European Union policies and projects International Business and Development Degree Course University of Parma a.y. 2013/2014 Regional analysis in the context

European Union policies and projectsInternational Business and Development Degree Course

University of Parmaa.y. 2013/2014

Regional analysis in the context of the European Union. Statistics, tools and applications

Alessandro DaraioGuglielmo Wolleb

Part OneAn introduction to territorial analysisAbout EurostatOverview of “Regions and cities” Eurostat datasetExploration and exploitation of Eurostat dataset

Part TwoPutting regional analysis into practice: an application to Emilia-Romagna region

Outline

An introduction to territorial analysis

A double role for statistics in contemporary society:1. Decision-makers in government and in business

need statistics to make decisions2. The public and media need statistics for an

accurate picture of contemporary society and to evaluate the performance of politicians and other institutions and decision-makers

The use of statistics for socio-economic analysis is one of the pre-requisite for the elaboration of a development strategy based on scientific foundations


To define the correct scale upon which to “read” economic-territorial systems is a tricky issue

The macro-level approach allows to consider system dimensions and interrelations which impact territories, but suppresses detail information (i.e. local, sectoral, etc.)The micro-economic approach proves useful for analysing single cases in depth, thus entailing the risk of concentrating attention on individual cases and losing the overarching view of the phenomenaBoth macro-economic and micro-economic viewpoints cannot fulfill the informative needs of a territorial analysis with a policy orientation. An intermediate scale approach is necessary to simplify data, enable their actual use and, at the same time, cleverly manage information consistently with actual policy needs


The quantitative territorial analysis process normally consists of one or more of the following approaches:

A descriptive analysis in a regional contextA comparative analysis –consisting of comparison of relevant development indicators upon a benchmark territorial scale (national, European, etc.)- in order to identify critical issues indicating their extent and contextAn impact analysis, and namely:

an ex ante analysis involving the assessment of foreseeable and expected consequences of a change in one or more exogenous stimuli which will influence the elements characterising a region an ex post assessment of the consequences of an intervention effected in the past


For the most part, regional socioeconomic analysis relies on the use of secondary data already collected, organized, and disseminated by other organizationsTo fill gaps in knowledge not addressed by secondary data, data analysis can be aided to some extent by primary data collection, through tools such as surveys and interviews. Other qualitative tools, i.e. literature review, may be useful to guide the analysis The efficacy of the analysis depends on 1) the depth, quality and accessibility of secondary data and 2) the analyst’s awareness of data sources and methods for exploring and exploiting those data

About Eurostat

Eurostat is the statistical office of the European Union, situated in Luxembourg. Its mission is to provide the European Union with high-quality statistics at European level enabling comparisons between countries and regions. Eurostat was established in 1953 to meet the requirements of the Coal and Steel Community. Over the years its task has broadened and in 1958 it became a Directorate-General (DG) of the European Commission, with the key role to supply statistics to other DGs and supply the Commission and other European Institutions with data. Eurostat’s role has changed along with the development of Community policies, with increasing importance on collecting data for EMU and developing statistical systems in candidate countries for EU membership.

About Eurostat

European statistics are developed, produced, and disseminated on the basis of uniform standards and harmonised methods.Traditionally, the National Statistical Institutes (NSIs) of the Member States collect and produce harmonised data that are compiled by Eurostat to construct statistics at EU level. Initially it happened on a voluntary agreements base, but there has been a continuous drive to base the collection of statistics on legislation. The new Regulation on statistics introduced the European Statistical System (ESS) in order to improve efficiency through

a systematic collaboration between NSIs and Eurostat a move towards the so-called data warehouse approachthe combination of survey data with administrative datathe European approach to statistics (EU sampling)

“Regions and cities” Eurostat dataset

One section in public Eurostat dataset which provides a single access point to Eurostat's sub-national statistics Data at geographical level NUTS2 or NUTS3Data organized in 13 data collections http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu European Commission > Eurostat > Statistics > Statistics by theme > Regions and cities > Data

Main tablesDatabase

http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/


DatabaseBuilding and downloading tables of data

To calculate regional demographic growth 2000-2012To calculate labour dependency ratio in 2012 and compare with the level in 2000

Main tablesExploiting Graph and Map tools

To compare regional demographic density in EU in 2011

PublicationsEuropean Regional and Urban Statistics. Reference GuideEurostat regional yearbook 2013

http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu

http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/


DatabaseTo calculate labour dependency ratio in 2012

Age group E-R North East Italy EU27

Age group 1

Age group 2

Age group 3

…

Age group N

Complementary sources

Eurostat city statistics – Urban AuditESPON, the European Observation Network for Territorial Development and CohesionEuropean Commission sectoral report and studiesOECD databases and studies

Regional statistics portal and eXplorer toolTerritorial reviews

Further exercises

To calculate the level of labour productivity in a given region (last year available) and its medium term growth rate

Gross value added / persons employed

To calculate the index of specialization of the manufacturing sector of a given region with respect to the country and European structure

Share of manufacturing sub-categories total employment in the region / share of the same

sub-categories in the benchmark economy

Putting regional analysis into practice: an application to

Emilia-Romagna region

Confusing figures

How Emilia-Romagna labour market is performing compared to other regions?1. Very bad: between 2000 and 2010 the unemployment rate in

Emilia-Romagna has grown 4 times more than the European one

2. Extremely bad: between 2000 and 2010 the unemployment rate in Emilia-Romagna has grown by 42.5% while in Italy it has decreased by 20.75%

3. Very good: employment rate in Emilia-Romagna has grown 3.6 times more than the European one between 2000 and 2010

4. Good: Employment rate in Emilia-Romagna is 3.4% higher than the European Union average rate in 2010

5. Very bad: between 2003 and 2010 the employment rate in Emilia-Romagna has fallen by 1.32% while in the European Union (on average) has grown by 2.40%

Confusing figures

Playing with statistics

To choose the right indicator

To choose between levels and trend information

To choose the most appropriate (territorial) benchmark

To choose the correct year for time comparisons

Emilia-Romagna: preliminary picture

About 7% of the Italian total area and population (7° among Italian regions) 8.8% of national GDP and 8.4 of total employmentGDP per capita is 127% of the EU27 average (in the top 40 regions rank)

Demographic dimension

QUESTION TO BE ADDRESSED INDICATORS AVAILAVAIL.

