Europe Looks Outward

Europe Looks OutwardChapter 2The Age of ExplorationSection 1First Visitors from EuropeChristopher Columbus did NOT discover America. So far only evidence of the arrival of a European people known as the Vikings exists. Who Were the Vikings?The Vikings were a seagoing people who originally lived in part of northern Europe Known as Scandinavia. In 1963, scientist found the remains of an early Viking settlement in Newfoundland. VinelandThe Vikings sailed from a colony on Greenland in 1001, explore the region and spent the winter in a place they named Vinland. Vineland existed only as a myth for the next 500 years. The Voyages of ColumbusColumbus believed he could reach Asia and the East by sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean.Christopher Columbus grew up near Genoa, an important port that was in the west coast of Italy.In the 1470s, he settled in Portugal, which was Europe's leading seafaring nation. Columbus sailed on Portuguese ships, studied maps and charts, and learned about the world beyond Europe.Voyages of Columbus Cont.Portugal's king showed little interest in Columbus's plan. The king hoped to reach Asia by following the route Bartholomeu Dias and other Portuguese explorers pioneering around southern Africa. Portugal refused to finance such a trip. Columbus Moves to SpainColumbus did not give up, he moved to Spain to set his plan before King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella. It took six years before they finally agreed to provide ships for the voyage.

Setting SailIn August 1492, about 90 man, most of them Spaniards, prepared to make the voyage. Columbus's ships, the Nia, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria were tiny (between 55 and 90 feet long). Spotting LandIn October 12 a sailor spotted land. Coming ashore in a small boat, Columbus claimed the island for Spain. Believing he was in the Asian islands known as the Indies, Columbus, named the native people Indians. Sailing SouthwestColumbus then sailed Southwest to a large island. But first he thought it was Japan in reality he was in the island of Cuba.Spain Backs More VoyagesColumbus reported that there were huge amounts of gold in the land he referred to as the west Indies. The grateful monarchs made him governor of all he had to claimed for Spain. Columbuss Second VoyageIn September 1493, he sailed again for the west Indies. This time he commanded 17 shifts filled with 1500 soldiers, settlers, and priests. The Spanish planed to colonize all the land they thought was the West Indies. They also intended to convert the people there to Christianity. Discovering Puerto RicoOn the second voyage Columbus discovered other islands including Puerto Rico. He found that the men he had left behind in Hispaniola were killed by Indians.Columbuss Third VoyageWithin a few months 12 of his ships returned to Spain with gold, trinkets, and a number of captives. On his third expedition in 1498, Columbus reach the northern coast of South America and decided it was Asian mainland. Columbuss Fourth VoyageSpain permitted him to try to prove his claims on the fourth voyage, in 1502. He returned to Spain two years later with his beliefs unchanged. Columbus died in 1506 still convinced he had reached Asia.The Continuing Search for AsiaAn Italian explorer, Amerigo Vespucci, made two trips to the new lands. His trips convinced him that the land he saw were not part of Asia. AmericaA German mapmaker labeled the region "the land of Amerigo" on his maps. The name was soon shortened to "America". Vasco Nunez de BalboaThe Spanish continued to explore and colonize. In 1510, Vasco Nunez de Balboa, a Spanish colonist explored the Caribbean coast of what is now Panama. Hiking his way across the jungle, he became the first European to set eyes on the Pacific Ocean. Ferdinand MagellanFerdinand Magellan set out to find the Atlantic Pacific passage. Finally near the southern tip of the president Argentina, Magellan found a narrow passage. This today is called the Strait of Magellan. Magellan reaches the PhilippinesMagellan reached the Philippine Islands. He and several others were killed in a battle with the Filipinos. The survivors sailed away on small ships. They reached Spain in September 1522. The18 men aboard became the first to circumnavigate the entire Earth.

