Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

EV eMotors

without Rare

Earth

Materials

James Widmer jameswidmernclacuk

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for

Advanced Electrical Drives

Research into Power Electronics Drives and Machines for

Transport

(Air Land Sea)

New and Renewable

Energy (Small Large)

High Volume Products

(Low Cost Efficiency)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

People and Facilities

Personnel ndash14 academics 25 Research Staff 50 PhD students dedicated technicians and administration

Test equipment ndashDynamometers (up to 500kW and up to 100000 revsmin) State of art instrumentation Environmental chambers

Simulation hardware and software ndashMatlab Saber Finite element electromagnetic mechanical and thermal platforms (JMAG Infolytica Ansys)

Manufacturing equipment ndashWire erosion machine Cnc milling machines Balancing magnetising and winding machines

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Partnerships Aerospace Airbus BAE Systems

Goodrich United Technologies QinetiQ

Automotive Renault Daimler Jaguar-

Landrover Volvo Leyland Trucks

Prodrive Protean Avid Sevcon Zytek

Domestic Dyson Black and Decker

Industrial Control Techniques

Generation Turbo-Power Systems

Converteam Siemens Cummins

Materials Houmlganӓs Tata Steel

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

People and Facilities

Personnel ndash14 academics 25 Research Staff 50 PhD students dedicated technicians and administration

Test equipment ndashDynamometers (up to 500kW and up to 100000 revsmin) State of art instrumentation Environmental chambers

Simulation hardware and software ndashMatlab Saber Finite element electromagnetic mechanical and thermal platforms (JMAG Infolytica Ansys)

Manufacturing equipment ndashWire erosion machine Cnc milling machines Balancing magnetising and winding machines

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Partnerships Aerospace Airbus BAE Systems

Goodrich United Technologies QinetiQ

Automotive Renault Daimler Jaguar-

Landrover Volvo Leyland Trucks

Prodrive Protean Avid Sevcon Zytek

Domestic Dyson Black and Decker

Industrial Control Techniques

Generation Turbo-Power Systems

Converteam Siemens Cummins

Materials Houmlganӓs Tata Steel

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Partnerships Aerospace Airbus BAE Systems

Goodrich United Technologies QinetiQ

Automotive Renault Daimler Jaguar-

Landrover Volvo Leyland Trucks

Prodrive Protean Avid Sevcon Zytek

Domestic Dyson Black and Decker

Industrial Control Techniques

Generation Turbo-Power Systems

Converteam Siemens Cummins

Materials Houmlganӓs Tata Steel

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Motor Facts (source IEA)

bull 45 of all electrical energy to motors

ndash 7000 TWhyear

ndash 6040 Mt CO2year

bull gt99 of all electrical energy from electrical

generators

ndash lsquobackwardsrsquo motors

bull 250M electric motors sold across EU in 2010 (EU)

bull 12M Electric Vehicles per year by 2030 requiring

large volume produced electric motors (Credit Suisse)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

EV eMotor Landscape

RELUCTANCE MOTORS

ldquoDifficult and

noisyrdquo

WOUND ROTOR MOTORS

ldquoLarge

generatorsrdquo

RARE EARTH MAGNET MOTORS

ldquoThe

class

leaderrdquo

INDUCTION MOTORS

ldquoThe

traditional

choicerdquo

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

So how are rare earth

materials used in eMotors

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Neodymium Magnets

3 mm NdFeB magnet

asymp

13 Amps through 200

turns of copper

+

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Dysprosium Doping

(Brown et al JoP 2014)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

EV eMotor Landscape

RELUCTANCE MOTORS

ldquoDifficult and

noisyrdquo

WOUND ROTOR MOTORS

ldquoLarge

generatorsrdquo

RARE EARTH MAGNET MOTORS

ldquoThe

class

leaderrdquo

INDUCTION MOTORS

ldquoThe

traditional

choicerdquo

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Rare Earth Magnet Problems

(Brown et al JoP 2014)

3103 2505 2341

3953 491

12038

1716

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Interior PermanentMagnet Motor

SwitchedReluctance Motor

InductionMotor

USD

($

)

NdFeB

Copper

Steel

(Dorrell et al IEEE 2010)

71

Materials Cost

30kW Traction Motors (NdFeB - $132kg)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Rare Earth Magnet Problems

0

05

1

NdFeB Magnet Copper Aluminium Steel Polypropylene

lsquoNormalisedrsquo GHG Emissions from Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

(Unattributedhellip)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

EV eMotor Landscape

RELUCTANCE MOTORS

ldquoDifficult and

noisyrdquo

WOUND ROTOR MOTORS

ldquoLarge

generatorsrdquo

RARE EARTH MAGNET MOTORS

ldquoThe

class

leaderrdquo

INDUCTION MOTORS

ldquoThe

traditional

choicerdquo

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Rare Earths amp Motor Size

6MW ~2T ~3kWkg

80kW ~2kg ~40kWkg

200W ~2g ~100kWkg

Application Power Magnet Mass Metric

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Reduced NdFeB and Dy

bull Hybrid Magnet

Reluctance Motors

bull Improved motor

cooling

ndash Reduce dependence

on Dy

bull Reduced Dysprosium

content

ndash Eg Hitachi metals

diffusion process

(BM

W i3

)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Substitute NdFeB and Dy

bull SmCo

ndash Excellent at high

temperatures

ndash Same issues as NdFeB

bull Ferrite magnets

ndash Low cost

ndash Low performance

ndash Demagnetisation risk

(Kim

et a

l IEE

IA 2

01

3)

(Moto

rBra

in F

P7 P

roje

ct)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Rare Earth Free

bull Reluctance motors

ndash Synchronous

Reluctance Motors

ndash Switched

Reluctance Motors

bull Induction Motors

bull Wound Rotor

(Te

sla

Mo

tors

)

(Contin

enta

l)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

bull Lower performance

ndash Larger heavier

bull Lower efficiency

ndash More battery needed

bull More expensive power

electronics

bull Noise and Vibration

Eliminating Rare Earth

Challenges

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

Fundamental Research bull No magnets

ndash University originated

Segmental Rotor

Switched Reluctance

Motor technology

ndash No permanent magnets

ndash Larger than rare earth

motorhellip

ndash hellipthough mass similar

bull Application

Electric Vehicle

80kW SR-SRM

80kW

Nissan Leaf

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

High Temperature

bull How to match magnet

performance

ndash High Temperature

operation allowshellip

ndash higher power andhellip

ndash reduction in system cost

and complexity

bull Application

Hybrid Truck

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

New Materials bull How to beat magnet

performance ndash Materials enabling very high

rotational speeds coupled tohellip

ndash compact gearbox giveshellip

ndash same power output withhellip

ndash smaller lighter motor

bull Application

Electric Hybrid Vehicles

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Conclusions

bull 250M Motors sold in EU each year

ndash 12M EV Motors per year by 2030

bull Elimination and Substitution of NdFeBDy can reduce

cost and improve environmental footprint

ndash Approaches needed to match rare earth performance

ndash Rare earth likely still to be the choice for small motors

bull Potential Energy Savings from Electric Motor

improvements are enormous

ndash 42 000 TWh of electricity demand

ndash USD 28 trillion in electricity costs globally by 2030

ndash 29 Gt of CO2 emissions (Equiv to UK FR and DE) (source IEA)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

James Widmer

Centre for Advanced Electrical Drives

School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Merz Court University of Newcastle Upon Tyne

NE1 7RU UK

Tel +44 (0)191 208 3016

Mob +44 (0)7896 514 320

Fax +44 (0)191 208 8180

jameswidmernclacuk

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Motor Facts (source IEA)

bull 45 of all electrical energy to motors

ndash 7000 TWhyear

ndash 6040 Mt CO2year

bull gt99 of all electrical energy from electrical

generators

ndash lsquobackwardsrsquo motors

bull 250M electric motors sold across EU in 2010 (EU)

bull 12M Electric Vehicles per year by 2030 requiring

large volume produced electric motors (Credit Suisse)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

EV eMotor Landscape

RELUCTANCE MOTORS

ldquoDifficult and

noisyrdquo

WOUND ROTOR MOTORS

ldquoLarge

generatorsrdquo

RARE EARTH MAGNET MOTORS

ldquoThe

class

leaderrdquo

INDUCTION MOTORS

ldquoThe

traditional

choicerdquo

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

So how are rare earth

materials used in eMotors

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Neodymium Magnets

3 mm NdFeB magnet

asymp

13 Amps through 200

turns of copper

+

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Dysprosium Doping

(Brown et al JoP 2014)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

EV eMotor Landscape

RELUCTANCE MOTORS

ldquoDifficult and

noisyrdquo

WOUND ROTOR MOTORS

ldquoLarge

generatorsrdquo

RARE EARTH MAGNET MOTORS

ldquoThe

class

leaderrdquo

INDUCTION MOTORS

ldquoThe

traditional

choicerdquo

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Rare Earth Magnet Problems

(Brown et al JoP 2014)

3103 2505 2341

3953 491

12038

1716

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Interior PermanentMagnet Motor

SwitchedReluctance Motor

InductionMotor

USD

($

)

NdFeB

Copper

Steel

(Dorrell et al IEEE 2010)

71

Materials Cost

30kW Traction Motors (NdFeB - $132kg)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Rare Earth Magnet Problems

0

05

1

NdFeB Magnet Copper Aluminium Steel Polypropylene

lsquoNormalisedrsquo GHG Emissions from Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

