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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Gamsberg Zinc Mine and Associated Infrastructure in the Northern Cape DRAFT REPORT Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd April 2013 www.erm.com

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DRAFT REPORT Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the Gamsberg Zinc Mine and Associated Infrastructure in the Northern Cape

Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd April 2013

Prepared by: Tania Swanepoel and Stuart Heather-Clark

For and on behalf of Environmental Resources Management Approved by: Mr Stuart Heather-Clark

Signed: Position: Partner in Charge

This report has been prepared by Environmental Resources Management the trading name of Environmental Resources Management Southern Africa (Pty) Limited, with all reasonable skill, care and diligence within the terms of the Contract with the client, incorporating our General Terms and Conditions of Business and taking account of the resources devoted to it by agreement with the client.

We disclaim any responsibility to the client and others in respect of any matters outside the scope of the above.

This report is confidential to the client and we accept no responsibility of whatsoever nature to third parties to whom this report, or any part thereof, is made known. Any such party relies on the report at their own risk.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GAMSBERG : NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY - ESIA REPORT

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1 NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Black Mountain Mine (BMM), a subsidiary of the Vedanta Resources plc, intends to establish the zinc mine and concentrator plant located in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa, between the existing town of Aggeneys and the town of Pofadder, approximately 120 km east of the Springbok, along the N14. The site is commonly referred to as Gamsberg, and is characterised by an oval shaped inselberg, that extends approximately 220 meters above the surrounding plains. The aim of the ESIA for the proposed Gamsberg mine is to provide information to inform decision-making that will contribute to environmentally and socially sound and sustainable development. This report is submitted to the DENC and DMR to enable them to consider whether or not to grant authorisation to the proposed development in terms of NEMA and MPRDA respectively and if granted, to assist them in defining under what conditions the development should go ahead. Through the ESIA process which has included various stakeholder and specialist input, ERM has identified and assessed a number of issues relating to BMM proposed open pit mine development at Gamsberg. This Non-technical summary provides an overview of the ESIA findings and makes recommendations regarding key mitigation measures.

1.2 THE PROJECT

The proposed Gamsberg mine and infrastructure will include an open pit at the top of the inselberg, crusher, various stockpiles and conveyor belts, waster rock dumps, a tailing storage facility, concentrator plant, workshops, access and haul roads and other mine infrastructure as shown in Figure 1.1. Off-site linear infrastructure in the form of energy and water supply as well as transport routes are also included. Residential housing and associated infrastructure in support of the project will also be established in Aggeneys. All of the above are the subject of this ESIA application.

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Figure 1.1:Location of Gamsberg Study Area

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1.2.1 Mining Operation and Associated Infrastructure

Based on current estimations, a total of 150,000,000 tons of ore will be mined from the Gamsberg inselberg over the 19 year life of mine. Of this expected tonnage, approximately 18,000,000 tons of zinc concentrate will be extracted. Based on the relatively low grade of the zinc deposit, the treatment process will generate approximately 132,000,000 tons of tailings and approximately 1.5 billion tons of waste rock over the life of mine. The scope of the infrastructure for mining and the mining process includes the following: • open pit (see Figure 1.2) ; • primary crusher; • explosives storage area and ammonium nitrate and emulsion silos; • drilling and blasting; • load and haul of overburden and ore; • waste rock dumps; • earth moving equipment; • engineering workshops; • mine bulk fuel and lubricant storage facilities; and • conveyor system network.

Figure 1.2 Typical Open Pit Operation

Source: http://tslope.com/44th-us-rock-mechanics-symposium The full production capacity of the mine will be 10Mtpa of ore and this will be achieved by increasing the streams in the concentrator plant in three phases (3.35 Mtpa each). The concentrator processing plant area consists of the following: • Milling circuit; • Ore stockpile pads and silos; • Flotation;

http://tslope.com/44th-us-rock-mechanics-symposium


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• Dewatering, filtration and zinc concentrate handling; • Tailings facility (see Figure 1.3); • Material lay down and storage areas; • Equipment wash areas; and • Additional on-site plant infrastructure.