The Columbian ExchangeThe early Spanish voyages set the stage for a great exchange between Western and Eastern hemispheres. The Columbian exchange: a transfer of people, products, and ideas between the hemispheres. Positive ChangesMany of the changes brought about by the Columbian exchange were positive. Europeans introduced cows, hogs, and other domestic animals to the Western Hemisphere. Many food plants, such as wheat and oats, also arrived on the ships that brought the Europeans. Negative ChangesThe exchange also had negative effects on the Americas. Europeans brought germs to which Native Americans had no immunity. Smallpox, chickenpox, measles, and other contagious diseases killed native Americans by the thousands. American Impact on EuropeThe impact of the Americas on Europe was no less important. Europeans in the Americas found plants and animals they have never seen either. The Americans introduced llamas, turkeys, squirrels, and muskrats to the rest of the world. Spains empire in the AmericasSection 2Spanish ConquistadorsBy the early 1500s Spanish had a firm foothold in the Americas. From Spain island colonies in the Caribbean came conquistadors that set out to explore and conquer a world unknown to them.Hernando CortesIn 1519 and Hernando Cortes sailed from Cuba to Mexico with more than 500 soldiers. The first Native American me met presented him with gifts of gold.On November 8, 1519, Cortes marched to the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan. Moving Closer to TenochtitlanAs the Spaniards started to move closer to Tenochtitlan, many Native Americans joined them. Conquered by the Aztecs, they hated the Aztec brutal rule. The Aztec ruler Moctezuma met with Cortes and tried to get him to leave by offering him gold. Moctezuma HostageCortes took Moctezuma hostage and cleaned all of Mexico for Spain. The Aztecs rebelled and forced the Spaniards to flee. Mexico City is BuiltAbout a year later, Cortes returned with a larger force, recaptured Tenochtitlan, and then destroyed it. In its place he built Mexico City, the capital the Spanish colony of New Spain. Francisco PizarroPizarro landed on the coast of Peru in 1531 in search for the Incas, who are said to have much gold. When he reached the Incas us took their ruler Atahualpa prisoner. By November 1533, the Spanish had defeated the Incas and captured their capital city of Cuzco.Why The Spanish Were VictoriousThe Indians weapons simply were no match to the armor, muskets, and cannons of the Europeans. Many of the Spaniards rode horses, which the Native Americans had never seen. Why The Spanish Were VictoriousFinally, the Native Americans were divided among themselves. In Peru, a Civil War had just ended. In Mexico, many Native Americans hated the Aztecs. Spanish explorers in North America In 1513 Juan Ponce de Leon sailed north from Puerto Rico to investigative reports of a huge island. He found beautiful flowers there, so he named the place La Florida. Ponce became the first Spaniard to set foot on what is now the United States.Harsh Life for Native AmericansGovernment officials granted settlers huge tracts of land to start minds, ranches, and plantations. To help Spanish colonists find needed workers the Spanish government granted encomiendas. Harsh Life for Native AmericansThe Spanish forced Native Americans to work in the gold and silver mines. Many died when the tunnels caved in. Some Spaniards protested this cruel treatment. Bartolome de Las CasasThe priest Bartolome de Las Casas traveled through new Spain working for reform. Largely due to his efforts, the government of Spain order the reform of the encomienda system in the mid-1500s.Converting the NativesLike other Europeans in the Americas, the Spanish believed they had a duty to convert Native Americans to Christianity. They set up missions run by catholic priest and Friars. San Francisco, San Diego, San Antonio, and a number of other US cities got their start as Spanish missions in the 1700s.The Trade in HumansAs the death toll for native Americans continue to rise, Spanish colonists looked across the Atlantic ocean for a new source of labor. In 1517, Spain brought about 4000 Africans to the Caribbean islands and force them to work there. By the middle of the 1500s, the Spaniards were shipping about 2000 enslaved Africans each year to Hispaniola alone. Society in the Spanish Colonies: PeninsularesA rigid social system based on birthplace and blood developed in the Spanish colonies. At the top of the social structure were the peninsulares, Spanish colonists that had been born in Spain. Almost all government officials came from this class. Society in the Spanish Colonies: CreolesColonists born in America of two Spanish parents were Creoles. Creoles also held important positions. Many of the wealthiest merchants and plantation owners were Creoles, people of mixed parentage were lower on the social ladder. Society in the Spanish Colonies: MestizosMestizos, people of Spanish and Indian blood, could achieve economic success as ranchers, farmers, or merchants. But entrance into the upper levels of society was impossible for them. Society in the Spanish Colonies: MulattosBelow the mestizos were mulattos, people of Spanish and African heritage. Native Americans and African-Americans were held at the bottom of society.Europeans compete in north americaSection 3Conflicts in EuropeAs the reformation increased, the split between the Catholics in the protestant increased religious and economic tensions between countries in