Exam 2 - Lessons 11-22

Review Slides

Lesson 11

WW II -- Global War, Global Strategy

Events

September 30, 1938 Chamberlain: “Peace for our time”

Peace For Our Timehttp://library.byu.edu/~rdh/eurodocs/uk/peace.html

"My good friends, for the second time in our history, a British Prime Minister has returned from Germany bringing peace with honor. I believe it is peace for our time... Go home and get a nice quiet sleep."

Japan’s Next StepAfter China

Two factions in Japanese government• “Northern” Faction (Northern Strike Group)

• Led by Army

• Favored move north into USSR

• “Southern” Faction (Southern Strike Group)

• Led by Navy

• Favored move south into Dutch East Indies

Events

July-August 1939 Battle of Khalkin Gol (Nomonhan)

• Japan abandoned northern strategy

Reader’s Companion to Military History: Khalkin Gol

Soviet victory

Significance:

• Turned south • Set up confrontation with US

• USSR able to divert resources toward the west and Germany• Established Gen. Georgi Zhukov as armor commander

Japan’s Path to War

Increase in Militarism in Japanese society

US moves Pacific Fleet to Hawaii (May 1940)

US embargos iron & steel exports to Japan (Sep 1940)

Vichy government accedes to Japanese request for bases in southern Indochina (July 1941)

US embargos shipments of oil to Japan (Aug 1941)

Great East-Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere declared (Aug 1940)

Move into northern French Indochina (Sep 1940)

Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis formed (Tripartite Pact, Sep 1940)

Miracle of Dunkirk

300,000+ rescued

Equipment abandoned

Events

March 16, 1935 Germany announces conscription, formation of new army units, navy ships and an air force

Germany occupies Rhineland, successfully challenging France

March 7, 1936

Italy invades Ethiopia; League of Nations imposes economic sanctions

October 3, 1935

Events

October 25, 1936

November 1936

January 17, 1937

July 7, 1937

November 5, 1937

March 12, 1938

Germany & Italy form Axis

Germany & Japan sign Anti-Comintern Pact

Hitler renounces Versailles Treaty

Sino-Japanese War begins

Hitler discusses secret plan for Lebensraum (“living space”)

Germany annexes Austria (Anschluss)

Events

September 3, 1939 Britain, France declare war on Germany

“Phony war” begins

Germany invades Denmark & Norway

Germany invades Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg

April 9, 1940

May 10, 1940

September 1, 1939 Germany invades Poland

May 27-29, 1940 Evacuation of Dunkirk

June 4-22, 1940 Battle of France

June 22, 1940 France Surrenders

Lesson 12

WW II -- Battle of Britain

Operation Sealion

* The Royal Navy had to be eliminated. * The Royal Air Force (RAF) air strength had to be eliminated. * British coastal defenses had to be destroyed. * British submarine action against landing forces had to be prevented.

Germans began planning for invasion in November 1939

Initial criteria for success:

Operation Sea Lion1940

German Plan

Source: Royal Air Force

Take control of the air Defeat the RAF

Isolate the invasion area Neutralize Royal Navy, destroy communications & defenses

Invade England Land Panzers to employ Blitzkrieg tactics

Battle of Britain1940

Preliminary June – 10 July

Phase I: Attacks on Coastal Shipping 10 July –12 August

Phase II: Attacks on Fighter Command (airfields & radar) 12 August – 6 September

Phase III: Attacks on London 7 September- 5 October

Phase IV: Night Attacks on London 6-31 October (officially)Source: Royal Air Force

The Fog of War

August 24, 1940 Luftwaffe bomber crews mistakenly bomb London• Residential area

RAF bombers hit Berlin industrial area in retaliation

Enraged, Hitler orders massive attacks against London and other British cities

Attacks on cities continue into the fall, switching to night raids after September 15th

Significance: Gave the RAF a critically needed breather

August 25

August 26

Battle of Britain

Factors

British use of radar (command & control)

German underestimation of RAF strength

British “home field” advantage

German loss of focus (Change of Objective)

Lesson 14

WW II -- Unrestricted Submarine Warfareand the Second Battle of the Atlantic

Allied Strategy

• Protect existing shipping

• Build to replace shipping losses, expand fleet

• Go on the offensive against the U-boats

Allied Strategy

• Protect existing shipping• Employ convoy system immediately

• Increase escort capability

Allied Strategy

• Protect existing shipping

• Build to replace shipping losses, expand fleet • Expand US shipbuilding industry

• Apply mass production techniques to shipbuilding

Allied Strategy

• Protect existing shipping

• Build to replace shipping losses, expand fleet

• Go on the offensive against the U-boats• Improve intelligence on U-boat operations