(Unattributedhellip)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

EV eMotor Landscape

RELUCTANCE MOTORS

ldquoDifficult and

noisyrdquo

WOUND ROTOR MOTORS

ldquoLarge

generatorsrdquo

RARE EARTH MAGNET MOTORS

ldquoThe

class

leaderrdquo

INDUCTION MOTORS

ldquoThe

traditional

choicerdquo

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Rare Earths amp Motor Size

6MW ~2T ~3kWkg

80kW ~2kg ~40kWkg

200W ~2g ~100kWkg

Application Power Magnet Mass Metric

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Reduced NdFeB and Dy

bull Hybrid Magnet

Reluctance Motors

bull Improved motor

cooling

ndash Reduce dependence

on Dy

bull Reduced Dysprosium

content

ndash Eg Hitachi metals

diffusion process

(BM

W i3

)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Substitute NdFeB and Dy

bull SmCo

ndash Excellent at high

temperatures

ndash Same issues as NdFeB

bull Ferrite magnets

ndash Low cost

ndash Low performance

ndash Demagnetisation risk

(Kim

et a

l IEE

IA 2

01

3)

(Moto

rBra

in F

P7 P

roje

ct)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Rare Earth Free

bull Reluctance motors

ndash Synchronous

Reluctance Motors

ndash Switched

Reluctance Motors

bull Induction Motors

bull Wound Rotor

(Te

sla

Mo

tors

)

(Contin

enta

l)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

bull Lower performance

ndash Larger heavier

bull Lower efficiency

ndash More battery needed

bull More expensive power

electronics

bull Noise and Vibration

Eliminating Rare Earth

Challenges

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

Fundamental Research bull No magnets

ndash University originated

Segmental Rotor

Switched Reluctance

Motor technology

ndash No permanent magnets

ndash Larger than rare earth

motorhellip

ndash hellipthough mass similar

bull Application

Electric Vehicle

80kW SR-SRM

80kW

Nissan Leaf

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

High Temperature

bull How to match magnet

performance

ndash High Temperature

operation allowshellip

ndash higher power andhellip

ndash reduction in system cost

and complexity

bull Application

Hybrid Truck

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

New Materials bull How to beat magnet

performance ndash Materials enabling very high

rotational speeds coupled tohellip

ndash compact gearbox giveshellip

ndash same power output withhellip

ndash smaller lighter motor

bull Application

Electric Hybrid Vehicles

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Conclusions

bull 250M Motors sold in EU each year

ndash 12M EV Motors per year by 2030

bull Elimination and Substitution of NdFeBDy can reduce

cost and improve environmental footprint

ndash Approaches needed to match rare earth performance

ndash Rare earth likely still to be the choice for small motors

bull Potential Energy Savings from Electric Motor

improvements are enormous

ndash 42 000 TWh of electricity demand

ndash USD 28 trillion in electricity costs globally by 2030

ndash 29 Gt of CO2 emissions (Equiv to UK FR and DE) (source IEA)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

James Widmer

Centre for Advanced Electrical Drives

School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Merz Court University of Newcastle Upon Tyne

NE1 7RU UK

Tel +44 (0)191 208 3016

Mob +44 (0)7896 514 320

Fax +44 (0)191 208 8180

jameswidmernclacuk

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Motor Facts (source IEA)

bull 45 of all electrical energy to motors

ndash 7000 TWhyear

ndash 6040 Mt CO2year

bull gt99 of all electrical energy from electrical

generators

ndash lsquobackwardsrsquo motors

bull 250M electric motors sold across EU in 2010 (EU)

bull 12M Electric Vehicles per year by 2030 requiring

large volume produced electric motors (Credit Suisse)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

EV eMotor Landscape

RELUCTANCE MOTORS

ldquoDifficult and

noisyrdquo

WOUND ROTOR MOTORS

ldquoLarge

generatorsrdquo

RARE EARTH MAGNET MOTORS

ldquoThe

class

leaderrdquo

INDUCTION MOTORS

ldquoThe

traditional

choicerdquo

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

So how are rare earth

materials used in eMotors

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Neodymium Magnets

3 mm NdFeB magnet

asymp

13 Amps through 200

turns of copper

+

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Dysprosium Doping

(Brown et al JoP 2014)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

EV eMotor Landscape

RELUCTANCE MOTORS

ldquoDifficult and

noisyrdquo

WOUND ROTOR MOTORS

ldquoLarge

generatorsrdquo

RARE EARTH MAGNET MOTORS

ldquoThe

class

leaderrdquo

INDUCTION MOTORS

ldquoThe

traditional

choicerdquo

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Rare Earth Magnet Problems

(Brown et al JoP 2014)

3103 2505 2341

3953 491

12038

1716

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Interior PermanentMagnet Motor

SwitchedReluctance Motor

InductionMotor

USD

($

)

NdFeB

Copper

Steel

(Dorrell et al IEEE 2010)

71

Materials Cost

30kW Traction Motors (NdFeB - $132kg)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Rare Earth Magnet Problems

0

05

1

NdFeB Magnet Copper Aluminium Steel Polypropylene

lsquoNormalisedrsquo GHG Emissions from Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

(Unattributedhellip)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

EV eMotor Landscape

RELUCTANCE MOTORS

ldquoDifficult and

noisyrdquo

WOUND ROTOR MOTORS

ldquoLarge

generatorsrdquo

RARE EARTH MAGNET MOTORS

ldquoThe

class

leaderrdquo

INDUCTION MOTORS

ldquoThe

traditional

choicerdquo

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Rare Earths amp Motor Size

6MW ~2T ~3kWkg

80kW ~2kg ~40kWkg

200W ~2g ~100kWkg

Application Power Magnet Mass Metric

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Reduced NdFeB and Dy

bull Hybrid Magnet

Reluctance Motors

bull Improved motor

cooling

ndash Reduce dependence

on Dy

bull Reduced Dysprosium

content

ndash Eg Hitachi metals

diffusion process

(BM

W i3

)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Substitute NdFeB and Dy

bull SmCo

ndash Excellent at high

temperatures

ndash Same issues as NdFeB

bull Ferrite magnets

ndash Low cost

ndash Low performance

ndash Demagnetisation risk

(Kim

et a

l IEE

IA 2

01

3)

(Moto

rBra

in F

P7 P

roje

ct)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Rare Earth Free

bull Reluctance motors

ndash Synchronous

Reluctance Motors

ndash Switched

Reluctance Motors

bull Induction Motors

bull Wound Rotor

(Te

sla

Mo

tors

)

(Contin

enta

l)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

bull Lower performance

ndash Larger heavier

bull Lower efficiency

ndash More battery needed

bull More expensive power

electronics

bull Noise and Vibration

Eliminating Rare Earth

Challenges

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

Fundamental Research bull No magnets

ndash University originated

Segmental Rotor

Switched Reluctance

Motor technology

ndash No permanent magnets

ndash Larger than rare earth

motorhellip

ndash hellipthough mass similar

bull Application

Electric Vehicle

80kW SR-SRM

80kW

Nissan Leaf

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

High Temperature

bull How to match magnet

performance

ndash High Temperature

operation allowshellip

ndash higher power andhellip

ndash reduction in system cost

and complexity

bull Application

Hybrid Truck

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

New Materials bull How to beat magnet

performance ndash Materials enabling very high

rotational speeds coupled tohellip

ndash compact gearbox giveshellip

ndash same power output withhellip

ndash smaller lighter motor

bull Application

Electric Hybrid Vehicles

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Conclusions

bull 250M Motors sold in EU each year

ndash 12M EV Motors per year by 2030

bull Elimination and Substitution of NdFeBDy can reduce

cost and improve environmental footprint

ndash Approaches needed to match rare earth performance

ndash Rare earth likely still to be the choice for small motors

bull Potential Energy Savings from Electric Motor

improvements are enormous

ndash 42 000 TWh of electricity demand

ndash USD 28 trillion in electricity costs globally by 2030

ndash 29 Gt of CO2 emissions (Equiv to UK FR and DE) (source IEA)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

James Widmer

Centre for Advanced Electrical Drives

School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Merz Court University of Newcastle Upon Tyne

NE1 7RU UK

Tel +44 (0)191 208 3016

Mob +44 (0)7896 514 320

Fax +44 (0)191 208 8180

jameswidmernclacuk

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

EV eMotor Landscape

RELUCTANCE MOTORS

ldquoDifficult and

noisyrdquo

WOUND ROTOR MOTORS

ldquoLarge

generatorsrdquo

RARE EARTH MAGNET MOTORS

ldquoThe

class

leaderrdquo

INDUCTION MOTORS

ldquoThe

traditional

choicerdquo

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

So how are rare earth

materials used in eMotors

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Neodymium Magnets

3 mm NdFeB magnet

asymp

13 Amps through 200

turns of copper

+

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Dysprosium Doping

(Brown et al JoP 2014)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

EV eMotor Landscape

RELUCTANCE MOTORS

ldquoDifficult and

noisyrdquo

WOUND ROTOR MOTORS

ldquoLarge

generatorsrdquo

RARE EARTH MAGNET MOTORS

ldquoThe

class

leaderrdquo

INDUCTION MOTORS

ldquoThe

traditional

choicerdquo

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Rare Earth Magnet Problems

(Brown et al JoP 2014)

3103 2505 2341

3953 491

12038

1716

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Interior PermanentMagnet Motor

SwitchedReluctance Motor

InductionMotor

USD

($

)

NdFeB

Copper

Steel

(Dorrell et al IEEE 2010)

71

Materials Cost

30kW Traction Motors (NdFeB - $132kg)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Rare Earth Magnet Problems

