Environmental ControlsEnvironmental Controls

Lecture 5Lecture 5Electrical Power ManagementElectrical Power Management

Utility Rate StructuresUtility Rate Structures

Lecture 5Lecture 5Electrical Power ManagementElectrical Power Management

Utility Rate StructuresUtility Rate Structures

Environmental ControlsEnvironmental Controls

Electrical Power ManagementElectrical Power ManagementElectrical Power ManagementElectrical Power Management

““Facts of Life”Facts of Life”Utilities are licensed to provide sufficient capacity to maintain expected demands

New power plants are expensive to license and construct

Nuclear Hydroelectric Natural Gas Oil Coal

All pose safety concerns to humans or the environment

Sources of Electrical PowerSources of Electrical Power

http://www.eia.doe.gov/neic/infosheets/electricgeneration.htm

Coal 51

Nuclear 20

Natural Gas 17

Water 7

Petroleum 3

Other 2

Total 100%

Future Sources of Electrical Future Sources of Electrical PowerPower

http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/index.html

Coal 38

Nuclear 15

Natural Gas 23

Water --

Petroleum 6

Other 18

Total 100%

Emerging Emerging Technologies/StrategiesTechnologies/Strategies

Supply Side Management Wind Photovoltaics Tidal Biomass: “Waste to Energy”

Demand Side Management Conservation vs New Construction

Design Practice Initiatives Design Certifications Stewardship of the Built Environment

Supply Side ManagementSupply Side ManagementWind

Supply Side Supply Side ManagementManagementPhotovoltaics

Supply Side ManagementSupply Side Management

Biomass: “Waste to Energy”

http://www.co.hennepin.mn.us/vgn/portal/internet/hcdetailmaster/0,2300,1273_83267_100490584,00.html

Supply Side Supply Side ManagementManagementTidal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy

Demand Side ManagementDemand Side Management

Conservation instead of New Construction

www.rockymountainpower.net/save

Demand Side ManagementDemand Side ManagementConsumption Control:

More efficient lampsMore efficient motorsMore efficient appliancesControls (occupancy sensors, etc.)

Demand Side ManagementDemand Side ManagementDemand Control:

Manual (timers, management)Automated (EMS, BAS, PC)

Loads:SheddableNon-sheddable

S: F.25.13 p.1157

Utility Incentives: Time of Day Rates: load shifting Demand Reduction Rebates: demand limiting Equipment Rebates: consumption reduction Contract Renegotiation: cost reduction

Demand Side ManagementDemand Side Management

UM Hospital, Ann Arbor MIAKA Associates, 1988

Industry Incentives: Partnering Energy Codes Tax Credits “Green Lights” program

Demand Side ManagementDemand Side Management

UM Hospital, Ann Arbor MIAKA Associates, 1988

Design Certifications: LEED Energy Star Green Globes

Design Practice InitiativesDesign Practice Initiatives

Phillip Merrill Environmental Center, Annapolis MDSmithGroup, 2000

Stewardship of the Built Environment=Historic Preservation + Sustainability

Conserves resources Reduces material streams Revitalizes neighborhoods Maintains “sense of place” Increases livability

Design Practice InitiativesDesign Practice Initiatives

Big-D Construction Headquarters, Salt Lake City, UTGSBS, 2005

1st LEED “GOLD” building in Utah

Environmental ControlsEnvironmental Controls

Utility Rate StructuresUtility Rate StructuresUtility Rate StructuresUtility Rate Structures

Utility Rate StructuresUtility Rate StructuresBilling Components

Connection Charge Consumption Demand Power Factor

S: F.25.13 p. 1157

Utility Rate StructuresUtility Rate StructuresBlock Rate

$X1 for first Y1 kwh

$X2 for next Y2 kwh …

Energy Charge$X per kwh

Utility Rate StructuresUtility Rate StructuresRatchet Clause

Charge to insure capacity based on previous peak demand

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

PEAK DEMAND

AVG DEMAND

Utility Rate StructuresUtility Rate StructuresTime of Day Rates

$X1/kwh for on peak hours

$X2/kwh for off peak hours …

Uninterruptible Power Supply

ExampleExampleLarge General Service Rate

$11.25/month service connectionDemand charge: $9.72/kwEnergy charge: $0.0682/kwh first

200 kwh$0.0632/kwh for

remainderRatchet clause: 11 month

ExampleExamplePrevious 11 month peak demand: 25 KW

Month Kwh KW1 750 302 680 223 570 214 550 325 600 356 560 197 580 218 500 169 590 1810 620 2111 590 2212 620 23

ExampleExamplePrevious 11 month peak demand: 25 KW

Month Kwh KW w/o ratchet 1 750 30 $351.252 680 22 $269.073 570 21 $252.394 550 32 $358.055 600 35 $390.376 560 19 $232.327 580 21 $253.038 500 16 $199.379 590 18 $224.5010 620 21 $255.5511 590 22 $263.3812 620 23 $274.99

$3,324.27

ExampleExamplePrevious 11 month peak demand: 25 KW

Month Kwh KW w/o ratchet w/ratchet1 750 30 $351.25 $351.252 680 22 $269.07 $346.833 570 21 $252.39 $339.874 550 32 $358.05 $358.055 600 35 $390.37 $390.376 560 19 $232.32 $387.847 580 21 $253.03 $389.118 500 16 $199.37 $384.059 590 18 $224.50 $389.7410 620 21 $255.55 $391.6311 590 22 $263.38 $389.7412 620 23 $274.99 $391.63

$3,324.27 $4,510.11 +36%