• Close Mid-Atlantic Gap

• Develop Hunter-Killer teams

Hunter-Killer Team

Lesson 15

WW II: America Enters the War

Japanese Situation

1936: Army began to gain upper hand in government of Japan

Goal: Make Japan preeminent in AsiaObjectives:

• Conquer China

• Expand into SE Asia for bases & raw materials

• Strengthen military

• Build war industry

• Improve air & sea transportation

Ref: Morton: Japans Decision for War Return to Japan’s Decision

Japanese Situation

Driving Concern: Make Japan self sufficient

Morton: Japans Decision for War

US, Britain, Netherlands control Japan’s oil

(particularly in oil)

Problem:

Japanese Options

Move North: Attack Soviet Union

Move South: Invade East Indies

Reach Accommodation with US

Morton: Japans Decision for War

Timeline

1910

1921

1931

1932

1936: Nov 25

1937: Jul 7

Nov 6

Dec 12

Japan colonizes Korea

League of Nations awards Japan control of former German possessions in Micronesia

Japan invades Manchuria

Japan establishes a puppet state, Manchukuo, in Manchuria

Japan & Germany sign Anti-Comintern Pact

Japan provokes incident with China, declares war

Italy joins Germany, Japan in Anti-Comintern Pact

Japanese planes sink gunboat USS Panay inYangtze River

Ken Polsson: Chronology of World War II

Timeline

1937: Dec 14

1938: May 17

May 28

Nov 18

1939: Jul 26

Aug

Sep

Ludlow Amendment introduced in Congress

• Proposed Constitutional amendment to require popular referendum prior to entry into war

US Naval Expansion Act

• Goal: Full-strength two-ocean navy in 10 years

Japanese cabinet increases military presence

Japan: New Order in East Asia replaces Open Door

US: Will not renew 1911 trade pact with Japan

Japanese forces defeated by Soviets at Khalkin Gol (Manchuria)

War in Europe beginsKen Polsson: Chronology of World War II

Timeline

1940: Jul

Jul 25

Aug

Sep

Sep 26

Sep 27

Nov 11

New Japanese government discusses ways to exploit weakness of European powers in Asia

Roosevelt announces restrictions on shipment of petroleum & scrap iron to Japan

US analysts crack Japanese codes

Japan occupies northern French Indochina

US embargoes shipment of av gas, scrap iron, steel to Japan

Japan, Germany, Italy sign Tripartite Pact

Royal Navy aircraft attack Italian fleet at Taranto, Italy

Ken Polsson: Chronology of World War II

Timeline

1941: Jul 24

Jul 26

Oct 17

Nov 20

Japan occupies all of French Indochina

US freezes all Japanese assets in US *

General Hideki Tojo becomes Japanese Premier

Sec State Hull, Japanese Ambassador Nomora begin talks: nations exchange final positions

Ken Polsson: Chronology of World War II

* Key turning point

Timeline

1941: Nov 25

Nov 27

Dec 1

Dec 1

Dec 4

Dec 7

Japanese naval task force sails for Hawaii

US Pacific commanders warned to expect war at any time with attack likely in Philippines of SE Asia

Japan rejects US counter but asks to continue talks

Japanese naval task force directed to proceed with attack on Pearl Harbor, subject to recall

US intercepts coded Japanese message indicating attack on US assets imminent

0755: Attack on US forces on Oahu begins

The US and the Coming of World War II

Japan’s Decision for War

Japan’s Objective:

Shortage of oil was the key to Japan's Grand StrategyMajor consideration in preparing for war

Key reason for going to war

, yet

“Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere”

Preeminence in Asia

Japan’s Decision for War

Japanese Strategy• Neutralize US Pacific fleet and threats from the Philippines

Felt US would be unwilling to pay cost of overcoming these defenses

Felt US would compromise, allow Japan the dominant position in Asia

• Establish defensive perimeter

• Use new resources to build capability to defend indefinitely

Japan’s Decision for War

Japanese Miscalculations

Calculated Risk or Risky Calculation?

One man’s limited war may be another man’s total war

Did not anticipate US reaction to Pearl Harbor attack

Assumed US would accept Japan’s limited war objectives

Assumed they could keep the war limited

Attack on Pearl Harbor

Breaks in our favor: Two aircraft carriers at sea

Submarines, fuel stores not attacked

Repair facilities intact

Lesson 16

WW II – Society At War: The Home Fronts

Lesson 17

WW II -- Combined Bombing Offensive

Total War

… and thus become legitimate military targets

Total war: one in which the whole population and all the resources of the combatants are committed to complete victory

Hugh BichenoOxford Companion to Military History

… and rules of war are ignored.

