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ABSTRACT

Electrical energy is a major driver for industrial process, commercial services and

residential comfort. This project is about electrical energy management/efficiency

investigation among the consumers at residential area of Ado-Ekiti metropolis,

Ekiti state.

The main reasons of this study are to find out the characteristic of electrical

energy usage in daily life and investigating the habits of consumers due to usage of

common electrical appliances. Questionnaire, interviews and inspection are the

tools that were being used for data collection and for analysis purposes. Data for

the work were obtained through the use of structured questionnaires, personal

interview, inspection, textbooks and internet. The questionnaire consists of several

questions that provided information of the electrical energy usage among

consumers in their daily life. The finding of this study shows that most of the

consumers are unaware on how to use electrical energy efficiently in their daily

life. Therefore this project reveals the habits of electrical energy usage from the

consumers' side and the common characteristic of electrical appliances usage in

common domestic sector. From the findings obtained, the use of energy efficient

lamps, solar heater for heating, providing incentives for purchasing energy

efficient appliances, avoiding estimation of energy bills and developing energy

policy will help to reduce cost and wastage of energy.

Keywords: evaluation, energy usage, energy Efficiency, Ado-Ekiti

3

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Evaluation of energy usage is a structured process to determine if a

program produced the intended outcome. It is an inspection, survey and

analysis of energy flow for energy conservation in a building, process or

system to reduce the amount of energy input into the system without

negatively affecting the output. Evaluation of energy usage provide an

analysis of the form of electricity, gas, fuel, oil or steam. It is possible to list

how the energy was used according to the various process in a plant or at the

various outlets in a building. The next step in evaluation of energy usage

then is to identify the potential for savings accurately.

(Wikipedia.org/Evaluation)

All Evaluation of energy usage tend to follow the same pattern but

vary according to level of technological techniques used in the assessment

process so an energy evaluation can take the form of a simple checklists

which can be used to examine sources of energy, how they are used and how

much of energy is consumed.(http://www.energyaudit.com).

Whatever the case, the outcome should provide information on

method of reducing energy losses. The three common Evaluation of energy

4

are Preliminary, general and investment-grade evaluation. The preliminary is

the simplest and the fastest type of energy evaluation it involves minimal

interviews with site-operating personnel, a brief review of facility bill and

other operating data and a walk-through of the facility to become familiar

with site-operating technique and to identify any glaring areas of energy

waste and inefficiency.

General evaluation is also called mini-evaluation it is more detailed

compared to the preliminary evaluation. It involve collection of more

detailed information about facility operation and by performing a more

detailed evaluation of energy conservation measures. Utility bills are

collected for a long period of time to allow the auditors to evaluate the

facility’s energy demand structures and energy usage profiles. This type of

energy evaluation will be able to identify all energy-conservation measures

appropriate for the facility given its operating parameters. A detailed

financial analysis is performed for each measures based on detailed

information cost estimates, site inspection operating cost savings, and the

customer investment criteria. Sufficient details is provided to justify project

implementation. The evaluation of Cloud-based energy auditing software

platform is enabling the managers of commercial building to collaborate

with general and specialty trades contractors in performing general and

5

energy system. Specific evaluation its benefits is the ability to identify the

full range of energy efficiency options that may be applicable to the specific

building under study with live time cost and benefit estimates supply by

local contractors.

The investment-grade evaluation expand on the detailed evaluation

described above and relies on a complete engineering study in order to detail

technical economical issues necessary to justify the investment related to the

transformations. Extensive attention is given to understanding not only the

operating characteristics of all energy consuming system but also situation

that causes load profile variation on short and long term base(e.g. daily,

weekly,monthly,annually).(http://wikipedia.org/wiki.energyevaluation,2010)

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

1.1.0 HISTORY BACKGROUND IN NIGERIA

Growing concern to improve electricity generation and supply in

Nigeria over the year culminated in 2005 to the unbundling of National

Electricity Power Authority(NEPA) and the encouragement of private

sectors participating in the electricity sector. Yet this action and others

earlier taken by successive government have not improved the situation.

6

Although the electricity reform agenda of government is yet to be felt in

terms of steady power supply. It has been observed that the current tariff

regimes are too low to support a profitable operation of electricity

supply(ECN, 2006) Activities in the electricity sector at present suggest that

before long, there may be an upward review of the tariff in order to sustain

private sector investment and participation in electricity generation and

supply in Nigeria. This is especially important for a capital city in a state

where electricity is essential. Even though fully funded by state

Government, Capital cities in Nigeria should not remain unconcerned or

detached from global issues as increasing drive for rational energy

consumption aimed at only driving down cost but also reduction in green

house gas emission(GHG) from utilities(ECN, 2006).

Environmental externalities associated with energy consumption have

continued to attract the attention of the international communities, since the

rise in GHG emission are heavily related to increase in energy

consumption, improving efficiency of energy use is seen as the key to

reducing these emission. Energy efficiency is a priority because a 10.30%

reduction in GHG emission can be achieved for little or no cost by merely

improving energy efficiency (Yin-Liang Chan et al; 2007). Obviously, this

is very instructive to energy consumers in Nigeria particularly Capital

7

cities, because most of the energy we generate in Nigeria comes from the

burning of fossil fuel (oil and gas) for every green house gas(GHGs).

From 2008 ECN report, there are nine electricity generating stations in

Nigeria, three of these stations are hydro based while six are thermal based

and they are all owned by the government under the Power Holding

Company of Nigeria(PHCN). All of them have an installed capacity of

6000MW. However, for many reasons ranging from shortage of gas supply

to lack of maintenance this stations are performing far below capacity.

From the recent figure, Nigeria is generating 4000MW of electricity(Punch,

23rd November, 2013). Part of the Electricity generated is exported to

neigbouring Niger Republic. Electricity demand in Nigeria is very high at

about 60% of Nigerians do not have access to electricity. Although many

gas powered stations have been commissioned to increase generation by

6000MW, this will still not be enough. We can see that energy generated in

Nigeria is grossly inadequate, hence the need to imbibe energy efficiency

culture.

Energy policies in many developing countries including Nigeria have

not really put into consideration the importance and gains of energy

efficiency to the environment and economic development. This could be

that the concept is poorly developed in these countries in many developing

8

countries, there is inadequate data that will guide the development of policy

which will strengthen regulatory measures to use energy efficiently in

Nigeria.

1.1.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

There is only one source of electricity supply to Ado–Ekiti which is

132/33KV transmission line to 132/33KV sub – station later distribute to

33/11KV sub – station and to the final consumer at 415/230KV, unlike

before that, there are different source of 33/11KV line that supply Ekiti –

State, like Ado – Ekiti then have two different source of 33/11KV line, one

from 132/33KV sub - station at Akure and another from 132/33KV sub –

station at Ilesha both in Ondo and Osun state respectively.

(a) Electrical Electronic Engineering HNDII student of federal

polytechnic Ado – Ekiti project 2008.

(b) And through one – on – one interview with some of the PHCN staff

of 132/33KV sub – station and 33/11KV injection sub – station in

Ado – Ekiti.

Though, electric power system is structured into generation,

transmission, and distribution. Ekiti state (Ado - Ekiti) neither generates nor

9

transmit electricity, but deal only with distribution system alone. (Through

one – on – one interview with some of the PHCN staff of 132/33KV sub –

station Ado – Ekiti)

As stated earlier from the distribution types, the distribution system of

a supply through PHCN (132/33KV line) to Ado – Ekiti is sub – divided into

primary distribution, secondary distribution, and tertiary distribution. The

132/33KV feeders that pass through Ilaramokun to Akure the capital of

Ondo – State were conveyed through distribution cable to the 132/33KV sub

– station at omisanjana street, Ado – Ekiti the voltage stepped down to

33KV by the 132/33KV transformer sub – station at omisanjana street, Ado

– Ekiti. The voltage is further distributed to the 33/11KV injection sub –

station at textile street, Ado – Ekiti from there step down to the 11KV by

the 33/11KV transformer sub – station at textile, Ado – Ekiti and later the

voltage is further distributed in radial form to the load centre. The type of

distribution is known as primary distribution. The voltage is transformed by

the transformer in each sub – station from load centers to 415v line to line or

230v phase to neutral voltage. The transformed voltage is distributed to the

various point of usage. (Through one – on – one interview with some of the

staff of 132/33KV sub – station and 33/11KV injection sub – station in Ado

– Ekiti.)

10

These are the numbers of transformer with their rating in Ado – Ekiti

(a) 40MVA 132/33KV sub – station at omisanjana, Ado – Ekiti

(b) 15MVA 33/11KV sub – station at textile at Ado – Ekiti

(c) And 11/0.415KV at different load centers in Ado – Ekiti with

different size of transformers. The sharing of voltage to the various

points of usage is called tertiary distribution.

(Through visitation and one – on – one interview with some of the PHCN

staff of 132/33KV sub – station and 33/11KV injection sub – station in Ado

– Ekiti.)

Finally, the main source of supply through PHCN voltage was

conveyed into circuit breaker switch gear. This device is operated manually

or automatically to supply the consumer premises where the voltage is

being utilized

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

In setting strategic direction of energy policy and guiding investment,

the statement of the project puts into consideration the importance of

energy efficiency to the environment and economic development in many

developing countries including Nigeria as inefficient, there is inadequate

11

data that will strengthen regulatory measures to use energy efficiently in

Nigeria.

The statement is Spitted into two sections.

1. To elicit information that will serve as a guide to draft policy that

will strengthen regulatory measures to use energy efficiently in Ekiti

state (Ado- Ekiti)

2. To eliminate waste in the Usage of energy.

1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

Evaluation of energy usage is employed as a tool for determining

what measures can be and should be taken to save energy in facility.

Energy evaluation is the first step in determining how a facility uses energy

and how it could be saved in the facility.

The Purpose of Evaluation of energy usage is:

a) To reduce the cost of power generation to minimum and at

maximum efficiency

b) To relate the energy input and production output

c) To access the present pattern of energy consumption in different

centers of operation.

d) To Identify the source of waste.

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e) To describe the prioritize cost saving measures relating energy use in

Ekiti state(Ado-Ekti).

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Energy policy in Nigeria have not really put into consideration the

importance of energy efficiency to the environment and economic

development. This could be deduce that the concept is inefficient in this

country. Hence there is need to:

a) Identify low cost ways of reducing energy consumption in the

residential building in Ekiti State(Ado-Ekiti)

b) Highlight information that will serve as a guide to draft policy that

will enhance energy efficiency in Ekiti State(Ado-Ekiti).

c) To Identify renewable energy potential in Ekiti State(Ado-Ekiti).

