Chapter 22 Respiratory System Lecture 7 Marieb’s Human Anatomy and Physiology Marieb Hoehn

Chapter 22Respiratory System

Lecture 7

Marieb’s HumanAnatomy and

Physiology

Marieb Hoehn

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Lecture Overview

• Overview of respiration

• Functions of breathing

• Organs of the respiratory system– Nose, nasal cavity, sinuses– Pharynx– Larynx– Trachea– Bronchial tree– Lungs

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Respiratory System

• *pulmonary ventilation• *external respiration• transport• internal respiration• cellular respiration

Respiration (in the respiratory system) is the process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and body cells. It consists of the following events (in the order you should know):

We breathe: 1. To provide O2 for cellular respiration and 2. To rid our bodies of CO2 (waste gas)

Functions of the respiratory system

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Other Functions of the Respiratory System

• Speech and vocalization

• Provides scaffold for sense of smell

• Control of pH

• Helps produce angiotensin II

• Movement of blood and lymph

• Useful in urination, defecation, and childbirth

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Organs of the Respiratory SystemUpper respiratory tract – nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, and pharynx (larynx – some texts)

Lower respiratory tract – larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs

Conducting portion carries air; nose to the terminal bronchioles

Respiratory portion exchanges gases; respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

‘ynx’ pronounced like ‘inks’

Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010

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Location of Lungs

Apex

Base


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Upper Respiratory Tract

What types of epithelium would you expect to find? Why?

Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

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Anatomy of the Nasal RegionFigures from: Saladin, Anatomy & Physiology, McGraw Hill, 2007

The nose: 1) warms, 2) cleans, and 3) humidifies air

Please don’t do this!

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Paranasal Sinuses


Mucus membrane-lined, air-filled spaces in maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones that drain into the nasal cavity

Sinuses:

1. Reduce skull weight

2. Serve as resonating chambers

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Mucous in Respiratory Tract

Irritation of any sort greatly increases mucus production

The Mucus Escalator

Respiratory mucosa lines the conducting passageways and is responsible for filtering, warming, and humidifying air.

Cilia move mucus and trapped particles from the nasal cavity (>10 µm) to the pharynx, and lower respiratory tract (1-5 µm) to pharynx

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Larynx (Voice Box)

(Laryngeal prominence; Adam’s Apple)

Elastic cartilage

Hyaline cartilage

C4-C5

C6

Larynx

anterior

posterior


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Larynx


PosteriorProtective

Sound

Covered by folds of laryngeal epithelium that project into glottis

Vocal folds (cords)

Vestibular foldsInelastic

Elastic

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Vocal Folds (Cords)

Sound originates in vocal folds (cords) but is modified to create recognizable speech by:

- Pharynx- Mouth - Nasal cavity- Sinuses

Pitch of sound: diameter, length, and tension of vocal folds. Diameter and length are fixed; tension is controlled by voluntary muscles.

Closed

Open

Posterior

Posterior


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Movement of the Vocal Folds

Figures from: Saladin, Anatomy & Physiology, McGraw Hill, 2007

InhalationSpeech

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Trachea & Primary Bronchi

Figures from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

C-rings of cartilage: 16-20 incomplete rings completed posteriorly by trachealis muscle keep trachea open (patent)

(T5)

(T6)Anterior

Posterior

Note that the trachea is

anterior to the esophagus

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The Lungs


3 lobes 2 lobes

Note that the number of secondary bronchi = number of lung lobes

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Transverse Section of Lungs

Note that the pleural space is a ‘potential’ space and under a vacuum


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Bronchial TreeFigure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010

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Bronchial Tree

Trachea

Bronchi Alveolar structures BronchiolesPrimary

Secondary (lobar)

Tertiary (segmental)

Intralobular

Terminal

Respiratory

Alveolar ducts

Alveolar sacs

Alveoli

(Cartilage + sm

ooth muscle)

(Smooth muscl

e)

(No ca

rtilage,

few/no sm

ooth muscl

e)

Know this chart

Which parts here constitute the conducting portion of the respiratory tree?