0

05

1

NdFeB Magnet Copper Aluminium Steel Polypropylene

lsquoNormalisedrsquo GHG Emissions from Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

(Unattributedhellip)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

EV eMotor Landscape

RELUCTANCE MOTORS

ldquoDifficult and

noisyrdquo

WOUND ROTOR MOTORS

ldquoLarge

generatorsrdquo

RARE EARTH MAGNET MOTORS

ldquoThe

class

leaderrdquo

INDUCTION MOTORS

ldquoThe

traditional

choicerdquo

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Rare Earths amp Motor Size

6MW ~2T ~3kWkg

80kW ~2kg ~40kWkg

200W ~2g ~100kWkg

Application Power Magnet Mass Metric

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Reduced NdFeB and Dy

bull Hybrid Magnet

Reluctance Motors

bull Improved motor

cooling

ndash Reduce dependence

on Dy

bull Reduced Dysprosium

content

ndash Eg Hitachi metals

diffusion process

(BM

W i3

)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Substitute NdFeB and Dy

bull SmCo

ndash Excellent at high

temperatures

ndash Same issues as NdFeB

bull Ferrite magnets

ndash Low cost

ndash Low performance

ndash Demagnetisation risk

(Kim

et a

l IEE

IA 2

01

3)

(Moto

rBra

in F

P7 P

roje

ct)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Rare Earth Free

bull Reluctance motors

ndash Synchronous

Reluctance Motors

ndash Switched

Reluctance Motors

bull Induction Motors

bull Wound Rotor

(Te

sla

Mo

tors

)

(Contin

enta

l)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

bull Lower performance

ndash Larger heavier

bull Lower efficiency

ndash More battery needed

bull More expensive power

electronics

bull Noise and Vibration

Eliminating Rare Earth

Challenges

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

Fundamental Research bull No magnets

ndash University originated

Segmental Rotor

Switched Reluctance

Motor technology

ndash No permanent magnets

ndash Larger than rare earth

motorhellip

ndash hellipthough mass similar

bull Application

Electric Vehicle

80kW SR-SRM

80kW

Nissan Leaf

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

High Temperature

bull How to match magnet

performance

ndash High Temperature

operation allowshellip

ndash higher power andhellip

ndash reduction in system cost

and complexity

bull Application

Hybrid Truck

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

New Materials bull How to beat magnet

performance ndash Materials enabling very high

rotational speeds coupled tohellip

ndash compact gearbox giveshellip

ndash same power output withhellip

ndash smaller lighter motor

bull Application

Electric Hybrid Vehicles

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Conclusions

bull 250M Motors sold in EU each year

ndash 12M EV Motors per year by 2030

bull Elimination and Substitution of NdFeBDy can reduce

cost and improve environmental footprint

ndash Approaches needed to match rare earth performance

ndash Rare earth likely still to be the choice for small motors

bull Potential Energy Savings from Electric Motor

improvements are enormous

ndash 42 000 TWh of electricity demand

ndash USD 28 trillion in electricity costs globally by 2030

ndash 29 Gt of CO2 emissions (Equiv to UK FR and DE) (source IEA)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

James Widmer

Centre for Advanced Electrical Drives

School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Merz Court University of Newcastle Upon Tyne

NE1 7RU UK

Tel +44 (0)191 208 3016

Mob +44 (0)7896 514 320

Fax +44 (0)191 208 8180

jameswidmernclacuk

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

EV eMotor Landscape

RELUCTANCE MOTORS

ldquoDifficult and

noisyrdquo

WOUND ROTOR MOTORS

ldquoLarge

generatorsrdquo

RARE EARTH MAGNET MOTORS

ldquoThe

class

leaderrdquo

INDUCTION MOTORS

ldquoThe

traditional

choicerdquo

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

So how are rare earth

materials used in eMotors

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Neodymium Magnets

3 mm NdFeB magnet

asymp

13 Amps through 200

turns of copper

+

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Dysprosium Doping

(Brown et al JoP 2014)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

EV eMotor Landscape

RELUCTANCE MOTORS

ldquoDifficult and

noisyrdquo

WOUND ROTOR MOTORS

ldquoLarge

generatorsrdquo

RARE EARTH MAGNET MOTORS

ldquoThe

class

leaderrdquo

INDUCTION MOTORS

ldquoThe

traditional

choicerdquo

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Rare Earth Magnet Problems

(Brown et al JoP 2014)

3103 2505 2341

3953 491

12038

1716

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Interior PermanentMagnet Motor

SwitchedReluctance Motor

InductionMotor

USD

($

)

NdFeB

Copper

Steel

(Dorrell et al IEEE 2010)

71

Materials Cost

30kW Traction Motors (NdFeB - $132kg)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Rare Earth Magnet Problems

0

05

1

NdFeB Magnet Copper Aluminium Steel Polypropylene

lsquoNormalisedrsquo GHG Emissions from Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

(Unattributedhellip)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

EV eMotor Landscape

RELUCTANCE MOTORS

ldquoDifficult and

noisyrdquo

WOUND ROTOR MOTORS

ldquoLarge

generatorsrdquo

RARE EARTH MAGNET MOTORS

ldquoThe

class

leaderrdquo

INDUCTION MOTORS

ldquoThe

traditional

choicerdquo

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Rare Earths amp Motor Size

6MW ~2T ~3kWkg

80kW ~2kg ~40kWkg

200W ~2g ~100kWkg

Application Power Magnet Mass Metric

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Reduced NdFeB and Dy

bull Hybrid Magnet

Reluctance Motors

bull Improved motor

cooling

ndash Reduce dependence

on Dy

bull Reduced Dysprosium

content

ndash Eg Hitachi metals

diffusion process

(BM

W i3

)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Substitute NdFeB and Dy

bull SmCo

ndash Excellent at high

temperatures

ndash Same issues as NdFeB

bull Ferrite magnets

ndash Low cost

ndash Low performance

ndash Demagnetisation risk

(Kim

et a

l IEE

IA 2

01

3)

(Moto

rBra

in F

P7 P

roje

ct)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Rare Earth Free

bull Reluctance motors

ndash Synchronous

Reluctance Motors

ndash Switched

Reluctance Motors

bull Induction Motors

bull Wound Rotor

(Te

sla

Mo

tors

)

(Contin

enta

l)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

bull Lower performance

ndash Larger heavier

bull Lower efficiency

ndash More battery needed

bull More expensive power

electronics

bull Noise and Vibration

Eliminating Rare Earth

Challenges

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

Fundamental Research bull No magnets

ndash University originated

Segmental Rotor

Switched Reluctance

Motor technology

ndash No permanent magnets

ndash Larger than rare earth

motorhellip

ndash hellipthough mass similar

bull Application

Electric Vehicle

80kW SR-SRM

80kW

Nissan Leaf

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

High Temperature

bull How to match magnet

performance

ndash High Temperature

operation allowshellip

ndash higher power andhellip

ndash reduction in system cost

and complexity

bull Application

Hybrid Truck

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

New Materials bull How to beat magnet

performance ndash Materials enabling very high

rotational speeds coupled tohellip

ndash compact gearbox giveshellip

ndash same power output withhellip

ndash smaller lighter motor

bull Application

Electric Hybrid Vehicles

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Conclusions

bull 250M Motors sold in EU each year

ndash 12M EV Motors per year by 2030

bull Elimination and Substitution of NdFeBDy can reduce

cost and improve environmental footprint

ndash Approaches needed to match rare earth performance

ndash Rare earth likely still to be the choice for small motors

bull Potential Energy Savings from Electric Motor

improvements are enormous

ndash 42 000 TWh of electricity demand

ndash USD 28 trillion in electricity costs globally by 2030

ndash 29 Gt of CO2 emissions (Equiv to UK FR and DE) (source IEA)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

James Widmer

Centre for Advanced Electrical Drives

School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Merz Court University of Newcastle Upon Tyne

NE1 7RU UK

Tel +44 (0)191 208 3016

Mob +44 (0)7896 514 320

Fax +44 (0)191 208 8180

jameswidmernclacuk

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

So how are rare earth

materials used in eMotors

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Neodymium Magnets

3 mm NdFeB magnet

asymp

13 Amps through 200

turns of copper

+

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Dysprosium Doping

(Brown et al JoP 2014)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

EV eMotor Landscape

RELUCTANCE MOTORS

ldquoDifficult and

noisyrdquo

WOUND ROTOR MOTORS

ldquoLarge

generatorsrdquo

RARE EARTH MAGNET MOTORS

ldquoThe

class

leaderrdquo

INDUCTION MOTORS

ldquoThe

traditional

choicerdquo

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Rare Earth Magnet Problems

(Brown et al JoP 2014)

3103 2505 2341

3953 491

12038

1716

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Interior PermanentMagnet Motor

SwitchedReluctance Motor

InductionMotor

USD

($

)

NdFeB

Copper

Steel

(Dorrell et al IEEE 2010)

71

Materials Cost

30kW Traction Motors (NdFeB - $132kg)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Rare Earth Magnet Problems

0

05

1

NdFeB Magnet Copper Aluminium Steel Polypropylene

lsquoNormalisedrsquo GHG Emissions from Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

