European  vision  and  expecta1on  for  the  use  of  biopolymers  in  food  

packaging  

Stéphane  GUILBERT1  and  Nathalie  GONTARD2    1Prof.  Montpellier  SupAgro,  UMR  IATE,  Montpellier,  France  2INRA,  UMR  IATE,  Montpellier,  France    

Summary  §  Plastic food-pakaging: Where are we now ? §  New economical models? §  Circular bio-economy strategy and limitations? §  Resources : potential of the bio-wastes §  Examples of current H2020 EU projects §  Conclusion: EU expected next generation for F.P.

§  Plastic food-pakaging: Where are we now ? §  New economical models? §  Circular bio-economy strategy and limitations? §  Resources : potential of the bio-wastes §  Examples of current H2020 EU projects §  Conclusion: EU expected next generation for F.P.

www.ellenmacarthurfounda0on.  

Plastic food-pakaging: Where are we now ?

Forecast of plastic volume growth, externalities and oil consumption in a business-as-usual scenario. Source: Ellen Macarthur foundation report. 2014.

Plastic waste are accumulating in soil, water and ocean. Long term impact (few hundred years) of plastic micro and nano-particles are not assessed yet.

Plastic food-pakaging: Where are we now ?

Non

Bio

d.

B

iode

grad

able

/ C

omp.

Fossil-based Bio-based / GHG-based

Biod.  plas+cs  PCL,  PBAT,  PBS  

PLA,  PHA,  PBS,  PBSA,  starch,  Cellulose  

deriva+ves,…    

Bio-­‐based  PE,  PP,  PET,  PTT,  PEF,  PA,  

PUR…  PET,  PE,  PP,  PS…  

Bio-­‐plas1c:  Bio-­‐based,  GHG-­‐based,  Bio-­‐degradable

80  over  3

20  M

T/Y  

1  over  1.30  MT/Y  

0.2  over  0.60  MT/Y  

<0.1  over  0

.2  M

T/Y  

Plastic food-pakaging: Where are we now ? Total  «  BIO  »  <  1,6  %  

§  Plastic food-pakaging: Where are we now ? §  New economical models? §  Circular bio-economy strategy and limitations? §  Resources : potential of the bio-wastes §  Examples of current H2020 EU projects §  Conclusion: EU expected next generation for F.P.

European vision : Decoupling human well-being from resource consumption

The green economy as an integrating framework for EU policies relating to material use

Source:  European  Environment  Agency  

Adapted  from  the  Direc0ve  2008/98/EC  on  waste  (Waste  Framework  

Direc0ve)    

The waste management hierarchy is more than an ethical rule…

reducing  waste  produc1on  at  the  source    

Reusing  

 Feed,  Material…    

Chemicals,  materials,  energy  

(Compos1ng)  

Incinera-­‐1on      

Land  fill        

 

Circular economy at a glance

Circular economy is focused on technical materials i.e. electronics, minerals, metals..

Source  :  EU  circular  economy  package  

Transition towards a Circular Bio-economy by integrating Bio and Circular economies

Source  :  Ins+tute  for  European  Environmental  Policy  (IEEP)  

§  Plastic food-pakaging: Where are we now ? §  New economical models? §  Circular bio-economy strategy and limitations? §  Resources : potential of the bio-wastes §  Examples of current H2020 EU projects §  Conclusion: EU expected next generation for F.P.

INPUTS Raw materials

WASTES Outputs

.n

Limited closed loop system: rapid enough regeneration applicable a limited number of time (e.g. paper or plastic) = delayed waste accumulation

Circular economy: Recycling limitations

Open loop system: recycling process to produce another good that is not recyclable = delayed waste accumulation

WASTES Outputs

PET fibers

Virgin PET

INPUTS Raw materials

Circular economy: Recycling limitations

INPUTS Raw materials

Theoretical Bio-Economy

is considered as circular

because all biological

resources can be

regenerated endlessly

∞

Closed loop system: rapid enough regeneration for an unlimited number of times.

Circular economy: Bio-economy limitations

INPUTS Raw materials

Real Bio-Economy

= regeneration

time 1.5 longer

than consumption

= half linear and

half circular

∞

Closed loop system: rapid enough regeneration for an unlimited number of times. Rapide enough = with a regeneration time compatible with human activities

Circular economy: Bio-economy limitations

§  Plastic food-pakaging: Where are we now ? §  New economical models? §  Circular bio-economy strategy and limitations? §  Resources : potential of the bio-wastes §  Examples of current H2020 EU projects §  Conclusion: EU expected next generation for F.P.

MTOE: million tons oil equivalentavailable agricultural residues

86oil

Bio-waste

A huge bio-waste potential: Urban and rural residues in EU

representING about 50% of

fresh crops

40Municipal waste

55Wood residues

§  Plastic food-pakaging: Where are we now ? §  New economical models? §  Circular bio-economy strategy and limitations? §  Resources : potential of the bio-wastes §  Examples of current H2020 EU projects §  Conclusion: EU expected next generation for F.P.

