Ethnic Enclaves and Transnational Fields

José Luis Molina, Miranda J. Lubbers, and Hugo Valenzuela

Globalisation, Transnationalism & Development Colloquium

Maastricht Centre for Citizenship, Migration and Development (MACIMIDE)

January 14, 2015

MICINN - CSO2012-32635 Emprendimiento Social: Embeddedness Local, Social Networking Sites y desarrollo teórico (ENCLAVE).

Research question

• What is the relation between transnational structures and (ethnic) enclaves (economic and/or residential)?

• What are the dynamics that account for the emergence of enclaves (serendipity, diffusion, models, circulation of work and capital, scales …).

Sections

1. Current Social Theory limitations about people, places and networks.

2. Examples of enclaves and transnational fields (or structures)

3. The case of Romanians in Castellón (Spain)

4. Methodological options.

1. Social Theory: People, places, and networks

Single place

People Homogeneous

Community Gemeinschaft Mechanic solidarity

People Diverse

Gesellschaft Organic solidarity Organizations Public sites Crowds

People, places, and networks

Single place Different Places

People Homogeneous

Community Gemeinschaft Mechanic solidarity

Migration mobility

People Diverse

Gesellschaft Organic solidarity Organizations Public sites Crowds Super-diversity?

Super-diversity?

People, places, and networks

Single place Places Origin Destination Origin and

Destination

People Homogeneous

Community Gemeinschaft Mechanic solidarity

Migration mobility

Diaspora Enclave Transnational field /space

Circular migration …

People Diverse

Gesellschaft Organic solidarity Organizations Public sites Crowds Super-diversity

Super-diversity

- - -

Places

Spatial segregation high Spatial segregation low

People Homogeneous

Neighborhoods Enclaves Ghettoes

Condominiums Colonies

(Romanians in Castellón?)

People Diverse

Cluster, District?

Cosmopolitanism?

2. Examples of (ethnic) enclaves connected with transnational

structures

• Indian shops in Lloret de Mar (Costa Brava).

• Textil cluster in Uriangato-Moroleón (México)

Indians shops in Lloret de Mar

Project: Ref.: Profiles of Ethnic Entrepreneurship. (2010-2012). Perfiles del

Empresariado Étnico en España. MICINN CSO2009-07057). IP. JL Molina González

Comparing personal networks

Comparing Indian Owners -

Employees

Left: owners (N=6, 270 nominations). Right: employees (N=9, 405nominations).

Geographic dispersion differences (formula 1) (M owners = 5.58, SD = 1.15; M employees = 6.50, SD = .18; t > = -2.35, df = 8.38, p < .05).

Indians in Lloret de Mar

2. Textile cluster - Uriangato-Moroleón (México)

Alejandro García-Macías

Moroleón

Uriangato

Moroleón

Uriangato

Moroleón

Uriangato

3. Romanians in Castellón

• Bucur, R. (2011). Réseaux migratoires roumains en Espagne. Stratégies et territoires de vie à Castellón de la Plana (Comunidad Valenciana). Université d’Angers - Université Jaume I Castellón.

• Bernat, J. S., & Viruela, R. (2011). The Economic Crisis and Immigration: Romanian Citizens in the Ceramic Tile District of Castelló (Spain). Journal of Urban and Regional Analysis, III, 45–65.

• (…)

Romanians 2003-2008

Methods for eliciting transnational networks

Mazzucato et al. 2007

Mouw et al. 2014 Molina et al. 2014

Goal Measuring simultaneity. Comparing discourses and facts

Measuring the effect of transnational positions in influence (contagion)

Measuring transnational (emergent) structures

Design Random sample (N= 106), Network survey + personal networks selected (N=33) in the destination country (Amsterdam). Matching alters recruited by Egos in Ghana (several locations)

Binational link-tracing survey (Guanajuato N=410; North Carolina or Houston N= 197) about people living or coming from Guanajuato (both sending and destination countries)

Quota sample (N= 75, 25 in each group). Selection of a focal place. Personal networks in destination country (Barcelona)

Option 1

Mazzucato, V. (2007). Bridging boundaries with a transnational research approach: A simultaneous matched sample methodology. In M. A. (ed) Falzon (Ed.), Multi-sited ethnography (pp. 215–232). Farnham: Ashgate.

Method

• Long preparatory phase (10 months!) identifying alters in different locations in the the sending country from Egos in the destination country with multiple name generators.

• Matching contacts in the most important locations with the aid of the same informants.

• Simultaneous interview/ participant observation with the informants within the transnational network, identifying both transactions and local dynamics.

SMS

Option 2

• Molina, J. L., Petermann, S., & Herz, a. (2014). Defining and Measuring Transnational Social Structures. Field Methods. doi:10.1177/1525822X14556254

Methodology

• Selecting a focal place.

• Collecting personal networks geolocalised from a selected groups.

• Look for different levels of embeddedness in the transnational structure (mobile, non-mobile, mixed embeddedness …)

• The anonymized dataset is publicly available (http://visone.info/wiki/index.php/Signos_%28data%29).

http://visone.info/wiki/index.php/Signos_(data)http://visone.info/wiki/index.php/Signos_(data)http://visone.info/wiki/index.php/Signos_(data)

Filipino (“tunnel”)

Sikh (“funnel”)

Chinese (“diaspora” …)

Option 3

• Mouw, T., Chavez, S., Edelblute, H., Verdery, A., Carolina, N., & Hill, C. (2014). Binational Social Networks and Assimilation : A Test of the Importance of Transnationalism. Social Problems, 61(3), 329–359. doi:10.1525/sp.2014.12192.

Method

• Link-traced sample: selection of “seeds” in both Mexico and the USA (“people from Guanajuato”).

• Seeds: 12 in North Carolina and 5 in Houston - 20 in Guanajuato. Controls RDS-like.

* White nodes are located in the United States (North Carolina or Houston) and black nodes are located in Mexico. Mow et al. 2014.

Missing data or no connections?

How to proceed?

• Ethnographic account.

• Quota sampling of Romanians in Castellón.

• Personal networks with at least 3 name generators – Active contacts in Castellón.

– Active contacts in Dambovita.

– Active contacts in other places.

• Whole network of associations – organizations.

• Fieldwork in Romania tracing back the contacts.

• Same methodology …

• Whole network + personal networks.

The world is not flat …

• Network of “organizations” and associations in Castellón and related organizations in Dambovita.

• Multilevel analysis: whole network of individuals and whole network of organizations.

Csango de Moldavia (Hanna Kónya)

Red de todos los nombrados en el “asunto Csang”o por ubicación

Figura 7: Red de todos los nombrados en el asunto Csango por ubicación y su pertenencia o falta de esta al grupo Csango Leyenda: ●Moldavia, ● Rumania pero Moldavia, ● Hungría, ● Otros, ●No hay datos; ○Csango, □ No Csango.

Hope?

Thanks to Ramona Bucur and Alejandro García Macías for sharing

with me their maps.

Thanks for your attention!

joseluis.molina@uab.cat