(Unattributedhellip)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

EV eMotor Landscape

RELUCTANCE MOTORS

ldquoDifficult and

noisyrdquo

WOUND ROTOR MOTORS

ldquoLarge

generatorsrdquo

RARE EARTH MAGNET MOTORS

ldquoThe

class

leaderrdquo

INDUCTION MOTORS

ldquoThe

traditional

choicerdquo

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Rare Earths amp Motor Size

6MW ~2T ~3kWkg

80kW ~2kg ~40kWkg

200W ~2g ~100kWkg

Application Power Magnet Mass Metric

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Reduced NdFeB and Dy

bull Hybrid Magnet

Reluctance Motors

bull Improved motor

cooling

ndash Reduce dependence

on Dy

bull Reduced Dysprosium

content

ndash Eg Hitachi metals

diffusion process

(BM

W i3

)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Substitute NdFeB and Dy

bull SmCo

ndash Excellent at high

temperatures

ndash Same issues as NdFeB

bull Ferrite magnets

ndash Low cost

ndash Low performance

ndash Demagnetisation risk

(Kim

et a

l IEE

IA 2

01

3)

(Moto

rBra

in F

P7 P

roje

ct)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Rare Earth Free

bull Reluctance motors

ndash Synchronous

Reluctance Motors

ndash Switched

Reluctance Motors

bull Induction Motors

bull Wound Rotor

(Te

sla

Mo

tors

)

(Contin

enta

l)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

bull Lower performance

ndash Larger heavier

bull Lower efficiency

ndash More battery needed

bull More expensive power

electronics

bull Noise and Vibration

Eliminating Rare Earth

Challenges

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

Fundamental Research bull No magnets

ndash University originated

Segmental Rotor

Switched Reluctance

Motor technology

ndash No permanent magnets

ndash Larger than rare earth

motorhellip

ndash hellipthough mass similar

bull Application

Electric Vehicle

80kW SR-SRM

80kW

Nissan Leaf

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

High Temperature

bull How to match magnet

performance

ndash High Temperature

operation allowshellip

ndash higher power andhellip

ndash reduction in system cost

and complexity

bull Application

Hybrid Truck

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

New Materials bull How to beat magnet

performance ndash Materials enabling very high

rotational speeds coupled tohellip

ndash compact gearbox giveshellip

ndash same power output withhellip

ndash smaller lighter motor

bull Application

Electric Hybrid Vehicles

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Conclusions

bull 250M Motors sold in EU each year

ndash 12M EV Motors per year by 2030

bull Elimination and Substitution of NdFeBDy can reduce

cost and improve environmental footprint

ndash Approaches needed to match rare earth performance

ndash Rare earth likely still to be the choice for small motors

bull Potential Energy Savings from Electric Motor

improvements are enormous

ndash 42 000 TWh of electricity demand

ndash USD 28 trillion in electricity costs globally by 2030

ndash 29 Gt of CO2 emissions (Equiv to UK FR and DE) (source IEA)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

James Widmer

Centre for Advanced Electrical Drives

School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Merz Court University of Newcastle Upon Tyne

NE1 7RU UK

Tel +44 (0)191 208 3016

Mob +44 (0)7896 514 320

Fax +44 (0)191 208 8180

jameswidmernclacuk

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Neodymium Magnets

3 mm NdFeB magnet

asymp

13 Amps through 200

turns of copper

+

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Dysprosium Doping

(Brown et al JoP 2014)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

EV eMotor Landscape

RELUCTANCE MOTORS

ldquoDifficult and

noisyrdquo

WOUND ROTOR MOTORS

ldquoLarge

generatorsrdquo

RARE EARTH MAGNET MOTORS

ldquoThe

class

leaderrdquo

INDUCTION MOTORS

ldquoThe

traditional

choicerdquo

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Rare Earth Magnet Problems

(Brown et al JoP 2014)

3103 2505 2341

3953 491

12038

1716

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Interior PermanentMagnet Motor

SwitchedReluctance Motor

InductionMotor

USD

($

)

NdFeB

Copper

Steel

(Dorrell et al IEEE 2010)

71

Materials Cost

30kW Traction Motors (NdFeB - $132kg)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Rare Earth Magnet Problems

0

05

1

NdFeB Magnet Copper Aluminium Steel Polypropylene

lsquoNormalisedrsquo GHG Emissions from Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

(Unattributedhellip)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

EV eMotor Landscape

RELUCTANCE MOTORS

ldquoDifficult and

noisyrdquo

WOUND ROTOR MOTORS

ldquoLarge

generatorsrdquo

RARE EARTH MAGNET MOTORS

ldquoThe

class

leaderrdquo

INDUCTION MOTORS

ldquoThe

traditional

choicerdquo

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Rare Earths amp Motor Size

6MW ~2T ~3kWkg

80kW ~2kg ~40kWkg

200W ~2g ~100kWkg

Application Power Magnet Mass Metric

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Reduced NdFeB and Dy

bull Hybrid Magnet

Reluctance Motors

bull Improved motor

cooling

ndash Reduce dependence

on Dy

bull Reduced Dysprosium

content

ndash Eg Hitachi metals

diffusion process

(BM

W i3

)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Substitute NdFeB and Dy

bull SmCo

ndash Excellent at high

temperatures

ndash Same issues as NdFeB

bull Ferrite magnets

ndash Low cost

ndash Low performance

ndash Demagnetisation risk

(Kim

et a

l IEE

IA 2

01

3)

(Moto

rBra

in F

P7 P

roje

ct)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Rare Earth Free

bull Reluctance motors

ndash Synchronous

Reluctance Motors

ndash Switched

Reluctance Motors

bull Induction Motors

bull Wound Rotor

(Te

sla

Mo

tors

)

(Contin

enta

l)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

bull Lower performance

ndash Larger heavier

bull Lower efficiency

ndash More battery needed

bull More expensive power

electronics

bull Noise and Vibration

Eliminating Rare Earth

Challenges

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

Fundamental Research bull No magnets

ndash University originated

Segmental Rotor

Switched Reluctance

Motor technology

ndash No permanent magnets

ndash Larger than rare earth

motorhellip

ndash hellipthough mass similar

bull Application

Electric Vehicle

80kW SR-SRM

80kW

Nissan Leaf

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

High Temperature

bull How to match magnet

performance

ndash High Temperature

operation allowshellip

ndash higher power andhellip

ndash reduction in system cost

and complexity

bull Application

Hybrid Truck

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

New Materials bull How to beat magnet

performance ndash Materials enabling very high

rotational speeds coupled tohellip

ndash compact gearbox giveshellip

ndash same power output withhellip

ndash smaller lighter motor

bull Application

Electric Hybrid Vehicles

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Conclusions

bull 250M Motors sold in EU each year

ndash 12M EV Motors per year by 2030

bull Elimination and Substitution of NdFeBDy can reduce

cost and improve environmental footprint

ndash Approaches needed to match rare earth performance

ndash Rare earth likely still to be the choice for small motors

bull Potential Energy Savings from Electric Motor

improvements are enormous

ndash 42 000 TWh of electricity demand

ndash USD 28 trillion in electricity costs globally by 2030

ndash 29 Gt of CO2 emissions (Equiv to UK FR and DE) (source IEA)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

James Widmer

Centre for Advanced Electrical Drives

School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Merz Court University of Newcastle Upon Tyne

NE1 7RU UK

Tel +44 (0)191 208 3016

Mob +44 (0)7896 514 320

Fax +44 (0)191 208 8180

jameswidmernclacuk

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Dysprosium Doping

(Brown et al JoP 2014)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

EV eMotor Landscape

RELUCTANCE MOTORS

ldquoDifficult and

noisyrdquo

WOUND ROTOR MOTORS

ldquoLarge

generatorsrdquo

RARE EARTH MAGNET MOTORS

ldquoThe

class

leaderrdquo

INDUCTION MOTORS

ldquoThe

traditional

choicerdquo

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Rare Earth Magnet Problems

(Brown et al JoP 2014)

3103 2505 2341

3953 491

12038

1716

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Interior PermanentMagnet Motor

SwitchedReluctance Motor

InductionMotor

USD

($

)

NdFeB

Copper

Steel

(Dorrell et al IEEE 2010)

71

Materials Cost

30kW Traction Motors (NdFeB - $132kg)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Rare Earth Magnet Problems

0

05

1

NdFeB Magnet Copper Aluminium Steel Polypropylene

lsquoNormalisedrsquo GHG Emissions from Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

(Unattributedhellip)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

EV eMotor Landscape

RELUCTANCE MOTORS

ldquoDifficult and

noisyrdquo

WOUND ROTOR MOTORS

ldquoLarge

generatorsrdquo

RARE EARTH MAGNET MOTORS

ldquoThe

class

leaderrdquo

INDUCTION MOTORS

ldquoThe

traditional

choicerdquo

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Rare Earths amp Motor Size

6MW ~2T ~3kWkg

80kW ~2kg ~40kWkg

200W ~2g ~100kWkg

Application Power Magnet Mass Metric

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Reduced NdFeB and Dy

bull Hybrid Magnet

Reluctance Motors

bull Improved motor

cooling

ndash Reduce dependence

on Dy

bull Reduced Dysprosium

content

ndash Eg Hitachi metals

diffusion process

(BM

W i3

)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Substitute NdFeB and Dy

bull SmCo

ndash Excellent at high

temperatures

ndash Same issues as NdFeB

bull Ferrite magnets

ndash Low cost

ndash Low performance

ndash Demagnetisation risk

(Kim

et a

l IEE

IA 2

01

3)

(Moto

rBra

in F

P7 P

roje

ct)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Rare Earth Free

bull Reluctance motors

ndash Synchronous

Reluctance Motors

ndash Switched

Reluctance Motors

bull Induction Motors

bull Wound Rotor

(Te

sla

Mo

tors

)