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of this project is focus on the analysis of electrical energy

and strategies for improving efficiency of electrical energy usage in Ado

Ekiti metropolis. The survey is conducted and involving 100 houses live

include category of family. The chosen of the houses have been picked

randomly and later classified for analysis.

13

1.6 RESEARCH QUESTION

The express audit will give us a calculation based on the average

household consumption of our family structure, home and users guide

I. Is your family type joint/Single Yes/No

II. Is your house floor area(m2) Standard Yes/No

III. Is your house painted? Yes/No

IV. Does your ceiling emit more heat Yes/No

V. Do you need additional light to see in your home? Yes/No

VI. Do you need additional air in your home? Yes/No

VII. Are you aware of the need to conserve energy? Yes/No

VIII. Are energy conservation measure taking in your home? Yes/No

IX. Is energy consumption monitored in your home? Yes/No

X. Are you aware of energy saving equipment? Yes/No

XI. Are you aware of energy efficient equipment? Yes/No

XII. Do you possess stabilizer Yes/No

XIII. Do your generators have environmental effect Yes/No.

14

1.7 ASSUMPTION OF THE STUDY

The fact of energy conservation remain unchanged that energy

produce and converted are used but this project research out that energy

available need to be managed to avoid huge losses of electrical power some

of the materials that were examined through auditing show that electrical

gadget consume more electricity. Due to the knowledge of electrical energy

management, the management of lighting in Residential building has

brought about introduction of Compact Florescent Lamp(CFLs) of lighting

point in the Residential Building

(a) It is also true that electrical energy management enhances and educate

the resident how to limit their expenditure on energy they consume.

(b) Electrical energy management knowledge enhance the establishment

of energy management structure and monitoring the target setting

system

(c) Electrical energy management enhance and boost the national stability

and quality of electrical supply into circulation.

(d) It also reduced the cost of energy consumption for those residential

buildings that can practice it

(e) It is true that electrical energy management publish cooperate energy

policy.

15

It is generally assumed that electrical energy management is the

strategy of adjusting and optimizing electrical energy using systems and

procedures so as to reduce energy requirements per unit of outputs while

holding constant or reducing total costs of expenditure of the Residential

Building.

Therefore there is need for the following:

1. Reduction in electrical energy losses.

2. Save energy and reduce running costs.

1.8 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

Evaluation of energy usage in Ado-Ekiti (Residential buildings)

limitations include:

(a) Limited statistical information on the rating of the equipment being

used

(b) Difficulty in getting response from the respondent

(c) Unwillingness to give certain information pertaining to the financial

situation of managing and maintaining the generator

(d) Fear of exposing personal affairs/secret to outsider made information

to be restricted by some respondent

16

(e) Amount of information/data obtained was limited due to the

respondent level of exposure, education, communication skill and

availability of the owner of the dwelling being audited.

1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS

EVALUATION: Is a systematic determination of a subject's merit, worth

and significance, using criteria governed by a set of standards. It can assist

an organization, program, project or any other intervention or initiative to

assess any aim, realisable concept/proposal, or any alternative, to help in

decision-making; or to ascertain the degree of achievement or value in

regard to the aim and objectives and results of any such action that has been

completed.

ENERGY:Is the ability or power to work or make an effort and work is the

transfer of energy from one form to another

METROPOLIS:Is a very large city or urban area which is a

significant economic, political, and cultural center for a country or region,

and an important hub for regional or international connections, commerce,

and communications. The term is Greek and means the "mother city" of

a colony (in the ancient sense), that is, the city which sent out settlers. This

17

was later generalized to a city regarded as a center of a specified activity, or

any large, important city in a nation.

ENERGY MANAGEMENT:Is the judicious and effective usage of energy

to maximize profits(minimize cost).

POWER FACTOR: Is the ratio between the active power(KW) and

apparent power(KVA)

ENERGY CHARGE: It’s a measured of the intensity or rate of energy use

multiplied by the length of time it’s used (KW X hours = KWH)

1.10 BRIEF HISTORY OF ADO EKITI

Ado Ekiti is a city in southwest Nigeria, the state capital and

headquarters of the Ekiti. It is also known as Ado. The population in 2004

was 446,749. The people of Ado Ekiti are mainly of the Ekiti sub-ethnic

group of the Yoruba. Ado Ekiti City has a State owned University – The

University of Ado Ekiti now Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, a privately

owned University - The Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, a Polytechnic -

The Federal Polytechnic, Ado Ekiti, two local television and radio stations, -

18

NTA Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State Television (BSES), Radio Ekiti, Progress FM

Ado Ekiti. Various commercial enterprises operate in Ado Ekiti. The city is

the trade centre for a farming region where yams, cassava, grain,

and tobacco are grown. Cotton is also grown for weaving.

Where Ado-Ekiti is situated is a land that has been continuously

inhabited/occupied by human communities from time immemorial.

Available research shows that human societies of unknown antiquity

occupied this neighbourhood about (11,000) years ago. These ancient

inhabitants were probably the same or progenitors/ancestors of Igbon near

Ogotun, Erijiyan, Ijero, Ulesun and Asin (near Ikole) who were probably

autochthones because available traditions shows that they had lived in and

near their abodes from time immemorial.

Tremendous development took place in the cultivation of economic

crops, cultivation and collection of forest product such as kolanut and oil

palm produce, commerce and trade. Much of impetus of all these came

initially from Mr Isaac Ifamuboni. These men introduced the cultivation of

cocoa, maize brown cocoyam etc to Ekiti.

The progeess made in western education, cultivation of food crop and

of economic trees, as well as the establishment of commercial ventures

19

brought great profit to Ado-Ekiti in the early 1940s big time commercial

firms(Companies) such as UAC and in later year John Holt, U.T.C, C.F.A.O

establishes factories in the city. The Post and Telegraph now(NIPOST)

established a station in the city in 1947/48 causing posting and collection of

mail at the District Officer’s office at Ayoba to cease. In 1958, Pipe borne

water facility was provided making Ado-Ekiti the first town in the present

Ondo and Ekiti State to Enjoy the Facility. Two years later ECN(now

PHCN) extended electricity to the city. These facilities enhanced

commercial activities and brought immense social economic benefit and

improve standard of life of the people. From the 1950s commercial banks as

First and National Bank, The Union Bank for Africa opened there branch

offices in Ado-Ekiti. Ado Ekiti has a Stadium with the Capacity of 10,000

and a third division professional football league team.

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ado_Ekiti).

20

Figure 1.1: map of Ado-Ekiti

1.11 THE HOST COMMUNITY

Ekiti state is a state in the western Nigeria, declared a state on

October 1 1996, alongside five others by the military under the dictatorship

of General Sani Abacha. In a national broadcast to make Nigeria 36th

Independent Anniversary. This make Ekiti-state one of the thirty six states of

the federal Republic of Nigeria today. It was carved out of the former Ondo

state, Ekiti state is located between latitude 7°25' and 80°5'N and between

latitude 4°45' and 5°46'E. The state is found to the South of kwara and kogi

state while bound by Osun state the west, to the east of Ekiti is found in Edo

21

state while it is bounded in the south by Ondo state, Ekiti state is a

landlocked state, having no coastal boundary(www.ekitistate.gov.org)

Figure1.2: Map of Ekiti

The Ekiti’s whose ancestors migrated from Ile-Ife as a people from

one of the largest ethnic group in the Yoruba land. The Ekitis are culturally

homogenous they speak a dialect of the Yoruba language known as Ekiti, the

homogenous nature of the Ekiti conifers on the state, some uniqueness

among the state states of the Federation. However, slight differences are

noticeable in the Ekiti dialect of the Yoruba language spoken by the people.

22

This is informed and influenced by their spatial location especially the

boarder community of other state.(http://www.onlinenigeria.com)

Ekiti state is among the richest in the federation, in the variety and quality of

traditional arts, music, poetry and witty sayings. There are many as fifty

traditional festival in the state. Egungun, Ijesu and Ogun festival are

celebrated in all parts of the states but the latters associated in the particular

with ire Ekiti. The Ekiti are good wood carvers, blacksmiths and ornamental

potters, mat weavers and basket makers (http://www.onlinenigeria.com).

23

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

Reducing the impacts of the use of energy has been described as one

of the key technical, political and moral challenges facing the world today,

while the world works towards the use of cleaner energy, our priority should

be to use the energy we generated more efficiently. According to a

publication by the international Rivers, energy efficiency measures are

cheaper, cleaner and faster to install than any other energy options. Energy

efficiency measures have the potential to promote economic development

and can lead to job creation and saving of personal income. More also,

energy efficiency will play a pivotal role in the mitigation of climate change;

a large part of green house gases emitted into the atmosphere come from

energy generation. This assertion is contained in the Fourth Assessment

Report(AR4) of the intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC),

which has demonstrated that improved energy efficiency will play a key role

in our mitigation of climate change.

The dual benefit of money savings and environments are highlighted

in such an audit. Energy audits often address other issues too, such as indoor

air quality, lighting quality and ways to improve building occupant

satisfaction.(www.energystate.or.us)

24

2.1 DEFINITION

An energy evaluation audit is an inspection, survey and analysis of

energy flows for energy conservation in building, process or system to

reduce the amount of energy input into the system without negatively

affecting the outputs. Information gathered from the energy audit can be

used to introduce Energy Conservation Measure(ECM) or appropriate

energy-saving technologies, such as electronic control systems in the form of

retrofits. Energy audits identify economically justified, cost saving

opportunities that result in significantly lowered electrical, natural gas, water

and sewer costs.(www.njcleanerenergy.com).

An important part of energy auditing is energy accounting/bill

auditing. Energy accounting is a process of collecting, organizing and

analyzing energy data. For electricity accounts, usage data normally are

tracked and should include metered Kilowatt-hour consumption, metered

peak demand, bill demand and rate schedules. Similar data are examined for

heating fuel and water/sewer accounts. All of this information can be

obtained by analyzing typical energy bills. Creating energy accounting

records and performing bill audits can be done internally without hiring

outside consulting firms. Also, while energy audit as a whole will identify

excessive energy use and cost effective conservation projects bill and

25

beneficial rate and service options. It could provide an excellent opportunity

to generate savings without any capital investment. In addition, accurate data

form energy accounting/bill auditing is crucial to making informed energy

purchasing decision in a energy market(www.energystate.org.us).

2.2 OVERVIEW OF THE AUDIT PROCESS

An energy audit is a four step process that include the phases

planning, investigating, implementing and sustaining. Though planning and

careful action increase the chances of a successful energy audit with a

maximum return on investment.