Is the region an high density populated region or a scarcely populated one? Population per square kilometer

Is E-R a region with a growing population?

Rate of growth of population

Birth and mortality rates; natural change rate of population

Demographic projections MM

Is regional population aging?Age composition of population

Dependency ratio

Is E-R a region with significant migration flows?

Rate of net migrationShare of non citizens on regional population MM

Population aged 15-64 born outside the EU (%)

Selected demographic indicators

demo_r_d2jan; demo_r_d3dens

Year E-R North East Italy EU27

Total population 2011 4.459.148 11.697.477 60.820.696 503.663.601

Population density 2010 198,10 187,30 201,50 116,92

Average growth rate

2000-2012 1,00 0,85 0,53 0,34

Average growth rate

2006-2012 0,93 0,74 0,50 0,30

demo_r_d2jan; demo_r_d3dens100

102

104

106

108

110

112

114

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012


YearEmilia-

Romagna North East Italy EU27

Birth rate (‰) 2011 9,10 9,10 9,00 10,70

Mortality rate (‰) 2011 10,70 9,90 9,80 9,70

Rate of natural change of population (‰) 2011 -1,60 -0,80 -0,80 1,00

Rate of net migration (‰) 2011 7,60 5,40 4,00 1,80

Rate of total population change (‰) 2011 6,00 4,70 3,20 2,80

demo_r_gind3; demo_gind


YearEmilia-

Romagna North East Italy EU27

Total dependency ratio 2012 0,56 0,55 0,53 0,50

Young dependency ratio 2012 0,21 0,21 0,21 0,23

Old-age dependency ratio 2012 0,35 0,33 0,32 0,27

demo_r_d2jan or demo_r_pjanaggr3; demo_pjangroup


Age group E-RNorth East Italy EU27

Diff. ER-EU27

0 to 9 years 9,19% 9,38% 9,35% 10,42% -1,23%

10 to 19 years 8,25% 8,85% 9,45% 10,66% -2,42%

20 to 29 years 9,39% 9,77% 10,80% 12,75% -3,36%

30 to 39 years 14,62% 14,33% 14,22% 13,92% 0,71%

40 to 49 years 16,57% 16,75% 16,13% 14,89% 1,68%

50 to 59 years 13,26% 13,34% 13,21% 13,48% -0,22%

60 to 69 years 11,55% 11,57% 11,40% 10,92% 0,64%

70 to 79 years 9,97% 9,49% 9,31% 8,03% 1,95%

80 years or over 7,19% 6,52% 6,12% 4,94% 2,25%

demo_r_d2jan; demo_pjangroup

Share of total population by age group - 2012

The demographic pyramid

demo_r_d2jan; demo_pjan

Italy 2012

1

6

11

16

21

26

31

36

41

46

51

56

61

66

71

76

81

86

91

96

101

106M - Males

F - Females

European Union 2012

1

6

11

16

21

26

31

36

41

46

51

56

61

66

71

76

81

86

91

96

101

106

111

M - Males

F - Females

E-R 2012

1

6

11

16

21

26

31

36

41

46

51

56

61

66

71

76

81

86

91

96

101

106M - Males

F - Females

Demographic attractiveness (internal migration)

migr_r_2arr; migr_r_2dep; migr_r_2it

ITF3 -

Cam

pania

ITC4

- Lom

bard

ia

ITF4 -

Pug

lia

ITG1

- Sici

lia

ITF6 -

Cala

bria

ITD3

- Vene

to

ITE4 -

Lazio

ITE1 -

Tosca

na

ITC1

- Pie

monte

ITE3 -

Mar

che

ITG2

- Sar

degna

ITF1 -

Abr

uzzo

ITC3

- Ligu

ria

ITF5 -

Bas

ilicat

a

ITD4

- Friu

li

ITE2 -

Umbria

ITF2

ITD2

ITD1

ITC2

0

1.000

2.000

3.000

4.000

5.000

6.000

7.000

8.000

VAR/TIME 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Arrivals 43.829 40073. 39.933 37.555 40.782 40.327

Departures 20.456 19.254 21.919 21.720 23.490 23.209

Internal migration ratio 2,14 2,08 1,82 1,73 1,74 1,74

Partial conclusions - Demography

Stable amount of population between 1990 and 2000; in the next decade population grew by 6% due to the strengthening of migration flows which overcame the negative trend of the natural rate In comparative terms, the population growth over the past decade was higher than in the rest of Italy and Europe. The rate of migration is also higher than in the rest of the country. The age composition of population stands out relatively to the EU for a lower share of young people and for a higher share of aged people (also confirmed by the dependency ratio). But it is also characterized by a higher share of people in central age, probably as a result of immigration flows.Looking at the internal flows of migration, Emilia-Romagna attracts people from all Italian regions. The bulk of immigration comes from the South -Campania, Puglia, Sicily- but also from Lombardia

Partial conclusions - Demography

As for the future, the issues at stake are:a low potential increase of population. Indeed, given the negative natural rate, it depends essentially on immigration flowsthe ageing of population, which put pressure on the welfare system, may have a negative impact on the propensity to change and innovate, reduces the ratio between working and not working people the impact of a rising share of foreign people. Immigration flows may have beneficial effects in terms of growth and of composition of population -and also in terms of cultural diversity- but pose serious problems of integration with the local communitiesthe loss of population in mountain areas, with negative consequences on the living conditions of population of these areas, on the conservation of cultural heritage and identity of local communities, and on environment and landscape

The macroeconomic frame

QUESTION TO BE ADDRESSED

Is E-R a high growing region?

Is the regional level of productivity relatively high?

Is E-R a laggard region relatively to the belonging country?

Is E-R a region with strong internal disparities?

INDICATORS AVAILAVAIL.

