1960s-Latinos and Native Americans fight for equality Latino
population (Americans of Latin American decent) grew from 3 to 9
million Very diverse group from 7 different areas-Mexico, Puerto
Rico, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Central America and South America
United Farm Workers Organizing Committee-Cesar Chavez; boycotted
grape growers association; gained high wages and other benefits
American Indian Movement (AIM) 1968-succeeded in getting two
important Congressional bills passed improving Native American
self- determination. In 1970s and 1980s, AIM won settlements
legally recognizing tribal lands as well as receiving monetary
compensation
Slide 3
1960s-Womens Liberation Movement 1950-34% women working for
wages; 1960-40% wage earners womensjobs vs. mens jobs; womens jobs
paid less and women working in a mans job paid less; few women
promoted to management Fueled by Feminine Mystique written by Betty
Friedan; how could women be fulfilled Feminism-belief that women
should have economic, political, and social equality with men
Slide 4
NOW and ERA 1966-National Organization for Women created to
pursue equal employment opportunities 1971-National Womens
political caucus founded by Gloria Steinem (feminist journalist and
political activist) encouraging women to seek political office
1973-Roe vs. Wade; Supreme Court ruled women have a right to seek
an abortion in first three months of life 1972-Equal Rights
Amendment allowing men and women to enjoy same rights under
constitution; needed to be ratified by 38 states; failed New Right
emerges-pro-family movement opposing ERA and Roe vs. Wade; rise of
social conservatism;feared drafting of women, end of laws
protecting homemakers, husbands responsibility to support his wife
and children, same-sex marriage
Slide 5
Legacy of the Womans Movement Transforming womens traditional
roles and attitudes toward career and family Expanding career
opportunities for women; the pink ceiling has been broken By
1983-13.5% held elected state house offices; 24 seats in U.S.
Congress *Female graduates in 1965: 70% said they would stay home
with their preschoolers; the class of 1972, only 7% said they would
stop working to raise children. (is this a change we can be proud
of?) 58,000 abortions?
Slide 6
Counterculture of 1960s White, middle-class college students
disillusioned with the Vietnamese war and injustices in U.S.
turning their backs on traditional American culture Influenced by
the beatnik generation Tune in, Turn on, Drop Out-Timothy Leary,
Harvard professor and counterculture philosopher, encouraged use of
drugs, especially LSD for self-awareness Many hippies turned to Zen
Buddhism, could be enlightened through meditation Haight-Asbury,San
Francisco, California center of hippie movement
Slide 7
The New Left Youth Movement of the 1960s demanding sweeping
changes in American society 1960-SDS (Students for a Democratic
Society) founded by Tom Hayden believed large corporations and
large government institutions had taken over American; called for
greater freedom and return to participatory democracy 1964-Free
Speech Movement- clash between students and administrators over
free speech on campus
Slide 8
Campus Activism Expands Students protested over dress codes,
curfews,dormitory regulations, and ROTC programs 1966-Johnson
administration changed college deferments; had to be a student in
good academic standing to keep deferment; SDS chapters mushroomed
around country by 1969; open counseling for some to flee to Canada
Many returning Vietnam vets joined the anti-war movement New York
Central Park-500,000 protestors Hell no, we wont go; burned draft
cards Washingtons Lincoln Memorial-75,000 protestors moved to
Pentagon, stormed steps of Pentagon. 1,500 protestors injured, 700
arrested 4,000 draft resisters imprisoned; 10,000 Americans fled,
many to Canada
Slide 9
Tumultuous Year-1968 TET Offensive changes minds about the war
Before Tet: doves 28%, hawks-56% After Tet: doves 40% ; hawks-40%
Respected American journalist- Walter Cronkite, more certain than
ever that the bloody experience of Vietnam is to end in a
stalemate. March 31, 1968, LBJ announced, I will not seek
re-election and I will not accept the nomination of my party for
another term as your president.
Slide 10
Spring-1968: Days of loss and rage April 4 th - Martin Luther
King assassinated; violence ripped through 100 cities as followers
of King burned buildings and destroyed neighborhoods June 5 th
-Robert Kennedy assassinated while campaigning for Democratic
presidential slot Student protests on more than 100 campuses
involving almost 40,000 students August 28 th -Democratic National
Convention in Chicago-Tom Hayden and others led an anti-war protest
ending in violence
Slide 11
Slide 12
Election of 1968-Nixon Triumphs Platform: Restore law and order
End the war in Vietnam
Slide 13
May 4, 1970 Kent State Shootings Nixons invasion of Cambodia
spurred student protestors to call a general strike 1.5 million
students closed down 1,200 campuses around the country At Kent
State, student protestors on campus burned down ROTC building Local
mayor called in National Guard National guard fired into a crowd of
students throwing rocks and bottles at them 4 students (innocent
bystanders) killed, 9 wounded May 14 th -Jackson State, Ms., 2
killed (innocent bystanders) and 12 wounded by National Guardsmen.
June, 1971-Pentagon Papers-released by Defense Secretary Robert
McNamara, revealed that President Johnson was preparing for war
even when talking peace during the 1964 election-citizens could not
trust what their government was telling them!!
Slide 14
Decline of Movement Short-lived but left its mark on social
attitudes and art Pop art-Andy Warhol The Beatles-propelled rock
music into mainstream American music August, 1969, Woodstock Music
and Art Fair Janis Joplin, Jimi Hendrix, the Grateful Dead,
Jefferson Airplane, Joan Baez, Joe Crocker Do your own thing
philosophy of the counterculture was viewed by some as liberating,
by others as uncivilized: a sign of moral decay
Slide 15
Conservative Backlash Richard Nixon believed the country was
losing its sense of right and wrong. FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover
issued a warning that revolutionary terrorism was a threat on
campuses and in the cities Psychiatrist Bruno Bettelheim: student
rebels and counterculture members pampered as children and, as
adults, demanded immediate gratification; could not delay
satisfaction of their desires Conservatives: Counterculture had
abandoned rational thought in favor of the senses and unabandoned
self-expression