Fig 2.1: Overview of Audit process

An energy audit include more than just taking measurements. In order

for the measurement to be useful, they must be part of a systematic

procedure to identify and implement the most cost effective energy

26

conservation programs. Energy audit involves gathering system information,

measuring energy use, developing conservation strategies, choosing the most

cost- effective plan, implementing changes, and verifying result

(www.plantservices.com/article/2010/09energyaudit.com)

Energy auditing evaluates the efficiency of all building components

and system that impact energy use. The audit process begins at the utility

meters where the sources of the energy coming into a building or facility are

measured. Energy flows inputs and outputs for each fuel are then identified

these flows are measured and quantified into distinct functions or specific

uses, then the function and performance of all building components and

system are evaluated. The efficiency of each of the functions is assessed,

energy and cost-saving opportunities are identified. At the end of the

process, an energy audit report is prepared.(Oppenheim 2000).

2.3 HOME ENERGY AUDIT

A home energy audit is a service where the energy efficiency of a

house is evaluated by the person using professional equipment(Such as

blower doors and infrared cameras), with the aim to suggest the best way to

improve energy efficiency in heating and cooling the house.

An energy audit of a home may involve recording various characteristics of

the building envelope including the walls, ceilings, floors, doors, windows

27

and skylights for each of these components the area and resistance to heat

flow (R-value) is measured or estimated. The leakage rate or infiltration of

air through the building envelope is of concern, both of which are strongly

affected by window construction and quality of door seats such as weather

stripping. The goal of this exercise is to qualify the buildings overall thermal

performance. The audit may also assess the efficiency, physical condition

and programming of mechanical systems such as the heating ventilation, air

conditioning equipment and thermostat.(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/energy-

audit).

2.4 INDUSTRIAL ENERGY AUDIT

Increasingly in the last several decades, industrial energy audits have

exploded as the demand to lower increasingly expensive energy costs and

more towards a sustainable future have made energy audits greatly important

their importance is magnified since energy spending is a major expense to

industrial companies(energy spending amount for approximately 10% of the

average manufacturers expenses). The growing trends should only continue

as energy cost continue to rise. While the overall concept is similar to home

or residential energy audit, industrial energy audit require a different skill

set. Weatherproofing and insulating a house are the main focus of a

residential energy audit for industrial applications, weatherproofing and

28

insulating often are minor concerns. In industrial energy audit, it is HVAC

lighting and production equipment that uses the highest amount of energy.

2.5 TYPES OF ENERGY AUDIT

The term energy audit is commonly use to describe a broad spectrum

of energy studies ranging from quick walk-through of a facility to identify

major problem areas to a comprehensive analysis of the implications of

alternative energy efficiency measures sufficient to satisfy the financial

criteria of sophisticated investors. Numerous audit procedure has been

developed for non residential /tertiary buildings(ASHRAE, kiarti 2000),

audit is required to identify the most efficient and cost effective energy

conservation opportunities(ECOs) or measures(ECMs). Energy conservation

opportunities (or measures) can convert in more efficient use of partial or

global replacement of the existing installation.

When looking into the existing audit methodologies developed in (IEA-

ECBCS Annex 11, by ASHRAE and by krati 2000), it appears that the main

issues of an audit process are:

i The analysis of building and utility data, including study of installed

equipment and analysis of energy bills;

ii The survey of real operating conditions

29

iii The understanding of the building behavior and of the interactions

with weather, occupancy and operating schedules;

iv The selection and the evaluation of energy conservation measures

v The estimation of energy saving potential

vi The identification of customer concern and needs.

2.5.1 BENCHMARKING

The impossibility of describing all possible situation that might be

encountered during an audit means that it is necessary to find a way of

describing what constitutes good, average and bad energy performance

across a range of situations. The aim of benchmarking is to answer the

question. Benchmarking mainly consist in comparing the measured

consumption which reference consumption of other similar building or

generated by simulation tool to identify excessive or unacceptable running

costs benchmarking is also necessary to identify building presenting

interesting energy saving potential. An important issue in benchmarking is

the use of performance index to characterize the building (ASHRAE, 2000).

These indexes can be

i. Comfort indexes, comparing the actual comfort condition to the

comfort requirement.

30

ii. Energy indexes consisting in energy demand divided by

heated/conditional area, allowing comparison with reference value of

the indexes coming from regulation or similar buildings;

iii. Energy demands, directly compared to reference energy demand

generated by means of simulation tools.

2.5.2 WALK THROUGH OR PRELIMINARY AUDIT

The preliminary audit (alternatively called a simple audit, screening

audit or walk-through audit) is the simplest and quickest type of audit. It

involves minimal interviews with site-operating personnel, a brief review of

facility utility bills and other operating data, and a walk-through of the

facility to become familiar with the building operation and to identify any

glaring areas of energy waste or inefficiency.

Typically, only major problem areas will be covered during this type

of audit. Corrective measures are briefly described, and quick estimates of

implementation cost, potential operating cost savings, and simple payback

periods are provided. A list of energy conservation measures(ECMs, or

energy conservation opportunities, ECOs) requiring further consideration is

also provided. This level of detail, while not sufficient for reaching a final

decision on implementing proposed measure, is adequate to prioritize

31

energy-efficiency projects and to determine the need for a more detailed

audit.(http://en.wikipedia.org)

2.5.3 GENERAL AUDIT

The general audit (alternatively called a mini-audit, site energy audit

or detailed energy audit or complete site energy audit) expands on the

preliminary audit described above by collecting more detailed information

about facility operation and by performing a more detailed evaluation of

energy conservation measures. Utility bills are collected for a 12 to 36

month period to allow the auditor to evaluate the facility's energy demand

rate structures and energy usage profiles. If interval meter data is available,

the detailed energy profiles that such data makes possible will typically be

analyzed for signs of energy waste. Additional metering of specific energy-

consuming systems is often performed to supplement utility data. In-depth

interviews with facility operating personnel are conducted to provide a better

understanding of major energy consuming systems and to gain insight into

short and longer term energy consumption patterns. This type of audit will

be able to identify all energy-conservation measures appropriate for the

facility, given its operating parameters. A detailed financial analysis is

performed for each measure based on detailed implementation cost

estimates, site-specific operating cost savings, and the customer's investment

32

criteria. Sufficient detail is provided to justify project implementation.

(ASHREA, 2000).

2.5.4 INVESTMENT-GRADE AUDIT

In most corporate settings, upgrades to a facility's energy

infrastructure must compete for capital funding with non-energy-related

investments. Both energy and non-energy investments are rated on a single

set of financial criteria that generally stress the expected return on

investment (ROI). The projected operating savings from the implementation

of energy projects must be developed such that they provide a high level of

confidence. In fact, investors often demand guaranteed savings. The

investment-grade audit expands on the detailed audit described above and

relies on a complete engineering study in order to detail technical and

economical issues necessary to justify the investment related to the

transformations.

2.5.5 COMPUTER SIMULATION AUDIT

The computer simulation audit is the most expensive and often is

recommended for more complicated systems, structures or facilities. This

involves using computer simulation software for prediction purpose(i.e.

Performance of buildings and systems) and consideration of effects of

external factors (e.g. changes in weather and other conditions with the

33

computer simulation audit, a baseline related to a facility’s actual energy use

is established, against which effects of system improvement are compared.

The audit often used for assessing energy performance of new buildings

based on different design configuration and equipment packages.

2.6 SPECIFIC AUDIT TECHNIQUES

INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY AUDIT

The advent of high resolution thermography has enabled inspectors to

identify potential issues within the building envelope by taking a thermal

image of the various surfaces of a building. For purposes of an energy audit,

the thermographer will analyze the patterns within the surface temperatures

to identify heat transfer through convection, radiation, or conduction. It is

important to note that the thermography ONLY identifies SURFACE

temperatures, and analysis must be applied to determine the reasons for the

patterns within the surface temperatures. Thermal analysis of a home

generally costs between 300 and 600 dollars

POLLUTION AUDIT

With increases in carbon dioxide emissions or other green house

gases, pollution audits are now a prominent factor in most energy audits.

34

Implementing energy efficient technologies help prevent utility generated

pollution.

Online pollution and emission calculators can help approximate the

emissions of other prominent air pollutants in addition to carbon dioxide.

Pollution audits generally take electricity and heating fuel consumption

numbers over a two-year period and provide approximations for carbon

dioxide, VOCs, nitrous oxides, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, mercury,

cadmium, lead, mercury compounds, cadmium compounds and lead

compounds.(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/energy-audit)

2.7 ENERGY CONSERVATION

Energy conservation refer to effort made to reduce energy

consumption or refer to method of reducing energy through using less of an

energy service. Energy conservation differ from efficient energy use, which

refer to using less energy for a constant service. For example, driving less is

an example of energy conservation. Driving the same amount with a higher

milage vehicle is an example of energy efficiency. Energy conservation and

efficiency are both energy reduction techniques.

35

Even though conservation reduces energy services, it can result in

increased financial capital, environmental quality national security and

personal financial security. It is the top of the sustainable energy hierarchy.

2.8. ENERGY CONSERVATION BY COUNTRY

ENERGY POLICY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Although the European union has legislated in the area of energy

policy for many years and evolved out of the European coal and steel

community, the concept of introducing a mandatory and comprehensive

European energy policy was only approved at the meeting of the informal

European council on 27th October 2005 at Hampton court. The EU treaty of

Lisbon of 2007 legally includes solidarity in matters of energy supply and

changes to the energy policy within the EU prior to the treaty Lisbon EU

energy legislation has been based on the EU authority in the area of the

common market and environment. However, in practice many policy

competencies in relation to energy remain et national member state level,

and progress in policy at EU level requires voluntary cooperation by

members states.

The EU currently imports 82% of its oil and 57% of its gas, making it

the world’s leading importer of these fuels only 3% of the Uranium used in

European nuclear reactors was mined in Europe. Russia, Canada, Australia,

36

Niger and Kazakhstan were the five largest suppliers of nuclear materials to

the EU, supplying more than 75% of the total need in 2009

(hhtp://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/energy-policy-European-Union).

At the end of 2006, the European union EU pledged to cut its annual

consumption of primary energy by 20% by 2020. The European union

energy efficient action plan is long awaited. As part of the EU’s SAVE

program aimed at promoting energy efficiency and encouraging energy-

saving behavior, the Boiler Efficiency Directive specifies minimum levels of

efficiency for boilers fired with liquid or gaseous fuels. The European

commission is funding Large-scale research project to learn about success

factors for effective energy conservation programs.(http://ec.european.eu).

Under the requirement of the Directive on Electricity production from

renewable energy sources which entered into force in October 2011, the

member states are expected to meet “indicative” targets for renewable

energy production. Although there is significant variation in national targets.