Rate of growth over five or ten years

Real growth rate of regional GDP at market prices

Growth and level of GDP per employee

GDP per capita relatively to national level in different years

Internal disparities at sub-regional level

Distribution of Provinces by per capita GDP and growth rate

GDP at current market prices – Millions of PPS

GEO/TIME 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

ITD5 - Emilia-Romagna

113.263 114.980 116.363 127.590 137.391 131.660

ITD - North-East

288.872 293.336 302.496 328.803 354.089 340.399

IT - Italy 1.267.575 1.309.366 1.343.436 1.451.259 1.553.327 1.495.593

EU15 8.290.914 8.922.353 9.455.243 10.370.721

10.951.408 -

EU27 9.193.424 9.934.665 10.598.455

11.680.572

12.472.628

12.279.589

nama_r_e3gdp; nama_gdp_c

95

105

115

125

135

145

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

ITD5 - Emilia-Romagna ITD - Nord-Est

IT - Italy EU15

EU27

GDP at current market prices - PPS per inhabitant

GEO/TIME 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010


28.600 28.700 28.300 30.300 31.900 29.800

ITD - North-East 27.300 27.400 27.600 29.500 31.000 29.300

IT - Italy 22.300 22.900 23.100 24.600 26.000 24.700

EU15 21.900 23.400 24.500 26.500 27.700 -

EU27 19.100 20.500 21.700 23.700 25.100 24.500

nama_r_e3gdp; nama_gdp_c

80

100

120

140

160

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010


IT - Italy EU15

EU27

Real growth rate of regional GDP at market prices

nama_r_e2grgdp; tsieb020

GEO/TIME 00-07 00-10 GEO/TIME 00-07 00-10ITD5 - Emilia-Romagna 8,3 1,75 EU15 15,4 10,7

ITD - North-East 8,8 2,93 EU27 17,5 15,46

IT - Italy 9,3 3,81

-7

-5

-3

-1

1

3

5

7

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010


IT - Italy EU15

EU27

GDP and main components at current market prices – Levels and growth rate

GDP and main components at constant market prices – Levels and growth rate

Gross labour productivity (1.000 PPS GDP per employed person)

nama_r_e3gdp; nama_gdp_c; sbs_r_nuts06_r2; nama_nace06_e


ITD - Nord-EstIT - Italy

EU15 - European Union OMS

EU27 - European Union

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

In 2010 the level of productivity in E-R was 1.56% lower than in 2007. A decrease was registered also in Nord-Est and Italy

Exports, imports and trade balance

Distribution of Provinces (NUTS 3) by per capita GDP

GEO/TIME 1998 2003 2008Var. rate

98-08

ITD51 - Piacenza 24.300 25.400 29.900 23,0

ITD52 - Parma 27.800 29.500 31.700 14,0

ITD53 - Reggio Emilia 27.700 29.100 31.000 11,9

ITD54 - Modena 28.000 29.800 34.400 22,9

ITD55 - Bologna 28.300 31.900 34.300 21,2

ITD56 - Ferrara 21.200 23.400 27.400 29,2

ITD57 - Ravenna 22.500 26.500 29.600 31,6

ITD58 - Forlì-Cesena 24.200 26.500 31.700 31,0

ITD59 - Rimini 21.200 25.000 30.600 44,3

Emilia-Romagna 25.022 27.456 31.178 24,6

nama_r_e3gdp

IND/TIME 1998 2003 2008

Min 21.200 23.400 27.400

Max 28.300 31.900 34.400

Range 7.100 8.500 7.000

Standard deviation 2.985 2.754 2.220

Update for RER not possible

Distribution of Provinces by per capita GDP in 1998 and growth rate

ITD52 - Parma

ITD53 - Reggio nell'Emilia

ITD54 - Modena

ITD55 - Bologna

ITD56 - Ferrara

ITD57 - Ravenna ITD58 - Forlì-Cesena

ITD59 - Rimini

ITD51 - Piacenza

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

20000 21000 22000 23000 24000 25000 26000 27000 28000 29000 30000

GDP per capita 1998

T. var.1998-2008

The macroeconomic frame


Is E-R a high growing region?

Is the regional level of productivity relatively high?

Is E-R a laggard region relatively to the belonging country?

Is E-R a region with strong internal disparities?

STATISTICAL EVIDENCE

No, real growth rate is in line with Italy but one half of the EU average

Higher fluctuation relatively to EU, but generalised underperformance (except for year 2000 and 2006)

Yes, it is. But the positive gap with EU level has shrunk in the decade

Not at all. GDP per capita is higher than any benchmark (but on a convergence path with EU average)

Moderate disparities at NUTS3 level (but possibly higher within them)Convergence process during the decade with the exception of Piacenza

Partial conclusions – Macroeconomic profile

Emilia Romagna is a wealthy region in Europe and in Italy, but it is also a slow growing region which is loosing ground compared to the rest of Europe. This trend has led to a strong reduction of the positive gap in GDP per capita: in 1998 the Emilia Romagna GDP per capita was 32% higher than the EU15 and 52% higher than the EU27; this gap narrowed respectively to 15% and 27% ten years later At the beginning of the decade the region emerged as a high productivity region by European standards. Since then the rate of productivity growth has been low and the gap with other Europeans regions has reduced or disappearedThere are significant disparities in terms of GDP per capita among the various provinces. The difference between the provinces with the highest and the lowest GDP per capita is 25%, but during the last decade there has been a trend towards convergence


Emilia Romagna region is a very open economy. The degree of internalization is very high compared to national and European standards alike. Exports play a driving role in the overall economy and the trade balance is structurally in surplus


The main issues at stake are:the slow rate of growth of GDP and of productivity in the last decade. These trends may in the long run decrease the standard of public services and, more generally, the quality of life of population and are a signal of weakening competitiveness of the region in the world economyThe capacity of exports to remain competitive in the world marketsthe ability to absorb, integrate and enhance the growing population of foreign workers

Labour market


Is E-R a region with high levels of activity?

Is the regional economic system able to give employment to local workers?

Is E-R a region with high levels of unemployment?

Are there strong inequalities in the labour market between men and women?

Does unemployment hit particularly young people?

How important is structural unemployment?