Biomethane

Loca

l agr

o-wa

stes

(win

ery r

esid

ues,

man

ure,

stra

w et

c. )

Microbial-convers°

Microbial electrolysis cells

Others chemicals

Bioethanol

biohythane

Bio-polymers

Biochar

Enzymatic, physical & chemical deconstruct°

Mesophilic 1 step

Thermophilic 2 steps Pre-

treat

men

ts

Bi-functionalizat° Photo-conversion &

VFA-rich liquid effluent

ANAEROBIC DIGESTION

Functionalisation Polymerisation Formulation Structuration

Building blocks

Lignocell fillers

Composites Mat.

AD digestate

Bio-oil

Syngas

Biogas

Thermal / bioconvers°

Feedstock - ressource

Full-scale benchmark

Pilot-scale emerging advances

Lab-scale novel processes Innovative end-products

Conventional end-products

Examples of current H2020 EU projects

Linking  the  urban  biowaste  biorefinery  with  exis1ng  waste/wastewater  treatment  facili1es  and    with  plas1c  industry  

Primary    SeLling  

Ac+vated  sludge  with  nutrient  removal  

Nutrients  

Bio-­‐energy    

Anaerobic  Diges+on  

Clean  water  to  discharge  

Urban  wastewater  

Anaerobic  diges+on  

Secundary    SeLling  

Urban  wastewater  treatment  plant  (WWTP)  -­‐  Water  line  

 *  The  acid  fermenta1on  step  could  be  spliced  into  separate  reactors  for  fine  tuning  of  C  and  N  balance  in  the  process  and/or  sludge  pretreatment  could  be  also    included  

Primary    sludge  

Secundary    sludge  

Pretreatment  

Bio-­‐based    plas+cs  

PHA  processing  

PHA  Extrac+on  

Bio-­‐based  solvents  

Concentra+on/  Esterifica+on  

                                                         Water  stream                                                                                                                                  Sludge  or  solid  stream                                                  Gas  stream  Internal  water  recycle  not  reported                                                        Integra+on  with  WW  treatment                                                                    Solvent  stream  

Organic  frac+on  of  urban  waste  

Urban  bio-­‐waste  with  higher  

lignocellulosic  frac+on  

Selected  food-­‐processing    bio-­‐

waste  

Fibers  processing  

Acid  *  Fermenta1on  

WWTP  -­‐  Sludge  line  

Plas1c  industry  

Bio-­‐based    plas+cs  

PHA  processing  

Fibers  processing   Plas1c  industry  

PHA  Produc1on  

Examples of current H2020 EU projects RES  URBIS  

PHBV Lignocellulosic fibers

23

Solid  wastes  (wheat  straw)    

•  MATRIX  =  PHBV  •  Biodegradable  polyester  

•  FILLER  =  Wheat  straw  fibers  •  By-­‐product  of  wheat  industry  

Straw fibers obtained by successive millings Size : 100-150µm

à Around  5€/kg   à Around  25€/ton  

Liquid  effluent  (cheese  whey)  

Examples of current H2020 EU projects

PHBV Lignocellulosic fibers

24

•  Compounding by extrusion

•  Shaping by injection at pilot scale

Food loss reduction

Lignocellulosic fibers

25

PHBV

§  Plastic food-pakaging: Where are we now ? §  New economical models? §  Circular bio-economy strategy and limitations? §  Resources : potential of the bio-wastes §  Examples of current H2020 EU projects §  Conclusion: EU expected next generation for F.P.

27  

◉  its source ◉  its design ◉  its end of life

Petro-­‐sourced  

Food  losses  

End-­‐of-­‐life  issues  

Non  food  renewable  resources   Tailored  proper1es  

Fresh  fruits    and  vegetables  Modified Atmosphere Packaging

Naturally  biodegradable  

Over-­‐  poorly-­‐  designed  

Next Generation Packaging is expected to be eco-efficient for

Conclusion: EU expected next generation

Non

Bio

d.

B

iode

grad

able

Fossil-based Bio-based / GHG-based

Biod.  plas0cs  PCL,  PBAT,  PBS  

PLA,  PHA,  PBS,  PBSA,  starch,  Cellulose  

deriva+ves,…    

PET,  PE,  PP,  PS…  

… With emphasis on Bio- or -GHG-based AND fully Bio-degradable (for short lifetime F&B packagings)

Bio-­‐based  PE,  PP,  PET,  PTT,  PEF,  PA,  

PUR…  

0 landfill 0 leakage ε incineration

Closed–loop Recycling

Composting Nutrients

Fertilizers Raw materials ε

Biogas

Production Resources Usage Waste

Up-cycling (bio-conversion, anaerobic digestion)

Persistent plastic

Organic - Food

- Biopackaging

Petro-based

Food crops

Bio-waste

Food

Packaging

Food

Packaging

Re-use

Oil (fossil)

Bio-mass

… Towards bio-waste up-cycling efforts in a context of a circular bio-economy …

Global flow of food & packaging

•  Holistic approach (societal e.g. consumer acceptance, environmental, economic e.g. sorting and reverse logistic , technic e.g. specifications ), long term reasoning, multi-criteria early guidance and multi-actors strategies

•  Investigating the crucial issue of undesirable substances in a close loop system

•  Preventing green washing = anticipate real environmental benefits including long term environmental and safety impacts of plastics food packaging

Conclusion: development of F&B Packaging according to a Circular Bio-Economy requires

Thank  you  for  your  acen1on