The average is that 22% of electricity should be generated by renewable by

2020(compared to 13.9% in 1997). The European commission has proposed

in its Renewable Energy Roadmap 21 a binding target of increasing the level

of renewable Energy in the EU’s overall mix from less than 7% today to

20% by 2020(http://ec.european.eu).

37

The EU has also promoted electricity market liberation and security of

supply through the 2003 internal market in Electricity Directive, which

replaced early directives in this area. The directive 2003/54/EC has been

replaced by the Directive 2009/72/EC. The 2004/67/EC security directive

has been intended to improve security of supply in the natural gas sector.

2.8.1 UNITED KINGDOM

Energy conservation in the United Kingdom has been receiving

increased attention over recent years, key factors behind this are the

government commitment to reduce carbon emissions. The project “energy

gap” in the electricity generation, and the increasing reliance on imports to

meet national energy needs. Domestic housing and road transport are

currently the two biggest problem areas.

Responsibility for energy conservation fall between three government

although is led by the Department for Energy and climate change (DECC).

The department for Communities and Local Government (CLG) is still

responsible for energy standards in buildings and the Department for

Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) retains a residual interest in

energy in so far as it leads to emission of CO2 the main green house gas. The

department for transportation retains many responsibilities for energy

conservation in transport. At an operational level, there are two main non-

38

departmental , non-governmental bodies. The Energy saving trust, working

mainly in the domestic sector with some interest in transport and the carbon

trust, working with industry and innovative energy technologies in addition

there are many independent NGOs working in the sector such as the centre

for sustainable energy in Bristol or the National Foundation in Milton

Keynes, and directly helping consumers make informed choices on energy

efficiency. (Enerdata, 2012).

2.8.2 UNITED STATES

The United States is currently the second largest single consumer of

energy, following China. The US department of energy categorizes national

energy use in four broad sector transportation, residential, commercial, and

industrial Energy usage in transportation and residential sectors about half of

US energy consumption, is largely controlled by individual consumers,

commercial and industrial energy expenditures are determined by business

entities and other facility managers. National energy policy has a significant

effect on energy usage across all four sectors, and its strengthen is part of the

2010 presidential congressional legislative debate(http://en.wikipedia.org)

39

2.9 ECONOMIC FACTORS OF ENERGY CONSERVATION

Energy saving is important and effective in all level of human

organizations. In the whole world, as a nation, as companies, or individuals.

Energy conservation reduces the energy cost and improve the profitability.

Private companies are also sensitive to energy cost, which directly affects

their profitability and even their viability in many cases. Especially factories

in the industrial sectors are of much concern, because reduced cost by

Energy conservation means the more competitive product prices in the

world market and that is good for national trade balance (Total energy

management handbook,2005).

2.10 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ENERGY CONSERVATION

Energy conservation is closely related also to environmental issues.

The problem of global warning or climate change is caused by emission of

carbon dioxide and other Green House Gas(GHG) Energy conservation,

especially saving use of fossils fuels, shall be the first among the various

countermeasures of the problem with due consideration of the

aforementioned economic factors.(Total Energy management Handbook,

2005).

40

2.11 BEST PRACTICES IN ENERGY EFFICIENCY

2.11.1 STANDARD AND LABEL (S & L)

In many countries of the world, especially the industrialize nations,

the use of standards and labels(S&L) are increasingly becoming common.

An energy label is attached to electrical appliance to display the accurate

energy consumption information on the product, such information will help

the buyer to take decision whether to buy the product or not. Energy label

will provide information on the amount of energy an appliance consumes

and will also tell the consumer how efficient the appliance is. In many of

the OECD countries, energy labeling is now fully operational and the

appliances that are commonly labeled include refrigerators, freezers and air

conditionals and a range of other appliances such as rice cookers, boilers,

lighting products and washing machine (Harrington and Damnics. 2004).

2.11.2 LIGHTING

With the use of incandescent bulbs, many households spend a lot of

energy for lighting. The energy we spend for lighting can be reduced by

over 60% if we replace them with energy saving bulbs such as compact

florescent lamps (CFLs). CFLs are much more efficient than incandescent

bulbs and they last six to ten times longer.

41

Fig 2.2: Compact Flourescent Lamp (CFL)

In some parts of the world, the government had put a ban on the use of

incandescent bulbs, a good example is in Cuba, where the Cuban

Government had put a ban on the use of incandescent bulbs and also

developed programmes to phase out these bulbs. For outdoor lighting, the

use of timing machine can help to switch off the light automatically.

2.11.3 REFRIGERATION

Modern and energy efficient refrigerators can help save energy

compared to the refrigerators design 15 years ago. In many parts of the

world, old and inefficient refrigerators are being replaced by energy

efficient refrigerators. Refrigerators are designed for different climate, for

42

example there are refrigerators designed for the temperate region while

others are designed for the tropical region. Using a refrigerator designed for

the temperate region in a tropical climate will lead to inefficient use of

energy. Refrigerators should be used in the climate where they are designed

to be used. In Nigeria, the use of secondhand refrigerators from Europe

should be discouraged, because these refrigerators are designed for the

European climate.(Lebot, B. 2009).

2.11.4 COOLING AND HEATING

In Nigeria, the appliances for heating and cooling account for a large

percentage of the energy we spend in our homes and offices. It has been

found that heating and cooling account for about 44% of utility bill. The

energy spent on heating and cooling can be reduced if households and

owners of houses invest money for the proper insulation and weathering of

their houses. Just by insulating walls and loft spaces you could reduce heat

loss by over 50% and prevent wasted of energy. Also, there are modern and

more efficient air conditioner and heating equipment. By combining proper

equipment maintenance and upgrades with insulation, weatherization and

thermostat setting, energy consumption can be reduced drastically.

43

2.11.5 USE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY(RETS)

The use of solar heater to provide hot water in the house can help to

reduce the amount of electrical energy spent on heating water. Solar heaters

have been developed and used in other parts of the world to provide hot

water in residential houses.

2.11.6 PROVIDING INCENTIVES

Providing incentives for purchasing energy efficiency products have

been used to change the behavior of consumers to promote energy

efficiency. This has been operational in other parts of the world. Policy is

made to place a penalty on people using inefficient products and reward

those buying very efficient appliances.

2.11.7 LANDSCAPING

There are natural ways we can keep our homes comfortable and

reduce energy bill. A well placed tree, shrub or vine in our homes can

provide shade and act as windbreak. This can help to reduce the energy we

spend on cooling, since the shade from these trees can keep our home cool.

44

2.12 RENEWABLE ENERGY POTENTIAL IN NIGERIA

Renewable energies include wind, ocean wave and tides, solar,

biomass, rivers, geothermal (heat of the earth), etc. They are called

‘renewable’ because they are regularly replenished by natural processes and

are therefore in endless supply. They also can operate without polluting the

environment. Technologies that have been developed to harness these

energies are called renewable energy technologies (RETs) or sometime also

called “clean technologies” or “green energy”. Because renewable energies

are constantly being replenished from natural sources, they have security of

supply, unlike fossil fuels, which are negotiated on the international market

and subject to international competition, sometimes may even resulting in

wars and shortages. They have important advantages as follows:

i Their rate of use does not affect their availability in future, thus they

are inexhaustible.

ii The resources are generally well distributed all over the world, even

though wide spatial and temporal variations occur. Thus all regions

of the world have reasonable access to one or more forms of

renewable energy supply.

iii They are clean and pollution-free, and therefore are sustainable

natural form of energy.

45

iv They can be cheaply and continuously harvested and therefore

sustainable source of energy.

Renewable energy can be set up in small units and is therefore

suitable for community management and ownership. In this way, value

from renewable energy projects can be kept in the community. In Nigeria,

this has particular relevance since the electricity grid does not extend to

many rural areas and in some cases it is prohibitively expensive to extend

the grid to remote areas. This presents a unique opportunity to construct

power plants closer to where they are actually needed. In this way, much

needed income, skill transfer and manufacturing opportunities for small

businesses would be injected into rural communities. RETs have the

potential to produce more jobs than fossil fuel or nuclear industries. When

RETs are properly integrated into national development plans and

implemented, they can substantially reduce greenhouse gas emission and

simultaneously increase employment. Moreover, it can also enhance energy

security by reducing reliance on oil and promote energy sovereignty. With

the right approach, the interests of the economy and the environment can

come together when RE is properly integrated into development plans.

46

2.12.1 WIND ENERGY

The energy contained in the force of the winds blowing across the

earth’s surface can be harnessed. Such energy can be converted into

mechanical energy for performing various works such as generating

electricity, pumping water, grinding grain, etc. Modern wind 36 turbines are

being used to generate electricity in countries such as Germany, Denmark,

India, China, and the United States to supplement more traditional sources

of electric power. Design improvements such as more efficient rotor blades

combined with an increase in the numbers of wind turbines installed, have

helped increase the world’s wind energy generating capacity by nearly 150

percent since 1990 (Microsoft 1999). With wind energy available in Nigeria

vary from the extreme south to the extreme north.

The wind speed in the south ranges from 1.4 to3.0 m/s. The wind

speed is higher in the northern Nigeria, from 4.0 to 5.12 m/s (ECN 2008).

Nigeria possess enormous potential to develop and utilize energy from the

wind for electricity generation. The coastal regions of the south and the

northern part of the country are possible suitable sites for wind energy

exploitation. Wind turbines are suitable for power generation in remote

places where energy is needed but costly to connect to a central source.

47

They are particularly suitable for development of energy in rural

communities in developing countries.

2.12.2 SOLAR ENERGY

Solar energy can be collected using artificial devices called solar

collectors. The energy collected can be used either in a thermal process or a

photoelectric (photovoltaic) process. When used in a thermal process, solar

energy is used to heat a gas or liquid. In the photovoltaic process, solar

energy is converted directly to electrical energy without intermediate

mechanical devices. Nigeria is blessed with enormous solar radiation that

can be harnessed; solar radiation intensity varies from 7.0kwh/m2 at the

extreme north to 3.5kwh/m2

in the extreme south. This figures are sufficient

for thermal and photovoltaic application (ECN, 2008).

2.12.3 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

Geothermal energy is the energy gotten from the heat that originates

from the earth crust. Report shows that in 2004, over 9,000 mega watts of

electricity were produced from 250 geothermal power plants in 22 countries

around the world. These plants produced power for well over 60 million

people living mostly in the developing countries. Some African countries

48

have already started exploring the energy potentials offered by this

renewable source of energy. Nigeria has some potential to harness energy

from this source of renewable energy.