Absolute values of labour force

Rate of activityAbsolute values of employment

Employment rate

Absolute values of unemployment

Unemployment rateRate of employment by sex

Rate of unemployment by sex

Young unemployment rate

Rate of long term unemployment

Labour market - Selected indicators 2012

IND/GEO E-R North East Italy EU27

Total labour forces (1.000 pers) 2.074 5.348 25.217 233.372

Economic activity rates 15-64 - Total 72,83 70,94 63,67 71,73

Activity rate - Males 79,10 78,92 73,94 77,93

Activity rate - Females 66,58 62,90 53,49 65,55

lfst_r_lfp2actrt; lfsi_act_a; lfst_r_lfp2act

NMS10 - New Member States (10

countries)


ITD - Nord-Est

IT - Italy



57

62

67

72

77

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010


IND/GEO E-RNorth East Italy EU27

Total employment 15-64 (1.000 pers) 1.925 4.987 22.481 212.192

Employment rate - Total 67,60 66,20 56,80 64,10

Employment rate - Males 73,90 74,20 66,50 69,70

Employment rate - Females 61,30 58,00 47,10 58,60

Old workers employment rate 55-64 45,10 43,60 40,40 48,90

lfst_r_lfe2emp; lfst_r_lfe2emprt; lfsi_emp_a


ITD - Nord-Est

IT - Italy


EU27 - European Union NMS10 - New

Member States (10 countries)

52

57

62

67

72

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010


IND/GEO E-RNorth East Italy EU27

Total unemployment 15 or over (1.000 pers) 150 363 2.744 25.256

Unemployment rate - Total 15 and over 7,10 6,70 10.70 10,40

Unemployment rate - Males 6,40 5,90 9,90 10,40

Unemployment rate - Females 7,90 7,70 11,90 10,50

Young unemployment rate 15-24 26,40 24,10 35,30 22,90

NEET rate 18-24 19,70 19,80 27,00 17,00

Long term unemployment rate 2,65 2,50 5,61 4,64

Long term unemployment share 37,51 37,63 53,03 44,60

lfst_r_lfu3pers; lfst_r_lfu3rt; lfst_r_lfu2ltu; une_rt_a


ITD - Nord-Est

IT - Italy



NMS10 - New Member States (10

countries)

2

6

10

14

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Partial conclusions – Labour market

Emilia-Romagna stands out in Italy and in Europe for high rates of activity and employment and low rates of unemploymentThe region performs poorly compared to EU only for the rate of employment of aged people and for young unemployment rate Within the national context all indicators of the labour market show a much better situation than in the rest of the countryLike in most of European regions, as a consequence of the economic crisis the official rate of unemployment soared in the last three years from 3% to 6%, but the real rate, accounting also for not working people placed in the social safety system, is even higher A negative feature of the regional labour market not emerging from our data is the high share of temporary work, especially among young people and women. Temporary work is widespread in all sectors, with peaks in the service sector

Labour market


Is E-R a region with high levels of activity?

Is the regional economic system able to give employment to local workers?

Is E-R a region with high levels of unemployment?

Are there strong inequalities in the labour market between men and women?

Does unemployment hit particularly young people?

How important is structural unemployment?

STATISTICAL EVIDENCE AVAILAVAIL.Yes, the activity rate is in line with European standard and converging to EU15

Surely yes, better than in EU (on average) although the economic crisis inverted the positive trend

No, the unemployment rate continues to be lower than in Italy and EU, but it is not anymore on physiological levelModerate inequalities, less than in Italy but more than in EU (on average)Yes, more than in EU and also more than in NUTS1 regionOne third of total unemployment. The rate is lower than EU and Italian level

Partial conclusions – Labour market

The main issues at stake regarding the labour market are:The impact of the crisis on the labour market with a soaring rate of unemploymentThe high share of temporary jobs among young people and women, producing uncertainty and instability in the working and private life alike The growing share of foreign workersThe low rate of employment of people over 60

Composing the puzzle: the growth identity

Population

PopulationWorkingAge


esLabourForc

esLabourForc

Employed

Employed

GDP

POPULATION

GDP***

GEO/INDGDP/POP GDP/EMP EMP/LAF LAF/WAP WAP/POP

ITD5 - Emilia-Romagna 32.132 71.073 0,97 0,72 0,65

ITD - Nord-Est 31.232 70.479 0,97 0,70 0,65

IT - Italy 26.054 67.505 0,93 0,63 0,66

EU15 27.768 62.708 0,93 0,72 0,66

EU27 25.061 57.135 0,93 0,70 0,67

demo_r_d2jan; demo_pjangroup; lfsi_act_a; lfst_r_lfe2emp; nama_r_e3gdp; nama_gdp_c

Composing the puzzle: the growth identity (1998-2008)

GEO/INDGDP/POP

GDP/EMP

EMP/LAF

LAF/WAP

WAP/POP

Residual

ITD5 - Emilia-Romagna 0,20 0,16 0,01 0,07 -0,04 0,00

ITD - Nord-Est 0,22 0,16 0,01 0,08 -0,04 0,01

IT - Italy 0,24 0,15 0,05 0,05 -0,03 0,01

EU15 0,35 0,21 0,00 0,12 -0,01 0,02

EU27 0,41 0,25 0,00 0,12 0,00 0,03

RESIDUALPopulation



esLabourForc

esLabourForc

Employed

Employed

GDP

POPULATION

GDP

demo_r_d2jan; demo_pjangroup; lfsi_act_a; lfst_r_lfe2emp; nama_r_e3gdp; nama_gdp_c


ITD5 IT

DIT

EU15

EU27

ITD5

ITD

IT

EU15

EU27

ITD5 IT

D

IT

EU15

EU27

ITD5

ITD IT

EU15 EU27 IT

D5IT

D IT

EU15

EU27

-0,05

0,00

0,05

0,10

0,15

0,20

0,25

0,30

GDP/EMP EMP/LAF LAF/WAP WAP/POP Comp. Eff


The contribution to the GDP per capita growth has been decomposed in its main components:

productivity • employment• labour force • population

• The main driver of the regional economy in the decade has been productivity which accounts for more than 70% of the total growth. A significant contribution came from the labour force, due probably to the increase in the female rate of activity and to the flows of young immigrants. A negative contribution came on the other hand from an aging population which reduces the number of people in employment.

Business statistics


Which are the most important sectors and branches of the regional economy?

How much dense and viable is the industrial system?

What is the size distribution of firms?What is the degree of internalization of the regional economy?Does the region receive consistent flows of foreign investment? Is the industrial system vertically and horizontally integrated? Are there relevant industrial districts?