Automatic

Targeting Philosophy

U.S.: Daylight, high-altitude precision bombing against specific industrial targets

Together: Combined Bomber Offensive

British:Night area-bombing of cities

Strategic BombingChallenge

Selecting the most productive target setsInitially

• U-boat facilities

After June 1943

• Fighter aircraft

• Ball bearings

• Petroleum

Prior to D-Day

• Transportation

Critique of Bombing Campaign

Established a “Second Front”

Precision bombing: results disappointing

Impact on morale: ultimately telling

• German experience different from British during Blitz

"Bombing appreciably affected the German will to resist. Its main psychological effects were defeatism, fear, hopelessness, fatalism, and apathy. It did little to stiffen resistance through the arousing of aggressive emotions of hate and anger. War weariness, willingness to surrender, loss of hope in German victory, distrust of leaders, feelings of disunity, and demoralizing fear were all more common among bombed than among unbombed people."

US Strategic Bombing Survey, European War

Critique of Bombing Campaign

Established a “Second Front”

Precision bombing: results disappointing

Impact on morale: ultimately telling

Impact on war production

• German production increased through mid-1944

• Late decision to mobilization

• Fighter production displaced bombers

• 85% of US bombs dropped after D-day

• Influenced final ground war after January 1945Phillip S. MeilingerBogus charges Against AirpowerAir Force magazine, September 2002

Lesson 19

WW II -- Russo-German War

Operation BarbarossaSiege of LeningradSeptember 1941 - January 1944

872 days Soviet Dead: Red Army: 330,000+ Civilian: 1,000,000+

Siege of LeningradBattle of MoscowOctober 1941 - January 1942

Germans: 1,000,000 men, 1,700 tanks Soviets: 1,250,000 men, 1,000 tanks

Battle of MoscowBattle of StalingradAugust 1942 - February 1943

German-Soviet War

Until June 1944

• Soviet Union bore main thrust of German army

• Stalin pressed for Second Front

WW II -- Amphibious Warfare:The Normandy Campaign

Lesson 18

Dieppe Raid19 August 1942

Attempt to prove capability to seize and hold a port

Secondary:

• Gather intelligence and capture material

• Study German responses

• Draw the Luftwaffe into open battle

Lessons from Dieppe

Need:

• Specialized vehicles• Increased fire support

• Specialized landing craft

• Alternative to capturing a port

Mulberry Harbor

Nando Times

PLUTO

Isle of Wight

Isle of Wight to Normandy1.3 million gallons per day

Pipeline Under the Ocean

Robert Capa – National Archives

Weather

Weather was Eisenhower’s biggest concern on D-Day

Operation already had been postponed from June 5th

• Forces had been briefed, loaded, deployments begun

Lesson 19

WW II -- End of the War in Europe

Attacking GermanyThe Plan

British - Montgomery

US - Patton

Attacking GermanyThe First Problem: Logistics

Only Ports

September 1944

Logistics Challenges

Only operational ports: Cherbourg & Normandy beaches

Supply lines stretched over hundreds of miles

• Not enough trucks to fill pipeline and provide needed supplies

Units in combat required huge amounts of material• One division in combat required 700-750 tons/day

• Average of 28 divisions north of the Seine after Paris liberated

Problem: How to deliver the goods with the trucks available?

Attacking GermanyProblem: Who gets the supplies?

British - Montgomery

US - Patton

Operation Market-Garden

Combined (US-British) attempt to flank the Siegfried Line

• Operation Market: airborne assault to secure bridges

• Operation Garden: ground ops to relieve airborne within 4 days

Market-GardenAfter Thoughts

Underlined the precarious nature of all airborne assaults

Major considerations:Airlift available for initial insertion & resupply

Likelihood of timely relief by ground forces

Intelligence

Availability of fire support (organic or air)

WEATHER

Success = Good Planning & Luck!

Battle of the BulgeSituation, December 1944Objective of German Counteroffensive

Primary Objective: Capture port of Antwerp

Fall of Germany

TimelineSignificant Events in Liberation of Western Europe

6 Jun 44 Operation Overlord, invasion of Western Europe, begins

25 Jul 44 Operation Cobra & breakout from Normandy begins

25 Aug 44 Paris is liberated

17 Sep 44 Operation Market-Garden begins

16 Dec 44 Battle of the Bulge (Ardennes) begins

7 Mar 45 US Forces cross Rhine River at Remagen, Germany

7 May 45 Germany Surrenders

End