There are two major geothermal energy resource sites presently known in

Nigeria. They are Ikogosi Warm Spring in Ekiti State and the Wikki Warm

Spring in Bauchi State. Outside these two major sites, other sites have been

identified in the Lagos sub-basin, the Okitiputa Ridge, Auchi-Agbede

within the Benin Flank/Hinge Line and the Abakaliki Anticlinorium (ECN

UNDP, 2005). The advantage of this source of energy is that it has a very

high rate of security. More also, it is available for 24 hours a day all the

year round. The capacity of geothermal plants can range from 20MW to

60MW. It is also not harmful to the environment: that is, it does not

contribute to the problem of climate change (ECN-UNDP, 2005).

49

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 METHODOLOGY

Methodology is the systematic, theoretical analysis of the methods

applied to a field of study, or the theoretical analysis of the body of methods

and principles associated with a branch of knowledge. It, typically,

encompasses concepts such as paradigm, theoretical model, phases and

quantitative or qualitative techniques.

A Methodology does not set out to provide solutions but offers the

theoretical underpinning for understanding which method, set of methods or

so called “best practices” can be applied to a specific case.

It has been defined also as follows:

i The analysis of the principles of methods, rules, and postulates

employed by a discipline.

ii The systematic study of methods that are, can be, or have been applied

within a discipline.

iii The study or description of methods.

(http://en.m.wiki.org/wiki/methodology)

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3.1 WHAT IS DATA

Data can simply be defined as a fact or information used in deciding

or making something. (Collins Gem, English Dictionary 1991) Define data

as a series of observation or fact, number digits e.t.c. Operated on by a

computer

3.11 DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENT

The method used in proffering solution to the study is through the

collection of

1. Primary Data.

(a) Questionnaire

(b) Personal Interview

(c) Inspection

2. Secondary Data

(a) Text books

(b) Journal

(c) Internet

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3.1.2 PRIMARY DATA

The researcher may not have enough data even after using all

reasonable secondary source of information in this situation, they will turn to

primary source and get the information themselves.

Primary data consist of original information collected for the specific

purpose at hand. They are collected to satisfy a clearly defined purpose.

Though, primary data is more costly, yet is usually more relevant to the issue

at hand.

3.1.3 SECONDARY DATA

The oxford dictionary(2000) defined secondary data as data

information coming after derived from primary data. Some researcher

started their investigation by examining secondary data to see whether their

problem can be partly solved without going into primary data collection.

3.2 QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN

Most Problem with questionnaire analysis can be traced back to the

design phase of the project. Well defined goals are the best way to assure a

good questionnaire design.

52

Some rules were properly followed in the building of a quality

questionnaire. The questions in the questionnaire can either be closed-ended

or open-ended type.

In a close-ended type, questionnaire were followed by kinds of

specified choice and the respondent answers were not recorded in full. The

quality of this is that it guides respondent in giving accurate information that

has close relation to the question under discussion.

The following factors served as guidance in building quality

questionnaire

1. The objectives of the research

2. Level of information available

3. The respondent level of education and exposure

4. The ease with which the content of the answer can be communicated

by the respondent or the extent to which the respondent are motivated

to communicate to the topic.

The questions asked in the questionnaire are based on the following

I. General Information about the respondent

II. Educational Structure and household membership status

III. Final energy consumption

53

IV. Life Style

V. General awareness about energy efficiency

The method that is used to obtain samples of data is by using

questionnaire. From the questionnaire, the data is analyzed to calculate the

power usage of each house. It consist of questions that provide information

of electric energy usage among consumers and also their habit in daily usage

of electric energy. Also the collection of outages statistics for one month

from the Benin Electricity Distribution Company(BEDC) which is the

distribution company of Nigeria(DISCO). The monthly power consumption

were obtained for proper assessment of power supply in the City.

One hundred questionnaire were distributed to residential load

consumers in Ado-Ekiti, Ninety percent (90%) out of the distributed

questionnaires were returned and analyzed. In each house, each electrical

appliance used by every house and average total of electricity consumption

for a period of one month are recorded.

The data collection only focused on the appliances that are often used by the

consumers. The average total of real power for each house is calculated by

summing the individual appliance. The knowledge of each consumer about

their knowledge of consumption of electricity efficiently were also recorded.

54

3.3 AREA OF STUDY

The scope of this project is focused on the analysis of electrical

energy and strategies for improving efficiency of electrical energy in Ado

Ekiti metropolis. In order to this, the area of study is on residential building

Since about 88% of the load demand in Ado Ekiti belong to residential

consumers(One-on-one interview with a staff of PHCN), hence, the

residential consumers in Ado Ekiti is distributed into four sections according

to the distribution of supply to the city.

3.4 POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

The main supply from the Transmission Sub-station in Ado-Ekiti is

132KV that was stepped to 33KV, which is later distributed to four feeders

namely:

Ado Feeder

Ikere Feeder

Ikole Feeder and

Ilawe Feeder.

For the purpose of this study, Our Focus would be on Ado Feeder

which serve as the main distribution of electrical power in the city. Ado

55

Feeder is also distributed into four sections, namely, Ajilosun, Basiri,

Okesa and Adebayo and later distributed to various location of the city.

(Through one – on – one interview with some of the staff of 132/33KV sub –

station and 33/11KV injection sub – station in Ado – Ekiti.)

Figure3.1: Line diagram of Power distribution in Ado Ekiti

56

3.5 SAMPLING DESIGN AND PROCEDURE

It is usual for the researcher to clearly define target population, there

are no strict rule to follow and the researcher must rely on logic and

judgment. The population is defined in keeping with the objectives of the

study.

For the purpose of this project, the sampling chosen for collection of

data is simple random sampling and quota sampling.

SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING: Is a probability sampling technique in

which each element in the population has a known and equal probability of

selection. Every element is selected independently of every other element

and the sample is drawn by a random procedure from a sampling frame.

QUOTA SAMPLING: Involves the researcher first identifying the stratums

and their proportion and they are represented in population. Then judgment

is used to select the required number of subjects from energy meter and

generators.

3.6 VALIDATION OF INSTRUMENT

Data validity require that the data collection process really measures

what is suppose to measure.

57

However, the instrument used in this research work for collection of

data is valid, as it actually measured the characteristics of the process it was

designed to measure.

3.7 RELIABILITY OF THE INSTRUMENT

In the data collection process, the instrument used is reliable as it is

technically correct, unambiguous and effort were made to ensure that the

respondent were available to give the answer to the questions themselves.

3. ADMINISTRATION OF INSTRUMENT

In order to ensure good presentation of the data collected, tables

percentages, simple bar chart and pie chart were used to analyzed data

collected.

58

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

This Chapter is used for the discussion on the data collected, that is the

constraints encountered with the respondent.

The Following problems and constraint were encountered

a) Most respondent proved incompetent in answering the questionnaire

b) Nonchalant attitude behavior put up by some respondents

c) The collection of complete questionnaire proved difficult because some

of the respondent could not be found at home.

4.1 ENERGY AUDITS

An energy audit first identifies how energy is used in your home and

then recommend ways to improve energy efficiently and reduce energy

costs. In practice there is wide variance among the different level of energy

audit available. Or as Albert Thurman writes in the Handbook of Energy

Audit, “There is a direct relationship to the cost of the audit(amount of data

collected and analyzed) and the number of energy conservation opportunities

to be found”.

59

4.2 ENERGY WASTAGE

From our study, we found out that a lot of energy is wasted in Nigeria

because households, public and private offices and industries use more

energy than is actually necessary to fulfill their needs. One of the reasons is

that they use old and inefficient equipment and production processes. The

other reason, which we want to discuss in this chapter are unwholesome

practices that lead to energy wastage. In this chapter, we will enumerate

these practices.

4.2.1 DOMINANT USE OF INCANDESCENT LIGHT BULBS

The common type of lamp used is incandescent bulb and the name

for incandescent bulb in Nigeria generally is “yellow bulb” because of the

yellowish colour of the light rays from the bulbs. Many Nigerians are not

familiar with the name ‘Incandescent’. From our study 40% of our

respondent claim they use incandescent bulbs(Fig4.1). The use of

incandescent bulb for lighting is energy intensive. Only about 5% of total

energy used by an incandescent bulb is converted light energy, the

remaining 95% is converted to heat energy (Lebot, 2009). The energy rating

of the incandescent bulbs found in the Nigerian market range from 40W to

200W, thus we have the ones for 40W, 60W, 100W and 200W.

60

Our findings revealed that in many places where people experience

low voltage, people purchase the 100W and 200W in order to get a brighter

effect. Also, many people use the high rating incandescent bulbs for outdoor

lighting because they appear brighter. A major factor working against the

shift from incandescent bulbs to energy saving bulbs is the cost. Energy

saving bulbs are far more expensive than incandescent bulbs. The cost of

energy saving bulb in the Nigerian market ranges between N800 to N1000.

However, some substandard energy saving bulbs could be purchase for

about N200. On the other hand, the prices of incandescent bulbs range from

N30 to N100.

Table 4.1: Table Showing the type of light bulbs used by respondent

Name Frequency Proportion

Incandescent 36 40%

Energy Efficient 15 16%

Both 39 44%

Total 90 100%

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Figure4.1:Bar chart Showing the types of light bulbs used by respondent

Energy consumed in Ado-Ekiti can be drastically reduced if they

replace their incandescent bulbs with energy efficiency bulbs. The energy

efficient bulbs we found in the market range from 20W to 40W. If a

particular household using 20 incandescent bulbs of 20watt, instead of

spending 1200W/h(20×60W) for lighting, they will be spending 400watt per

hour(20×20W). Thus this saves approximately 67% of energy for lighting

alone. This is a huge saving. In Ado-Ekiti as a whole phase out 50,000

incandescent bulbs and replace them with energy saving bulbs, the city will

be saving about 2MW of electricity. If Nigeria as a country phase out one

million incandescent bulbs and replace them with energy saving about

40MW of electricity will be saved. This is enough to provide electricity to

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Incadescent Energy Efficient Both

Inc Bulb

Inc Bulb

62

many communities in Nigeria. If each of the 36 states and the FCT replace

one million incandescent bulbs each we can save up to 1480MW of

electricity.

Policy option for Ado-Ekiti will include phase out of incandescent

bulbs from the Nigerian system and putting a ban on the importation and

production of incandescent bulbs. Policy to encourage the importation and

production of energy efficiency light bulbs will enhance the efficient use of

energy. Government should put in place strategies to reduce the cost of

energy saving bulbs. Awareness creation is also needed to change the

attitude of Ado-Ekiti occupants on the need to save energy by using the right

technology.

