Environmental paradoxes of the new EEDI regulations for Ro-Ro ships leading to bad design of Ro-Ro ships 23. November 2015 – Skibsteknisk Selskab PASSENGER

Environmental paradoxes of the new EEDI regulations for Ro-Ro ships

leading to bad design of Ro-Ro ships

23. November 2015 – Skibsteknisk SelskabPASSENGER SHIPS – now and in the future

Presented by:Hans Otto KristensenHead of Maritime DTU([email protected])

2 Technical University of Denmark

Content of the presentation

• Fundamentals of the EEDI calculation procedure for Ro-Ro ships (rules and regulations)

• Technical fundamentals of Ro-Ro passenger ships • Calculation example of a 1600 passenger Ro-Pax ship

• Calculation example of a 400 passenger Ro-Pax ship

• Summary of example calculations

• Conclusions


The EEDI formulas (excl. equations for alternative propulsion means such as wind, solar power etc.)

MEPC 245(66) – 4. April 2014

For Ro-Ro cargo ships and Ro-Ro passenger ships:

Capacity is the maximum permissible deadweight

For passenger ships and cruise passenger ships:

Capacity is the Gross Tonnage (GT) in accordance with the internatinal Convention of Tonnage Measurement of Ships 1969, Annex 1, Reg. 3


EEDI according to MARPOL Annex 6, Reg. 21

Attained EEDI <= Required EEDI x (1 – R)

Required EEDI:

Ro-Ro passenger ships: 752.16 x DWT-0.351

Ro-Ro cargo ships: 1405.15 x DWT-0.498

DWT is the maximum permissible deadweight at summer load draught

R depends on the keel laying date


Reduction factor R in percent for Ro-Ro shipsEEDI = (1 – R/100) ∙ EEDI baseline value

Ship type Deadweight

Phase 0

1. Jan. 2013

31. Dec. 2014

Phase 1

1. Jan. 2015

31. Dec. 2019

Phase 2

1 Jan. 2020

31. Dec. 2024

Phase 3

1 Jan. 2025

Ro-Ro

passenger

>1000 tons n/a 5 20 30

250 – 1000 tons n/a 0 – 5 0 – 20 0 – 30

Ro-Ro

cargo

>2000 tons n/a 5 30 30

1000 – 2000 tons n/a 0 – 5 0 – 20 0 – 30


EEDI requirements for Ro-Pax ships

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000

Deadweight (t)

EE

DI

(g/t

/nm

)

EEDI baseline = 752.16 x DWT^(-0.381)

1. September 2015

1. January 2020

1. January 2025


Ro-Pax ships Design service speed versus EEDI ref. speed

Ro-Pax ship with 1600 pass.Design condition: 15 % resistance

margin and 90 % MCR loading

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

10 12 14 16 18 20 22

Design speed (knots)

EE

DI r

efe

ren

ce

sp

ee

d (

kn

ots

)


Auxiliary power for Ro-Ro cargo ships according to MEPC 245(66)

Main engine power (PME) less than 10000 kW:

PAE = 0.05 x PME

Main engine power (PME) more than 10000 kW:

PAE = 250 + 0.025 x PME

Reg. 2.5.6.4:

For ships where the PAE value calculated by the above mentioned formulas is significantly different from the total power used at normal seagoing condition, the PAE value should be estimated by the consumed electric power (excluding propulsion) in conditions when the ship is engaged in a voyage at reference speed.


Auxiliary power for Ro-Ro pass. ships for ref. line calculations according to MEPC 65/22 Annex 14, p. 3

Aux. power at sea = 0.35 x installed aux. powerAuxiliary power at sea = 0.866 x GT0.732

Installed aux. power according to ShipPax database (2012)

y = 2.4729x0.732

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000

Gross tonnage (GT)

To

tal

aux.

po

wer

(kW

)

ShipPax aux- power data

1600 pass. Ro-Pax acc. to EEDI regulations

400 pass. Ro-Pax acc. to EEDI regulations

Aux. power for ref.line calculations (MEPC 65)

Potens (ShipPax aux- power data)


Auxiliary power for Ro-Ro cargo ships according to MEPC 245(66)

1600 pers. Ro-Pax ship

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

10 12 14 16 18 20 22


Au

xili

ary

po

we

r in

pc

t. o

f m

ain

e

ng

ine

po

we

r


fj correction factor for Ro-Ro ships

MEPC .245(66) – Annex 5 – Reg. 2.8.3


fc correction factor for Ro-Ro ships

MEPC .245(66) – Annex 5 – Reg. 2.12.3


EEDI fj and fc correction factors for Ro-Pax

Ro-Pax ship (1600 passengers)

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

10 12 14 16 18 20 22Design speed (knots)

EE

DI

corr

ecti

on

fac

tors

fj

and

fc

fj Ro-Ro pass.

fc Ro-Ropass.