Share of employment and of value added by sector and by branch

Index of specialisation

Number of firms per inhabitant

Birth and mortality rate of firms MMFirm distribution by number of employees or by revenues of firms MM

Export share on regional GDP MMShare of foreign direct investment on total regional investment MMShare of employees in firms vertically or horizontally integrated MM

Gross value added at basic prices - Sectoral share

GEO/NACE A_B C-E F G-I J-K L-P

2007

Emilia-Romagna 2,35 28,00 6,12 20,56 26,83 16,14

ITD - North-East 2,23 26,66 6,48 22,06 25,93 16,64

IT - Italy 2,06 21,43 6,10 22,49 27,31 20,62

EU15 1,60 19,80 6,29 20,69 29,06 22,57

EU27 1,77 20,22 6,38 21,02 28,36 22,24

Variation 1998 - 2007

Emilia-Romagna -1,29 -1,83 1,85 -3,50 3,90 0,87

ITD - North-East -1,24 -2,87 1,68 -2,29 3,98 0,74

IT - Italy -1,03 -3,02 1,16 -1,69 4,28 0,30

EU15 -0,78 -3,11 0,86 -0,58 3,35 0,26

EU27 -0,81 -2,86 0,87 -0,43 3,06 0,17

nama_r_e3vabp95; nama_nace06_c

Sectoral productivity of labour (1.000 € GVA per employed person)

GEO/NACE A-B C-E F G-I J-K L-P

2007

Emilia-Romagna 56,27 39,52 59,69 47,72 48,48 101,35

ITD - North-East 56,29 36,99 56,71 47,62 50,38 105,86

IT - Italy 54,90 28,09 56,55 43,23 50,45 102,17

EU15 56,77 26,96 70,76 47,41 45,82 96,60

EU27 48,93 15,22 56,54 41,33 40,84 90,51

Variation rate 1998 - 2007

Emilia-Romagna 10,90 7,24 13,71 16,51 4,34 8,30

ITD - North-East 11,55 5,15 12,65 14,16 6,15 11,17

IT - Italy 11,23 2,52 11,41 10,60 6,72 16,64

EU15 13,59 3,60 19,77 14,14 9,60 18,21

EU27 13,42 3,43 17,30 12,81 9,56 18,16

nama_r_e3vabp95; sbs_r_nuts06_r2; nama_nace06_c; nama_nace06_e

Index of specialization in economic sectors – N°of persons employed 2008

NACE/GEO

ER on North East

ER on Italy

ER on EU15

ER on EU27

Sectorial weight in E-R

B - Mining and quarrying 106,38 89,61 55,97 29,25 0,16

C - Manufacturing 99,32 122,18 152,57 137,83 33,84

D - Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply 101,89 78,27 67,79 50,16 0,41

E - Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation acts. 94,15 69,41 90,22 76,02 0,75

F - Construction 96,34 87,45 111,56 115,01 11,02

G - Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles 99,15 91,18 84,41 82,34 20,38

H - Transportation and storage 104,82 93,16 84,64 84,73 6,66

I - Accommodation and food service activities 96,50 108,58 105,44 118,47 8,61

J - Information and communication 100,80 73,02 57,98 62,98 2,63

L - Real estate activities 106,38 127,92 129,55 131,89 2,62

M - Professional, scientific and technical activities 105,08 91,38 79,08 86,52 7,07

Index of specialization in manufacturing categories – N°of persons employed 2008

NACE/GEO

ER on North -

EastER on Italy

ER on EU15

ER on EU27

Weight of sub

category in E-R

C10 - food products 132,93 125,64 105,78 100,47 11,36

C14 - wearing apparel 101,51 103,29 220,67 144,37 6,24

C22 - rubber and plastic products 94,75 83,70 71,94 70,04 3,75

C23 - other non-metallic mineral products 128,31 155,16 182,83 180,03 8,62

C25 - fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment 98,36 98,72 115,09 120,49 14,57

C26 - Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products 123,22 101,37 71,70 75,87 2,92

C27 - electrical equipment 77,74 89,85 81,70 80,06 3,75

C28 - machinery and equipment 130,48 187,90 182,49 206,30 20,79

C29 - motor vehicles, trailers 140,86 77,55 40,85 41,07 3,11

C33 - Repair and installation of machinery and equipment 115,26 89,36 104,05 108,57 3,78

sbs_r_nuts06_r2;

Index of specialization in manufacturing categories – 2008

NACE/GEO ER on Italy ER on EU27

Loc Un Emp Loc Un Emp

C10 - food products 104,87 125,64 102,68 100,47

C14 - wearing apparel 125,02 103,29 151,95 144,37

C22 - rubber and plastic products 97,10 83,70 74,17 70,04

C23 - other non-metallic mineral products 78,69 155,16 83,94 180,03

C25 - fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment 92,96 98,72 105,83 120,49

C26 - Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products 137,25 101,37 98,81 75,87

C27 - electrical equipment 138,29 89,85 116,38 80,06

C28 - machinery and equipment 213,01 187,90 235,47 206,30

C29 - motor vehicles, trailers 137,89 77,55 62,74 41,07

C33 - Repair and installation of machinery and equipment 117,83 89,36 132,02 108,57

sbs_r_nuts06_r2;

Partial conclusions – Structure of the economy

• Emilia-Romagna is a manufacturing region. Manufacturing alone accounts for 28% of total value added, a higher share compared to the Italian and EU15 or EU27 averages. The share of services and especially administrative services is on the other hand relatively lower

• Data on sectorial labour productivity signal a relatively high productivity in the agricultural sector and in the industrial sector

• Within the manufacturing sector, the region has a very strong specialization in manufacturing of machinery and equipment (which covers over 20% of manufacturing production), fabricated metal product, manufacturing of wearing apparels and other non metallic mineral products.

Partial conclusions – Business structure

The main issues at stake are:• The creation of an “highly knowledge intensive” economy in

line with the Lisbon strategy and Europe 2020 guidelines • The building of strong and stable links between activities of

research, technological transfer and production with the aim to foster innovation and productivity on a permanent basis and to stimulate the start up of high tech firms

• The upraising of skills, especially in the field of high technology

• The implementation of policies tailored for territorial clusters and production chains

• The improvement of corporate governance of firms, especially small firm

Research and innovation


What is the technological level of regional production?

How much does the regional economy invest in research and innovation activities?