4.2.2 SWITCHING ON OUTDOOR LIGHT DURING THE DAY

Our study revealed that many residential consumers do not put off

their outdoor lighting during the day. This is particularly very common in

residential buildings with joint families. Many respondents blame the PHCN

for this behavior. According to them, when there is power outage during the

dark hours of the day and it lingers into the day, they forget to put off their

outdoor lighting. A lot of energy can be saved if they cultivate the habit of

putting off their outdoor lighting in the day time. Energy saved from using

63

the natural light instead of light bulbs during the day can be made available

for use in offices and for industrial activities.

Policy should be made to make it mandatory for occupants of

residential, public and private buildings to put off their security light during

the day. There may be need to make legislations in order to penalize any

defaulter.

4.2.3 LEAVING APPLIANCE ON WHEN NOT IN USE

Our findings revealed that many residential consumers do not put off

their appliances when they are not in use. This practice can lead to

significant wastage of energy in residential, private and public buildings.

The reason for this could be that many Nigerians do not really pay for the

electricity they consume. In many houses, the meters installed by PHCN are

no longer functioning. What PHCN officials do is to place these houses on

estimated bill. This practice encourages the wastage of electricity, since they

do not really account for what they consume. When people are placed on

estimated bill as shown in (Fig 4.2), people are either overcharged or

undercharge. One of the respondents testified that before they were given the

new prepaid meter, PHCH was charging them over N3000 per month, but

when the new meter was installed, they spend about N500 per month apart

64

from fixed charges. This is a case of overcharged. Again, with estimated bill,

during protracted power outage, people still pay for what they do not

consume.

Policy should focus on encouraging the use of prepaid meter and the

practice of using estimate bill should be discouraged.

Table 4.2: Table Showing the type meter and Billing method of PHCN

used by respondent

Meter and billing Frequency Proportion

Analogue Meter Estimated Bill 53 59%

Regular reading 26 29%

Prepaid Meter 11 12%

Total 90 100%

65

Figure4.2:Bar chart Showing the types of Meters and billing used by

respondent

4.2.4 PURCHASE OF OUTDATED/SECOND HAND APPLIANCES

The Nigerian market is flooded with all kinds of secondhand

appliances. Over 90% of Nigerian use one secondhand product or the other.

They are cheaper compared to the new ones. Many of the respondent are on

the opinion that secondhand products are more durable than the new ones.

This assertion could be based on the fact that there are a lot of substandard

goods in the market and the secondhand goods tend to last longer than them.

Many of the secondhand products come from European and North American

countries and they may have been manufactured long time ago. The

efficiency of these products is quite doubtful and the possibility exists that

they may have been rejected by the former users to purchase more recent

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Estimated Bill Regular Reading Prepaid meter

Meter & billing

Meter & billing

66

and efficient appliances. The secondhand market need to be further studied

to direct policy that will address the situation.

Policy to standardize the secondhand product imported into the

country is necessary. There is also need to make policy that will encourage

Nigerians to purchase new and modern appliances

4.2.5 MULTIPLE USE OF INEFFICIENT HEATING EQUIPMENT

The use of heating equipment for cooking and heating water should be

discouraged in the residential and private buildings. Government should

encourage the use of solar heaters. Heating equipment consume about 60%

of the energy used in houses. In private buildings whereby 5-6 or more

water heating equipment are installed, the use of solar heaters in these

buildings will help to save a lot of energy.

Government should make policy that will encourage residential

consumers to use solar heaters instead of electricity. This could be in the

form of tax reduction or compensation for being energy efficient. The less

energy efficient one can be penalized and made to pay certain fine which

will be used to encourage the more efficient ones.

67

4.3 BARRIERS TO ENERGY EFFICIENCY DEVELOPMENT IN EKITI

It was identified that the following are barriers to the development of

energy efficiency in Ado-Ekiti:

Lack of Policy and Legislation: Lack of policy and legislation to address

the inefficient use of energy is a very key barrier to the development of

energy efficiency. Policy and legislation will help to change behavior

towards an energy efficient economy. From our study, 79% of respondents

are not aware of any policy on energy efficiency made by government.

Lack of Awareness: From our study, many of our respondents are familiar

with the term “energy efficiency”, 71%(fig4.3) of respondents claimed that

they are familiar with the term. However, many of these one who claim they

are familiar with the term could not really define it properly. Awareness

creation will go a long way to help people understand the concept and

change their behavior.

68

Figure4.3:Pie Chart showing how familiar our respondent are with the term

energy efficiency

Monitoring energy consumption: From our study, many of our respondent

do not monitor energy consumption in their various homes and offices,

which enhance unnecessary usage of power, 63% (Fig4.3)of our respondent

claim they monitor energy consumption which they could not defend.

Aware, 71%

Not Aware, 22%

No Response, 7%

Energy Efficiency

Aware

Not Aware

No Response

69

Fig4.3:Pie Chart showing the response to the question “Is energy

consumption monitored in your home?

Importation of Used Machines: As we have mentioned earlier, the

proliferation of imported secondhand appliances may hinder the use of

efficient appliances. The reason is that these secondhand equipment are

cheap and easily available, the new and efficient ones may be unable to

compete with them in the market

Lack of Research Materials on Energy Efficiency: There is lack of

research materials and data that will guide the development of policy that

will strengthen the efficient use of energy. Also there is lack of material to

Monitored 63%

Unmonitored 37%

Energy Consumption

Monitored

Unmonitored

70

conduct training on energy efficiency. These barriers are being addressed by

this study.

Inefficient Metering System and Low Electricity Pricing: The metering

system in Ado-Ekiti is very inefficient and does not encourage consumers to

pay the correct amount for the energy they consume. Many people that still

use the old meters are now on estimation since these meters are faulty. The

use of prepaid meters which was recently introduced by the PHCN will help

change the behavior of consumers to use energy efficiently.

Proliferation of Inefficient Equipment and Desire to Minimize Initial

Cost: The desire to minimize initial cost force many consumers to purchase

cheap and inefficient appliances. For example, the cost of energy saving

bulbs in the Ado-Ekit market is about N800 compared to an incandescent

bulb which cost about N40. Many consumers will prefer to go for the

cheaper ones not minding the long-term benefit of using efficiency bulbs.

Low income: Many are not able to afford the cost of efficiency appliances

which are sometime more expensive than the less efficient ones.

71

4.4 ANALYSIS OF ENERGY SITUATION IN ADO EKITI

Access to electricity is a problem in Nigeria, 99% of our respondents

do not get electricity supply for up to 24 hours. This is another important

factor that may affect the development of energy efficiency. “You are asking

us to save energy; we do not even have the energy to save”. This is one of

the comments we received during one of our focused group discussion.

Respondents are on the opinion that when the energy is made available, then

they will endeavor to save energy. Awareness creation and enlightenment

campaign is needed to erase this notion from the minds of Nigerians. People

should be made to understand that if they save energy, there will be enough

energy to go round everybody. This can help to solve the epileptic supply of

electricity.

4.5 POWER OUTAGES

Power interruption outage is a process whereby the source of electric

power that has been giving continuous supply for use in a particular area

suddenly fails to keep delivering the services. This usually leaves the

consumers that depend on the services handicapped. There are many causes

of power failures in an electricity network. Examples of these causes include

faults at power stations damage to electric transmission lines, substation or

72

other parts of the distribution system, a short circuit or the overloading of

electricity mains.

Throughout Nigeria (Ekiti State inclusive), electricity supply is

usually interrupted without notice with varying frequencies to the extent that

the people are now used to it. This has lead to the crumbling of so many

businesses and destroyed a lot of prospects that needs electricity to actualize.

It has been estimated that Nigeria losses $100 billion yearly (equivalent to

N1.5 trillion) due to lack of power output and brings about high cost for

local business.

4.5.1 TYPES OF OUTAGES

Table 4.3: Outages statistics for one month

OUTAGES/FAULTS FREQUENCY PROPORTION

(%)

Earth fault (E/F) 29 30.5

Load shedding (L/S) 30 31.6

73

SOURCE: P.H.C.N

Table 4.4: Outage types statistics for a month

Over current (O/C) 16 16.8

Short circuit (S./C) 10 10.5

Others 10 10.6

Total 95 99.9

TYPES OF OUTAGE FREQUENCY PROPORTION

(%)

Planned 30 31.5%

Unplanned 265 68.5%

Total 295 100%

74

A sample of outages experienced over a period of one month as

tabulated above shows that load shedding is more prominent with a

percentage of 31.6% which is closely followed by earth fault tripping off

30.5%. Over current is next to the tune of 16.8% while short circuit and

other forms of outages take 10.5% and 10.52% respectively.

Furthermore, these forms of outages were further categorized under

planned and unplanned outages. Unplanned outages are more frequent with

overall percentage of 68.5% compared to 31.5% of that of planned outages.

The fact remains that the high percentage of unplanned outages

experienced is due to the encroachment to and interference with the

overhead line supplying electricity to the state in form of vandalization,

vegetation encroachment, lack of maintenance, neglect, obsolete equipment,

incompetence etc.

Most of these outages, which usually occur for more than six hours,

are being attributed to inexperience personnel, corruption, and vandalization

of equipment neglect of infrastructures, overloading of equipment,

insufficient in received compared to the required (demanded) power,

unexpected fault occurrences on the network and poor maintenance culture.

75

4.5.2 ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS TYPES OF FAULTS / OUTAGES THAT

ARE EXPERIENCED IN THE DISTRIBUTION NETWORK IN EKITI

STATE. (ADO - EKITI)

The statistical data achieved through a written record of the power

holding company of Nigeria, Ado Ekiti Business Unit revealed that among

the different types of faults occurring across the distribution network in the

state had been narrowed to four major types of which includes;

i Earth Fault (E/F)

ii Over Current (O/C)

iii Load Shedding (L/S)

iv Planned Outages

4.5.3 EARTH FAULT

The major type of fault that has the highest frequency of occurrence

across the distribution network is earth fault. It is caused mostly as a result

of link between the conductors and the earth or between any one of the three

phases to earth. This is mainly caused by vegetation encroachment, broken

cross arms, wire cut, etc.

76

4.5.4 OVER CURRENT

In Electricity supply, over current or excess current is a situation

where a larger than intended electric current exists through a conductor,

leading to excessive generation of heat and the risk of fire or damage to

equipment.

This is caused as a result of a link between two or more phase or

worse still is a fault called double line to ground which normally has an over

current co – occurring at a time. This type of fault is not very common.

Possible causes for over current include short circuits, excessive load,

incorrect design, flash over, broken cross – arms, fallen poles etc. Fuses,

circuit’s breakers, temperature sensors and current limiters are commonly

used protection mechanisms to control the risks of over

current.(en.wikipedia.org)

4.5.5 LOAD SHEDDING

When the supplying company receives more demand for electrical

power than its generating or transmission or installed capacity can deliver,

the company has to resort to rationing of the available electricity to its

customers this acts is called LOAD SHEDDING .

