European vision and expecta1on for the use of biopolymers in food
packaging
Stéphane GUILBERT1 and Nathalie GONTARD2 1Prof. Montpellier SupAgro, UMR IATE, Montpellier, France 2INRA, UMR IATE, Montpellier, France
Summary § Plastic food-pakaging: Where are we now ? § New economical models? § Circular bio-economy strategy and limitations? § Resources : potential of the bio-wastes § Examples of current H2020 EU projects § Conclusion: EU expected next generation for F.P.
§ Plastic food-pakaging: Where are we now ? § New economical models? § Circular bio-economy strategy and limitations? § Resources : potential of the bio-wastes § Examples of current H2020 EU projects § Conclusion: EU expected next generation for F.P.
Forecast of plastic volume growth, externalities and oil consumption in a business-as-usual scenario. Source: Ellen Macarthur foundation report. 2014.
Plastic waste are accumulating in soil, water and ocean. Long term impact (few hundred years) of plastic micro and nano-particles are not assessed yet.
Plastic food-pakaging: Where are we now ?
Non
Bio
d.
B
iode
grad
able
/ C
omp.
Fossil-based Bio-based / GHG-based
Biod. plas+cs PCL, PBAT, PBS
PLA, PHA, PBS, PBSA, starch, Cellulose
deriva+ves,…
Bio-‐based PE, PP, PET, PTT, PEF, PA,
PUR… PET, PE, PP, PS…
Bio-‐plas1c: Bio-‐based, GHG-‐based, Bio-‐degradable
80 over 3
20 M
T/Y
1 over 1.30 MT/Y
0.2 over 0.60 MT/Y
<0.1 over 0
.2 M
T/Y
Plastic food-pakaging: Where are we now ? Total « BIO » < 1,6 %
§ Plastic food-pakaging: Where are we now ? § New economical models? § Circular bio-economy strategy and limitations? § Resources : potential of the bio-wastes § Examples of current H2020 EU projects § Conclusion: EU expected next generation for F.P.
The green economy as an integrating framework for EU policies relating to material use
Source: European Environment Agency
Adapted from the Direc0ve 2008/98/EC on waste (Waste Framework
Direc0ve)
The waste management hierarchy is more than an ethical rule…
reducing waste produc1on at the source
Reusing
Feed, Material…
Chemicals, materials, energy
(Compos1ng)
Incinera-‐1on
Land fill
Circular economy at a glance
Circular economy is focused on technical materials i.e. electronics, minerals, metals..
Source : EU circular economy package
Transition towards a Circular Bio-economy by integrating Bio and Circular economies
Source : Ins+tute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP)
§ Plastic food-pakaging: Where are we now ? § New economical models? § Circular bio-economy strategy and limitations? § Resources : potential of the bio-wastes § Examples of current H2020 EU projects § Conclusion: EU expected next generation for F.P.
INPUTS Raw materials
WASTES Outputs
.n
Limited closed loop system: rapid enough regeneration applicable a limited number of time (e.g. paper or plastic) = delayed waste accumulation
Circular economy: Recycling limitations
Open loop system: recycling process to produce another good that is not recyclable = delayed waste accumulation
WASTES Outputs
PET fibers
Virgin PET
INPUTS Raw materials
Circular economy: Recycling limitations
INPUTS Raw materials
Theoretical Bio-Economy
is considered as circular
because all biological
resources can be
regenerated endlessly
∞
Closed loop system: rapid enough regeneration for an unlimited number of times.
Circular economy: Bio-economy limitations
INPUTS Raw materials
Real Bio-Economy
= regeneration
time 1.5 longer
than consumption
= half linear and
half circular
∞
Closed loop system: rapid enough regeneration for an unlimited number of times. Rapide enough = with a regeneration time compatible with human activities
Circular economy: Bio-economy limitations
§ Plastic food-pakaging: Where are we now ? § New economical models? § Circular bio-economy strategy and limitations? § Resources : potential of the bio-wastes § Examples of current H2020 EU projects § Conclusion: EU expected next generation for F.P.
MTOE: million tons oil equivalentavailable agricultural residues
86oil
Bio-waste
A huge bio-waste potential: Urban and rural residues in EU
representING about 50% of
fresh crops
40Municipal waste
55Wood residues
§ Plastic food-pakaging: Where are we now ? § New economical models? § Circular bio-economy strategy and limitations? § Resources : potential of the bio-wastes § Examples of current H2020 EU projects § Conclusion: EU expected next generation for F.P.
