys. A

At least two of these within striking distance of SPIRES ‘renowned’ papers (500+ citations)

Columbia played major role in most of the major papers

                       

Scientific American May-Scientific American May-0606

                       

New Opportunity: Pb+Pb @ LHC w/ New Opportunity: Pb+Pb @ LHC w/ ATLASATLAS

Brian Cole, Brian Cole, leader of US-ATLAS leader of US-ATLAS Heavy Ion ProgramHeavy Ion Program

                       

ATLAS (‘heavy ion’) ATLAS (‘heavy ion’) ResultsResults

First data taken in 2009? After then

a PRL’s b Phys. Rev. C’s c Phys. Rev. D’s dd J. Phys. G’s ee (other open access venues)

Certain to (eventually) become ‘renowned’ papers (500+ citations)

Columbia will play major role in all of the major papers

IF we can address concerns about group size

                       

A Renowned ATLAS Paper To BeA Renowned ATLAS Paper To Be

“Testing AdS/CFT deviations from pQCD heavy quark energy loss with Pb+Pb at LHC ”,W.A. Horowitz, M. Gyulassy e-Print: arXiv:0706.2336 

A fundamentaltest of theapplicabilityof string theorymethods tocalculateenergy lossin thermalQCD matter

                       

Two Experiments on Two Two Experiments on Two ContinentsContinents

With two facultyWith two faculty

                       

HmmmHmmm

Norman

Al

                       

Two Experiments on Two Two Experiments on Two ContinentsContinents

Faculty B. Cole WAZ (DNP)

Research Scientist: C.Y. Chi E. Mannel

Post-docs: W. Holzmann N. Grau D. Winter

Graduate Students: A. Angerami T. Engelmore J. Hanks Y. Lai E. Vazquez (Yujiao Chen)

PHENIX ATLAS

                       

Our CompetitionOur Competition

MIT RHIC Spin: 2 faculty LHC Heavy Ions: 3 faculty + 1 Senior Research

Scientist

Stony Brook RHIC Spin: 1 faculty RHIC Heavy Ions: 3 faculty (another hire likely)

                       

How Perfect is “Perfect”

All “realistic” hydrodynamic calculations for RHIC fluids to date have assumed “perfect fluid” zero viscosity

But- there is a (new) (conjectured) quantum limit:

Where do “ordinary” fluids sit wrt this limit?

RHIC “fluid” mightbe at ~1 on this scale (!)

T=10T=101212 KK

(( 44

4

1)(ks

                       

Endorsed in “A Long Range Plan for Nuclear Physics” The experiments at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider have

discovered a new state of matter at extreme temperature and density—a quark-gluon plasma that exhibits unexpected, almost perfect liquid dynamical behavior. We recommend implementation of the RHIC II luminosity upgrade, together with detector improvements, to determine the properties of this new state of matter.

Quantify the properties of this “near-perfect” fluid Heavy-flavor with mQ/T >> 1 a very valuable observable

Search for “critical end point” by lowering RHIC energy

(Major program at GSI-FAIR 2015+)

RHIC FutureRHIC Future

                       

Future NP PlanningFuture NP Planning

From the U.S “A Long Range Plan for Nuclear Physics”: An Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) with polarized beams has been

embraced by the U.S. nuclear science community as embodying the vision for reaching the next QCD frontier. EIC would provide unique capabilities for the study of QCD well beyond those available at existing facilities worldwide and complementary to those planned for the next generation of accelerators in Europe and Asia. In support of this new direction:

We recommend the allocation of resources to develop accelerator and detector technology necessary to lay the foundation for a polarized Electron Ion Collider. The EIC would explore the new QCD frontier of strong color fields in nuclei and precisely image the gluons in the proton.

From the OECD Global Forum- two projects identified as ‘potentially global’ EURISOL – a multi-MW ISOL facility ‘Electron-Ion Collider’

                       

eRHIC and/or LHeCeRHIC and/or LHeC

Planning wellunderway for bothfacilities

A natural extension of both RHIC spin and QCD matter studies

                       

Fundamental Fields in NucleiFundamental Fields in Nuclei Nucleus increases saturation momentum scale QS 2 ~ (A/x)1/3

Occupation numbers ~ 1 / S(QS) > 1 This is the condition

for ~ classical fields: That is:

Quasi-classical states of the gluon field may be explored at low x in a nucleus

Exploration tools: Near-term: d+A collisions (RHIC RHIC II) Long-term: Electron-ion Collider

Goal: To understand

the wave-functionof a heavy nucleus

                       

Gluon recombination @ LHeCGluon recombination @ LHeC

● (Slide from J. Dainton) ep saturation Q2 ≤ 5 GeV2

eA saturation Q2 ≤ 20 GeV2

●LHeC “nails” saturation

                       

SummarySummary

A new state of matter has been discovered at RHIC Its properties represent a paradigm shift re QGP

No “free roaming” quarks and gluons Precisely the opposite- an essentially perfect liquid

Appears to be deep (fundamental?) connections between Thermal gauge theories (QCD) Stringy gravity in a higher-dimensional spacetime

Extraordinary opportunities for future experimental study QGP studies at RHIC and LHC Origin of nucleon spin Saturation effects in gluonic “matter”

Our effort would be greatly aided by a new (junior) appointment in the broad field of experimental study of “QCD matter”

                       

Back-UpBack-Up

                       

Starter eRHICStarter eRHIC

Center of Mass of the highest energy polarized DIS was 17 GeV. With 1-3 GeV e-beam variation, and 50-250 GeV polarized proton

beam variation, eRHIC-Stage-1 will scan 14-50 GeV in Center of Mass.

Up to 34 GeV in e-A Center of Mass. Target fragments of neither the polarized protons nor the nuclei have been studied in detail so far: most often due to the fact that target have been solid state materials and the target fragments were lost in them.

The final eRHIC will range from about 40 GeV to 100 GeV in CM with about 10 GeV electron beams. Data from these two stages of eRHIC will scan large Q2 ranges allowing very nice measurements of F_L (HERA did not do such a great job on this) and will allow many spin measurements which require large Q2 arms. And they will be at about 100 times higher luminosity than HERA. Many of the diffractive and exclusive measurements (DCVS-type) will be possible, which were not possible at HERA.

                       

                       

The Basic ResultsThe Basic Results

                       

Thehottest densestmatter

ever studied in the laboratoryflowsabsorbs energy

as a (nearly) perfect fluid

Not as an ideal gas of free quarks and gluons !

To SummarizeTo Summarize

T ~ 200- 400 MeV

i ~ 30-60 o

(thermal yields)

large “elliptic” flow

jet quenching, Mach cones

                       

RHIC SuccessRHIC Success