77

Load shedding can also be referred to as demand side management or load

management.

This is best described as an act that is employed in order to keep the

system running, by reducing the load on the generators and equipment. This

is usually done during the load peak period which is usually 7-9pm or in

case of emergency short fall on the generation or as a result of breakdown of

equipment and vandalization on the interconnectivity of the National Grid

on transmission links feeding such areas.

Load shedding is also employed in order to enable maintenance on

equipment and service lines.

4.5.6 PLANNED OUTAGE

It is carried out mainly to enable maintenance, in which the duration

depends on the type of maintenance that is to be carried out. Most times,

maintenance takes more time than other forms of outages.

78

Figure 4.4: Bar chart showing the number of hours respondents get

electricity supply per day

The power is inadequate and unstable, 11.1% get supply for 0-3hours,

52.2% get supply for 4-6hours, 21.1% get supply for 7-9hours,14.4% get

supply for 10-12hours and 1.1% get supply for 13-15 hours, forcing a large

portion of the households to rely on diesel and petrol generators as

primary or back-up source of electricity, which can be expensive and a

source of noise and air pollutions.

From the analysis, we deduced that 88.9% of the respondent uses

generator why 11.1% did not respond, due to the fact that they don’t have or

may not want to disclose the amount spent on fueling and maintenance. The

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

0-3 4-6. 7-9. 10-12. 13-15. 16-18 19-21 21-24

Hours

Hours

79

total cost the 88.9% spent on fueling and maintenance are N7,882,800

annually on fueling and N1,226,640 on maintenance of the generators.

4.6 ANALYSIS OF APPLIANCE USED BY THE RESPONDENTS

Table4.5 shows common electric appliances that is being Used by the

respondents. Electric appliances can be categorized into three types;

resistive, inductive and capacitive loads. Electric appliances based on

resistive load usually consist of heating elements such as electric kettle,

shower heater, rice cooker and toaster. From this survey, the heating element

loads requires high power compared to other electrical appliances. The load

that consists of inductive or capacitive elements are said to be reactive load.

In this survey, the appliances that categorized to be reactive load such as

refrigerator, washing machine, air conditioning, fan and vacuum cleaner.

These type of appliances consumed lower power as compared to the heating

elements load.

Nevertheless, electric appliances that containing heating

elements(resistive load) have power factor of 1.0 mean while reactive

element loads often provide power factor below than 1.0. If very low power

factor introduce , the load needs more current in order to meet the real power

requirement of the load. The consumers did not really notice this

phenomenon because the electricity bills are measured in Watt.

80

Table 4.5: Common appliance used by the respondent

S/N Appliance Power Rating(W)

1 Incandescent bulb

Energy Efficient Bulb

40W-200W

20W-40W

2 Refrigerator

Freezer

Fridge and Freezer

1000W-1500W

130W-450W

3 Air condition 750-1500W

4 Water Heater 1000W-3600W

5 Washing Machine

Drying Machine

Washing & Drying

240-380

480-700

700-1000W

6 Dish Washer 400-750W

7 Tumble Dryer 1200W

8 Vacuum Cleaner 1200-1600W

9 Fan(Ceiling)

Fan(Stand/Wall )

Fan(Table)

100

50-6 0

35

81

10 Electric Iron 750-1500W

11 Steam Iron 1200-2200W

12 Hair drier 1200W

13 Blender 13-350W

14 Clipper 10-150

15 Rechargeable Lamp 0.5-100W

16 TV 75-400W

17 Computer(Desktop) 240W

18 Decoder 30-100W

19 Compact disc Player 30-350

20 Hot Plate 1200-2000W

21 Boiling ring 700W-1500W

22 Micro wave oven 1100-1200W

23 Toaster 700W

24 Electric Kettle 1000-2000W

25 Geyser 3000W

82

4.7 ESTIMATION OF ENERGY SAVING POTENTIAL IN

RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

Using statistic from the energy obtained from the BEDC business

district Ado-Ekiti, The potential for energy saving in the residential building

are estimated. PHCN in Ado Ekiti has 44,735 consumers in which 88% are

residential consumers, hence, the population (44735×0.88=39366.8)

averagely we approximate to 39000 residential consumers also an annual

power supply of 0.47 from the national grid, electricity consumption by

residential building is estimated using

1. Lighting consumption(5hours)

From Table 4.1 40% uses incandescent, hence we calculate the

average wastage of incandescent bulb.

Average=(40W+60W+100W+200W)/4

Average=100W bulb is the average wattage of incandescent bulb used

by respondent

100W×5hrs/day×(0.40×39000consumers) ×365days/year×0.47

=1338090KWh/yr

83

2. Resistant Coil Consumption(2000W)

Test with the resistant coil shows that it takes about 20minutes to raise

the temperature of 10liters of water from ambient temperature of 20°C

to 52°C. To avoid over estimation of result, an average of 15minute is

assumed to achieve a temperature level suitable for comfort bathing.

Study shows that 21.6% uses water heater for bathing.

2000W×0.25hrs/day×(0.216×39000consumers) ×365days/yr×0.47

=722568.6KWh/yr

3. Electric Kettle(2000W)

It is assumed that electric kettle generally takes about 5minute to boil

water. Study show that 43.2% uses electric kettle to boil water.

2000W×5/60hrs/day×(0.432×39000) ×365days/yr×0.47

=481712.4KWh/yr

4. Pressing Iron(1000W)

It is assumed that resident iron their clothes for an average of

20minutes per day. From the study 88.9% of the respondent uses

electric iron

1000×20/60hrs/day×(0.889×39000) ×365days/yr×0.47

84

=1486952.513KWh/yr

COMMENT

From the computation, the resident electricity consumption by use of

these four energy consuming appliances is estimated to be

4029323.513KWh per annum. As can see three major area present great

opportunities for energy savings in the residential buildings. This are energy

consume in the use of incandescent bulbs, pressing Iron and boiling water

heating. Energy can be saved if the used of incandescent bulb is replaced

with Energy Efficient (EE) ones. Also heating can be saved by installation of

Solar water heaters and by mounting intense awareness creation on the need

for behavioral change in the use of energy in the residential building.

4.8 ASPECT OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN BUILDINGS

Table4.6 Table showing the locations of the questionnaires distributed.

S/N Name of Location Frequency Proportion(%)

1 Ajilosun area 24 26.7

2 Basiri area 21 23.3

3 Okesa area 23 25.6

4 Adebayo area 22 24.4

85

Table 4.7: Energy Charge In Naira(N)

Year Fixed Charge(N/month)

R1 & R2

Energy charge(N/KWh)

R1 & R2

2012 - 500 4.00 11.37

2013 - 750 4.00 11.37

2014 - 1500 4.00 11.94

2015 - 1800 4.00 12.54

SOURCE: B.E.D.C

Table 4.11 shows the tariff for energy charge for Ado Ekiti residential

consumers for a period of four years, the analysis of the various type of

residential consumer is listed below

1. R1: Lifetime (50KWh)

2. R2: Single and Three phase

3. R3: Low Voltage demand(0.415/11)KV

4. R4: High Voltage demand(11/33)KV

However, for this study R1 and R2 is used to calculate the energy charge for

residential consumer in Ekiti State(Ado-Ekit).

86

Analysis Of Energy Consumption In Ajilosun Area Of Ado-Ekiti

Table4.8: Data of survey result of electricity usage in Ajilosun area.

Appliances Unit Avera

ge

Rating

(W)

Average

Duration

Consumption

(KWh)

Incandescent bulb 185 100 6hr 111000

Energy Efficient Bulb 105 26 6hr 16380

Refrigerator & Freezer 19 750 7hr 99750

Air condition 12 1000 2hr 24000

Water Heater 9 1000 15min 2250

Washing & Drying 5 750 45min 2812.5

Dish Washer 1 400 45min 300

Tumble Dryer 0 1200 30min 0

Vacuum Cleaner 0 1000 30min 0

Fan 93 100 6hr 55800

Electric Iron 34 1000 20min 11220

Blender 16 100 10min 267.2

Clipper 24 75 25min 750.6

87

Rechargeable Lamp 81 15 2hrs 2430

Cathode TV 27 350 4hrs 37800

LCD/Plasma 15 240 4hrs 14400

Laptop 31 75 2hrs 4650

Decoder 8 300 4hrs 9600

Compact Disc Player 23 350 4hrs 32200

Electric Stove/Hot Plate 28 1500 1hour 42000

Electric Kettle/Boiling Ring 15 1000 30min 7500

Microwave Oven 5 1200 30min 3000

Toaster 3 700 30min 1050

Food Processor 0 1000 30min 0

Geyser 0 2000 25min 0

Sub Total 479160.3

Lighting use analysis

From table4.8, it is seen that 185, 100W incandescent bulbs are put

On daily for an average period of 6hours

185×100W×6hrs/day×365days/yr

=40515KWh/yr

88

If all the 100W incandescent bulbs are replaced with CFLs(Energy

Saver bulbs) rated 26W

185×26W×6hrs/day×365days/yr

=10533.9KWh/yr

Wastage on lighting=40515−10533.9

=29981.1KWh/yr

Energy Charge on wastage=29981.1×11.94

= N357,974.334

Percentage wastage=( 29981.1/40515) × 100

=74.0%

Therefore we can conclude from the calculation that 74% of the total

energy used for lighting purpose can be reduced yearly, if all the

incandescent bulbs are replaced with CFLs(energy saver bulbs).

89

Analysis Of Energy Consumption In Basiri Area Of Ado-Ekiti

Table4.9: Data of survey result of electricity usage in Basiri area.

Appliances Unit Average

Rating(W)

Average

Duration

Consumption

(KWh)

Incandescent bulb 182 100 7hr 113400

Energy Efficient Bulb 62 26 7hr 11284

Refrigerator & Freezer 35 750 7hr 183750

Air condition 12 1000 2hr 24000

Water Heater 12 1000 15min 3000

Washing & Drying 9 750 45min 5062.5

Dish Washer 2 400 45min 600

Tumble Dryer 0 1200 30min 0

Vacuum Cleaner 0 1000 30min 0

Fan 102 100 6hr 61200

Electric Iron 43 1000 20min 14190

Blender 29 100 10min 484.3

Clipper 23 75 25min 719.325

Rechargeable Lamp 65 15 2hrs 1950

Cathode TV 36 350 4hrs 50400

90

LCD/Plasma 22 240 4hrs 21120

Laptop 10 75 2hrs 1500

Decoder 5 300 4hrs 6000

Compact Disc Player 31 350 4hrs 43400

Electric Stove/Hot Plate 26 1500 1hour 39000

Electric Kettle/Boiling Ring 23 1000 30min 11500

Microwave Oven 3 1200 30min 1800

Toaster 8 700 30min 2800

Food Processor 1 1000 15min 250

Geyser 3 2000 10min 1000

Sub Total 598410.125

Lighting use analysis

From table4.9, it is seen that 162, 100W incandescent bulbs are put

On daily for an average period of 7hours

182×100W×7hrs/day×365days/yr

=46501KWh/yr

91

If all the 100W incandescent bulbs are replaced with CFLs(Energy

Saver bulbs) rated 26W

182×26W×7hrs/day×365days/yr

=12090.26KWh/yr

Wastage on lighting=46501−12090.26

=34410.74KWh/yr

Energy Charge on wastage=34410.74×11.94

= N410,864.2356

Percentage wastage=( 34410.74/46501) × 100

=74%

Therefore we can conclude from the calculation that 74% of the total

energy used for lighting purpose can be reduced yearly, if all the

incandescent bulbs are replaced with CFLs(energy saver bulbs).

