Ethics and Policy issues in Computing Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Tongia tongia/sp08/08-200/ 1 Internet Overview

Ethics and Policy issues in Computing • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2008 • Tongia • http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~tongia/sp08/08-200/ 1

Internet Overview – Internet Overview – Accessing Information; Digital Accessing Information; Digital

DivideDivide

March 6, 2008


Design and History of the Design and History of the InternetInternet

Layperson misconceptions

WWW = Internet = Email = online = broadband

Some questions to think about• Who owns the Internet?• Who controls the Internet?• Is the current system OK?

Security Scalability Usability


Structures of the Telecom Structures of the Telecom IndustryIndustry

Government Dept.

Government company (PTT)

Regulated Monopoly

Competition• Splits within sectors

IXC – InterExchange Carrier (Long Distance) ILECs – Incumbent Local Exchange Carrier (“Baby

Bells”) CLECs – Competitive Local Exchange Carrier


Government DepartmentsGovernment DepartmentsLosing ground

Privatization big push• Type 1

Public Assets privatized and then regulated

• Type 2 Government carrier becomes one of many players


PTTPTTPTT: Abbreviation for postal, telegraph, and

telephone (organization). In countries having nationalized telephone and telegraph services, the organization, usually a governmental department, which acts as its nation's common carrier.


““Call/Transaction” Completion Call/Transaction” Completion ChargesCharges

Mail• Flat Rate

Telephony•Usage based or flat rate

Internet?•Depends on what user (residential,

commercial, bulk, etc.)


What is the Internet?What is the Internet?

The global (public) network built from hundreds and thousands of internetworking independent networks.

No single entity “runs” the Internet

Operates on standards

Built on a modified hierarchical structure

Packet Switching

Tier 1

a.k.a. Backbone Providers

Tier 2

Users

• There are often more layers• There can be interconnections other

than at a backbone


What makes the Internet the What makes the Internet the Internet?Internet?

Open architecture• Standards and protocols allow applications and

communications without caring of the underlying infrastructure or system “The Cloud”

• Anyone can access anything (is public)

Resiliency (mesh design)

End to end system


How big is the Internet?How big is the Internet?

Many metrics•Number of Service Providers•Number of Hosts•Number of Subscribers• Size of Interconnections

• (see outside sources such as CAIDA, Hobbes Internet Timeline, etc.)


Brief History of Internet Brief History of Internet EvolutionEvolution

1969 ARPANET 50 kbps UCLA, UCSB, SRI,

and Utah

1970 56 kbps transcontinental adding BBN, MIT,

RAND

1972 50 kbps 23 hosts

1973 75% of traffic on ARPANET is email

1981 CSNET (in parallel) 56 kbps 213 hosts

1983 TCP/IP mandatory, DNS created 562 hosts

1985 NSFNET initiated 1.544 Mbps 1961 hosts

1987 UUNET created for commercial access

1990 ARPANET disbanded in favor of NSFNET 313,000 hosts

1992 NSFNET 45 Mbps upgrade complete 1,136,000 hosts

(+ a few pvt. Backbones)


Brief History of Internet Brief History of Internet Evolution (cont.)Evolution (cont.)

1994 NSFNET145 Mbps ATM 3,864,000 hosts(+ a few pvt. Backbones of 56 kbps, 1.5 Mbps, and 45 Mbps)

1995 NSFNET privatized to 4 players 6,642,000 hosts

1996 MCI 622 Mbps

1996 - Now upgrading to 2.5 and 10 Gbps IP links

This history has helped shape US Internet architecture in terms of competition

and layout (peering)


PeeringPeering Where backbones come together

• Major design issue (relates to cross-connection)

Public Peering• Network Access Points (NAPs)

Started with 4, but now there are more Usually done by equals

– Give as much traffic as receive

Private Peering• Commercial (private)

International peering is more limited (links are much more expensive)


Open Systems Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) ModelInterconnection (OSI) Model

Pins, Wires, Repeaters, RS-232, Volts, etc : BITSDeals with the medium

Hardware Address, Bridges, Intelligenthubs, NICs, Error Checking : FRAMESnode-to-node validity

Software Address, Routers : DATAGRAMSestablishes routes (extends nodes…)

Interface : MESSAGESUser Interacts with these

Translation and encryption : MESSAGES

Remote Procedural Calls (RPCs), Error Checking : MESSAGES

Reliability, Error-checking : SEGMENTSend-to-end validity

SONET/SDH

Ethernet, ATM

IP

FTP, Ping, HTTP, etc.

