Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e (Marieb ... · PDF fileEssentials of Human Anatomy and ... 7.2 Multiple Choice Part II Questions 1) ... carry information from the central

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Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e (Marieb) Chapter 7 The Nervous System 7.1 Multiple Choice Part I Questions

Using Figure 7.1, identify the following: 1) The neural processes that convey incoming messages toward the cell body are indicated by ________. A) Label H B) Label G C) Label A D) Label F E) Label B Answer: C Page Ref: 229, 230 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension


2) The metabolic center of the neuron is indicated by ________. A) Label D B) Label F C) Label A D) Label H E) Label I Answer: A Page Ref: 229, 230 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 3) The axon terminals are indicated by ________. A) Label I B) Label G C) Label B D) Label A E) Label C Answer: E Page Ref: 229, 230 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 4) The axon is indicated by ________. A) Label B B) Label F C) Label H D) Label I E) Label A Answer: A Page Ref: 229, 230 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 5) The gaps between Schwann cells are indicated by ________. A) Label D B) Label H C) Label B D) Label F E) Label A Answer: B Page Ref: 229, 230 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge


6) The nucleus of the neuron is indicated by ________. A) Label E B) Label I C) Label A D) Label B E) Label F Answer: A Page Ref: 229, 230 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

7) The nervous system is structurally subdivided into two systems: ________ nervous system and ________ nervous system. A) central; peripheral B) somatic; autonomic C) parasympathetic; sympathetic D) autonomic; sympathetic Answer: A Page Ref: 226-227 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 8) ________ cells form the myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in the PNS. A) Satellite B) Ependymal C) Schwann D) Nerve Answer: C Page Ref: 229 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 9) Support cells in the central nervous system are collectively called ________. A) myelin sheaths B) neuroglia C) oligodendrocytes D) microglia Answer: B Page Ref: 228 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 10) The part of the neuron that typically conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body is the ________. A) dendrite B) cell body C) synaptic cleft D) axon Answer: D Page Ref: 229 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge


11) The gaps between Schwann cells found at regular intervals in peripheral system neurons are called ________. A) synaptic clefts B) axon terminals C) nodes of Ranvier D) myelin sheaths Answer: C Page Ref: 231 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

12) Sensory receptors located in muscles and tendons are termed ________. A) Meissner's corpuscles B) proprioceptors C) lamellar corpuscles D) association neurons Answer: B Page Ref: 232 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 13) Bundles of nerve fibers (neuron processes) running through the CNS are called ________, whereas in the PNS they are called ________. A) tracts; nerves B) gray matter; white matter C) axons; dendrites D) afferent neurons; efferent neurons Answer: A Page Ref: 232 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 14) The cell bodies of the ________ neurons are always located within the CNS. A) proprioceptor B) afferent C) motor D) sensory Answer: C Page Ref: 233 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge


15) Myelinated fibers (tracts) form ________ matter while unmyelinated fibers form ________ matter. A) sensory; motor B) gray; white C) motor; sensory D) white; gray Answer: D Page Ref: 232 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 16) ________ connect sensory and motor neurons in neural pathways and their cell bodies are typically located in the central nervous system. A) Interneurons (association neurons) B) Afferent C) Efferent D) Proprioceptors Answer: A Page Ref: 233 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

17) During repolarization, ________ ions are pumped out of the cell. A) sodium B) potassium C) both sodium and potassium D) calcium Answer: A Page Ref: 236 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 18) ________ reflexes include the secretion of saliva, changes in the size of our pupils, and digestion involve the activities of smooth muscles. A) Somatic B) Voluntary C) Autonomic D) Sympathetic Answer: C Page Ref: 237 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 19) The thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus collectively constitute the ________. A) cerebellum B) dicephalon (interbrain) C) brain stem D) cerebrum Answer: B Page Ref: 241, 245 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge


20) The brain dysfunction where blood supply to a region (or regions) of the brain is blocked and vital brain tissue dies, as by a blood clot or a ruptured blood vessel, is called ________. A) cerebrovascular accident (CVA), or stroke B) Parkinson's disease C) Huntington's disease D) multiple sclerosis Answer: A Page Ref: 251 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 21) The brain and spinal cord are protected and cushioned by three connective tissue membranes that are collectively called ________. A) ventricles B) arachnoid villi C) meninges D) sinuses Answer: C Page Ref: 247 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