Biomethane
Loca
l agr
o-wa
stes
(win
ery r
esid
ues,
man
ure,
stra
w et
c. )
Microbial-convers°
Microbial electrolysis cells
Others chemicals
Bioethanol
biohythane
Bio-polymers
Biochar
Enzymatic, physical & chemical deconstruct°
Mesophilic 1 step
Thermophilic 2 steps Pre-
treat
men
ts
Bi-functionalizat° Photo-conversion &
VFA-rich liquid effluent
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
Functionalisation Polymerisation Formulation Structuration
Building blocks
Lignocell fillers
Composites Mat.
AD digestate
Bio-oil
Syngas
Biogas
Thermal / bioconvers°
Feedstock - ressource
Full-scale benchmark
Pilot-scale emerging advances
Lab-scale novel processes Innovative end-products
Conventional end-products
Examples of current H2020 EU projects
Linking the urban biowaste biorefinery with exis1ng waste/wastewater treatment facili1es and with plas1c industry
Primary SeLling
Ac+vated sludge with nutrient removal
Nutrients
Bio-‐energy
Anaerobic Diges+on
Clean water to discharge
Urban wastewater
Anaerobic diges+on
Secundary SeLling
Urban wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) -‐ Water line
* The acid fermenta1on step could be spliced into separate reactors for fine tuning of C and N balance in the process and/or sludge pretreatment could be also included
Primary sludge
Secundary sludge
Pretreatment
Bio-‐based plas+cs
PHA processing
PHA Extrac+on
Bio-‐based solvents
Concentra+on/ Esterifica+on
Water stream Sludge or solid stream Gas stream Internal water recycle not reported Integra+on with WW treatment Solvent stream
Organic frac+on of urban waste
Urban bio-‐waste with higher
lignocellulosic frac+on
Selected food-‐processing bio-‐
waste
Fibers processing
Acid * Fermenta1on
WWTP -‐ Sludge line
Plas1c industry
Bio-‐based plas+cs
PHA processing
Fibers processing Plas1c industry
PHA Produc1on
Examples of current H2020 EU projects RES URBIS
PHBV Lignocellulosic fibers
23
Solid wastes (wheat straw)
• MATRIX = PHBV • Biodegradable polyester
• FILLER = Wheat straw fibers • By-‐product of wheat industry
Straw fibers obtained by successive millings Size : 100-150µm
à Around 5€/kg à Around 25€/ton
Liquid effluent (cheese whey)
Examples of current H2020 EU projects
§ Plastic food-pakaging: Where are we now ? § New economical models? § Circular bio-economy strategy and limitations? § Resources : potential of the bio-wastes § Examples of current H2020 EU projects § Conclusion: EU expected next generation for F.P.
27
◉ its source ◉ its design ◉ its end of life
Petro-‐sourced
Food losses
End-‐of-‐life issues
Non food renewable resources Tailored proper1es
Fresh fruits and vegetables Modified Atmosphere Packaging
Naturally biodegradable
Over-‐ poorly-‐ designed
Next Generation Packaging is expected to be eco-efficient for
Conclusion: EU expected next generation
Non
Bio
d.
B
iode
grad
able
Fossil-based Bio-based / GHG-based
Biod. plas0cs PCL, PBAT, PBS
PLA, PHA, PBS, PBSA, starch, Cellulose
deriva+ves,…
PET, PE, PP, PS…
… With emphasis on Bio- or -GHG-based AND fully Bio-degradable (for short lifetime F&B packagings)
Bio-‐based PE, PP, PET, PTT, PEF, PA,
PUR…
0 landfill 0 leakage ε incineration
Closed–loop Recycling
Composting Nutrients
Fertilizers Raw materials ε
Biogas
Production Resources Usage Waste
Up-cycling (bio-conversion, anaerobic digestion)
Persistent plastic
Organic - Food
- Biopackaging
Petro-based
Food crops
Bio-waste
Food
Packaging
Food
Packaging
Re-use
Oil (fossil)
Bio-mass
… Towards bio-waste up-cycling efforts in a context of a circular bio-economy …
Global flow of food & packaging
• Holistic approach (societal e.g. consumer acceptance, environmental, economic e.g. sorting and reverse logistic , technic e.g. specifications ), long term reasoning, multi-criteria early guidance and multi-actors strategies
• Investigating the crucial issue of undesirable substances in a close loop system
• Preventing green washing = anticipate real environmental benefits including long term environmental and safety impacts of plastics food packaging
Conclusion: development of F&B Packaging according to a Circular Bio-Economy requires