TCP

examples


EthernetEthernet A standard for networking at Layer 2

• Based on physical hardware address (12 Hex numbers)

First started within the LAN

Started of as a shared bus (from the Aloha Packet Radio network – Bob Metcalf)

New versions are full-duplex, switched• Amenable for optical, longer reach

Graceful evolution (backwards compatible) between 10/100/1000 Mbps

Ethernet Frames are between 64 and 1518 bytes in size

IEEE is the standards body (802.xx working groups)


Ethernet Operation Ethernet Operation (traditional)(traditional)

Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detect (CSMA/CD)• All machines wait to see if medium is free• If so, they transmit• Sometime, packets can collide• In that case, the transmitters wait a random period

of time, and re-transmit• If yet another collision, will wait longer period of

time (“exponential back-off”)

Limitations• Effective bandwidth was modest• Distances were limited• Non-duplex


TCP/IPTCP/IP Suite of protocols for networking

Based on logical address for devices

Most popular standard worldwide – built into most OS

Like most other packet switching, is• Connectionless• Statistical (non-deterministic)

No inherent Quality of Service (QoS)

• Most of IP routing is unicast

Packets carry lots of information• Source Address, Destination Address, etc.• Special instructions such as priority• Port number (meaning application ID)

E.g., Port 80 - http


IP AddressesIP Addresses

Each device connected needs a unique IP address• Exception is “private” IP addresses used within non-global

networks Home gateways can use this Gateway “router” translates between public and private IP

addresses

32 bit addresses in current version (IPv4)

4 8-bit portions • Dotted decimal is popular for convenience• 128.2.72.44 is same as 10000000.00000010.01001000.

00101100


IP Addresses (cont.)IP Addresses (cont.)

IP addresses have 2 portions, network and host• Networks are uniquely controlled. e.g, 128.2.x.y. is CMU’s network

Earlier, IP addresses were class-based to differentiate

Newer system is classless; can arbitrarily demarcate network and host• A.B.C.D/24 implies first 24 bits are for network portion

• More efficient

• “Subnet Mask” is used to identify network portion

Most people don’t own their own network; they take a portion from their service provider

Class First Octet Network/Host [octets]

# of Networks # of Hosts per Network

A 1 – 127 1/3 126 16,777,214 B 128 – 191 2/2 16,384 65,534 C 192 – 223 3/1 2,097,152 254


Network boundariesNetwork boundaries LANs used to predominate

• Old rule of thumb: 80% traffic inside 20% outside• Often were Layer 2 networks• “Intranet”• Can make an outside, non-global network

“Extranet” Often using private (leased lines)

Outside world• Layer 3 connections (IP)

Many types of interconnections, e.g., varying by• Speed

Dial-up Dedicated connection – Just a pipe to the “cloud”

• Protocol IP, IPX, Appletalk, etc.


RoutersRouters Forward packets based on destination address

They know the route to every network• Once the packet gets to the network gateway, it internally finishes the

routing

Today’s Internet is roughly ~200,000+ routes in size (advertised prefixes [2006 estimate])

Routing is done on a hop-by-hop basis• A routing table is built up in each router• Incoming packet’s destination address is looked up• A match is made, and the packet is forwarded to the appropriate port

which gets it one step closer to the destination

Router

Incoming packetfor 128.2.x.y

A

B

C

D128.2.x.y 128.3.x.y

128.4.x.yRouting table knows which port (interface) is most closely connected to a particular network(s)


IP RoutingIP Routing Core Routing

• Internet-sized routing tables

• Optical interfaces

Edge Routing• Traditional edge players (aggregators)

• Metropolitan Area Network/GigE edge players

• Wide Area Networking is different from LAN, even though many protocols are the same

Access (Customer Edge)• Often the bottleneck

• Earlier, relied on the ILEC (e.g., Verizon)

• Now, new carriers want to bypass the ILECs Often use new technologies and standards


Communications ComponentsCommunications Components

Transport•Now, typically optical, except the “last mile”

Termination•Different devices (typically) for different layers

Phones, Video-conf. phones, routers, modems, etc.