22) Cerebrospinal fluid is formed from blood by clusters of capillaries in the brain known as ________. A) choroid plexuses B) arachnoid villi C) ventricles D) sinuses Answer: A Page Ref: 248 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 23) The primary somatic sensory cortex is located in the ________ lobe of the cerebrum. A) parietal B) frontal C) temporal D) occipital Answer: A Page Ref: 240 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge


24) The blood-brain barrier is formed by ________ junctions that nearly seamlessly bind capillaries in the brain. A) gap B) intercalated C) desmosome D) tight Answer: D Page Ref: 250 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 25) One of the major functions of the pons is to control ________. A) breathing B) hunger C) thirst D) consciousness Answer: A Page Ref: 246 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 26) The fissure in the brain that separates the two cerebral hemispheres is called the ________. A) transverse fissure B) longitudinal fissure C) sagittal fissure D) tentorium cerebelli Answer: B Page Ref: 239 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

27) The hypothalamus regulates the ________. A) pineal gland B) pituitary gland C) pons D) thalamus Answer: B Page Ref: 246 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 28) The large fiber tract that allows communication between the two cerebral hemispheres is called the ________. A) corpus callosum B) fornix C) pons D) thalamus Answer: A Page Ref: 244 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge


29) The portion of the diencephalon that acts as a relay station for sensory impulses traveling to the sensory cortex is the ________. A) pons B) pituitary gland C) thalamus D) hypothalamus Answer: C Page Ref: 241, 245 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 30) The delicate innermost membrane, or meningeal layer, that clings to the surface of the brain and spinal cord is known as the ________ mater. A) dura B) arachnoid C) periosteal D) pia Answer: D Page Ref: 247 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 31) Hemiplegia and aphasia characterize those patients who have experienced a ________. A) concussion B) cerebrovascular accident (CVA), or stroke C) contusion D) cerebral edema Answer: B Page Ref: 251 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension

32) There are ________ pairs of cranial nerves and ________ pairs of spinal nerves in the peripheral nervous system. A) 5; 7 B) 18; 34 C) 12; 31 D) 15; 25 Answer: C Page Ref: 257 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge


33) ________ disease results from a degeneration of the dopamine-releasing neurons of the substantia nigra. A) Parkinson's B) Alzheimer's C) Huntington's D) Autoimmune Answer: A Page Ref: 252 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 34) The ________ is a connective tissue wrapping around fascicles of neuron fibers. A) epineurium B) endoneurium C) perineurium D) perimysium Answer: C Page Ref: 256 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 35) Sweat glands that produce perspiration when stimulated are innervated only by the ________ fibers. A) sympathetic B) parasympathetic C) somatic D) afferent Answer: A Page Ref: 268 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 36) The only pair of cranial nerves to extend to the thoracic and abdominal cavities is the ________ nerves. A) glossopharyngeal B) oculomotor C) vestibulocochlear D) vagus Answer: D Page Ref: 257 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

37) Cranial nerve III is known as the ________ nerve. A) optic B) olfactory C) oculomotor D) trochlear Answer: C Page Ref: 258 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge


38) The number of neurons involved in transmission of impulses in the autonomic nervous system is ________. A) one B) two C) four D) eight Answer: B Page Ref: 265 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 39) One of the last areas of the CNS to mature is the ________, which regulates body temperature. A) hypothalamus B) thalamus C) cerebellum D) cerebrum Answer: A Page Ref: 269 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 40) The largest nerve in the body, the sciatic nerve, belongs to the ________ nerve plexus. A) lumbar B) sacral C) brachial D) cervical Answer: B Page Ref: 262 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 41) Each spinal nerve divides into a dorsal and a ventral ________. A) ramus B) tract C) ganglion D) plexus Answer: A Page Ref: 257 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge


42) The ________ division of the autonomic nervous system is often called the "rest-and-digest" division. A) somatic B) sympathetic C) parasympathetic D) afferent Answer: C Page Ref: 267 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 7.2 Multiple Choice Part II Questions 1) The term central nervous system refers to the ________. A) autonomic and peripheral nervous systems B) brain, spinal cord, and cranial nerves C) brain and cranial nerves D) spinal cord and spinal nerves E) brain and spinal cord Answer: E Page Ref: 226, 227 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 2) Fibers that carry information from the skin, joints, and skeletal muscles to the central nervous system are ________. A) motor B) visceral sensory C) somatic sensory D) interneurons (association neurons) E) parasympathetic Answer: C Page Ref: 227 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 3) Which of these neuroglial cells forms the myelin sheath in the central nervous system? A) astrocytes B) oligodendrocytes C) Schwann cells D) ependymal cells E) satellite cells Answer: B Page Ref: 229 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge


4) The Schwann cell forms a myelin sheath around the ________. A) dendrites B) cell body C) nucleus D) axon E) nodes of Ranvier Answer: D Page Ref: 229 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

5) The neuron processes that normally receive incoming stimuli are called ________. A) axons B) dendrites C) neurolemmas D) Schwann cells E) satellite cells Answer: B Page Ref: 229 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 6) Unmyelinated nerve fibers are known as ________. A) white matter B) sensors C) myelin sheaths D) receptors E) gray matter Answer: E Page Ref: 232 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 7) The major role of the interneuron (association neuron) is to ________. A) carry information from the central nervous system to muscles and/or the viscera B) form a lipid-protein (lipoprotein) cell membrane on the outside of axons C) transmit nerve impulses from the skin and organs to the central nervous system D) connect motor and sensory neurons in their pathways E) detect the amount of stretch in skeletal muscles or tendons and their joints Answer: D Page Ref: 233 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension


8) Neurons with several processes branching off the cell body, such as motor neurons and interneurons (association neurons), are structurally classified as ________. A) efferent B) multipolar C) afferent D) bipolar E) unipolar Answer: B Page Ref: 234 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 9) The two major functional properties of neurons are ________. A) cover and line body surfaces B) contraction and movements C) irritability and conductivity D) connect and protect E) lubricate and secrete Answer: C Page Ref: 234 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension

10) Ganglia are collections of ________. A) nuclei B) dendrites C) cell bodies D) axons E) axon terminals Answer: C Page Ref: 231 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 11) Impulse conduction is fastest in neurons that are ________. A) myelinated B) unmyelinated C) sensory D) motor E) cerebral Answer: A Page Ref: 236 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension


12) Bipolar neurons are commonly ________. A) motor neurons B) called neuroglia C) found in ganglia D) found in the eye and nose E) more abundant in adults than in children Answer: D Page Ref: 234 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 13) During the resting state, a neuron is ________. A) polarized with more sodium ions outside the cell and more potassium ions inside the cell B) propagating the action potential C) depolarizing and generating an action potential D) restoring the ionic conditions utilizing the sodium-potassium pump E) repolarizing as potassium ions diffuse out of the cell Answer: A Page Ref: 234 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 14) Immediately after an action potential is propagated, which one of the following ions rapidly diffuses out of the cell into the tissue fluid ________. A) sodium B) chloride C) calcium D) potassium E) magnesium Answer: D Page Ref: 236 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension

15) An action potential is caused by an influx of these ions into the cell ________. A) potassium B) sodium C) calcium D) magnesium E) both potassium and sodium Answer: B Page Ref: 236 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge


16) Nerve impulse transmissions occurring along myelinated neurons are called ________. A) saltatory conduction B) threshold C) graded potential D) sodium-potassium pump E) all-or-none response Answer: A Page Ref: 236 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 17) Neurons either conduct action potentials along the length of their axons, or they remain at rest. This statement best describes ________. A) a reflex arc B) the all-or-none response C) repolarization D) saltatory conduction E) graded potential Answer: B Page Ref: 236 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 18) Which one of the following is the correct sequence of events that correlates to the sequence of events of a nerve impulse? 1. the membrane becomes depolarized 2. sodium channels open and sodium ions diffuse inward 3. the membrane becomes repolarized 4. potassium channels open and potassium ions diffuse outward while sodium is actively transported out of the cell A) 3, 2, 4, 1 B) 2, 1, 4, 3 C) 2, 1, 3, 4 D) 1, 2, 4, 3 E) 4, 1, 3, 2 Answer: B Page Ref: 235 Bloom's: 4) Analysis