(Contin

enta

l)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

bull Lower performance

ndash Larger heavier

bull Lower efficiency

ndash More battery needed

bull More expensive power

electronics

bull Noise and Vibration

Eliminating Rare Earth

Challenges

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

Fundamental Research bull No magnets

ndash University originated

Segmental Rotor

Switched Reluctance

Motor technology

ndash No permanent magnets

ndash Larger than rare earth

motorhellip

ndash hellipthough mass similar

bull Application

Electric Vehicle

80kW SR-SRM

80kW

Nissan Leaf

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

High Temperature

bull How to match magnet

performance

ndash High Temperature

operation allowshellip

ndash higher power andhellip

ndash reduction in system cost

and complexity

bull Application

Hybrid Truck

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

New Materials bull How to beat magnet

performance ndash Materials enabling very high

rotational speeds coupled tohellip

ndash compact gearbox giveshellip

ndash same power output withhellip

ndash smaller lighter motor

bull Application

Electric Hybrid Vehicles

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Conclusions

bull 250M Motors sold in EU each year

ndash 12M EV Motors per year by 2030

bull Elimination and Substitution of NdFeBDy can reduce

cost and improve environmental footprint

ndash Approaches needed to match rare earth performance

ndash Rare earth likely still to be the choice for small motors

bull Potential Energy Savings from Electric Motor

improvements are enormous

ndash 42 000 TWh of electricity demand

ndash USD 28 trillion in electricity costs globally by 2030

ndash 29 Gt of CO2 emissions (Equiv to UK FR and DE) (source IEA)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

James Widmer

Centre for Advanced Electrical Drives

School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Merz Court University of Newcastle Upon Tyne

NE1 7RU UK

Tel +44 (0)191 208 3016

Mob +44 (0)7896 514 320

Fax +44 (0)191 208 8180

jameswidmernclacuk

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

EV eMotor Landscape

RELUCTANCE MOTORS

ldquoDifficult and

noisyrdquo

WOUND ROTOR MOTORS

ldquoLarge

generatorsrdquo

RARE EARTH MAGNET MOTORS

ldquoThe

class

leaderrdquo

INDUCTION MOTORS

ldquoThe

traditional

choicerdquo

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Rare Earth Magnet Problems

(Brown et al JoP 2014)

3103 2505 2341

3953 491

12038

1716

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Interior PermanentMagnet Motor

SwitchedReluctance Motor

InductionMotor

USD

($

)

NdFeB

Copper

Steel

(Dorrell et al IEEE 2010)

71

Materials Cost

30kW Traction Motors (NdFeB - $132kg)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Rare Earth Magnet Problems

0

05

1

NdFeB Magnet Copper Aluminium Steel Polypropylene

lsquoNormalisedrsquo GHG Emissions from Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

(Unattributedhellip)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

EV eMotor Landscape

RELUCTANCE MOTORS

ldquoDifficult and

noisyrdquo

WOUND ROTOR MOTORS

ldquoLarge

generatorsrdquo

RARE EARTH MAGNET MOTORS

ldquoThe

class

leaderrdquo

INDUCTION MOTORS

ldquoThe

traditional

choicerdquo

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Rare Earths amp Motor Size

6MW ~2T ~3kWkg

80kW ~2kg ~40kWkg

200W ~2g ~100kWkg

Application Power Magnet Mass Metric

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Reduced NdFeB and Dy

bull Hybrid Magnet

Reluctance Motors

bull Improved motor

cooling

ndash Reduce dependence

on Dy

bull Reduced Dysprosium

content

ndash Eg Hitachi metals

diffusion process

(BM

W i3

)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Substitute NdFeB and Dy

bull SmCo

ndash Excellent at high

temperatures

ndash Same issues as NdFeB

bull Ferrite magnets

ndash Low cost

ndash Low performance

ndash Demagnetisation risk

(Kim

et a

l IEE

IA 2

01

3)

(Moto

rBra

in F

P7 P

roje

ct)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Rare Earth Free

bull Reluctance motors

ndash Synchronous

Reluctance Motors

ndash Switched

Reluctance Motors

bull Induction Motors

bull Wound Rotor

(Te

sla

Mo

tors

)

(Contin

enta

l)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

bull Lower performance

ndash Larger heavier

bull Lower efficiency

ndash More battery needed

bull More expensive power

electronics

bull Noise and Vibration

Eliminating Rare Earth

Challenges

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

Fundamental Research bull No magnets

ndash University originated

Segmental Rotor

Switched Reluctance

Motor technology

ndash No permanent magnets

ndash Larger than rare earth

motorhellip

ndash hellipthough mass similar

bull Application

Electric Vehicle

80kW SR-SRM

80kW

Nissan Leaf

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

High Temperature

bull How to match magnet

performance

ndash High Temperature

operation allowshellip

ndash higher power andhellip

ndash reduction in system cost

and complexity

bull Application

Hybrid Truck

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

New Materials bull How to beat magnet

performance ndash Materials enabling very high

rotational speeds coupled tohellip

ndash compact gearbox giveshellip

ndash same power output withhellip

ndash smaller lighter motor

bull Application

Electric Hybrid Vehicles

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Conclusions

bull 250M Motors sold in EU each year

ndash 12M EV Motors per year by 2030

bull Elimination and Substitution of NdFeBDy can reduce

cost and improve environmental footprint

ndash Approaches needed to match rare earth performance

ndash Rare earth likely still to be the choice for small motors

bull Potential Energy Savings from Electric Motor

improvements are enormous

ndash 42 000 TWh of electricity demand

ndash USD 28 trillion in electricity costs globally by 2030

ndash 29 Gt of CO2 emissions (Equiv to UK FR and DE) (source IEA)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

James Widmer

Centre for Advanced Electrical Drives

School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Merz Court University of Newcastle Upon Tyne

NE1 7RU UK

Tel +44 (0)191 208 3016

Mob +44 (0)7896 514 320

Fax +44 (0)191 208 8180

jameswidmernclacuk

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Rare Earth Magnet Problems

(Brown et al JoP 2014)

3103 2505 2341

3953 491

12038

1716

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Interior PermanentMagnet Motor

SwitchedReluctance Motor

InductionMotor

USD

($

)

NdFeB

Copper

Steel

(Dorrell et al IEEE 2010)

71

Materials Cost

30kW Traction Motors (NdFeB - $132kg)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Rare Earth Magnet Problems

0

05

1

NdFeB Magnet Copper Aluminium Steel Polypropylene

lsquoNormalisedrsquo GHG Emissions from Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

(Unattributedhellip)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

EV eMotor Landscape

RELUCTANCE MOTORS

ldquoDifficult and

noisyrdquo

WOUND ROTOR MOTORS

ldquoLarge

generatorsrdquo

RARE EARTH MAGNET MOTORS

ldquoThe

class

leaderrdquo

INDUCTION MOTORS

ldquoThe

traditional

choicerdquo

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Rare Earths amp Motor Size

6MW ~2T ~3kWkg

80kW ~2kg ~40kWkg

200W ~2g ~100kWkg

Application Power Magnet Mass Metric

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Reduced NdFeB and Dy

bull Hybrid Magnet

Reluctance Motors

bull Improved motor

cooling

ndash Reduce dependence

on Dy

bull Reduced Dysprosium

content

ndash Eg Hitachi metals

diffusion process

(BM

W i3

)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Substitute NdFeB and Dy

bull SmCo

ndash Excellent at high

temperatures

ndash Same issues as NdFeB

bull Ferrite magnets

ndash Low cost

ndash Low performance

ndash Demagnetisation risk

(Kim

et a

l IEE

IA 2

01

3)

(Moto

rBra

in F

P7 P

roje

ct)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Rare Earth Free

bull Reluctance motors

ndash Synchronous

Reluctance Motors

ndash Switched

Reluctance Motors

bull Induction Motors

bull Wound Rotor

(Te

sla

Mo

tors

)

(Contin

enta

l)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

bull Lower performance

ndash Larger heavier

bull Lower efficiency

ndash More battery needed

bull More expensive power

electronics

bull Noise and Vibration

Eliminating Rare Earth

Challenges

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

Fundamental Research bull No magnets

ndash University originated

Segmental Rotor

Switched Reluctance

Motor technology

ndash No permanent magnets

ndash Larger than rare earth

motorhellip

ndash hellipthough mass similar

bull Application

Electric Vehicle

80kW SR-SRM

80kW

Nissan Leaf

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

High Temperature

bull How to match magnet

performance

ndash High Temperature

operation allowshellip

ndash higher power andhellip

ndash reduction in system cost

and complexity

bull Application

Hybrid Truck

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

New Materials bull How to beat magnet

performance ndash Materials enabling very high

rotational speeds coupled tohellip

ndash compact gearbox giveshellip

ndash same power output withhellip

ndash smaller lighter motor

bull Application

Electric Hybrid Vehicles

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Conclusions

bull 250M Motors sold in EU each year

ndash 12M EV Motors per year by 2030

bull Elimination and Substitution of NdFeBDy can reduce

cost and improve environmental footprint

ndash Approaches needed to match rare earth performance

ndash Rare earth likely still to be the choice for small motors

bull Potential Energy Savings from Electric Motor

improvements are enormous

ndash 42 000 TWh of electricity demand

ndash USD 28 trillion in electricity costs globally by 2030

ndash 29 Gt of CO2 emissions (Equiv to UK FR and DE) (source IEA)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

James Widmer

Centre for Advanced Electrical Drives

School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Merz Court University of Newcastle Upon Tyne

NE1 7RU UK

Tel +44 (0)191 208 3016

Mob +44 (0)7896 514 320

Fax +44 (0)191 208 8180

jameswidmernclacuk

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Rare Earth Magnet Problems

0

05

1

NdFeB Magnet Copper Aluminium Steel Polypropylene

lsquoNormalisedrsquo GHG Emissions from Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