Low and high cargo density Ro-pax ships(Deadweight per passenger)

Ro-Ro passenger shipsDw/pass. = 849 pass.-0.689

Dw/pass. = 62.4 pass.-0.448

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200

Passengers

Dea

dw

eig

hp

t p

er p

asse

ng

er (

t/p

ass.

)

Ships with low cargo density

Ships with high cargo density

Ro-Pax limit (1.5 LM and 6 t dw per passenger)

Potens (Ships with high cargo density)

Potens (Ships with low cargo density)


Low and high cargo density Ro-pax ships(Lanemeter per passenger)

Ro-Ro passenger ships

LM = 72.9 pass.-0.505

LM = 37.5 pass.-0.551

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200

Passengers

Lan

emet

er p

er p

asse

ng

er (

m/p

ass.

)



Cargo limit line (1.5 LM and 6 t dw per passenger)




Low and high cargo density Ro-pax ships(Lpp as function of passenger capacity)


Lpp = 81.4 pass.0.113

Lpp = 22.5 pass.0.255

0

40

80

120

160

200

240

0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200

Passengers

Len

gth

pp

(m

)



DFDS ships with low cargo density

DFDS ships with high cargo density




Typical low cargo density Ro-pax ship(Pearl Seaways)


Typical high cargo density Ro-pax ship(Regina Seaways)


Ro-Pax ships Empirical calculation of gross tonnage GT


GT/displ. = 0.0000156 displ. + 1.16

GT/displ. = 0.0000352 displ. + 1.14

1.0

1.4

1.8

2.2

2.6

3.0

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000

Displacement (t)

GT

/t d

isp

lace

men

t



Lineær (Ships with high cargo density)

Lineær (Ships with low cargo density)


Ro-Pax ships Empirical calculation of gross tonnage GT


0

8000

16000

24000

32000

40000

48000

56000

64000

0 8000 16000 24000 32000 40000 48000 56000

Real gross tonnage (GT)

Cal

cula

ted

GT


EXAMPLE No. 11600 passenger Ro-Pax ship with low cargo capacity

Main dimensionsCapacity 1600 pass.Length between pp 147.65 mBreadth 24.63 mMaximum draught 5.89 mDepth to upper deck 14.32 mLength of Ro-Ro lanes 1197 mNumber of passenger cars 420Number of berths 766 (48 % of pass.)Normal deadweight 4160 tons (3.5 t/lm)Lightship weight 9172 tonsNormal displacement 13332 tonsBlock coefficient based on Lpp 0.607Gross tonnage 21455 GTNormal service speed 21.5 knotsEngine power (MCR) 18910 kWService speed obtained at 90 % MCR incl. 15 % sea margin

Main dimensions are calculated by the generic model SHIP-DESMO-RoPax developed by Hans Otto Kristensen (HOK Marineconsult ApS) as contractual work for DTU Transport


Ro-Pax ship with 1600 passengersFull deadweight

Ro-Pax ship - 1600 pass.4160 ton deadweight

Payload: 2.1 t/lanemeter

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

10 12 14 16 18 20 22


EE

DI

(g/t

/nm

)

0

50

100

150

200

250

(g/t

pay

load

/nm

)

Actual EEDI valueEEDI base line - 2013EDDI requirement in 2015EEDI requirement in 2020EEDI requirement in 2025CO2 per ton payload per nm


Ro-Pax ship with 1600 passengersFull deadweight – Auxiliary power based on GT

Ro-Pax ship - 1600 pass.4160 t deadweight

Aux. power based on GT

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

10 12 14 16 18 20 22


EE

DI (

g/t

/nm

)

-20

10

40

70

100

130

160

190

220

250

(g/t

pa

ylo

ad

/nm

)



Ro-Pax ship with 1600 passengersEEDI as function of deadweight

Ro-Pax ships

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000 4400

Deadweight (t)

EE

DI

(g/t

/nm

)

EEDI required in 2015



EEDI baseline with 3 different different deadweights


Ro-Pax ship with 1600 passengers

Ro-Pax ship (1600 pass.)