19) Which ion causes neurotransmitter vesicles to fuse with the axon's membrane during the conduction of a nerve impulse from one neuron to the next? A) chlorine B) sodium C) potassium D) calcium E) magnesium Answer: D Page Ref: 236 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge


20) The gap between two communicating neurons is termed ________. A) synaptic cleft B) cell body C) effector D) Schwann cell E) node of Ranvier Answer: A Page Ref: 229, 239 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 21) The substance that is released at axonal endings to propagate a nervous impulse is called ________. A) an ion B) nerve glue C) a neurotransmitter D) the sodium-potassium pump E) an action potential Answer: C Page Ref: 229, 236 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 22) Which of the following is the correct sequence in a typical reflex arc? A) effector, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, receptor B) receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, effector C) effector, motor neuron, integration center, sensory neuron, receptor D) receptor, motor neuron, integration center, sensory neuron, effector E) receptor, sensory neuron, motor neuron, integration center, effector Answer: B Page Ref: 237, 238 Bloom's: 4) Analysis 23) Rick quickly pulled his hand away from the hot stove. This reflex is best known as a(n) ________. A) two-neuron reflex B) patellar reflex C) knee-jerk reflex D) withdrawal reflex E) autonomic reflex Answer: D Page Ref: 239 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension


24) Which type of reflex involves skeletal muscles? A) parasympathetic B) sympathetic C) autonomic D) somatic E) visceral Answer: D Page Ref: 237 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 25) The sensory homunculus is located in the primary somatic sensory area in the ________. A) parietal lobe B) occipital lobe C) frontal lobe D) temporal lobe E) cerebellum Answer: A Page Ref: 240 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 26) A stroke in the primary motor area has caused Don to lose control over his skeletal muscles on the right side of his body. What lobe of his brain was damaged? A) occipital lobe B) temporal lobe C) frontal lobe D) parietal lobe E) pyramidal tract Answer: C Page Ref: 240 Bloom's: 3) Application 27) Sally has a brain injury; she knows what she wants to say but can't vocalize the words. The part of her brain that deals with the ability to speak is the ________. A) longitudinal fissure B) gyrus C) central sulcus D) Broca's area E) primary motor area Answer: D Page Ref: 240 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension


28) The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata are housed in the ________. A) diencephalon B) hypothalamus C) brain stem D) pineal gland E) cerebellum Answer: C Page Ref: 241, 246 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

29) What part of the brain stem houses reflex centers for vision and hearing? A) pons B) corpora quadrigemina C) fourth ventricle D) medulla oblongata E) reticular formation Answer: B Page Ref: 246 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 30) The hypothalamus is the "emotional-visceral" center of the brain and, thus, is an important part of the ________. A) posterior association area B) reticular activating system C) limbic system D) Broca's area E) anterior association area Answer: C Page Ref: 246 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 31) Cerebrospinal fluid circulates through all of the following EXCEPT ________. A) subarachnoid space B) corpus callosum C) cerebral aqueduct D) fourth ventricle E) lateral ventricles Answer: B Page Ref: 247-250 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension


32) A special group of neurons in the brain stem that plays a role in consciousness and the awake/sleep cycles is the ________. A) thalamus B) reticular activating system (RAS) C) pineal gland D) limbic system E) cerebellum Answer: B Page Ref: 246 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 33) Control of temperature, endocrine activity, metabolism, and thirst are functions associated with the ________. A) medulla oblongata B) cerebellum C) hypothalamus D) thalamus E) cerebrum Answer: C Page Ref: 246 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

34) The vital centers for the control of visceral activities such as heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, swallowing, and vomiting are located in the ________. A) pons B) medulla oblongata C) midbrain D) cerebrum E) hypothalamus Answer: B Page Ref: 246 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 35) Loss of muscle coordination results from damage to the ________. A) cerebrum B) hypothalamus C) cerebellum D) thalamus E) midbrain Answer: C Page Ref: 246-247 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension


36) Which one of the following represents the correct sequence from outermost to innermost layers of the meninges? A) pia mater, dura mater, arachnoid mater B) pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater C) arachnoid mater, dura mater, pia mater D) dura mater, pia mater, arachnoid mater E) dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater Answer: E Page Ref: 247 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 37) Cerebrospinal fluid is reabsorbed into venous blood in the dural sinuses via the ________. A) cerebral aqueduct B) hypothalamus C) arachnoid villus D) choroid plexus E) pons Answer: C Page Ref: 247 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 38) The cerebrospinal fluid ________. A) is secreted by the arachnoid villi B) enters the four ventricles after filling and circulating through the subarachnoid space C) is secreted mostly by the ependymal cells lining the brain ventricles D) is continually formed mostly by the choroid plexuses E) is identical in composition to whole blood Answer: D Page Ref: 248 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension

39) The blood-brain barrier is effective against the passage of ________. A) water B) nutrients such as glucose C) alcohol D) anesthetics E) metabolic waste such as urea Answer: E Page Ref: 250 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension


40) Which of the following brain dysfunctions is also known as a stroke? A) cerebrovascular accident (CVA) B) Alzheimer's disease C) aphasia D) cerebral edema E) Parkinson's disease Answer: A Page Ref: 251 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 41) The spinal cord terminates around vertebra ________. A) C7 B) T2 C) T9 D) L3 E) S4 Answer: D Page Ref: 253 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 42) Cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the spinal nerves are located in ________. A) the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord B) the ventral root ganglia of the spinal cord C) the thalamus D) the hypothalamus E) sympathetic ganglia Answer: A Page Ref: 254 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 43) Which one of the following is the correct sequence of nerves that exit the spinal cord, from superior to inferior? A) thoracic spinal nerves, cervical spinal nerves, lumbar spinal nerves, sacral spinal nerves B) cervical spinal nerves, lumbar spinal nerves, thoracic spinal nerves, sacral spinal nerves C) thoracic spinal nerves, cervical spinal nerves, sacral spinal nerves, lumbar spinal nerves D) cervical spinal nerves, thoracic spinal nerves, sacral spinal nerves, lumbar spinal nerves E) cervical spinal nerves, thoracic spinal nerves, lumbar spinal nerves, sacral spinal nerves Answer: E Page Ref: 254, 261, 262 Bloom's: 4) Analysis


44) Which one of the following is the correct sequence in connective tissue sheaths, going from outermost to innermost layer? A) epineurium, endoneurium, perineurium B) epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium C) perineurium, epineurium, endoneurium D) perineurium, endoneurium, epineurium E) endoneurium, epineurium, perineurium Answer: B Page Ref: 256 Bloom's: 4) Analysis 45) Each spinal nerve branches into a ventral and dorsal ________. A) root B) ganglion C) plexus D) ramus E) tract Answer: D Page Ref: 257 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 46) How many pairs of cranial nerves branch from the surface of the brain? A) three B) five C) seven D) twelve E) eighteen Answer: D Page Ref: 257 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 47) Which cranial nerves control eye movement? A) cranial nerve II, IV, V B) cranial nerve III, IV, VI C) cranial nerve V, VI, VIII D) cranial nerve VIII, X, XII E) cranial nerve IX, X, XI Answer: B Page Ref: 258-259 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge


48) The ventral rami of the spinal nerves form complex networks of nerves known as a ________. A) ganglion B) reflex C) plexus D) tract E) fascicle Answer: C Page Ref: 261 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

49) Which cranial nerve descends into the thoracic and abdominal cavities to regulate heart rate and promote digestive activity? A) oculomotor B) vagus C) hypoglossal D) accessory E) glossopharyngeal Answer: B Page Ref: 259 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 50) Which nervous system subdivision is a chain of two motor neurons consisting of a preganglionic neuron and a postganglionic neuron? A) somatic B) central C) autonomic D) skeletal E) sensory Answer: C Page Ref: 265 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 51) Which of the following is NOT a major nerve of the brachial nerve plexus? A) radial B) axillary C) musculocutaneous D) median E) phrenic Answer: E Page Ref: 262 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge


52) The sciatic nerve is the largest nerve in the body resulting from a combination of which two nerves? A) pudendal and femoral nerves B) femoral and tibial nerves C) pudendal and common peroneal nerves D) common fibular and tibial nerves E) pudendal and tibial nerves Answer: D Page Ref: 262 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 53) The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are subdivisions of the ________. A) central nervous system B) voluntary nervous system C) autonomic nervous system D) somatic nervous system E) peripheral nervous system Answer: C Page Ref: 227, 264 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

54) In contrast to the somatic nervous system, the autonomic nervous system ________. A) has a chain of two motor neurons B) has a chain of two sensory neurons C) stimulates its effector cells D) has both sensory and motor fibers E) is a subdivision of the central nervous system Answer: A Page Ref: 265 Bloom's: 4) Analysis 55) Which of the following is favored by the parasympathetic nervous system? A) emergency B) exercise C) digestion D) embarrassment E) excitement Answer: C Page Ref: 268 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension


56) Preparing the body for the "fight-or-flight" response during threatening situations is the role of the ________. A) sympathetic nervous system B) cerebrum C) parasympathetic nervous system D) somatic nervous system E) afferent nervous system Answer: A Page Ref: 266 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 57) Which of the following effects is characteristic of the parasympathetic nervous system? A) decreased activity of the digestive system B) stimulated sweat glands to produce perspiration C) decreased urine output D) increased metabolic rate E) decreased heart rate Answer: E Page Ref: 266, 268 Bloom's: 4) Analysis 58) The effects of the sympathetic nervous system are essentially opposite of the ________. A) central nervous system B) parasympathetic nervous system C) autonomic nervous system D) motor division E) sensory division Answer: B Page Ref: 227, 266 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension

59) Sympathetic division fibers leave the spinal cord in the ________. A) craniosacral regions, and the postganglionic fibers secrete norepinephrine B) thoracolumbar region, and the postganglionic fibers secrete acetylcholine C) craniosacral region, and the postganglionic fibers secrete acetylcholine D) thoracolumbar region, and the postganglionic fibers secrete norepinephrine E) craniosacral region, and the preganglionic fibers secrete norepinephrine Answer: D Page Ref: 266 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension


60) What congenital disorder results when the vertebrae fail to form completely around the spinal cord, typically in the lumbosacral region? A) cystic fibrosis B) anencephaly C) hydrocephaly D) cerebral palsy E) spina bifida Answer: E Page Ref: 269 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 61) Which one of the following statements about aging is most accurate? A) the brain reaches its maximum weight around the seventh decade of life B) synaptic connections are too fixed to permit a great deal of learning after the age of 35 C) despite some neuronal loss, an unlimited number of neural pathways are available and ready to be developed; therefore, additional learning can occur throughout life D) learning throughout the adult and aging years is supported primarily by glial proliferation E) increased efficiency of the sympathetic nervous system enhances the ability to learn Answer: C Page Ref: 270-271 Bloom's: 3) Application 7.3 True/False Questions 1) The central nervous system includes the spinal nerves and cranial nerves. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 226 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 2) The parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems are subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 226, 227 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 3) Ependymal cells beat their cilia to help circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 228-229 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

4) Gaps between adjacent Schwann cells of a myelin sheath are known as nodes of Ranvier. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 231 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge


5) A sensory neuron carries stimuli from the central nervous system to the effector. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 232 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 6) Gray matter contains collections of unmyelinated fibers and cell bodies in the central nervous system. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 232 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 7) Neurons with two processes, an axon and a dendrite, are known as bipolar neurons. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 234 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 8) A graded potential is also known as a nerve impulse. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 236 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 9) Depolarization of neurons results from the entry of sodium ions into the cell. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 236 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 10) The withdrawal, or flexor, reflex is one of the only voluntary reflexes. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 239 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 11) The primary motor area allows us to consciously move our skeletal muscles. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 240 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 12) Difficulty in breathing may reflect damage to respiratory centers located in the cerebellum. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 246 Bloom's: 3) Application 13) One of the major functions of the pons is to produce releasing factors that control the function of the anterior pituitary. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 246 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge


