Evaluation of Ozone Concentrations at Residence Layer in the Southern Taiwan by CMAQ

Evaluation of Ozone Evaluation of Ozone Concentrations at Residence Concentrations at Residence Layer in the Southern Taiwan Layer in the Southern Taiwan

by CMAQby CMAQ

Yee-Lin WuYee-Lin Wu11, Long-Yuan Yang, Long-Yuan Yang11, Chi-Ho Lin, Chi-Ho Lin22, Gi-Shan Lai, Gi-Shan Lai22, a, and Shin-Chu Laind Shin-Chu Lai33

11Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung UniversityDepartment of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University22Department of Environmental Engineering, Fi-Yi University of TechnologyDepartment of Environmental Engineering, Fi-Yi University of Technology

33Center of General Education, Chi-Long UniversityCenter of General Education, Chi-Long University

IntroductionIntroduction

High ozone concentrations in southern TaiwanHigh ozone concentrations in southern Taiwan High ozone concentrations at 600 to 1000 m High ozone concentrations at 600 to 1000 m

prevailing from evening to the early morning prevailing from evening to the early morning in the following dayin the following day

EveningAfternoon

Subsidence

Inversion layer

city

EarlyMorning

Wind

Noon

Wind

residual layer residual layer

Possible mechanisms for the formation of residence layer in southern Taiwan

Purposes of This StudyPurposes of This Study

To simulate the high ozone To simulate the high ozone concentrations at ground layer.concentrations at ground layer.

To simulate the ozone residence To simulate the ozone residence layer in southern Taiwan.layer in southern Taiwan.

Meteorological SystemMeteorological System

MM5 v2; Blackadar mechanism; MCIP-2MM5 v2; Blackadar mechanism; MCIP-2

Emission SystemEmission System

TEDS5.1; SMOKE; BEIS3TEDS5.1; SMOKE; BEIS3

CMAQCMAQ

CB-IV; K-theory diffusivityCB-IV; K-theory diffusivity

DomainDomain

LayerLayer SigmaSigma PressurePressure （（ PaPa））全域高度全域高度（（ mm ））

代表高度代表高度（（ mm ））

1515 0.0000.000 1000010000 2114621146 1722317223

1414 0.1500.150 2350023500 1330013300 1068810688

1313 0.3500.350 4150041500 80778077 67846784

1212 0.5000.500 5500055000 54905490 47944794

1111 0.6000.600 6400064000 40994099 34943494

1010 0.7000.700 7300073000 28902890 26162616

99 0.7500.750 7750077500 23412341 20822082

88 0.8000.800 8200082000 18231823 15771577

77 0.8500.850 8650086500 13321332 11451145

66 0.8900.890 9010090100 957957 777777

55 0.9300.930 9370093700 598598 467467

44 0.9600.960 9640096400 337337 252252

33 0.9800.980 9820098200 167167 125125

22 0.9900.990 9910099100 8383 6262

11 0.9950.995 9955099550 4141 2121

00 1.0001.000 100000100000 00

Sigma-layerSigma-layer

Emission inventory for Emission inventory for PMPM

1010 、、 SOxSOx、、 NOxNOx、、 VOC and CO in VOC and CO in

southern Taiwan. The percentage is for the southern Taiwan. The percentage is for the

fraction of Taiwanfraction of Taiwan. (TEDS5.1). (TEDS5.1) unit: tonunit: ton

ton/yr PM10 SOx NOx VOC CO

Taiwan 401589 223357 454950 864236 1488429

Kaohsiung City 13656 46104 45142 83651 93164Tainan City 6414 984 3808 19716 36149

Tainan County 24564 12598 23670 91134 82423

Kaohsiung County 26307 36149 44477 57330 89949PingTung County 16062 2376 7314 22144 46895

TaiPower 135 35809 27597 267 354TaiPower/S.Taiwan 0.2% 36% 22% 0.1% 0.1%

Comparisons between simulated and observed Comparisons between simulated and observed ozone concentrations for spatial distributionozone concentrations for spatial distribution