92

Analysis Of Energy Consumption In Okesa Area Of Ado-Ekiti

Table4.10: Data of survey result of electricity usage in Okesa area.

Appliances Unit Average

Rating(

W)

Average

Duration

Consumption

(KWh)

Incandescent bulb 187 100 8hr 149600

Energy Efficient Bulb 109 26 8hr 22672

Refrigerator & Freezer 46 750 9hr 310500

Air condition 16 1000 3hr 48000

Water Heater 22 1000 15min 5500

Washing & Drying 17 750 45min 9562.5

Dish Washer 2 400 45min 600

Tumble Dryer 0 1200 30min 0

Vacuum Cleaner 3 1000 30min 750

Fan 134 100 6hr 80400

Electric Iron 40 1000 20min 13200

Blender 29 100 10min 484.3

Clipper 28 75 25min 875.7

Rechargeable Lamp 74 15 2hrs 2220

93

Cathode TV 41 350 4hrs 57400

LCD/Plasma 41 240 4hrs 39360

Laptop 20 75 2hrs 3000

Decoder 10 300 4hrs 12000

Compact Disc Player 49 350 4hrs 68600

Electric Stove/Hot Plate 39 1500 1hour 58500

Electric Kettle/Boiling Ring 43 1000 30min 21500

Microwave Oven 8 1200 30min 4800

Toaster 20 700 30min 7000

Food Processor 1 1000 15min 250

Geyser 2 2000 10min 666.6667

Sub Total 917441.2

Lighting use analysis

From table4.10, it is seen that 187, 100W incandescent bulbs are put

On daily for an average period of 8hours

187×100W×8hrs/day×365days/yr

=54604KWh/yr

94

If all the 100W incandescent bulbs are replaced with CFLs(Energy

Saver bulbs) rated 26W

187×26W×8hrs/day×365days/yr

=14197.04KWh/yr

Wastage on lighting=54604−14197.04

=40406.96KWh/yr

Energy Charge on wastage=40406.96×11.94

= N482,459.1024

Percentage wastage=( 40406.96/54604) × 100

=74%

Therefore we can conclude from the calculation that 74% of the total

energy used for lighting purpose can be reduced yearly, if all the

incandescent bulbs are replaced with CFLs(energy saver bulbs).

95

Analysis Of Energy Consumption In Adebayo Area Of Ado-Ekiti

Table4.11: Data of survey result of electricity usage in Adebayo area.

Appliances Unit Average

Rating(

W)

Average

Duration

Consumption

(KWh)

Incandescent bulb 164 100 5hr 82000

Energy Efficient Bulb 117 26 5hr 15210

Refrigerator & Freezer 39 750 5hr 146250

Air condition 15 1000 3hr 45000

Water Heater 22 1000 15min 5500

Washing & Drying 15 750 45min 8437.5

Dish Washer 3 400 45min 900

Tumble Dryer 0 1200 30min 0

Vacuum Cleaner 11 1000 30min 2750

Fan 95 100 5hr 47500

Electric Iron 46 1000 20min 15180

Blender 20 100 10min 334

Clipper 20 75 25min 625.5

Rechargeable Lamp 63 15 2hrs 1890

96

Cathode TV 17 350 4hrs 23800

LCD/Plasma 25 240 4hrs 24000

Laptop 16 75 2hrs 2400

Decoder 5 300 4hrs 6000

Compact Disc Player 15 350 4hrs 21000

Electric Stove/Hot Plate 32 1500 1hour 48000

Electric Kettle/Boiling Ring 12 1000 30min 6000

Microwave Oven 5 1200 30min 3000

Toaster 6 700 30min 2100

Food Processor 1 1000 15min 250

Geyser 4 2000 10min 1333.333

Sub Total 509460.3

Lighting use analysis

From table4.11, it is seen that 164, 100W incandescent bulbs are put

On daily for an average period of 8hours

164×100W×5hrs/day×365days/yr

=29930KWh/yr

97

If all the 100W incandescent bulbs are replaced with CFLs(Energy

Saver bulbs) rated 26W

164×26W×5hrs/day×365days/yr

=7781.8KWh/yr

Wastage on lighting=29930−7781.8

=22148.2KWh/yr

Energy Charge on wastage=22148.2×11.94

= N264,449.508

Percentage wastage=( 22148.2/29930) × 100

=74%

Therefore we can conclude from the calculation that 74% of the total

energy used for lighting purpose can be reduced yearly, if all the

incandescent bulbs are replaced with CFLs(energy saver bulbs).

Total Energy Consumed is estimated in (KWh/day): 479160.3 + 598410.125

+ 917441.2 + 509460.3= 2504471.925(KWh/day)

Energy cost/month= T.E.C×11.94×30= N 897,101,512.2

98

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 CONCLUSION

From this study, characteristic of electric power usage among the

consumers in their daily life are obtained and analyzed. Some of them know

how to save electrical energy in term of individual behavior. But most of the

respondents do not know the available energy efficient electric appliances in

the market. They only buy the electric appliances if the price is very cheap

without knowing about the efficiency of the appliances. Therefore several

programme about the usage of efficient electric appliances and how to use

electrical appliances efficiently need to be organized and disseminated to the

society. Consequently, society will know and become smart in usage of

electrical energy in their daily life.

A meaningful energy efficiency and conservation program depends on

the determination of end-users to implement recommendations and

opportunities identified by energy audit. Energy audit is not the solution, but

a prelude to effective energy efficiency and conservation programs.

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5.2 RECOMMENDATION

Base on the discussion and data from the audit report, the following

can be recommended as measures to use energy efficiently:

i Retrofit of inefficient lamps(incandescent) with compact fluorescent lamp

CFLs

ii Awareness on efficient use of energy

iii Energy saving policy should be developed and implemented.

iv Proper billing and efficient metering system(Prepaid-meter) to avoid

estimation of bills.

v Monitoring of the electrical appliances to ensure efficiency;

Refrigerator

Refrigerator is used throughout the year and is considered as the most

expensive item. Therefore, the energy saving potential is high for these

appliances. The lower energy costs of the more efficient, newer refrigerators

can often justify replacement even if existing ones are still in good service.

Recommendation for smart usage:

Keep the condenser coils at the rear of the refrigerator clean. Dust and dirt

on the condenser coils will reduce the working efficiency of the refrigerator.

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The compartments should be kept full to avoid unnecessary cold air loss on

door opening.

Arrange foods in the refrigerators lightly apart to allow free air circulation.

Always cool hot food before storing it in the refrigerator.

Avoid frequent opening of the refrigerator, or leaving the door open

unnecessarily.

Washing Machine

It is a waste of electricity and water to use the washing machine to do

the part loads of, say, a pair of trousers or few shirts. Gather the laundry, so

that the machine can be filled up. The electricity consumption is almost the

same.

Recommendation for smart usage:

Wash only with full loads. The washing machine uses the same amount of

energy for full load as for apart load.

Do not overload the washing machine.

Choose the correct wash cycle.

Water Heater

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Electric water heaters are of two types, "instant water heaters" (very

common now) which heat the water as it is used, and "storage water heaters"

(less common), which store heated water for later use. The storage type of

heaters tend to waste energy as they attempt to keep the stored water hot all

the time, even when the water is not in used. It is encourage those quick

showers instead of baths; for less hot water is used in taking a shower.

Air Conditioning

Home air conditioning, which was once a luxury, is now becoming a

necessity, or an affordable convenience to the middle income population, as

air conditioners become cheaper and more energy efficient. The cheaper,

window type air conditioners are now losing out to the "split" type, which

have the advantage of separating the compressor from the cooling unit, thus

reducing the noise level in the cooled room. The lower energy costs of the

more efficient, newer air conditioners can often justify replacement even if

existing ones are still in good service.

for smart usage:

Do not block air conditioner vents with drapes or furniture.

Roof, or ceiling insulation, and minimization of air leaks from under door

sand through windows can help to reduce the cooling energy consumption.

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Glaze your window with heat reflective glass—some glazing has selective

reflective coatings where heat is reflected but light is allowed in.

On a hot day, close your curtains and blinds. This helps to keep sun shine

heat away.

Landscaping-trees and shrubs next to the house help in reducing the cooling

load.

Shade screens, glass tints, and window/wall awnings are another way of

cutting down on heat gain.

Lighting

Suggestions for smart usage:

Dust your light bulbs and lamp shades once every 1 or 2 months. Keeping

them clean increases the amount of light emitted.

Use the compact fluorescent lamps because:

i. Incandescent lamp generate a high amount of heat and are typically

used with a rating of 60W. They are inefficient artificial light source

and their light intensity efficiency is about 18lumens/watt.

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ii. Fluorescent lamps generate bright light and are most often used with a

rating of 32W/36W. These lamps come together with ballasts,

normally rated at 8W loss, although low loss ballasts (upto6W) or

high frequency electronic ballasts(nominally less than 2W) are also

available.

iii. When compact fluorescent lamps CFLs are used, the quantity should

be considered(normal brightness to human eye) to avoid wastage of

energy like that of incandescent.

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Inception Workshop of the UNDP-GEF Project to Promote Energy

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Harrington L. and Damnics M. (2004). Energy Labeling and Standards

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NAEEEC Report 2004/04.

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residential area. 1st Engineering Conference on Energy & Environment

December 27-28, 2007, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia ENCQN2007-038.

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Wikipedia contributors, "Energy audit, Evaluation and Ado-Ekiti "

Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, (accessed August 15, 2013).

Extract of relevant document from the customer service and marketing

sections, Ado Business District, BEDC.

Extract of relevant information from PHCN dispatch office and 11KV

control room, Ado-Ekiti.

Extract of relevant information from 132/33KV substation, Ado-Ekiti.