14) The thalamus plays a role in regulation of body temperature, metabolism, and water balance. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 246 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 15) Cerebrospinal fluid circulates within the ventricles of the brain and also in the subarachnoid space outside the brain. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 248, 249 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 16) The collection of spinal nerves at the inferior end of the spinal cord is called the cauda equina. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 253 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 17) There is no possibility of damaging the spinal cord below the third lumbar vertebra. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 253 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 18) The ventral and dorsi rami of each spinal nerve contain both sensory and motor nerves. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 257 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 19) Cranial nerve X is the vestibulocochlear nerve, its fibers carry sensations of hearing and equilibrium to the brain. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 258-259 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 20) There are 31 pairs of cranial nerves and 12 pairs of spinal nerves. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 253, 257 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 21) Complex networks of spinal nerves are termed nerve plexuses. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 261 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge


22) Sympathetic postganglionic fibers release norepinephrine and the preganglionic axon releases acetylcholine. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 266 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension

23) Both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems operate with a chain of two motor neurons. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 265 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 24) The parasympathetic division is also called the craniosacral division since the preganglionic neurons originate in the brain and sacral region of the spinal cord. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 266 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 25) The usual cause of nervous system deterioration as we age is circulatory system problems. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 270 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension


7.4 Matching Questions Match the following: A) Sensory (afferent) division B) Peripheral nervous system (PNS) C) Central nervous system (CNS) D) Motor (efferent) division E) Autonomic nervous system (ANS) 1) Structural nervous system subdivision that consists of the brain and spinal cord Page Ref: 227 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 2) Functional nervous system subdivision that carries information toward the central nervous system from receptors Page Ref: 227 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 3) Structural nervous system subdivision that consists of spinal nerves and cranial nerves Page Ref: 227 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 4) Subdivision of the motor division responsible for controlling involuntary events Page Ref: 227 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 5) Functional nervous system division that carries information from the central nervous system toward effectors Page Ref: 227 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge Answers: 1) C 2) A 3) B 4) E 5) D


Match the following: A) cerebellum B) brain stem C) cerebrum D) diencephalon 6) Thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus Page Ref: 241 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 7) Primary somatic sensory area Page Ref: 241 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 8) Primary motor area Page Ref: 241 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 9) Pons, midbrain, and medulla oblongata Page Ref: 241 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 10) Reticular formation Page Ref: 241 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 11) Controls balance and equilibrium Page Ref: 241 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge Answers: 6) D 7) C 8) C 9) B 10) B 11) A


Match the following: A) thalamus B) pituitary gland C) epithalamus D) medulla oblongata E) hypothalamus F) midbrain 12) Includes the cerebral peduncles and the corpora quadrigemina Page Ref: 246 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 13) Contains centers that control heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing, and vomiting Page Ref: 246 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 14) Gland that hangs from the hypothalamus Page Ref: 246 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 15) Regulates body temperature, water balance, and metabolism Page Ref: 246 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 16) Relay station for sensory impulses passing to the sensory cortex Page Ref: 246 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 17) Includes the pineal gland and choroid plexus of the third ventricle Page Ref: 246 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge Answers: 12) F 13) D 14) B 15) E 16) A 17) C


Match the following: A) Parasympathetic nervous system B) Sympathetic nervous system 18) Decreases heart rate Page Ref: 266, 268 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 19) Stimulates sweat glands to produce perspiration Page Ref: 268 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 20) Decreases digestive system activities Page Ref: 268 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 21) Constricts bronchioles of respiratory passageways Page Ref: 268 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 22) No effect on most blood vessels Page Ref: 268 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 23) Decreases urine output of the kidneys Page Ref: 268 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 24) Increases metabolic rate Page Ref: 268 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 25) Increases the release of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla Page Ref: 268 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge Answers: 18) A 19) B 20) B 21) A 22) A 23) B 24) B 25) B