2002/12/13 14:00


2002/12/14 13:00


2002/12/15 14:00


2002/12/16 14:00


2002/12/17 13:00

Comparisons between simulated and observed NComparisons between simulated and observed NOx concentrations for temporal variationsOx concentrations for temporal variations

美濃NOx

0

5

1015

20

25

30

3540

45

50

2002/12/12 2002/12/13 2002/12/14 2002/12/15 2002/12/16 2002/12/17 2002/12/18

(ppb

)濃

度

EPA_data Models-3 橋頭NOx

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

2002/12/12 2002/12/13 2002/12/14 2002/12/15 2002/12/16 2002/12/17 2002/12/18

(ppb

)濃

度

EPA_data Models-3

仁武NOx

0

50

100

150

200

250

2002/12/12 2002/12/13 2002/12/14 2002/12/15 2002/12/16 2002/12/17 2002/12/18

(ppb

)濃

度

EPA_data Models-3 鳳山NOx

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

2002/12/12 2002/12/13 2002/12/14 2002/12/15 2002/12/16 2002/12/17 2002/12/18

(ppb

)濃

度

EPA_data Models-3


大寮NOx

0

50

100

150

200

250

2002/12/12 2002/12/13 2002/12/14 2002/12/15 2002/12/16 2002/12/17 2002/12/18

(ppb

)濃

度

EPA_data Models-3 林園NOx

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

2002/12/12 2002/12/13 2002/12/14 2002/12/15 2002/12/16 2002/12/17 2002/12/18

(ppb

)濃

度

EPA_data Models-3

楠梓NOx

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

2002/12/12 2002/12/13 2002/12/14 2002/12/15 2002/12/16 2002/12/17 2002/12/18

(ppb

)濃

度

EPA_data Models-3 左營NOx

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

2002/12/12 2002/12/13 2002/12/14 2002/12/15 2002/12/16 2002/12/17 2002/12/18

(ppb

)濃

度

EPA_data Models-3


前金NOx

0

50

100

150

200

250

2002/12/12 2002/12/13 2002/12/14 2002/12/15 2002/12/16 2002/12/17 2002/12/18

(ppb

)濃

度

EPA_data Models-3 小港NOx

0

50

100

150

200

250

2002/12/12 2002/12/13 2002/12/14 2002/12/15 2002/12/16 2002/12/17 2002/12/18

(ppb

)濃

度

EPA_data Models-3

屏東NOx

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

2002/12/12 2002/12/13 2002/12/14 2002/12/15 2002/12/16 2002/12/17 2002/12/18

(ppb

)濃

度

EPA_data Models-3 潮州NOx

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

2002/12/12 2002/12/13 2002/12/14 2002/12/15 2002/12/16 2002/12/17 2002/12/18

(ppb

)濃

度

EPA_data Models-3

Comparisons between simulated and observed Comparisons between simulated and observed ozone concentrations for temporal variationsozone concentrations for temporal variations

