ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY · PDF fileESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY The Human Body: An Orientation Thursday, August 22, 13

ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

The Human Body: An Orientation

Thursday, August 22, 13

PREFACE TO THE STUDENTS

Introduction to the structure and function of the human body

specific terminology

focus of major body areas and their function



www.anatomyandphysiology.com

practice quizzes

learning activities

bone review

histology review

case studies

coloring workbook

anatomy flashcards


http://www.anatomyandphysiology.com

http://www.anatomyandphysiology.com


Focus on Careers

Doctors

Nurses

Physical Therapists/Athletic Trainer

Radiology Technician

Strength and Conditioning Coach, Personal Trainer

Coach


THE HUMAN BODY: AN ORIENTATION

Anatomy- the study of structure and shape of the body and body parts and their relationship to one another.

Gross anatomy is studying the large, easily observable structures

Greek Meaning

tomy, to cut

ana, apart



Physiology- the study of how the body and its parts work or function

Greek Meaning

physio, nature

ology, the study of



So what is the relationship between anatomy and physiology?

parts of the body form a well-organized unit

each part has a job to do to help body operate as a whole


LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION

The Structural Ladder

Chemical Level

Cellular Level

Tissue Level

Organ Level

Organismal Level


FROM ATOMS TO ORGANISMS

Chemical Level - atom

tiny building blocks of matter

combine to form molecules such as: water, sugar, proteins

molecules form microscopic cells



Cellular Level - vary widely in size and shape, reflecting their particular functions of the body

more detail will be covered in Ch. 3

Tissue Level - tissues consist of groups of similar cells that have a common function

tissue types: epithelial, connective, muscular, neural

all tissue types play a definite but different role in the human body

more detail will be covered in Ch. 4



Organ Level - extremely complex functions become possible

organ: structure that is composed of two or more tissue types and performs specific function for the body (ex: small intestine ~ digest and absorbs food, composed of all four tissue types)

organ system: group of organs that cooperate to accomplish a common purpose (ex: digestive system ~ esophagus, stomach, and small & large intestines...ALL HAVE OWN JOB, BUT ALL WORK TOGETHER)



Organismal Level: 11 organ systems make up the living body or the organism; THE HIGHEST LEVEL OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION


ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW

Integumentary System

external covering of the body, or the skin

functions:

water proofs the body, cushions, protects deeper tissue

excretes salt and urea to regulate body temperature

temperature, pressure, and pain receptors located in skin alert us to what is happening at the body surface



Skeletal System

consists of boney cartilages, ligaments, and joints

framework, supports body



Muscular System

one function ~ contract or shorten

skeletal muscles = “machines” of the body, these muscles are attached to bone

cardio muscles = involuntary controlled, controlled by the somatic nervous system

differences in muscles have different function in human body



Nervous System

fast-acting control system

consists of: brain, spinal cord, nerves and sensory receptors

most complicated system ~ many discoveries are still being found in spinal cord and brain function



Endocrine System

controls body activities

acts more slowly

produces chemical hormones

RELEASED INTO THE BLOOD TO TRAVEL TO ORGANS



Cardiovascular System

primary organs: heart and blood vessels

blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and wastes



Lymphatic System

compliments cardio system

picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood

houses white blood cells involved in immunity



Respiratory System

keep blood constantly supplied with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide

gas exchange occurs through walls of the air sacs of the lung



Digestive System

breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood

indigestible food are eliminated as feces



Urinary System

eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body

regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood



Reproductive System

production of offspring


MAINTAINING LIFE

Necessary Life Functions

complexity of human body ~ maintains boundaries

movement

responds to environmental changes

take in and digest nutrients

carry out metabolism


MAINTAINING LIFE

Necessary Life Functions

complexity of human body ~ maintains boundaries cont.

dispose of waste

reproduce themselves

grow

organ systems work together


MAINTAINING LIFE

Maintaining Boundaries

insides stay with the insides

outsides stay with the outsides

every cell is surrounded by an external membrane that contains contents and allows needed substances in while generally preventing the entry of potentially demanding or unnecessary substances


MAINTAINING LIFE

Maintaining Boundaries

HOMEOSTASIS

every organ system plays a role in maintaining the consistency of the internal environment


MAINTAINING LIFE

Homeostasis Control Mechanisms

receptors ~ sensor that monitors and responds to changes in the environment

control center ~ receives information from receptors; determines the level at which a variable is to be maintained or responds to system

effector ~ provides means for control center’s response to the stimulus

negative feedback

positive feedback


MAINTAINING LIFE

Homeostasis Control Mechanisms

Homeostasis/Homeostatic Imbalance

body becomes less efficient with the following: age, injury, weight, poor


LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY

Anatomical Position ~ standing up, face forward, palms facing out (thumbs pointing away from body)

Identify the visible landmarks ~ part of body on external

anterior: meaning in front

posterior: meaning behind


LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY

Directional Terminology ~ where body structure is relation to another

superior: toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above

inferior: aka caudal; away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below


LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY

Directional Terminology

anterior (ventral): toward the front of the body; in front of

posterior (dorsal): toward the backside of the body; behind


LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY


medial: toward the midline of the body; on the inner side of

lateral: away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

intermediate: between a more medial and lateral structure


LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY


proximal: close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

distal: farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

superficial (external): toward or @ the body surface

deep (internal): away from the body surface, more internal


LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY

Body Planes and Sections ~ internal structures maybe assessed/evaluated using certain technologies (MRI, CT Scans, etc)

sections: are made through imaginary line called a plane

body broken down into 3D structure


LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY

Three types of planes or sections

sagittal section

frontal section

transverse section


LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY

Sagittal Section

cut made along a lengthwise plane that divides the body into right and left parts

if parts are equal in size it is called midsagittal or medium section


LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY

Frontal Section

a cut made along a lengthwise plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

also called coronal section


LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY

Transverse Section

a cut made along a horizontal plane dividing the body into superior and inferior parts

also called cross section


LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY

Body Cavities ~ two sets of different cavities that provide different degrees of protections to the organs

Dorsal Cavity = two subdivisions

cranial cavity: space inside the bony skull

spinal cavity: extends from the cranial cavity nearly to the end of the vertebral column


LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY

Body Cavities

Ventral Body Cavity = contains all the structures within the chest and abdomen, visceral organs in the region

thoracic cavity

mediastinum cavity

abdominopelvic cavity


LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY

Body Cavities

Ventral Body Cavity

Thoracic Cavity:

located in superior region

separated from the rest of the ventral cavity by a dome-shaped muscle, the DIAPHRAGM


LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY

Body Cavities

Ventral Body Cavity

Mediastinum Cavity:

found in the central region

separation of lungs into the right and left cavities

houses the heart, trachea, and other visceral organs


LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY

Body Cavities

Ventral Body Cavity

Abdominopelvic Cavity: can be subdivided, but no actual physical structure dividing the abdominopelvic cavity

superior abdominal cavity ~ contains the stomach, liver, intestines, and other organs

inferior pelvic cavity ~ includes the reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum


LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY

Body Cavities

Ventral Body Cavity

Abdominopelvic Cavity

right upper, left upper, right lower, left lower

9 regions:

umbilical region

epigastric region


LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY

Body Cavities

Ventral Body CavityAbdominopelvic Cavity

9 Regions cont.:

hypogastric region

right & left iliac region

right & left lumbar region

right & left hypochondriac


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ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY · PDF fileESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY The Human Body: An Orientation Thursday, August 22, 13