(Unattributedhellip)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

EV eMotor Landscape

RELUCTANCE MOTORS

ldquoDifficult and

noisyrdquo

WOUND ROTOR MOTORS

ldquoLarge

generatorsrdquo

RARE EARTH MAGNET MOTORS

ldquoThe

class

leaderrdquo

INDUCTION MOTORS

ldquoThe

traditional

choicerdquo

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Rare Earths amp Motor Size

6MW ~2T ~3kWkg

80kW ~2kg ~40kWkg

200W ~2g ~100kWkg

Application Power Magnet Mass Metric

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Reduced NdFeB and Dy

bull Hybrid Magnet

Reluctance Motors

bull Improved motor

cooling

ndash Reduce dependence

on Dy

bull Reduced Dysprosium

content

ndash Eg Hitachi metals

diffusion process

(BM

W i3

)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Substitute NdFeB and Dy

bull SmCo

ndash Excellent at high

temperatures

ndash Same issues as NdFeB

bull Ferrite magnets

ndash Low cost

ndash Low performance

ndash Demagnetisation risk

(Kim

et a

l IEE

IA 2

01

3)

(Moto

rBra

in F

P7 P

roje

ct)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Rare Earth Free

bull Reluctance motors

ndash Synchronous

Reluctance Motors

ndash Switched

Reluctance Motors

bull Induction Motors

bull Wound Rotor

(Te

sla

Mo

tors

)

(Contin

enta

l)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

bull Lower performance

ndash Larger heavier

bull Lower efficiency

ndash More battery needed

bull More expensive power

electronics

bull Noise and Vibration

Eliminating Rare Earth

Challenges

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

Fundamental Research bull No magnets

ndash University originated

Segmental Rotor

Switched Reluctance

Motor technology

ndash No permanent magnets

ndash Larger than rare earth

motorhellip

ndash hellipthough mass similar

bull Application

Electric Vehicle

80kW SR-SRM

80kW

Nissan Leaf

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

High Temperature

bull How to match magnet

performance

ndash High Temperature

operation allowshellip

ndash higher power andhellip

ndash reduction in system cost

and complexity

bull Application

Hybrid Truck

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

New Materials bull How to beat magnet

performance ndash Materials enabling very high

rotational speeds coupled tohellip

ndash compact gearbox giveshellip

ndash same power output withhellip

ndash smaller lighter motor

bull Application

Electric Hybrid Vehicles

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Conclusions

bull 250M Motors sold in EU each year

ndash 12M EV Motors per year by 2030

bull Elimination and Substitution of NdFeBDy can reduce

cost and improve environmental footprint

ndash Approaches needed to match rare earth performance

ndash Rare earth likely still to be the choice for small motors

bull Potential Energy Savings from Electric Motor

improvements are enormous

ndash 42 000 TWh of electricity demand

ndash USD 28 trillion in electricity costs globally by 2030

ndash 29 Gt of CO2 emissions (Equiv to UK FR and DE) (source IEA)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

James Widmer

Centre for Advanced Electrical Drives

School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Merz Court University of Newcastle Upon Tyne

NE1 7RU UK

Tel +44 (0)191 208 3016

Mob +44 (0)7896 514 320

Fax +44 (0)191 208 8180

jameswidmernclacuk

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

EV eMotor Landscape

RELUCTANCE MOTORS

ldquoDifficult and

noisyrdquo

WOUND ROTOR MOTORS

ldquoLarge

generatorsrdquo

RARE EARTH MAGNET MOTORS

ldquoThe

class

leaderrdquo

INDUCTION MOTORS

ldquoThe

traditional

choicerdquo

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Rare Earths amp Motor Size

6MW ~2T ~3kWkg

80kW ~2kg ~40kWkg

200W ~2g ~100kWkg

Application Power Magnet Mass Metric

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Reduced NdFeB and Dy

bull Hybrid Magnet

Reluctance Motors

bull Improved motor

cooling

ndash Reduce dependence

on Dy

bull Reduced Dysprosium

content

ndash Eg Hitachi metals

diffusion process

(BM

W i3

)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Substitute NdFeB and Dy

bull SmCo

ndash Excellent at high

temperatures

ndash Same issues as NdFeB

bull Ferrite magnets

ndash Low cost

ndash Low performance

ndash Demagnetisation risk

(Kim

et a

l IEE

IA 2

01

3)

(Moto

rBra

in F

P7 P

roje

ct)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Rare Earth Free

bull Reluctance motors

ndash Synchronous

Reluctance Motors

ndash Switched

Reluctance Motors

bull Induction Motors

bull Wound Rotor

(Te

sla

Mo

tors

)

(Contin

enta

l)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

bull Lower performance

ndash Larger heavier

bull Lower efficiency

ndash More battery needed

bull More expensive power

electronics

bull Noise and Vibration

Eliminating Rare Earth

Challenges

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

Fundamental Research bull No magnets

ndash University originated

Segmental Rotor

Switched Reluctance

Motor technology

ndash No permanent magnets

ndash Larger than rare earth

motorhellip

ndash hellipthough mass similar

bull Application

Electric Vehicle

80kW SR-SRM

80kW

Nissan Leaf

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

High Temperature

bull How to match magnet

performance

ndash High Temperature

operation allowshellip

ndash higher power andhellip

ndash reduction in system cost

and complexity

bull Application

Hybrid Truck

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

New Materials bull How to beat magnet

performance ndash Materials enabling very high

rotational speeds coupled tohellip

ndash compact gearbox giveshellip

ndash same power output withhellip

ndash smaller lighter motor

bull Application

Electric Hybrid Vehicles

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Conclusions

bull 250M Motors sold in EU each year

ndash 12M EV Motors per year by 2030

bull Elimination and Substitution of NdFeBDy can reduce

cost and improve environmental footprint

ndash Approaches needed to match rare earth performance

ndash Rare earth likely still to be the choice for small motors

bull Potential Energy Savings from Electric Motor

improvements are enormous

ndash 42 000 TWh of electricity demand

ndash USD 28 trillion in electricity costs globally by 2030

ndash 29 Gt of CO2 emissions (Equiv to UK FR and DE) (source IEA)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

James Widmer

Centre for Advanced Electrical Drives

School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Merz Court University of Newcastle Upon Tyne

NE1 7RU UK

Tel +44 (0)191 208 3016

Mob +44 (0)7896 514 320

Fax +44 (0)191 208 8180

jameswidmernclacuk

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Rare Earths amp Motor Size

6MW ~2T ~3kWkg

80kW ~2kg ~40kWkg

200W ~2g ~100kWkg

Application Power Magnet Mass Metric

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Reduced NdFeB and Dy

bull Hybrid Magnet

Reluctance Motors

bull Improved motor

cooling

ndash Reduce dependence

on Dy

bull Reduced Dysprosium

content

ndash Eg Hitachi metals

diffusion process

(BM

W i3

)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Substitute NdFeB and Dy

bull SmCo

ndash Excellent at high

temperatures

ndash Same issues as NdFeB

bull Ferrite magnets

ndash Low cost

ndash Low performance

ndash Demagnetisation risk

(Kim

et a

l IEE

IA 2

01

3)

(Moto

rBra

in F

P7 P

roje

ct)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Rare Earth Free

bull Reluctance motors

ndash Synchronous

Reluctance Motors

ndash Switched

Reluctance Motors

bull Induction Motors

bull Wound Rotor

(Te

sla

Mo

tors

)

(Contin

enta

l)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

bull Lower performance

ndash Larger heavier

bull Lower efficiency

ndash More battery needed

bull More expensive power

electronics

bull Noise and Vibration

Eliminating Rare Earth

Challenges

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

Fundamental Research bull No magnets

ndash University originated

Segmental Rotor

Switched Reluctance

Motor technology

ndash No permanent magnets

ndash Larger than rare earth

motorhellip

ndash hellipthough mass similar

bull Application

Electric Vehicle

80kW SR-SRM

80kW

Nissan Leaf

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

High Temperature

bull How to match magnet

performance

ndash High Temperature

operation allowshellip

ndash higher power andhellip

ndash reduction in system cost

and complexity

bull Application

Hybrid Truck

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

New Materials bull How to beat magnet

performance ndash Materials enabling very high

rotational speeds coupled tohellip

ndash compact gearbox giveshellip

ndash same power output withhellip

ndash smaller lighter motor

bull Application

Electric Hybrid Vehicles

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Conclusions

bull 250M Motors sold in EU each year

ndash 12M EV Motors per year by 2030

bull Elimination and Substitution of NdFeBDy can reduce

cost and improve environmental footprint

ndash Approaches needed to match rare earth performance

ndash Rare earth likely still to be the choice for small motors

bull Potential Energy Savings from Electric Motor

improvements are enormous

ndash 42 000 TWh of electricity demand

ndash USD 28 trillion in electricity costs globally by 2030

ndash 29 Gt of CO2 emissions (Equiv to UK FR and DE) (source IEA)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

James Widmer

Centre for Advanced Electrical Drives

School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Merz Court University of Newcastle Upon Tyne

