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Exochim & Farcos collaboration: L. Acosta, F. Amorini, A. Anzalone, L. Auditore, G. Cardella, A. Chbihi, E. De Filippo, L. Francalanza, E. Geraci, C. Guazzoni, E. La Guidara, G. Lanzalone, I. Lombardo, S. Lo Nigro, D. Loria, I. Martel, T. Minniti, E.V. Pagano, A. Pagano, M. Papa, S. Pirrone, G. Politi, F. Porto, F. Rizzo, P. Russotto, S. Santoro, A. Trifir, M. Trimachi, G. Verde, M. Venhart, M. Veselsky, M. Vigilante NSCL-Michigan State University Z. Chajecki, P. Danielewicz and B. Barker Acknowledgements

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Dynamics and correlation studies @ INFN-Catania Catania LNS Tandem (15 MV)EA 10 MeV Superconducting Cyclotron K800 G. Verde & Exochim coll., INFN-CT, INFN-LNS, Univ. of Catania, LNS

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Chimera our Alice for intermediate energies 1m 1 30 TARGET 176 Beam 1192 Si-CsI(Tl) Telescopes 18 rings in the range 1 30 17 rings in the range 30 176 (sphere) High granularity and efficiency up to 94% 4 Z identification up to beam charge (E-E) Z and A identification by E-E up to Z 9 Z and A identification in CsI up to Z 4 Mass identification with low energy threshold (< 0.3 MeV/u) by ToF Z identification for particles stopping in Si (pulse shape)

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Si CsI(Tl) E(Si)-E(CsI) Charge Z for particles punching throught the Si detector PSD in CsI(Tl) Z and A for light charged particles E(Si)-ToF Mass for particles stopping in the Si detector E(Si)-Rise time Charge Z for particle stopping in Si detectors (NEW) E(Si)-E(CsI) Charge Z and A for light ions (Z

Asy-Stiff Asy-Soft Producing density gradients in HIC SMF - Baran, Colonna, Di Toro, Greco Intermediate energies: E/A=20-100 MeV Ganil, Eurisol, Frib, Lns, Nscl, Spiral2, Tamu, High energies: E/A>200 MeV CSR, GSI/Fair, NSCL/FRIB, Riken, Neutron Stars Radii Frequencies of crustal vibrations Composition, thickness of inner crust URCA processes Phases within the star Densities ~ 0.01 0 - 6 0 Large Gradients!!!

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Probes of the symmetry energy Probes at Intermediate energies: sub-saturation density Asy-EoS ( 0 ) + /- and K + /K 0 emission ratios n/p elliptic flow n/p pre-equilibrium emission 0 ~ 0.17 fm -3

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Effects of the E sym at high density N/Z of high density regions sensitive to E sym () High 0 : asy-stiff more repulsive on neutrons - opposite of sub-saturation trend stiffness B.A. Li et al., PRC71 (2005) (/ 0 )

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Elliptic flow: competition between in plane (V 2 >0) and out-of-plane ejection (V 2

Event characterization TLFPLFIMFTLFPLFIMF TLF~ PLF~ IMF~ IMF Characterize IMF emission IMF times 3 M c 6 *b red >0.6 7 M c 12 0.2

Neutron-proton emission chronology Time delay between emissions t0 - Example: p emitted first p p p n V p > V n n p V p < V n Stronger interaction particle catch-up Interaction attenuated

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Lednicky recipe: p-n correlations 1+R + (q) 1+R (q) Ratio +/- Ratio R+/R- tells us which is emitted first R. Lednicky et al., Phys. Lett. B373, 30 (1996) Nuclear FSI q (MeV/c) n first +100 fm/cn first +50 fm/cp first -100 fm/c p-n

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Isospin effects on p-p R 48Ca+ 48Ca > R 40Ca+ 40Ca 48 Ca+ 48 Ca vs 40 Ca+ 40 Ca E/A=80 MeV - Central CorrelationsEmitting sources Larger size for more n-rich system: N/Z effect? Size effect? Asy-EoS? NN Z. Chajecki, et al. Phys. Rev. C (2012)

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Multi-Particle Correlation Spectroscopy (MPCS) non-femtoscopic stuff HIC and correlations as a spectroscopic tool Cluster states in stable and exotic nuclei BEC, Hoyle Expansion Not only EoS Several unbound species in just one single experiment! 10 C*

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8 B unbound state: spin determination States of 8 B p+ 7 Be p+ 7 Be 0.774 1.4 (?) 2.32 8B8B 1+1+ 3+3+ p- 7 Be correlations W.P. Tan et al. Phys. Rev. C69, 061304 (2004) 7 Be 8B8B p Xe+AuE/A50 MeV Central collisions

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Sequential decay modes: multi-particle correlation functions Peripheral projectile fragmentation 12 C+ 24 MgE/A=53, 95 MeV (Indra@GANIL) Decay of 12 C and 10 C quasi projectiles (QP*) 12 C* + + 10 C* + + p + p + 8 Be + 2p+ 8 Be + p+ 9 B + +p + 6 Be +2p 2+2p direct + + direct Hoyle states? Boson condensate?

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2-2p correlations : states in 10 C* E k (MeV) 10 C 6 Be+ (2p+) 10 C 8 Be+p+p (+)+ p 10 C 9 B+p ( + ) p F. Grenier et al., Nucl. Phys. A811 (2008) 233

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Search for Hoyle states in N nuclei Three-alpha correlations 12 C* + + Gated 8 Be* + No direct three-body decay of Hoyle state in 12 C J. Manfredi, R.C. Charity et al., PRC 2012 A. Raduta et al., Phys. Lett. B705, 65, 2011 40 Ca+ 12 C, E/A=25 MeV @ Chimera 12 C 3 alpha ~ 7.5% direct three-body decay (BC?)

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Conclusions Probes of symmetry energy at high density: GSI energies: n/p flow Chimera-LAND@GSI + /- and K + /K 0 emission ratios Understand where and when s and Ks are produced correlation techniques (?) Probes of symmetry energy at low density: Intermediate energies: Isospin diffusion and drift; moderately soft symmetry energy (~0.6-0.9) Still missing probes from femtoscopy future projects non-femtoscopic correlations to learn about new phenomena and exotic nuclear systems