Switching•Cross Connects / Add-drop Multiplexers (ADMs)•Class 4/5 switches• IP switches (Routers)


Network IntelligenceNetwork Intelligence

Quality-of-Service (QoS)• Today’s Internet is “best-effort”

Need to differentiate different packets

• Issues of identification, authentication, and billing

• Critics content some schemes amount to violation of Net Neutrality

Moving Intelligence to the Edge• Filtering, monitoring, and “differentiating”

• Lets the core be super-fast

Security• Today’s internet is inherently insecure

• Higher layers are used for security E.g., SSL in browswers

• New designs are being worked on for more security



What do People Access in the What do People Access in the “Last Mile?”“Last Mile?”

Voice

Video• Broadcast• Switched

Even On Demand

Broadband Internet Access

These are the TRIPLE PLAY


What do People Access?What do People Access?(Mid 2000s)

Predictions were p2p would only grow

Something changed…

…VIDEO (e.g., YouTube)

Source: CacheLogic


IPTV Bit RatesIPTV Bit Rates

Source: http://www.dslprime.com/pix/cbrrates.jpg


Broadband Access…The “Last Broadband Access…The “Last Mile”Mile”

Different technologies are available• Cable• DSL• Fiber• Wireless

Fixed Mobile Satellite

• Powerline

They differ in• Reach• Speeds• Costs• Regulation (?)


Cable: Hybrid Fiber Coax (HFC)Cable: Hybrid Fiber Coax (HFC)

Headend

Home

Drop Loop

Node

Feeder (Fiber)

Active

FROMBROADCASTSOURCES

Source: Marvin Sirbu


Advanced Hybrid Fiber Coax Advanced Hybrid Fiber Coax

Headend

Home

Drop Loop

Node

Feeder (Fiber)

Active

HDT

PSTN

ATMNETWORK

Coaxial Termination Unit

FROMBROADCASTSOURCES



CABLE MODEMSCABLE MODEMS

O/EO/EVideoVideo

Head EndHead End

O/EO/E

fiber nodefiber node

TapTapTT2-way amplifier2-way amplifieroptoelectronicsoptoelectronicsO/EO/E

Internet Internet

BackboneBackbone

IAPIAPCable ModemCable Modem

CMTSCMTS

TT

PCPC

10 BaseT10 BaseT

set topset top

TT

Source: Stagg Newman

Frequency

Spectral Use

0 50M

UP

TV

900M

TV

TV

TV

750M

DOWN


DSL from Central OfficeDSL from Central Office

ADSLModem

Splitter

Telephone

PC

DSLAM

Voice Switch

Data Switch

Subscriber Premises

Central Office

Data carried above4KHz voice frequencies

This simplification ignores the use of remote terminals and digital loop carrier (DLC)


Ethics and Policy issues in Computing • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2008 • Tongia • http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~tongia/sp08/08-200/

Fiber to the NeighborhoodFiber to the Neighborhood

Fiber OpticFeeder Plant

DistributionPlant:

ADSL

Inter-Office Trunking

Local Access Network

DropPlant

Manhole

CentralOffice

CentralOffice

RDU

RDU


• Can go all the way to the home (FTTH)• Fiber can easily provide Gigabit speeds


VDSL vs ADSLVDSL vs ADSL

Source: http://www.comsoc.org/comsig/Slides/Oct2003_DSL_BernardDebbasch.pdf, Oct 2003


Distance vs Bit Rate and Video Distance vs Bit Rate and Video DeliveryDelivery

Source: http://www.aware.com/products/dsl/bonded.htm


Challenges with Wireless…Challenges with Wireless…What prevents us from more wireless

broadband?• Spectrum•Reach

Related to power levels Line of Sight

•Costs• Evolving standards and technologies

WiFi– Mesh, MIMO, etc.

WiMax– Fixed and Mobile

3G, 4G, etc.


Fixed Wireless Access– Inherently Fixed Wireless Access– Inherently SharedShared

Base station• Point to Multipoint

Receivers• Rooftop• Indoors• Mobile/Portable

Shared bandwidth depends on technology• 25-40 Mbps downstream (might be)• 15-25 Mbps upstream • Spectrum matters

Unlicensed (UNI – 5 GHz) Licensed (e.g., MMDS - 2.5 GHz)


MMDS Fixed Wireless MMDS Fixed Wireless Architecture: Architecture:

Base Station and CPEBase Station and CPE

Small Business

Wireless Modem Unit

Ethernet LAN

Transceiver/Antenna

VoIP Adapter

Adapter

Transceiver/Antenna

Wireless Modem Unit

Fiber Backhaul To Distribution Hub

Transmitter

Receiver

Channel Combiner

Wireless Modem Termination System

Router/ ATM switch

Other MMDS channels Tower and

Antenna

(Base Station Outdoor Unit)

Base Station Indoor Unit

Sprint and MCI have purchased extensive MMDS licenses and will roll out in 40-60 markets over the next year.