NE1 7RU UK

Tel +44 (0)191 208 3016

Mob +44 (0)7896 514 320

Fax +44 (0)191 208 8180

jameswidmernclacuk

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Reduced NdFeB and Dy

bull Hybrid Magnet

Reluctance Motors

bull Improved motor

cooling

ndash Reduce dependence

on Dy

bull Reduced Dysprosium

content

ndash Eg Hitachi metals

diffusion process

(BM

W i3

)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Substitute NdFeB and Dy

bull SmCo

ndash Excellent at high

temperatures

ndash Same issues as NdFeB

bull Ferrite magnets

ndash Low cost

ndash Low performance

ndash Demagnetisation risk

(Kim

et a

l IEE

IA 2

01

3)

(Moto

rBra

in F

P7 P

roje

ct)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Rare Earth Free

bull Reluctance motors

ndash Synchronous

Reluctance Motors

ndash Switched

Reluctance Motors

bull Induction Motors

bull Wound Rotor

(Te

sla

Mo

tors

)

(Contin

enta

l)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

bull Lower performance

ndash Larger heavier

bull Lower efficiency

ndash More battery needed

bull More expensive power

electronics

bull Noise and Vibration

Eliminating Rare Earth

Challenges

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

Fundamental Research bull No magnets

ndash University originated

Segmental Rotor

Switched Reluctance

Motor technology

ndash No permanent magnets

ndash Larger than rare earth

motorhellip

ndash hellipthough mass similar

bull Application

Electric Vehicle

80kW SR-SRM

80kW

Nissan Leaf

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

High Temperature

bull How to match magnet

performance

ndash High Temperature

operation allowshellip

ndash higher power andhellip

ndash reduction in system cost

and complexity

bull Application

Hybrid Truck

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

New Materials bull How to beat magnet

performance ndash Materials enabling very high

rotational speeds coupled tohellip

ndash compact gearbox giveshellip

ndash same power output withhellip

ndash smaller lighter motor

bull Application

Electric Hybrid Vehicles

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Conclusions

bull 250M Motors sold in EU each year

ndash 12M EV Motors per year by 2030

bull Elimination and Substitution of NdFeBDy can reduce

cost and improve environmental footprint

ndash Approaches needed to match rare earth performance

ndash Rare earth likely still to be the choice for small motors

bull Potential Energy Savings from Electric Motor

improvements are enormous

ndash 42 000 TWh of electricity demand

ndash USD 28 trillion in electricity costs globally by 2030

ndash 29 Gt of CO2 emissions (Equiv to UK FR and DE) (source IEA)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

James Widmer

Centre for Advanced Electrical Drives

School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Merz Court University of Newcastle Upon Tyne

NE1 7RU UK

Tel +44 (0)191 208 3016

Mob +44 (0)7896 514 320

Fax +44 (0)191 208 8180

jameswidmernclacuk

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Reduced NdFeB and Dy

bull Hybrid Magnet

Reluctance Motors

bull Improved motor

cooling

ndash Reduce dependence

on Dy

bull Reduced Dysprosium

content

ndash Eg Hitachi metals

diffusion process

(BM

W i3

)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Substitute NdFeB and Dy

bull SmCo

ndash Excellent at high

temperatures

ndash Same issues as NdFeB

bull Ferrite magnets

ndash Low cost

ndash Low performance

ndash Demagnetisation risk

(Kim

et a

l IEE

IA 2

01

3)

(Moto

rBra

in F

P7 P

roje

ct)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Rare Earth Free

bull Reluctance motors

ndash Synchronous

Reluctance Motors

ndash Switched

Reluctance Motors

bull Induction Motors

bull Wound Rotor

(Te

sla

Mo

tors

)

(Contin

enta

l)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

bull Lower performance

ndash Larger heavier

bull Lower efficiency

ndash More battery needed

bull More expensive power

electronics

bull Noise and Vibration

Eliminating Rare Earth

Challenges

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

Fundamental Research bull No magnets

ndash University originated

Segmental Rotor

Switched Reluctance

Motor technology

ndash No permanent magnets

ndash Larger than rare earth

motorhellip

ndash hellipthough mass similar

bull Application

Electric Vehicle

80kW SR-SRM

80kW

Nissan Leaf

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

High Temperature

bull How to match magnet

performance

ndash High Temperature

operation allowshellip

ndash higher power andhellip

ndash reduction in system cost

and complexity

bull Application

Hybrid Truck

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

New Materials bull How to beat magnet

performance ndash Materials enabling very high

rotational speeds coupled tohellip

ndash compact gearbox giveshellip

ndash same power output withhellip

ndash smaller lighter motor

bull Application

Electric Hybrid Vehicles

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Conclusions

bull 250M Motors sold in EU each year

ndash 12M EV Motors per year by 2030

bull Elimination and Substitution of NdFeBDy can reduce

cost and improve environmental footprint

ndash Approaches needed to match rare earth performance

ndash Rare earth likely still to be the choice for small motors

bull Potential Energy Savings from Electric Motor

improvements are enormous

ndash 42 000 TWh of electricity demand

ndash USD 28 trillion in electricity costs globally by 2030

ndash 29 Gt of CO2 emissions (Equiv to UK FR and DE) (source IEA)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

James Widmer

Centre for Advanced Electrical Drives

School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Merz Court University of Newcastle Upon Tyne

NE1 7RU UK

Tel +44 (0)191 208 3016

Mob +44 (0)7896 514 320

Fax +44 (0)191 208 8180

jameswidmernclacuk

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Substitute NdFeB and Dy

bull SmCo

ndash Excellent at high

temperatures

ndash Same issues as NdFeB

bull Ferrite magnets

ndash Low cost

ndash Low performance

ndash Demagnetisation risk

(Kim

et a

l IEE

IA 2

01

3)

(Moto

rBra

in F

P7 P

roje

ct)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Rare Earth Free

bull Reluctance motors

ndash Synchronous

Reluctance Motors

ndash Switched

Reluctance Motors

bull Induction Motors

bull Wound Rotor

(Te

sla

Mo

tors

)

(Contin

enta

l)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

bull Lower performance

ndash Larger heavier

bull Lower efficiency

ndash More battery needed

bull More expensive power

electronics

bull Noise and Vibration

Eliminating Rare Earth

Challenges

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

Fundamental Research bull No magnets

ndash University originated

Segmental Rotor

Switched Reluctance

Motor technology

ndash No permanent magnets

ndash Larger than rare earth

motorhellip

ndash hellipthough mass similar

bull Application

Electric Vehicle

80kW SR-SRM

80kW

Nissan Leaf

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

High Temperature

bull How to match magnet

performance

ndash High Temperature

operation allowshellip

ndash higher power andhellip

ndash reduction in system cost

and complexity

bull Application

Hybrid Truck

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

New Materials bull How to beat magnet

performance ndash Materials enabling very high

rotational speeds coupled tohellip

ndash compact gearbox giveshellip

ndash same power output withhellip

ndash smaller lighter motor

bull Application

Electric Hybrid Vehicles

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Conclusions

bull 250M Motors sold in EU each year

ndash 12M EV Motors per year by 2030

bull Elimination and Substitution of NdFeBDy can reduce

cost and improve environmental footprint

ndash Approaches needed to match rare earth performance

ndash Rare earth likely still to be the choice for small motors

bull Potential Energy Savings from Electric Motor

improvements are enormous

ndash 42 000 TWh of electricity demand

ndash USD 28 trillion in electricity costs globally by 2030

ndash 29 Gt of CO2 emissions (Equiv to UK FR and DE) (source IEA)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

James Widmer

Centre for Advanced Electrical Drives

School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Merz Court University of Newcastle Upon Tyne

NE1 7RU UK

Tel +44 (0)191 208 3016

Mob +44 (0)7896 514 320

Fax +44 (0)191 208 8180

jameswidmernclacuk

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Rare Earth Free

bull Reluctance motors

ndash Synchronous

Reluctance Motors

ndash Switched

Reluctance Motors

bull Induction Motors

bull Wound Rotor

(Te

sla

Mo

tors

)

(Contin

enta

l)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

bull Lower performance

ndash Larger heavier

bull Lower efficiency

ndash More battery needed

bull More expensive power

electronics

bull Noise and Vibration

Eliminating Rare Earth

Challenges

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

Fundamental Research bull No magnets

ndash University originated

Segmental Rotor

Switched Reluctance

Motor technology

ndash No permanent magnets

ndash Larger than rare earth

motorhellip

ndash hellipthough mass similar

bull Application

Electric Vehicle

80kW SR-SRM

80kW

Nissan Leaf

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

High Temperature

bull How to match magnet

performance

ndash High Temperature

operation allowshellip

ndash higher power andhellip

ndash reduction in system cost

and complexity

bull Application

Hybrid Truck

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

New Materials bull How to beat magnet

performance ndash Materials enabling very high

rotational speeds coupled tohellip

ndash compact gearbox giveshellip

ndash same power output withhellip

ndash smaller lighter motor

bull Application

Electric Hybrid Vehicles

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Conclusions

bull 250M Motors sold in EU each year

ndash 12M EV Motors per year by 2030

bull Elimination and Substitution of NdFeBDy can reduce

cost and improve environmental footprint

ndash Approaches needed to match rare earth performance

ndash Rare earth likely still to be the choice for small motors

bull Potential Energy Savings from Electric Motor

improvements are enormous

ndash 42 000 TWh of electricity demand

ndash USD 28 trillion in electricity costs globally by 2030

ndash 29 Gt of CO2 emissions (Equiv to UK FR and DE) (source IEA)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

James Widmer

Centre for Advanced Electrical Drives

School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Merz Court University of Newcastle Upon Tyne