Europe. Religious ConflictsBy 1530 rulers of Sweden, Denmark, and several European states had split with the Roman Catholic Church and set up protestant churches in their countries. Swiss thinker John Calvin had great influence on the development of Protestant churches in France, Switzerland, Scotland, and the Netherlands. King Henry VIIIKing Henry VIII was married to Catherine of Aragon, the daughter of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain.Catherine did not produce a male heir to the English throne, Henry sought to divorce her and remarry. Catholic Law and DivorceCatholic law did not permit divorce, so Henry asked the pope to enroll, or cancel his marriage. Popes had annulled marriages before but the pope refused to grant the annulment. Catholic Law and Divorce Cont.This caused King Henry to break with the Roman Catholic Church in 1533. He set up a Protestant church and named it the Church of England.Economic TensionsReligious tensions created by the Reformation inflamed rivalries among nations in Europe. Wars were common and alliances often shifted. Nearly every European nation sought gold to pay for the wars and help strengthen its armies. MercantilismSpain required one fifth of the gold that the Spaniards found to be sent to the king. This requirement was part of the system widely followed at the time called mercantilism.The Spanish ArmadaEngland's King Henry VIII died in 1547. He was succeeded by his son Edward, who ruled only a short time before he died as well. The Spanish Armada Cont.The throne and passed to Mary I, who made plans to restore the Roman Catholic Church in England. Mary died in 1558 and Elizabeth I, a protestant, took the throne. The Protestant QueenThe role of the Protestant Queen Elizabeth I renewed of the rivalry with Roman Catholic Spain. In 1588 King Philip assemble the force of 130 war worships, known as the Spanish Armada, with the hope to force Elizabeth from the throne. The Spanish Armada DefeatedThe defeat of the Spanish Armada changed the balance of power in Europe. Spain was now weak and so was its control of the seas. This enabled countries like England and France found colonies in the Americas. Asia Continues to BeckonInspired by Columbus's voyages, John Cabot decided that a more northern route to Asia would be shorter and easier. The English were interested enough to finance a voyage of exploration. Cabot DisappearsCabot left England and explored the region around the Foundland. His ships disappeared without a trace. Europeans soon realized that the land that Cabot had reached were not Asia, but a land they had never seen. Voyages to North AmericaEngland, France, and Holland all financed voyages of exploration to North America.These voyages focused on finding the Northwest passage, a sea route from the Atlantic to the Pacific that passed through or around North America. Jacques CartierFrench explorer Jacques Cartier (kar tee YAY) made three trips from North America to France. In searching for the Northwest passage, he discovered the St. Lawrence River and explored it as far as present day Montreal. English explorer Henry Hudson made four voyages in search of the Northwest passage. France and the Netherlands in north AmericaSection 4New FranceThe French begin to settle colonies in the early 1600s. In 1603, Samuel de Champlain made the first of 11 voyages to explore and map the lands along the St. Lawrence River. In 1608, Champlain established Quebec. Life in New FranceThe Spanish French profited from fish and furs.The Spanish forced Native Americans into harsh labor but the French traded with the Native Americans for animal skins so highly valued in Europe. Beaver skins sent to Europe made into hats were a profitable item. The Colonys First SettlementChamplain established the colony's first settlement, trading post in what is today Nova Scotia, and 1604. Coureurs de bois, a French term for "runner of the woods", where independent traders who lived among the Indians. Exploring the MississippiIn 1670 a French missionary named Jacques Marquette found two missions along the Great Lakes. Exploration of the Mississippi River was completed in 1682 by Rene Robert Cavelier, AKA La Salle. Exploring the Mississippi Cont.Reaching the river's mouth in the Gulf of Mexico, La Salle claimed the entire Mississippi Valley die France. He named the region Louisiana, in honor of King Louis XIV. New NetherlandThe trade was so profitable that the Dutch West India Company decided to establish a permanent colony in what the Dutch called New Netherland. New Netherland was a barrier to the English. Becoming New YorkIt kept English settlers from moving westward. In 1664, English forces seized New Netherland. The new territory was renamed New York, after the kings brother, the Duke of York. The Impact on Native AmericansThe French and the Dutch each made alliances with Native American peoples. Long before the Hurons became trading partners with the French, the Hurons and the Iroquois were enemies. The Impact on Native Americans Cont.The Hurons became partners with the French and the Iroquois with the Dutch. The Iroquois began using the guns from the Dutch to attack the Hurons. Even worse were the disease caused by contact with Europeans. The Impact on Native Americans Cont..The over- trapping of animals weekend the food chain on which Native Americans depended. As the furbearing animals disappeared, the Native American's value to the colonist decreased. Instead Native American land became more valuable to the colonists.