Customer Fixed Wireless UnitsCustomer Fixed Wireless Units Typically, requires

clearLine of Sight (LOS)• Except in small

radius• This requires costly

site visit to install antenna, run wiring to computer

Newer alternatives emerging (non-LOS)Source: Sprint (Hybrid Networks)

(antenna/transceiver only)


Base Station EquipmentBase Station EquipmentA single tower can

cover up to 20 mile radius•Depends on terrain

As subscribers increase, may need additional base stations/cells for frequency reuse

Source: Sprint (Hybrid Networks-Phoenix)


Wireless ISPsWireless ISPsThere are several thousand Wireless ISPs

(WISPs) in the U.S. • Easy because of light touch regulation

Spectrum Antennae

Majority of WISPs use souped up wireless LAN technology•Normal WLAN coverage ~ few hundred feet•With directional antennas, coverage can reach

several miles


Wireless Mesh NetworksWireless Mesh NetworksPopular for many city networks

• Philadelphia, San Francisco, etc.

Major advantage• Issues of backhaul

Challenge• Shared throughput

Business model questions• Free vs. subsidized vs. at cost

Q: Can one share connectivity?•Open Access Points (mesh or non-mesh)?


Antennas for Long Range Antennas for Long Range WLANsWLANs

Source: Cisco


Broadband Policy IssuesBroadband Policy Issues Unanswered questions

• Is there a “natural monopoly” in broadband? Very low marginal costs in telecom

• How can one support competition over broadband infrastructure?

• Who should build broadband networks? Public/Private Market/Regulated

• How do we define and pay for “Universal Service?

Thinking of layers or boundaries becomes important• Wholesale vs. retail• Physical vs. logical• Content vs. carriage


What is changing?What is changing?Applications

Protocols• Peer2Peer – why is it popular

Size of files

New Killer apps

Where we access information•On the move


Sometimes, it’s all About the $Sometimes, it’s all About the $$$


Components of ConnectivityComponents of Connectivity

Hardware / Installation

Marketing /

Advertising

O&M Uplinking (transit fees)TechnicalCRM

• One-time capital costs are amortized over time• Cost depends on:- Interest rates- Churn- Re-usability of components

• One time costs• Depends on competition

• Varies by technology

• Vary by location• Oversubscription ratios are an ISP choice• Speeds offered determine what applications can be run

• Also depends on competition


What does it Cost to use up What does it Cost to use up Bandwidth?Bandwidth?

$/Mbpstransit

StatisticalMultiplexing

(oversubscription)

Mbpsuplinked

Number of userssharing a link

RatedBandwidth

$/month costper user to ISPfor uplinking


Different Bits are DifferentDifferent Bits are Different

Voice• Fixed

23 $/month, 1 month/1923 min. ~ 3,100 p$/bit

• LD $0.10/minute 26,000 p$/bit

– Incl. International charges (FCC numbers)

Web (broadband user) 35 $/month, 2 hours per day usage, 30 kbps average usage ~ 5,400 p$/bit

TV (cable/satellite, excl. PPV) 225 $/year/person, 2.58 persons/household, 850 hours/year watched ~ 36 p$/bit A good fraction of their revenues comes from advertising

BUT, we don’t know what demand will look from 5 years from now, or, say, under 100 Mbps conditions

p$ = picodollars = 10-12

2002 or 2003 US Statistical Abstract Average Numbers except in

Italics


Digital DivideDigital Divide


The 4C FrameworkThe 4C FrameworkInformation and Communications

Technology (ICT) can be thought of as the 4Cs•Computers

Devices

•Connectivity Analog/digital; packet/circuit

•Content Centralized/decentralized

• (human) Capacity Literacy, language, etc.


US Broadband PenetrationUS Broadband Penetration

Why is this misleading?


Global BroadbandGlobal Broadband

Why could such information be misleading?


Truer Picture of Global Truer Picture of Global BroadbandBroadband

Issues of speeds or price are not shown


Digital DivideDigital Divide

Source: CAIDA


What is the Digital Divide?What is the Digital Divide?“Digital Divides are not just the result of economic differences in access to technologies (Have’s vs. Have-Not’s), but also in cultural capacity and political will to apply these technologies for development impact (Do’s vs. Do- Not’s).”