7.5 Essay Questions 1) List and explain the three general functions of the nervous system Answer: 1. Sensory (input) function—the nervous system uses millions of sensory receptors to monitor changes (stimuli) inside and outside the body; the gathered information is called the sensory function. 2. Integrative function—the nervous system processes and interprets sensory input and makes decisions about what should be done and the magnitude to which it should be done at each moment. 3. Motor (output) function—the process of reaction to stimuli; the body responds by activating muscles that can produce motion or glands that can produce and secrete hormones. Page Ref: 225-226 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 2) Explain how neurons and neuroglia are functionally different. Answer: In general, neuroglia are cells that support, insulate, and protect neurons. Neuroglia, or glia, are not able to conduct nerve impulses, unlike neurons which are specialized to conduct nerve impulses. Likewise, neuroglia never lose the ability to divide. Page Ref: 227, 229 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 3) Explain the difference between a polarized neuron and a depolarized neuron. Answer: A neuron is polarized when there are more positively charged ions located on the outer surface of the membrane and less positively charged ions situated on the inner surface of the membrane. A neuron is at rest when it is polarized. Depolarization occurs when the sodium ions, normally located outside the neuron's membrane, rush into the cell. Now, the interior surface of the membrane carries a positive charge due to the presence of more positively charged ions while the exterior surface of the membrane carries a negative charge due to the smaller number of positively charged ions. Page Ref: 234, 236 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 4) The family of Mr. Sanchez has learned that his cerebrovascular accident (CVA, or stroke) impaired his ability to move the right side of his body. They were told the CVA involved the primary somatic sensory area in the right cerebral hemisphere. Did they receive correct information? Explain. Answer: Mr. Sanchez's family received two incorrect pieces of information. First, if Mr. Sanchez cannot move the right side of his body, the left cerebral hemisphere is responsible for controlling that movement. The motor pathway crosses to the opposite hemisphere of the brain. Second, the primary motor area provides conscious motor control of skeletal muscles. By contrast, the primary somatic sensory area receives information from the body's sensory receptors. Page Ref: 240, 251 Bloom's: 3) Application


5) An 18-wheeler just nearly missed hitting Sam head-on while driving. Exasperated, he pulls over to the side of the road with his heart pounding. Which division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is taking control right now? What other symptoms do you think he's experiencing Answer: The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is controlling Sam. In addition to his pounding heart, he is also likely experiencing deep breathing; cold, sweaty skin; a prickly scalp; and dilated pupils of his eyes. Page Ref: 266-267 Bloom's: 3) Application 6) How does a transient ischemic attack (TIA) differ from a cerebrovascular accident (CVA or stroke)? Answer: Temporary restriction of blood flow to the brain results in a TIA; this even can last for 5 to 50 minutes and result in numbness, temporary paralysis, and impaired speech. When blood flow to a particular brain area is blocked, a stroke has occurred. As a result, brain tissue dies. Symptoms of a stroke may include paralysis on one side of the body. Page Ref: 251-252 Bloom's: 4) Analysis 7) List and describe the protective structures found in the CNS. Answer: 1. The brain and spinal cord are protected by a bony skull and a bony vertebral column. 2. There are three layers of membranes (meninges) covering the structures in the CNS. a. The outermost dura mater surround the brain. This double-layered membrane is a leathery covering. b. The middle membrane layer is the arachnoid mater, which has a cobweb appearance. c. The pia mater is the innermost layer, which clings to the surface of the brain and spinal cord. 3. Cerebrospinal fluid forms a water cushion that circulates in and around the brain and spinal cord. The CSF protects the CNS from blows and other trauma. Also, remember from a previous chapter that water has a high heat capacity that prevents changes in temperature. Page Ref: 247 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 8) Compare and contrast the functions of the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. Answer: Both the somatic and autonomic nervous systems are subdivisions of the motor (efferent) division of the peripheral nervous system. The somatic nervous system, or voluntary nervous system, allows us to consciously, or voluntarily, control our skeletal muscles. The autonomic nervous system, or involuntary nervous system, regulates activity of smooth and cardiac muscles and glands. Page Ref: 227 Bloom's: 4) Analysis

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Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e (Marieb ... · PDF fileEssentials of Human Anatomy and ... 7.2 Multiple Choice Part II Questions 1) ... carry information from the central