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Bronchial Tree

Carina

Bronchi - Primary; w/ blood vessels - Secondary (lobar); two on left, three on right - Tertiary (segmental); supplies a broncho- pulmonary segment; 10 on right, 8 on left

Bronchioles - Intralobular; supply lobules, the basic unit of lung - Terminal; 50-80 per lobule - Respiratory; a few air sacs budding from theses Figure from: Martini,

Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

Bronchioles are to the respiratory system what arterioles are to the circulatory system Intralobular

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Lobules of the Lung


(Intralobular)

Terminal and respiratory bronchioles are lined with cuboidal epithelium, few cilia, and no goblet cells

The Lobule is the basic unit of structure and function in the lung

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Alveoli

Septal (Type II) cells produce surfactant to keep the walls of the alveoli from collapsing

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Review

• Respiration – The entire process of gas exchange between the

atmosphere and the body– Made up of five events

• We breathe– To take in O2

– To eliminate CO2

• Organs of the respiratory tract– Upper; nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx– Lower; larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs

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Review

• Functions of the nose/nasal cavity – Warm and humidify air– Trap particulate matter

• Sinuses– Mucous-lined, air filled cavities; communicate

with nasal cavity– Lighten skull and provide resonating chamber

• Pharynx– Back of mouth (throat)– Passage of food/air; aids in speech

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Review

• Respiration – The entire process of gas exchange between the

atmosphere and the body– Made up of five events

• We breathe– To take in O2

– To eliminate CO2

• Organs of the respiratory tract– Upper; nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx– Lower; larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs

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Review

• Functions of the nose/nasal cavity – Warm and humidify air– Trap particulate matter

• Sinuses– Mucous-lined, air filled cavities; communicate

with nasal cavity– Lighten skull and provide resonating chamber

• Pharynx– Back of mouth (throat)– Passage of food/air; aids in speech

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Review• Larynx (voice box)

– Cartilaginous structure– Passageway for air entering trachea– Keeps foreign objects out of trachea– Contains vocal cords (folds) for speech (to what

ligament does the arytenoid cartilage attach)

• Trachea– Air passage with cartilaginous rings; trachealis– Cartilage prevents collapse

• Bronchial Tree– Bronchi (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary)– Bronchioles (Intralobular, terminal, respiratory)– Alveolar structures (ducts, sacs, alveoli)

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Review• Bronchi

– Cartilage and smooth muscle– Primary; divisions of trachea; extrapulmonary– Secondary; lobar – 2 on left, 3 on right– Tertiary; segmental

• Bronchioles– Smooth muscle mainly– Intralobular; supply structural unit of lung (lobule)– Terminal; 50-80 per secondary lobule– Respiratory; have air sac budding off

• Alveolar structures– Neither smooth muscle nor cartilage– Ducts, sacs, alveoli– Highly vascular; site of gas exchange (O2, CO2)

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Bronchial Tree

Trachea

Bronchi Alveolar structures BronchiolesPrimary

Secondary (lobar)

Tertiary (segmental)

Intralobular

Terminal

Respiratory

Alveolar ducts

Alveolar sacs

Alveoli

(Cartilage + sm

ooth muscle)

(Smooth muscl

e)

(No ca

rtilage,

few/no sm

ooth muscl

e)

Which are conducting, which are respiratory?

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Review

• Lungs – Right and left separated by heart and mediastinum

– Surrounded by pleura separated by pleural cavity

– Hilum is area where respiratory tubes and blood vessels pass

– Left lung has two lobes (with cardiac notch)

– Right lung has three lobes

– Lobules• Formed by connective tissue division of lobes

• Basic structural and functional units of lung

• Contain terminal bronchioles, alveolar structures, nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics

Documents

Chapter 22 Respiratory System Lecture 7 Marieb’s Human Anatomy and Physiology Marieb Hoehn