– Markle Foundation Report (2003)


What is the Digital Divide?What is the Digital Divide?The divide is a manifestation of underlying

divides, a symptom rather than a cause• Economic, social, gender, age, geographic, etc.

divides

It is a moving target•Dial-up, broadband, “real broadband”, etc.

Information fuels the present (Knowledge) Revolution• Enables the Drivers of Growth

Access Information Knowledge Opportunity


There are other Metrics and There are other Metrics and DividesDivides

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1999 Data; Source: March of Dimes Perinatal Data Center, Aug 2002

US is 28th

Here's another international ranking...

US may rank 19th in broadband (2005), but…

Newer data indicate the US is now 53rd!


4 Dimensions of the Digital 4 Dimensions of the Digital DivideDivide Awareness

• What is it, and what can one do with it?

Availability• Is it offered to me?

Accessibility• Can I realistically use it (including issues of literacy and

language)?

Affordability• Globally, ICT is 6.6% of GDP (telecom, hardware, and

software)• What percentage of income does access cost

worldwide?


Improvements are needed in Improvements are needed in all Dimensions of ICTall Dimensions of ICT

Computers• Life cycle analyses• Interface

Connectivity• Broadband?

Content• Locally relevant information

(human) Capacity• Literacy• e-Literacy


Why is Connectivity so Why is Connectivity so Expensive in Developing Expensive in Developing

Countries?Countries?Issues of scale – few users

International Gateway bottlenecks

Licensing fees and duties

Monopoly carrier (de-facto, often)

Poor design

And many more reasons…


Mobile PhonesMobile PhonesDominant connectivity in much of the world

~10% penetration in Africa!

Largest market in the world today is…?

BUT, the Avg. Rev. Per User (ARPU) can be high (=expensive)• Africa (2004) $28• India was only $11 (and under $8 today)

Do mobiles have data capabilities?


$100 Laptop – Pros and Cons$100 Laptop – Pros and Cons Pros

• Creates awareness• Might have some innovation• In some cases, may fulfill a latent need

Cons• Top-down• Robustness unknown• Energy• Connectivity• Won’t share easily• Buy-in is expensive• Content?• Role of teachers


Idea: FiberAfrica ConceptIdea: FiberAfrica Concept A revolutionary design to provide the majority of the

population nearby access to broadband for a one-time capital expenditure of ~$1/capita• Can be cheaper by harnessing any existing infrastructure• Includes optical fiber of virtually unlimited capacity between major

population centers, and broadband wireless hubs for wide-spread access over large areas

Excludes PCs and end-user equipment

Revolutionary business model could allow virtually free access to schools, hospitals and rural community centers


FiberAfrica FiberAfrica Backbone Backbone NetworkNetwork

• Almost 70,000 km core backbone (shown)

• DWDM Technology for scalability and cost-effectiveness

• 35,000 km fiber spurs (not shown)

• Routing chosen to provide maximum coverage

• Can leverage existing fibers and rights of way (along highways


Additional optical amplifiers

. . .

Inline Optical Amplifier (with add/drop capabilities)

80 km 80 km 80 km 80 km

Major Cities (hundreds of km apart)

MajorCity

MajorCity

Wireless Transmission Central Hubs (10s of Mbps)

Upto 50 km

Wireless Receiving Hubs(can resell access nearby using 802.11 or other shorter-range wireless)

FiberAfrica DesignFiberAfrica Design

Detailed design undertaken, for all capital and operating expenses


Business Model(s)Business Model(s) Many options available, but requirements include

• Operational costs must be covered Our calculations show it can be done, affordably

• Capital costs can be grant-based (only ~$1B)• There must be end-user and community empowerment• Public core, competitive edge

Won’t create a new government (or other) bureaucracy• Consortium or partnership models have worked, e.g.,

IntelSat• Allows role for AfricaUnion/NEPAD as appropriate• Maintains individual governmental sovereignty


Why This Model?Why This Model? Appropriate scale – into the rural areas

Optical fibers make it “future-proof”• One time cost leads to fiber infrastructure that can last decades• Capital costs of fiber much lower than conventional wisdom

