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Era of Social Change

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1960s-Latinos and Native Americans fight for equality Latino population (Americans of Latin American decent) grew from 3 to 9 million Very diverse group from 7 different areas-Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Central America and South America United Farm Workers Organizing Committee-Cesar Chavez; boycotted grape growers association; gained high wages and other benefits American Indian Movement (AIM) 1968-succeeded in getting two important Congressional bills passed improving Native American self- determination. In 1970s and 1980s, AIM won settlements legally recognizing tribal lands as well as receiving monetary compensation

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1960s-Womens Liberation Movement 1950-34% women working for wages; 1960-40% wage earners womensjobs vs. mens jobs; womens jobs paid less and women working in a mans job paid less; few women promoted to management Fueled by Feminine Mystique written by Betty Friedan; how could women be fulfilled Feminism-belief that women should have economic, political, and social equality with men

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NOW and ERA 1966-National Organization for Women created to pursue equal employment opportunities 1971-National Womens political caucus founded by Gloria Steinem (feminist journalist and political activist) encouraging women to seek political office 1973-Roe vs. Wade; Supreme Court ruled women have a right to seek an abortion in first three months of life 1972-Equal Rights Amendment allowing men and women to enjoy same rights under constitution; needed to be ratified by 38 states; failed New Right emerges-pro-family movement opposing ERA and Roe vs. Wade; rise of social conservatism;feared drafting of women, end of laws protecting homemakers, husbands responsibility to support his wife and children, same-sex marriage

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Legacy of the Womans Movement Transforming womens traditional roles and attitudes toward career and family Expanding career opportunities for women; the pink ceiling has been broken By 1983-13.5% held elected state house offices; 24 seats in U.S. Congress *Female graduates in 1965: 70% said they would stay home with their preschoolers; the class of 1972, only 7% said they would stop working to raise children. (is this a change we can be proud of?) 58,000 abortions?

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Counterculture of 1960s White, middle-class college students disillusioned with the Vietnamese war and injustices in U.S. turning their backs on traditional American culture Influenced by the beatnik generation Tune in, Turn on, Drop Out-Timothy Leary, Harvard professor and counterculture philosopher, encouraged use of drugs, especially LSD for self-awareness Many hippies turned to Zen Buddhism, could be enlightened through meditation Haight-Asbury,San Francisco, California center of hippie movement

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The New Left Youth Movement of the 1960s demanding sweeping changes in American society 1960-SDS (Students for a Democratic Society) founded by Tom Hayden believed large corporations and large government institutions had taken over American; called for greater freedom and return to participatory democracy 1964-Free Speech Movement- clash between students and administrators over free speech on campus

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Campus Activism Expands Students protested over dress codes, curfews,dormitory regulations, and ROTC programs 1966-Johnson administration changed college deferments; had to be a student in good academic standing to keep deferment; SDS chapters mushroomed around country by 1969; open counseling for some to flee to Canada Many returning Vietnam vets joined the anti-war movement New York Central Park-500,000 protestors Hell no, we wont go; burned draft cards Washingtons Lincoln Memorial-75,000 protestors moved to Pentagon, stormed steps of Pentagon. 1,500 protestors injured, 700 arrested 4,000 draft resisters imprisoned; 10,000 Americans fled, many to Canada

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Tumultuous Year-1968 TET Offensive changes minds about the war Before Tet: doves 28%, hawks-56% After Tet: doves 40% ; hawks-40% Respected American journalist- Walter Cronkite, more certain than ever that the bloody experience of Vietnam is to end in a stalemate. March 31, 1968, LBJ announced, I will not seek re-election and I will not accept the nomination of my party for another term as your president.

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Spring-1968: Days of loss and rage April 4 th - Martin Luther King assassinated; violence ripped through 100 cities as followers of King burned buildings and destroyed neighborhoods June 5 th -Robert Kennedy assassinated while campaigning for Democratic presidential slot Student protests on more than 100 campuses involving almost 40,000 students August 28 th -Democratic National Convention in Chicago-Tom Hayden and others led an anti-war protest ending in violence

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Election of 1968-Nixon Triumphs Platform: Restore law and order End the war in Vietnam

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May 4, 1970 Kent State Shootings Nixons invasion of Cambodia spurred student protestors to call a general strike 1.5 million students closed down 1,200 campuses around the country At Kent State, student protestors on campus burned down ROTC building Local mayor called in National Guard National guard fired into a crowd of students throwing rocks and bottles at them 4 students (innocent bystanders) killed, 9 wounded May 14 th -Jackson State, Ms., 2 killed (innocent bystanders) and 12 wounded by National Guardsmen. June, 1971-Pentagon Papers-released by Defense Secretary Robert McNamara, revealed that President Johnson was preparing for war even when talking peace during the 1964 election-citizens could not trust what their government was telling them!!

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Decline of Movement Short-lived but left its mark on social attitudes and art Pop art-Andy Warhol The Beatles-propelled rock music into mainstream American music August, 1969, Woodstock Music and Art Fair Janis Joplin, Jimi Hendrix, the Grateful Dead, Jefferson Airplane, Joan Baez, Joe Crocker Do your own thing philosophy of the counterculture was viewed by some as liberating, by others as uncivilized: a sign of moral decay

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Conservative Backlash Richard Nixon believed the country was losing its sense of right and wrong. FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover issued a warning that revolutionary terrorism was a threat on campuses and in the cities Psychiatrist Bruno Bettelheim: student rebels and counterculture members pampered as children and, as adults, demanded immediate gratification; could not delay satisfaction of their desires Conservatives: Counterculture had abandoned rational thought in favor of the senses and unabandoned self-expression