Share of high technology production MM

Share of high technology patent applications

Share of employment in high technology and knowledge intensive sectors

Public expenditure on research on regional GDPPrivate expenditure on research on regional GDPNumber of employees on research and development activities

Number of patents

Total intramural R&D expenditure as % of GDP - Sectorial share 2010

GEO/SECTOR

Business enterprise

sectorGovernment

sector

Higher education

sector

Private non-profit

sector

ITD5 - Emilia-Romagna 63,70 8,90 27,40 0,00

ITD - North-East 62,40 10,40 26,40 0,80

IT - Italy 53,97 13,49 28,57 3,97

EU15 62,38 12,38 24,29 0,95

EU27 61,69 12,94 24,38 1,00

rd_e_gerdreg;

0,93

0,13

0,4

0

0,78

0,13

0,33

0,01

0,68

0,17

0,36

0,05

1,31

0,26

0,51

0,02

1,24

0,26

0,49

0,02

0,00

0,50

1,00

1,50

2,00

2,50


ITD - Nord-Est IT - Italy EU15 - EuropeanUnion

EU27 - EuropeanUnion

Private non-profit sector

Higher education sector

Government sector

Business enterprise sector

Patent applications

GEO/SECTOR 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007

Emilia-Romagna 127,676 153,314 168,463 178,224 181,762 118,624

ITD - Nord-Est 95,073 112,985 122,939 130,173 142,721 99,06

IT - Italy 55,047 65,311 69,394 75,293 82,314 56,074

EU27 85,23 101,65 105,72 107,51 113,8 117,62

pat_ep_rtot; pat_ep_ntot

Patent applications to the EPO by priority year at the regional level - Per million of inhabitants

Update for RER and North-East not possible

Hi-tech patent applications

GEO/SECTOR 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007

ITD5 - Emilia-Romagna 8,487 7,41 5,436 6,012 8,13 5,202

ITD - Nord-Est 5,292 4,839 4,269 5,02 6,91 4,08

IT - Italy 5,619 6,493 7,091 8,413 9,199 4,265

EU27 15,594 22,529 24,964 21,465 20,744 20,216

pat_ep_rtec; pat_ep_ntec

Hi-tech patent applications to the EPO by priority year at the regional level - Per million of inhabitants

Update for RER and Nord-Est not possible

Employment in hi-tech industries

GEO/SECTOR

High and medium high-technology manufacturing

Low and medium low-technology manufacturing

Knowledge-intensive high-

technology services

Total Females Total Females Total Females

ITD5 - Emilia-Romagna 9,21 4,32 16,40 14,08 1,94 1,75

ITD - North-East 8,05 4,41 18,01 13,83 1,65 1,33

IT - Italy 6,04 3,54 13,30 9,55 2,26 1,79

EU15

EU27 5,67 3,18 10,51 7,46 2,62 1,80

htec_emp_reg2; htec_emp_nat2

Employment in technology and knowledge-intensive sectors, % of total employment, 2009


Partial conclusions – Research and innovation

• Statistical evidence on the region’s capacity to produce innovation shows no fully consistent results

• The share of R&D expenditure on GDP does not differ significantly from the national average, and it has been persistently lower than the EU15 average.

• The negative gap is due to the low share of R&D expenditure in the private sector, probably linked to the small average size of Italian firms.

• By contrast Emilia-Romagna performs better than Italy and the EU as regard the normalized number of patent applications. The same advantage does not persist if we focus on high-tech patents

• From the technological point of view, the industrial sector is strongly specialized in medium technology products while it is relatively weak in high technology products and services

Partial conclusions – Research and innovation

The important issues at stake are:• The share of expenditure on research and development by

the private sector is low by European standard• Innovative capacity in the high technology sectors is

unsatisfactory by European standard• The prevalence of small and medium sized firms may

represent an obstacle for technical progress spilling over from research and development activity

Education and human capital


Is the education system adequate to the needs of population? Quality of the education offer MM

Is the human capital adequate to the needs of the economic system?

Population by education atteinment

Share of young people in tertiary educationLifelong learning

Persons aged 25-64 by education attainment in 2012

edat_lfse_09; edat_lfse_10; edat_lfse_11

37,7

Upper secondary education;

44,4

17,9

39,3

44,9

15,8

42,8

41,5

Tertiary education; 15,7

Lower secondary education;

28,8

42

29,2

25,8

46,5

27,7

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


ITD - Nord-Est IT - Italy EU15 - EuropeanUnion (15 countries)

EU27 - EuropeanUnion (27 countries)

Students in tertiary education (ISCED 5-6) as % of the population aged 20-24 years

GEO/TIME 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011

ITD5 - Emilia-Romagna 82 94 98 95 86 84,2

ITD - Nord-Est 57,20 65,10 67,80 68,00 63,90 62,6

IT - Italy 51,30 58,10 62,50 65,40 64,60 62,8

EU15

EU27 50,80 54,90 57,40 59,00 : 63,8

educ_regind

Persons aged 30-34 with tertiary education attainment

GEO/TIME 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012

ITD5 - Emilia-Romagna 22,60 28,60

ITD - Nord-Est 12,70 14,70 18,60 19,50 24,60

IT - Italy 11,60 13,90 17,70 19,00 21,70

EU15 24,60 27,50 31,30 34,20 37,10

EU27 22,40 25,00 28,90 32,20 35,80

educ_regind

Partial conclusions – Education and human capital• In Emilia-Romagna –as in Italy- there is a low number of people

with tertiary education by European standards. The figures however tell nothing about the causes of the negative gap and its persistency in young generations

• The share of females with tertiary education is higher than the share of males. This is true also for Italy and for Europe, but to a smaller extent

• In the last three years there has been an increase in the share of secondary education attainment at expense of lower education, but not a clear upward trend of the share of people with tertiary education

• Statistics on the share of resident people aged 20-24 years attending tertiary education are not very reliable in itself, but are a clue of the great attractive capacity of the regional university system

Tourism


Is the region an important target of touristic flows?

Number of arrivals in hotels and other accommodation units

Number of presences in hotels and other accommodation units

Intensity of tourism

Are there in the region important touristic resorts? MM

Is the accommodation supply adequate to touristic demand?

Number of establishments and of bedplaces Density of touristic offer

Are the different typologies of accommodation establishment well balanced?