Few thousand $/km maximum

Increases access and domestic usage – not addressed merely by having an international fiber link (e.g., EASSY proposal)• “Closed Club” arrangements of such fiber systems make them

unaffordable

Business model is sustainable• Public-Private partnership• Synergistic with mobile providers – who lack such capacity for

broadband• Almost no barrier to entry for casual users (through schools and

community access points)


Open Access / FiberAfrica Open Access / FiberAfrica UnderpinningsUnderpinnings

Overcoming the infrastructure disconnect• Fiber lasts 30+ years, electronics need to be amortized in 5-

7 years Today, carriers often charge more (short-term business models) Higher cost models are inherently a niche solution

No conflict with competition• Focus on rural and “uneconomic” areas• ISPs would also benefit

Can justify “special regulation” only for the public good• Could also attract grants and soft loans


More info on FiberAfricaMore info on FiberAfrica

For more information, see:

http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~tongia/FiberAfrica--ending_a_digital_divide.pdf

OR

http://tinyurl.com/dttga



Internet is built on: Internet is built on: Principles, not LawsPrinciples, not Laws

Registration (databases) are believed because people think they are correct• Domain Name System

Handles names for humans vs. binary for machines Root names are the last .xxx, e.g., .com, .edu, .org, .mil, .ca, .tv Just 13 root servers in the world

– Many copies made for practical purposes

Borders define responsibilities

Best effort (democratic)

Robustness"Be liberal in what you accept, and conservative in what you send.“

- Jon Postel


Standards and RegulationStandards and Regulation

Many bodies, sometimes with overlap• IETF handles the engineering of the network• W3C handles web standards such as html, xml, etc.• IEEE handles some standards

Requests for Comments (RFCs) are how things get standardized• Draft is circulated• Modified, debated, etc. (many versions often)• Becomes a standard by vote.

Companies often try and tilt emerging standards


Registries and Domain NamesRegistries and Domain Names

Numeric address space is coordinated

Domain Names initially managed by ISI (Jon Postel)

National Science Foundation (NSF) hired contractor to administer• Network Solutions Inc (NSI)

NSF stopped paying NSI, allowed NSI to charge for .com, .net, .org• $70 for two years

NSI becomes enormously profitable

NSF responsibilities passed to Commerce Dept.• The US government controlled key element of the Internet (!) so

NSF establishes ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers)

* Based on information from Jon Peha


Domain Names (cont.)Domain Names (cont.)

ICANN decisions• Protect trademark owners• Oppose cybersquatting• Do not create more top level domains• Divide NSI responsibilities

Registry: manage database, NSI monopoly Registrar: consumer interface, competition

NSI claims to own the .com, .net, .org database• Do they have to give it up or share it?

ICANN says that NSI must be accredited• NSI refuses to sign agreement with ICANN• NSI does not recognize ICANN's authority• NSI protects its revenue stream

What happened in the end?• NSI was acquired by VeriSign, then spun off


Domain Names (cont.)Domain Names (cont.)

ICANN critics• NSI and friends, many academics • ICANN is the evil face of governance in the Internet, which needs no governance• ICANN is an unrepresentative, unelected group with unlimited power

Rest of World (especially developing countries) particularly dislike the entire process (not just ICANN)

• Meet behind closed doors, create taxes ...

ICANN supporters• ICANN, many high-tech companies, trademark owners.• NSI is an unregulated monopoly that must be stopped.• Engineers seeking consensus, do not address policy.• A neutral group of experts making necessary decisions.• ICANN people are just "plumbers“

Remains a major issue: Internet Governance• What is the debate about?


Issues in the InternetIssues in the Internet Scalability

• Internet is growing* at 75-300%• Running out of IP addresses

Long term solution: IPv6– 128 bit addresses (millions per square meter)

• Protocols and equipment are straining

Security• Distributed Denial of Service are an example• Viruses

Quality of Service• Voice

Usability


Issues in the Internet (cont.)Issues in the Internet (cont.)Privacy

Anonymity

Identity

Regulation•Universal Service Obligation• Taxation• Encryption (and it’s a technology issue)•Digital signatures

Digital Divide


Policy Issues (Discussion)Policy Issues (Discussion)Are “Terms of Service” sufficient to disallow

Domain resolution?• E.g., GoDaddy vs. Seclists.org [dispute over

MySpace complaint]

How do we do CALEA on the Internet?•Can we?• Should we?•What about Skype?

Is not a phone service, but a “voice IM” (?)


Documents

Ethics and Policy issues in Computing Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Tongia tongia/sp08/08-200/ 1 Internet Overview