美濃O3

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

2002/12/12 2002/12/13 2002/12/14 2002/12/15 2002/12/16 2002/12/17 2002/12/18

(ppb

)濃

度

EPA_data Models-3 橋頭O3

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

2002/12/12 2002/12/13 2002/12/14 2002/12/15 2002/12/16 2002/12/17 2002/12/18

(ppb

)濃

度

EPA_data Models-3

仁武O3

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

2002/12/12 2002/12/13 2002/12/14 2002/12/15 2002/12/16 2002/12/17 2002/12/18

(ppb

)濃

度

EPA_data Models-3 鳳山O3

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

2002/12/12 2002/12/13 2002/12/14 2002/12/15 2002/12/16 2002/12/17 2002/12/18

(ppb

)濃

度

EPA_data Models-3


林園O3

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

2002/12/12 2002/12/13 2002/12/14 2002/12/15 2002/12/16 2002/12/17 2002/12/18

(ppb

)濃

度

EPA_data Models-3

楠梓O3

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

2002/12/12 2002/12/13 2002/12/14 2002/12/15 2002/12/16 2002/12/17 2002/12/18

(ppb

)濃

度

EPA_data Models-3 左營O3

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

2002/12/12 2002/12/13 2002/12/14 2002/12/15 2002/12/16 2002/12/17 2002/12/18

(ppb

)濃

度

EPA_data Models-3

大寮O3

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

2002/12/12 2002/12/13 2002/12/14 2002/12/15 2002/12/16 2002/12/17 2002/12/18

(ppb

)濃

度

EPA_data Models-3


前金O3

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

2002/12/12 2002/12/13 2002/12/14 2002/12/15 2002/12/16 2002/12/17 2002/12/18

(ppb

)濃

度

EPA_data Models-3 小港O3

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

2002/12/12 2002/12/13 2002/12/14 2002/12/15 2002/12/16 2002/12/17 2002/12/18

(ppb

)濃

度

EPA_data Models-3

屏東O3

0

50

100

150

200

250

2002/12/12 2002/12/13 2002/12/14 2002/12/15 2002/12/16 2002/12/17 2002/12/18

(ppb

)濃

度

EPA_data Models-3 潮州O3

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

2002/12/12 2002/12/13 2002/12/14 2002/12/15 2002/12/16 2002/12/17 2002/12/18

(ppb

)濃

度

EPA_data Models-3

46744 Wind Speed

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Time (12/13 01 LST ~ 12/15 23 LST

m/s OBS

MM5

Normalized error for unpair peakNormalized error for unpair peak

%5.18

1

1 ,24

1

,24

1,24

1

N

j jii

jiijii

OMax

OMaxPMax

NMB

Normalized error for pairNormalized error for pair

%3.251

1

N

i i

ii

O

OP

NOB

0

500

1000

1500

2000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

O3 Concentration, ppb

Hei

ght,

m

7 AM

2 PM

8 PM

Variations of vertical profiles by CMAQ

Comparisons between simulated and observed Comparisons between simulated and observed HNOHNO33 concentrations concentrations

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

347 347.5 348 348.5 349 349.5 350

Date

HN

O3

Con

c, p

pbv Simulated

Observed

No heteorogeneous N2O5 hydrolysisFormation of HNO3

Comparisons between simulated and observed Comparisons between simulated and observed HNOHNO22 concentrations concentrations

0

2

4

6

8

347 347.5 348 348.5 349 349.5 350

Julian Date

HO

NO

con

c., p

pbv

SimulatedX100

Observed

Only NO+OH, NO+NO2 and NO2+NO2reactions included in CMAQ; No heteorogeneous NO2 reaction for HONO formation.

Comparisons between simulated and observed Comparisons between simulated and observed HH22OO22 concentrations concentrations

02

468

10

1214

347 348 349 350

Julian Date

H2O

2 co

nc.,

ppbv

ConclusionsConclusions

The simulated and observed ground ozone The simulated and observed ground ozone concentrations were in good agreement.concentrations were in good agreement.

The ozone residence layer in southern Taiwan The ozone residence layer in southern Taiwan was successfully simulated by CMAQ.was successfully simulated by CMAQ.

However, the concentrations for HNOHowever, the concentrations for HNO33, HNO, HNO22, , and Hand H22OO22 were underestimated by CMAQ, were underestimated by CMAQ, especially for HNOespecially for HNO22

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

The project was supported by Taiwan National The project was supported by Taiwan National Science Council.Science Council.

46744 Temperature

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Time (12/13 00 LST ~ 12/15 23 LST)

degr

ee C

OBSMM5

第四層模擬範圍

高雄測站 (22.5N, 120.3E)

NCEP AVN vs MM5

Model Validation II

46744 Wind Direction

0

45

90

135

180

225

270

315

360

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Time ( 12/13 00LST ~ 12/15 23LST)

Deg

ree

OBS

MM5


高雄測站 (22.5N, 120.3E)

NCEP AVN vs MM5

Model Validation II


06Z 15 Dec. 2004 Streamline

200 m 500m 1000m

1500 m 2000m 3000m


06Z 15 Dec. 2004 Streamline


06Z Dec. 2004 Streamline

200 m 500m 1000m

Documents

Evaluation of Ozone Concentrations at Residence Layer in the Southern Taiwan by CMAQ