Typology of accommodation supplyWeight of hotels and similar establishments on total establishments

Density of touristic offer (total number of establishments by 100 square km)

GEO/TIME 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Var. rate

2002-2012

ITD5 - Emilia-Romagna 33,76 37,35 37,57 37,97 36,86 38,68 14,56

ITD - North-East 121,82 114,23 133,42 127,03 134,45 134,55 10,45

IT - Italy 37,74 38,01 44,71 46,55 49,88 52,18 38,26

EU27 18,88 19,57 20,25 21,06 22,94 23,33 23,58

tour_cap_nuts3; demo_r_d3dens

Weight of hotels and similar establishments on total establishments

GEO/TIME 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Var. rate 00-

10

Number of establishments

ITD5 - Emilia-Romagna 65,47 58,18 57,44 55,00 55,05 52,16 -20,33

ITD - North-East 19,67 20,61 17,55 18,37 16,91 16,83 -14,47

IT - Italy 29,38 29,27 25,07 24,35 22,62 21,45 -26,99

EU27 51,95 50,25 47,61 45,96 - 41,03 -21,03

Number of bed-places


ITD - North-East 47,21 47,83 46,22 48,28 47,55 47,32 0,23

IT - Italy 47,07 47,55 46,38 47,36 47,96 47,26 0,41

EU27 43,44 43,37 42,25 43,25 - 44,70 2,90

tour_cap_nuts3

Arrivals and nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments

GEO/TIME Total arrivals Nights spent Average holiday lenght

2011 2011 2011 2000-2011

ITD5 - Emilia-Romagna 9.258.418 38.619.332 4,17 -14,68

ITD - Nord-Est 36.289.930 155.130.281 4,27 -14,87

IT - Italy 103.723.869 386.894.732 3,73 -11,91

EU15

EU27 805.289.016 22.436.802.882 3,03 -8,42

tour_occ_arn2; tour_occ_arnat

Intensity of tourism (Total nights spent per thousand inhabitants)

GEO/TIME 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2011

Var. rate

00-11


ITD - Nord-Est 13,03 13,20 12,77 13,16 13,27 13,32 2,24

IT - Italy 5,95 6,06 5,97 6,24 6,27 6,38 7,19

EU15 5,20 5,12 5,10 5,40 5,21 - -17,45

EU27 4,43 4,37 4,40 4,67 4,55 4,85 9,3536

tour_occ_nin2; demo_r_d2jan; tour_occ_ninat

Partial conclusions – Tourism

• The region has a significant advantage in tourism relatively to the rest of the country and of Europe as a whole. Only Italian North East, where Venice is placed, shows higher tourism intensity

• The holiday average length is higher in the region compared to the rest of the country and to Europe as a whole, even if it has slowly decreased in the last decade

• Figures on touristic supply density show a particularly high density of establishment in Italian North-East, while in Emilia-Romagna the level is even lower than Italian average, although almost double than the EU27 one. Taking into account the dimension of the establishments, figures would probably change

• Hotels are still the predominant typology of accommodation in Emilia-Romagna, but their weight has declined during the 2000’s. The share is still significantly higher than in any other benchmark area, especially in terms of number of establishments

Social inclusion and well being


To what extent the regional society is an inclusive, cohesive and democratic society?

People at risk of poverty of social exclusion

Measures of social capital endowment and of people political involvement MM

How important is the risk of poverty?Share of poor in the regional economyShare of poor of particular segments of population MM

Are there social groups object of discrimination? MM

Are there serious problems of security? Number of crimes of different typologies MM

How easy and inclusive is the access to the health care system?

Number of hospitals and of hospital bedsDistance of specific areas to the nearest hospital MM

Technical endowments of hospitals MMStatistics on health personnel

Is the health care system adequate to the needs of population?

Life expectancyInfant mortality rateMeasures of diffusion of specific illnesses

At-risk-of-poverty rate

Percentage of total population

ilc_li41; ilc_li02

ITD5

ITD

IT

EU15

EU27

ITD5 IT

D

IT

EU15

EU27

ITD5

ITD

IT

EU15

EU27

0,00

2,00

4,00

6,00

8,00

10,00

12,00

14,00

16,00

18,00

20,00

2004 2007 2012

People living in households with very low work intensity (0 to 59 years) Percentage of total population

ilc_lvhl21; ilc_lvhl11

ITD5

ITD

IT

EU15

EU27

ITD5

ITD

IT

EU15

EU27

ITD5

ITD

IT

EU15

EU27

0,00

2,00

4,00

6,00

8,00

10,00

12,00

2004 2007 2012

Severe material deprivation rate Percentage of total population

ilc_mddd21; ilc_mddd11

ITD5 IT

D

IT

EU15

EU27

ITD5

ITD

IT

EU15

EU27

ITD5

ITD

IT

EU15

EU27

0,00

2,00

4,00

6,00

8,00

10,00

12,00

14,00

16,00

2004 2007 2012

People at risk of poverty or social exclusionPercentage of total population

ilc_peps11; ilc_peps01

ITD5 IT

D

IT

EU15

EU27

ITD5 IT

D

IT

EU15 EU27

ITD5 IT

D

IT

EU15 EU27

0,00

5,00

10,00

15,00

20,00

25,00

30,00

2004 2007 2012

Number of available beds in hospitals per 100,000 inhabitants

GEO/TIME 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009Var. rate

2001-2009

ITD5 - Emilia-Romagna 486,4 469,3 447,1 430,7 406,5 -16,43

ITD - Nord-Est 483,5 442,6 412,8 400,8 381,1 -21,18

IT - Italy 461,4 417,9 400,9 386,1 364,3 -21,04

EU15 602,2 577,4 556,5 537,1 521,6 -13,38

EU27 629,8 601,7 582,3 562,7 550,9 -12,53

hlth_rs_bdsrg; hlth_rs_bds


Health personnel - Number of physicians or doctors per 100,000 inhabitants

GEO/TIME 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009

Var. rate 2001-2009

ITD5 - Emilia-Romagna 654,7 659,7 284,7 428,7 512,2 -21,77

ITD - Nord-Est 563 567,7 320,6 355,5 392,2 -30,34

IT - Italy 612,1 621,8 380,1 385,5 410,8 -32,89

EU15 ** ** ** ** ** **

EU27 ** ** ** ** ** **

** Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Greece, France, Cyprus, Austria, Slovenia, Slovakia, United Kingdom not available. Estonia and Romania available only for a few years. Other countries missing in specific years

hlth_rs_prsrg; hlth_rs_prs


Infant mortality rate


ITD - Nord-Est

IT - Italy


2

3

4

5

6

7

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

demo_r_d2infmo; demo_minfindUpdate for RER and Nord-Est not possible

Life expectancy at less than 1 year age


ITD - Nord-Est

IT - Italy

EU27 - European Union (27 countries)

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

demo_r_mlifexp; demo_mlexpec


Partial conclusions – Social inclusion and well being

• The share of population at risk of poverty is more or less one half of the EU levels, and it slightly decreased during the last year

• This is due both to a labour market more inclusive and to higher average level of wealth

• The availability of hospital beds is higher in the region compared to the rest of the country but lower compared to the rest of Europe. There is also a declining trend in this indicator in the region as in the country and in the rest of Europe. Similarly, the number of physicians in the region is higher compared to Italy, but there are no sound data for EU

• The infant mortality rate is lower and life expectancy is higher compared to other countries. These figures show a regional situation always better compared to Italy and even more to the European average

Accessibility


Is the regional endowment of transport infrastructure adequate to the needs of population and economic system?