NE1 7RU UK

Tel +44 (0)191 208 3016

Mob +44 (0)7896 514 320

Fax +44 (0)191 208 8180

jameswidmernclacuk

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

bull Lower performance

ndash Larger heavier

bull Lower efficiency

ndash More battery needed

bull More expensive power

electronics

bull Noise and Vibration

Eliminating Rare Earth

Challenges

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

Fundamental Research bull No magnets

ndash University originated

Segmental Rotor

Switched Reluctance

Motor technology

ndash No permanent magnets

ndash Larger than rare earth

motorhellip

ndash hellipthough mass similar

bull Application

Electric Vehicle

80kW SR-SRM

80kW

Nissan Leaf

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

High Temperature

bull How to match magnet

performance

ndash High Temperature

operation allowshellip

ndash higher power andhellip

ndash reduction in system cost

and complexity

bull Application

Hybrid Truck

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

New Materials bull How to beat magnet

performance ndash Materials enabling very high

rotational speeds coupled tohellip

ndash compact gearbox giveshellip

ndash same power output withhellip

ndash smaller lighter motor

bull Application

Electric Hybrid Vehicles

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Conclusions

bull 250M Motors sold in EU each year

ndash 12M EV Motors per year by 2030

bull Elimination and Substitution of NdFeBDy can reduce

cost and improve environmental footprint

ndash Approaches needed to match rare earth performance

ndash Rare earth likely still to be the choice for small motors

bull Potential Energy Savings from Electric Motor

improvements are enormous

ndash 42 000 TWh of electricity demand

ndash USD 28 trillion in electricity costs globally by 2030

ndash 29 Gt of CO2 emissions (Equiv to UK FR and DE) (source IEA)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

James Widmer

Centre for Advanced Electrical Drives

School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Merz Court University of Newcastle Upon Tyne

NE1 7RU UK

Tel +44 (0)191 208 3016

Mob +44 (0)7896 514 320

Fax +44 (0)191 208 8180

jameswidmernclacuk

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

Fundamental Research bull No magnets

ndash University originated

Segmental Rotor

Switched Reluctance

Motor technology

ndash No permanent magnets

ndash Larger than rare earth

motorhellip

ndash hellipthough mass similar

bull Application

Electric Vehicle

80kW SR-SRM

80kW

Nissan Leaf

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

High Temperature

bull How to match magnet

performance

ndash High Temperature

operation allowshellip

ndash higher power andhellip

ndash reduction in system cost

and complexity

bull Application

Hybrid Truck

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

New Materials bull How to beat magnet

performance ndash Materials enabling very high

rotational speeds coupled tohellip

ndash compact gearbox giveshellip

ndash same power output withhellip

ndash smaller lighter motor

bull Application

Electric Hybrid Vehicles

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Conclusions

bull 250M Motors sold in EU each year

ndash 12M EV Motors per year by 2030

bull Elimination and Substitution of NdFeBDy can reduce

cost and improve environmental footprint

ndash Approaches needed to match rare earth performance

ndash Rare earth likely still to be the choice for small motors

bull Potential Energy Savings from Electric Motor

improvements are enormous

ndash 42 000 TWh of electricity demand

ndash USD 28 trillion in electricity costs globally by 2030

ndash 29 Gt of CO2 emissions (Equiv to UK FR and DE) (source IEA)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

James Widmer

Centre for Advanced Electrical Drives

School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Merz Court University of Newcastle Upon Tyne

NE1 7RU UK

Tel +44 (0)191 208 3016

Mob +44 (0)7896 514 320

Fax +44 (0)191 208 8180

jameswidmernclacuk

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

Fundamental Research bull No magnets

ndash University originated

Segmental Rotor

Switched Reluctance

Motor technology

ndash No permanent magnets

ndash Larger than rare earth

motorhellip

ndash hellipthough mass similar

bull Application

Electric Vehicle

80kW SR-SRM

80kW

Nissan Leaf

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

High Temperature

bull How to match magnet

performance

ndash High Temperature

operation allowshellip

ndash higher power andhellip

ndash reduction in system cost

and complexity

bull Application

Hybrid Truck

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

New Materials bull How to beat magnet

performance ndash Materials enabling very high

rotational speeds coupled tohellip

ndash compact gearbox giveshellip

ndash same power output withhellip

ndash smaller lighter motor

bull Application

Electric Hybrid Vehicles

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Conclusions

bull 250M Motors sold in EU each year

ndash 12M EV Motors per year by 2030

bull Elimination and Substitution of NdFeBDy can reduce

cost and improve environmental footprint

ndash Approaches needed to match rare earth performance

ndash Rare earth likely still to be the choice for small motors

bull Potential Energy Savings from Electric Motor

improvements are enormous

ndash 42 000 TWh of electricity demand

ndash USD 28 trillion in electricity costs globally by 2030

ndash 29 Gt of CO2 emissions (Equiv to UK FR and DE) (source IEA)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

James Widmer

Centre for Advanced Electrical Drives

School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Merz Court University of Newcastle Upon Tyne

NE1 7RU UK

Tel +44 (0)191 208 3016

Mob +44 (0)7896 514 320

Fax +44 (0)191 208 8180

jameswidmernclacuk

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

High Temperature

bull How to match magnet

performance

ndash High Temperature

operation allowshellip

ndash higher power andhellip

ndash reduction in system cost

and complexity

bull Application

Hybrid Truck

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

New Materials bull How to beat magnet

performance ndash Materials enabling very high

rotational speeds coupled tohellip

ndash compact gearbox giveshellip

ndash same power output withhellip

ndash smaller lighter motor

bull Application

Electric Hybrid Vehicles

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Conclusions

bull 250M Motors sold in EU each year

ndash 12M EV Motors per year by 2030

bull Elimination and Substitution of NdFeBDy can reduce

cost and improve environmental footprint

ndash Approaches needed to match rare earth performance

ndash Rare earth likely still to be the choice for small motors

bull Potential Energy Savings from Electric Motor

improvements are enormous

ndash 42 000 TWh of electricity demand

ndash USD 28 trillion in electricity costs globally by 2030

ndash 29 Gt of CO2 emissions (Equiv to UK FR and DE) (source IEA)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

James Widmer

Centre for Advanced Electrical Drives

School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Merz Court University of Newcastle Upon Tyne

NE1 7RU UK

Tel +44 (0)191 208 3016

Mob +44 (0)7896 514 320

Fax +44 (0)191 208 8180

jameswidmernclacuk

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Switched Reluctance Motor

New Materials bull How to beat magnet

performance ndash Materials enabling very high

rotational speeds coupled tohellip

ndash compact gearbox giveshellip

ndash same power output withhellip

ndash smaller lighter motor

bull Application

Electric Hybrid Vehicles

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Conclusions

bull 250M Motors sold in EU each year

ndash 12M EV Motors per year by 2030

bull Elimination and Substitution of NdFeBDy can reduce

cost and improve environmental footprint

ndash Approaches needed to match rare earth performance

ndash Rare earth likely still to be the choice for small motors

bull Potential Energy Savings from Electric Motor

improvements are enormous

ndash 42 000 TWh of electricity demand

ndash USD 28 trillion in electricity costs globally by 2030

ndash 29 Gt of CO2 emissions (Equiv to UK FR and DE) (source IEA)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

James Widmer

Centre for Advanced Electrical Drives

School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Merz Court University of Newcastle Upon Tyne

NE1 7RU UK

Tel +44 (0)191 208 3016

Mob +44 (0)7896 514 320

Fax +44 (0)191 208 8180

jameswidmernclacuk

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Contents

bull Why are eMotors Important

bull EV eMotor Landscape

bull Eliminating Rare Earth Materials

bull Case-Study Rare Earth Free Motors

bull Conclusions

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Conclusions

bull 250M Motors sold in EU each year

ndash 12M EV Motors per year by 2030

bull Elimination and Substitution of NdFeBDy can reduce

cost and improve environmental footprint

ndash Approaches needed to match rare earth performance

ndash Rare earth likely still to be the choice for small motors

bull Potential Energy Savings from Electric Motor

improvements are enormous

ndash 42 000 TWh of electricity demand

ndash USD 28 trillion in electricity costs globally by 2030

ndash 29 Gt of CO2 emissions (Equiv to UK FR and DE) (source IEA)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

James Widmer

Centre for Advanced Electrical Drives

School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Merz Court University of Newcastle Upon Tyne

NE1 7RU UK

Tel +44 (0)191 208 3016

Mob +44 (0)7896 514 320

Fax +44 (0)191 208 8180

jameswidmernclacuk

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Conclusions

bull 250M Motors sold in EU each year

ndash 12M EV Motors per year by 2030

bull Elimination and Substitution of NdFeBDy can reduce

cost and improve environmental footprint

ndash Approaches needed to match rare earth performance

ndash Rare earth likely still to be the choice for small motors

bull Potential Energy Savings from Electric Motor

improvements are enormous

ndash 42 000 TWh of electricity demand

ndash USD 28 trillion in electricity costs globally by 2030

ndash 29 Gt of CO2 emissions (Equiv to UK FR and DE) (source IEA)

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

James Widmer

Centre for Advanced Electrical Drives

School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Merz Court University of Newcastle Upon Tyne

NE1 7RU UK

Tel +44 (0)191 208 3016

Mob +44 (0)7896 514 320

Fax +44 (0)191 208 8180

jameswidmernclacuk

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group

James Widmer

Centre for Advanced Electrical Drives

School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Merz Court University of Newcastle Upon Tyne

NE1 7RU UK

Tel +44 (0)191 208 3016

Mob +44 (0)7896 514 320

Fax +44 (0)191 208 8180

jameswidmernclacuk

Centre for Advanced

Electrical Drives Part of the Power Electronics Drives and Machines Group