0

4000

8000

12000

16000

20000

10 12 14 16 18 20 22Speed (knots)

Pro

pu

lsio

n p

ow

er

(kW

)

Normal deadweight 4160 tons

25 % deadweight reduction (3120 t dw)



Ro-Pax ship with 1600 passengers 25 % dw reduction



0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40


EE

DI

(g/t

/nm

)

0

40

80

120

160

200

240

280

(g/t

pay

load

/nm

)

Actual EEDI value

EEDI base line - 2013

EDDI requirement in 2015

EEDI requirement in 2020


CO2 per ton payload per nm


Ro-Pax ship with 1600 passengers 50% dw reduction



0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45


EE

DI

(g/t

/nm

)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

(g/t

pay

load

/nm

)

Actual EEDI value







Ro-Pax ship with 1600 passengers EEDI values at different design speeds and deadweight

Ro-Pax ship - 1600 pass.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35


EE

DI

(g/t

/nm

)

EEDI value at 4160 t deadweight




Ro-Pax ship with 1600 passengers Speed exponent, N, as function of speed and block coefficient, Cb

Ro-Pax ship 1600 passengers

Power = constant x speedN

EEDI = constant x speedN-3.5

0

1

2

3

4

5

6


Po

wer

exp

on

ent,

N

N = 3.5

4160 t deadweight (Cb = 0.61)




Ro-Pax ship with 1600 passengers CO2 per ton payload per nm at

different design speeds and deadweight


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350


CO

2 p

er t

pay

load

per

nm

(g

/t/n

m) 4160 t deadeweight

3120 t deadweight

2060 t deadweight


Ro-Pax ship with 1600 passengers Variation of gross tonnage

Ro-Pax ship - 1600 pass.Low cargo density4160 t deadweight

Change of gross tonnage

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

12 14 16 18 20 22Design speed (knots)

EE

DI

(g/t

/nm

)

EEDI value at normal GT

EEDI value at 20 % increase of GT

EEDI value at 20 % decrease of GT

EEDI base line 2013

EEDI requrement in 2015




Ro-Pax ship with 1600 passengers Variation of gross tonnage and light weight

Ro-Pax ship - 1600 pass. Low cargo density4160 t deadweight. Change of gross tonnage and lightweight

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35


EE

DI

(g/t

/nm

)


EEDI value at 20 % increase of GT and 10 % lightweight increase

EEDI value at 20 % decrease of GT and 10 % lightweight reduction

EEDI base line 2013






Ro-Pax ship - 1600 pass. Low cargo density4160 t deadweight. Change of gross tonnage and lightweight

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40


EE

DI

(g/t

/nm

)


EEDI value at 20 % increase of GT and 20 % lightweight increase

EEDI value at 20 % decrease of GT and 20 % lightweight reduction

EEDI base line 2013






Ro-Pax ship - 1600 pass.Low cargo density. 4160 t deadweight

Change of GT and lightweight

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350


CO

2 p

er t

pay

load

per

nm

(g

/t/n

m)

Original deadweight

20 % GT increase and 20 % lightweight increase

20 % GT reduction and 20 % lightweight reduction



Ro-Pax ship 2000 passengersLow cargo density. 4160 t deadweight

GT and lightweight change



0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8


Po

wer

exp

on

ent,

N

Original deadweight

20 % GT increase and 20 % lightweight increase

20 % GT reduction and 20 % lightweight reduction


Ro-Pax ship with 1600 passengersFull deadweight – DUAL FUEL main engine


Payload: 2.1 t/lanemeterDUAL FUEL MAIN ENGINE

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

10 12 14 16 18 20 22


EE

DI

(g/t

/nm

)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

(g/t

pay

load

/nm

)



Ro-Pax ship with 1600 passengersChange of length

Ro-Pax ship (1600 pass.)4160 tons deadweight

Change of length

0

4000

8000

12000

16000

20000

10 12 14 16 18 20 22Speed (knots)

Pro

pu

lsio

n p

ow

er

(kW

)

Normal Lpp = 147.65 m

10 % length increase





0

50

100

150

200

250


CO

2 p

er t

pay

load

per

nm

(g

/t/n

m) Original Lpp = 147.65 m





Ro-Pax ship1600 pass.4160 DWT

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35


EE

DI

(g/t

/nm

)

EEDI value at normal length

EEDI value at 10 % length increaseEEDI value at 20 % length increase

EEDI base line 2013


EEDI requirement in 2020EEDI requirement in 2025






0

1

2

3

4

5

6


Po

wer

exp

on

ent,

N

N = 3.5

Original length = 147.65 m




Ro-Pax ship with 1600 passengersChange of draught

Ro-Pax ship (1600 pass.)4160 tons deadweight

Change of draught

0

4000

8000

12000

16000

20000

10 12 14 16 18 20 22Speed (knots)