Identification and functionality of roads, ports, railway lines and airports MM

Density of transport infrastructureVictims in road accidentPresence of intermodal centers MM

How transport of passenger and freight is distributed among means of transport?

Individual/Public motorised transport ratio MMMotorisation rate

Indicators on freight and passenger transports

The coverage and the speed of internet are adequate?

Diffusion of internet connectionsDiffusion of broadband

How ICT is diffused among population and firms?

Number of computers in schools, business and public administration MM

Use of internet Share of people who have never used a computer

Density of transport infrastructure in 2008

GEO/TIME Kilometres per 1.000 km2 Growth rate 1998-2008

MotorwaysOther roads

Railway lines Motorways

Other roads

Railway lines

ITD5 - Emilia-Romagna 25,68 564,35 55,12 -0,32 22,23 15,25

ITD - Nord-Est 23,91 505,85 52,10 -1,47 14,35 6,69

IT - Italy 22,00 587,64 54,65 2,51 11,21 2,72

tran_r_net;


Victims in road accidents - Number of deaths per million inhabitants

GEO/TIME 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009

ITD5 - Emilia-Romagna 207 200 174 153 126 97

ITD - Nord-Est : : 158 134 114 82

IT - Italy 118 117 105 100 87 71

EU15 111 105 93 81 73

EU27 120 111 102 92 86

tran_r_acci; tsdtr420


Motorisation rate - Number of passenger cars per 1.000 inhabitants

GEO/TIME 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009

ITD5 - Emilia-Romagna 618 625 626 618 620 608

ITD - Nord-Est : : : 599 604 596

IT - Italy 563 583 599 592 603 602

EU15

EU27 412 437 446 450 463 473

[tran_r_vehst; tsdpc340


Air and maritime transport intensity - trend 1999-2009 (%)

GEO/TIME Air transport Maritime transport

Passenger Freight Passenger Freight

ITD5 - Emilia-Romagna 73,61 100,00 - 33,68

ITD - Nord-Est 96,32 147,83 58,68 22,09

IT - Italy 69,09 54,51 11,36 12,29

tran_r_avpa_nm; tran_r_mago_nm; tran_r_mapa_nm


Internet access

GEO/TIME 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010Var. rate

2006-2010


ITD - Nord-Est 43 47 51 57 61 41,86

IT - Italy 37 41 41 46 56 51,35

EU27 48 56 60 64 68 41,67

[isoc_r_iacc_h; tin00073

Households that have Internet access at home - % of households with at least one member aged 16 to 74


Internet access

GEO/TIME 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010Var. rate

2006-2010


ITD - Nord-Est 18 26 34 40 53 194,44

IT - Italy 16 25 31 39 49 206,25

EU27 30 42 49 56 61 103,33

isoc_r_broad_h; tin00073

Households that have broadband access - Percentage of households with at least one member aged 16 to 74


Use of internet

GEO/TIME 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010Var. rate

2006-2010


ITD - Nord-Est 35 38 42 45 50 42,86

IT - Italy 31 34 37 42 48 54,84

EU27 45 51 56 60 65 44,44

isoc_r_iuse_i; tin00061

Individuals regularly using the Internet - Percentage of individuals aged 16 to 74


Use of internet – e-commerce

GEO/TIME 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Var. rate 2006-2010


ITD - Nord-Est 11 12 14 16 19 72,73

IT - Italy 9 10 11 12 15 66,67

EU27 26 30 32 37 40 53,85

isoc_r_blt12_i; tin00096

Individuals who ordered goods or services over the Internet for private use in the last year - Percentage of individuals aged 16 to 74


Use of computer

GEO/TIME 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010Var. rate

2006-2010

ITD5 - Emilia-Romagna 49 45 40 40 36 -26,53

ITD - Nord-Est 49 45 41 39 36 -26,53

IT - Italy 54 49 45 43 39 -27,78

EU15 29 26 24 22 19 -34,48

EU27 33 30 27 26 22 -33,33

isoc_r_cux_i; isoc_ci_cfp_cu

Individuals who have never used a computer - % of individuals aged 16 to 74


Partial conclusions – Accessibility

• The availability of transport infrastructure in the region is slightly larger than the national average and possibly in line with European standard (even if no average data are available for EU)

• The endowment of transport infrastructure increased in recent years, together with their quality –as measured by the indicator on road accident victims

• Internet accessibility is persistently lower that the European average, although less than in the rest of the country

• Same conclusions may be derived with regard to the diffusion of internet and ITC technologies. In both cases there is a generalised (but slow) cacthing up process towards European standard

Environment


How serious is the problem of pollution?

Measures of air, water and other form of pollution MM

How sustainable is the regional system with respect to use or resources?

Regional generation and treatment of municipal waste

Regional coverage rate of municipal waste collection

How sustainable is the regional system with respect to energy security?

Energy : primary production and final consumptionShare of Renewable Energy in Final Energy Consumption

How pleasing is for people the natural environment?

Endowment of natural resources MMNumber of protected areas accessible to people MM

Concluding remarks

• From analysis to synthesis• To make en effort to compose partial conclusions for

each dimension in an overarching frame• The split-up of the territorial analysis in several

dimension is artificial; there are inter-dimensional relations that should be highlighted in the synthesis conclusions

• SWOT analysis may be a simple mean to organize conclusions and statistical evidence in a suitable way for subsequent policy design

Thank you for your attention

Alessandro Daraio [email protected]

Guglielmo Wolleb [email protected]

Regional analysis in the context of the European Union.

Statistics, tools and applications

Documents

European Union policies and projects International Business and Development Degree Course University of Parma a.y. 2013/2014 Regional analysis in the context