Pro

pu

lsio

n p

ow

er

(kW

)

Normal draught = 5.89 m

5 % draught increase





0

40

80

120

160

200

240


CO

2 p

er t

pay

load

per

nm

(g

/t/n

m)

Original draught = 5.89 m





Ro-Pax ship1600 pass.4160 DWT

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35


EE

DI

(g/t

/nm

)

EEDI value at normal draughtEEDI value at 5 % draught increaseEEDI value at 10 % draught increaseEEDI base line 2013EEDI requirement in 2015EEDI requirement in 2020EEDI requirement in 2025


EXAMPLE No. 2400 passenger Ro-Pax ship with high cargo capacity

Main dimensionsCapacity 400 pass.Length between pp 160.20 mBreadth 24.97 mMaximum draught 6.07 mDepth to upper deck 14.95 mLength of Ro-Ro lanes 1530 mNumber of passenger cars 254Number of berths 257 (64 % of pass.)Normal deadweight 5681 tons (3.7 t/lm)Lightship weight 10530 tonsNormal displacement 16211 tonsBlock coefficient based on Lpp 0.651Gross tonnage 22905 GTNormal service speed 21.3 knotsEngine power (MCR) 20287 kWService speed obtained at 90 % MCR incl. 15 % sea margin

Main dimensions are calculated by the generic model SHIP-DESMO-RoPax developed by Hans Otto Kristensen (HOK Marineconsult ApS) as contractual work for DTU Transport


Ro-Pax ship with 400 passengersFull deadweight



0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

10 12 14 16 18 20 22


EE

DI

(g/t

/nm

)

0

30

60

90

120

150

180

(g/t

pay

load

/nm

)

Actual EEDI value







Ro-Pax ship with 400 passengersEEDI as function of deadweight

Ro-Pax ships

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

2800 3300 3800 4300 4800 5300 5800

Deadweight (t)

EE

DI

(g/t

/nm

)

EEDI baseline with 3 different deadweights





Ro-Pax ship with 400 passengers

Ro-Pax ship (400 pass.)

0

4000

8000

12000

16000

20000

24000

10 12 14 16 18 20 22Speed (knots)

Pro

pu

lsio

n p

ow

er

(kW

) Normal deadweight 5681 tons




Ro-Pax ship with 400 passengers25 % deadweight reduction



0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35


EE

DI

(g/t

/nm

)

0

40

80

120

160

200

(g/t

pay

load

/nm

)

Actual EEDI value







Ro-Pax ship with 400 passengers50 % deadweight reduction



0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40


EE

DI

(g/t

/nm

)

0

50

100

150

200

250

(g/t

pay

load

/nm

)

Actual EEDI value







Ro-Pax ship with 400 passengers EEDI values at different design speeds and deadweight

Ro-Pax ship - 400 passengers

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35


EE

DI

(g/t

/nm

)





Ro-Pax ship with 400 passengers Speed exponent, N, as function of speed and block coefficient, Cb




0

1

2

3

4

5

6

10 12 14 16 18 20 22


Po

wer

exp

on

ent,

N




N = 3.5


Ro-Pax ship with 400 passengers CO2 per t payload per nm at different

design speeds and deadweight


0

50

100

150

200

250


CO

2 p

er t

pay

load

per

nm

(g

/t/n

m) 5681 t deadeweight

4261 t deadweight

2840 t deadweight


Quantitative conclusion/summaryfor Ro-Pax ships

The overall results of the two examples with different deadweight presented are shown in following table. The ship design consequences of the choice to reduce the deadweight for the actual ships to improve the EEDI fulfilment are also shown – unfortunately showing that the deadweight for the rolling cargo is seriously degraded

Passengers Lanemeter DW PayloadNumber of

carsPayload/LM

Permissible weight per

car

Permissible weight for a 14 m truck

EEDI at 21 knots

EEDI baseline

Margin to baseline

EEDI fullfilment

CO2 per ton

payload per nm at 21 knots

m tons tons tons/m tons tons g/t/nm g/t/nm % g/t/nm

400 1530 5681 3693 254 2.41 14.4 34 29.85 27.92 -6.9 NO 143

400 1530 4261 2769 254 1.81 10.7 25 28.44 31.15 8.7 2015 160

400 1530 2840 1846 254 1.21 7.1 17 29.43 36.36 19.1 2015 212

1600 1197 4160 2496 420 2.09 5.6 29 28.45 31.44 9.5 2015 186

1600 1197 3120 1875 420 1.57 4.1 22 27.80 35.08 20.7 2020 213

1600 1197 2080 1248 420 1.04 2.6 15 28.89 40.94 29.4 2020 288


Conclusions for Ro-Pax ships

With the present formulation of the EEDI calculation procedure for Ro-Ro passenger ships (IMO Res. MEPC 245(66) – Annex 5), following conclusions can be drawn:

• The calculated EEDI value does not reflect the real environmental performance of a Ro-Ro passenger ship

• Reduction of the design speed increases the EEDI value, although the CO2 emissions per ton payload per nautical mile are reduced by lowering the speed

• Slow steaming for Ro-Ro passenger ships is an environmental option for reduction of the carbon foot print, but not legally when judged from a purely EEDI point of view

• Reduction of the deadweight is a way to reduce the EEDI value according to the present rules, such that the future requirements can be met, however resulting in poor ship designs with too small deadweight as a consequence such that only person cars and light cargo vans can be transported, but NO lorries

• The EEDI formulas are fundamentally wrong and ship designers are not able to design efficient, environmentally friendly and future orientated ships for the Ro-Ro sector

• DUAL FUEL is a possible solution for meeting the strict EEDI requirements


EXAMPLE No. 32000 lanemeter Ro-Ro cargo ship

Main dimensionsCapacity 2000 lanemterLength between pp 150.45 mBreadth 23.62 mMaximum draught 6.41 mDepth to upper deck 14.86 mNormal deadweight 8064 tons (4.0 t/lm)Lightship weight 6979 tonsNormal displacement 15043 tonsBlock coefficient based on Lpp 0.644Normal service speed 18.8 knotsEngine power (MCR) 10966 kWService speed obtained at 90 % MCR incl. 15 % sea margin

Main dimensions and engine power are calculated by the generic model SHIP-DESMO-RoPax developed by Hans Otto Kristensen (HOK Marineconsult ApS) as contractual work for DTU Transport


2000 lanemeter Ro-Ro cargo shipDeadweight density: 3.0 t/lanemeter

2000 LM Ro-Ro cargo ship3.0 t dw/lanemeter. Cb = 0.632

0

3

6

9

12

15

18

21


EE

DI

(g/t

/nm

)

0

25

50

75

100

125

CO

2 p

er t

pay

load

per

n

m (

g/m

/nm

)

Attained EEDIEEDI base line 2013EEDI requirement 2015EEDI requirement 2020EEDI requirement 2025CO2 emissions per ton payload per nm




0

3

6

9

12

15

18

21

10 12 14 16 18 20 22


EE

DI

(g/t

/nm

)

0

25

50

75

100

125

CO

2 p

er t

pay

load

per

n

m (

g/t

/nm

)





0

3

6

9

12

15

18

21

10 12 14 16 18 20 22


EE

DI

(g/t

/nm

)

0

20

40

60

80

100

CO

2 p

er t

pay

load

per

n

m (

g/t

/nm

)





0

3

6

9

12

15

18

21

10 12 14 16 18 20 22


EE

DI

(g/t

/nm

)

0

20

40

60

80

100

CO

2 p

er t

pay

load

per

n

m (

g/t

/nm

)



2000 lanemeter Ro-Ro cargo ship

2000 LM Ro-Ro-cargo ships

0

4

8

12

16

20

24

10 12 14 16 18 20 22


EE

DI

(g/t

/nm

)

EEDI for 6064 dwt

EEDI for 8064 dwt

EEDI for 12064 dwt

EEDI baseline for 6064 dwt

EEDI base line for 8064 dwt

EEDI base line for 12064 dwt



2000 LM Ro-Ro cargo ship

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

12 14 16 18 20 22

Speed (knots)

CO

2 em

issi

on

s p

er t

pay

load

per

nm

(g/t

/nm

)

6064 dwt

8064 dwt

12064 dwt



2000 LM Ro-Ro cargo ship

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

12 14 16 18 20 22Speed (knots)

Pro

pu

lsio

n p

ow

er (

kW) 3 t deadweight per lanemeter (Cb= 0.632)

4 t deadweight per lanemeter (Cb = 0.644)

6 t deadweight per lanemeter (Cb = 0.656)


Thank you for your attentionQUESTIONS ?

Documents

Environmental paradoxes of the new EEDI regulations for Ro-Ro ships leading to bad design of Ro-Ro ships 23. November 2015 – Skibsteknisk Selskab PASSENGER