Figure 1.3 Typical Example of a Tailings Facility

A suite of associated infrastructure is required for the daily operations of the proposed mine and plant. All associated infrastructure will be located within the approved mine area and is listed below: • Power Supply and Substation Network; • Water Supply System and Storage Dams; • Raw Water Dam; • Process Water Dam; • Dust Suppression Dam; • Storm Water Management Infrastructure; • Fire Control Systems; • Waste and wastewater Facilities;

o Waste Sorting, Re-use and Recycling; o Domestic Waste Facility; o Temporary Hazardous Waste Facility; o Sewerage Treatment Facility;

• Road Network; o Transportation Corridor; o Entrance and Exit Points; o Parking Areas; o Mine Area Roads; o Plant Area Roads; o Borrow Pit for Road Network; and


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• Administrative Buildings. In addition the infrastructure outlined above, housing and bulk services will be required in Aggeneys to accommodate the expected workforce. The Port of Saldanha is currently used by BMM for exporting its products and it is intended that the Project will also utilise this Port. At this stage, only preliminary design and layout options for the expected expansions or upgrades to accommodate the additional zinc concentrate export at the Port, have been undertaken. Pending outcomes from further feasibility studies and engagement with the National Ports Authority, the preferred option to accommodate the increase in zinc exports will be confirmed and this will be subject to a separate environmental application process, if required.

1.3 ALIGNMENT WITH PROVINCIAL, DISTRICT AND MUNICIPAL PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES

A critical aspect of economic desirability of the project is whether the proposed development complements economic planning as reflected in spatial development planning. The Northern Cape Growth and Development Strategy and Spatial Development Framework, the Namakwa District Integrated Development Plans and Spatial Development Framework and the Khâi-Ma Local Municipality Integrated Development Plan and Spatial Development Framework as a whole recognise the importance of mining for the future economic development of the area. They also recognise the need for an integrated and diversified economic development that makes optimal use of each area’s comparative advantages including their natural resources, sense of place and human capital. Given the above, the proposed project is in principle compatible with the local planning and economic development strategies. However, these documents also call for caution regarding the global and national significance of the biodiversity of the mining site in particular and recognise the importance of the biodiversity of the area and its links to potential tourism opportunities. The balance between conserving biodiversity whilst promoting economic development through the development of the mining sector is key to this ESIA.

1.4 THE AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT

The Gamsberg lies at the heart of what is termed the “Bushmanland Inselberg Region”, which includes all the large, quartzite-capped inselbergs located in the northern Bushmanland plains in South Africa. This region is located on the boundary between winter and summer rainfall systems of southern Africa, and the overlap of two biomes is a unique feature and sets these inselbergs apart from other inselbergs elsewhere in the Nama Karoo.


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Figure 1.4 Extent of the Bushmanland Inselberg Region

Sourced Desmet, 2010 The Bushmanland Inselbergs effectively comprise an archipelago of rocky islands within a vast expanse of sand. These rocky islands share common floristic affinities that are fundamentally distinct from the surrounding sandy plains (see Figure 1.5). The flora of these inselbergs forms a distinct centre of plant endemism located within the larger Eastern Gariep Centre of Endemism. There are many species endemic to the Bushmanland Inselbergs and the region is defined as a distinct centre of endemism termed the “Bushmanland Inselberg Centre of Endemism”. This centre of endemism is sometimes referred to as the “Gamsberg Centre of Endemism” as this inselberg lies at the floristic centre of this region and is the key biodiversity feature underpinning ecological processes/function in this system. The endemism is associated with the inselbergs and not the sandy Bushmanland plains that comprise 90% of the region.


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Figure 1.5 Typical Composition of Bushmanland Inselberg Succulent Shrubland along Southern Face of Gamsberg Inselberg

The biodiversity sensitivity of the Project area has been established over a number of years of research in the area associated with bioregional planning initiatives and previous EIA applications for mining activities in the Gamsberg inselberg. As a result of these processes the potential need for biodiversity offset (1) was identified at the start of the ESIA process, while recognising that an offset must be a ‘last resort’: every effort must be made rather to avoid and minimize potential impacts. The need to avoid irreplaceable (2) and constrained habitat was thus considered in the early planning phases of the project. A Regional Habitat Study was also commissioned by BMM to run concurrent to the ESIA process. The purpose of the Regional Study was to confirm the types of habitats present in the region and their similarity to habitat found on the Gamsberg inselberg. The Regional Habitat Study also helped inform the feasibility (3) of this biodiversity offset process, as it confirmed that most of the habitat found on the Gamsberg inselberg is present in other parts of the region. The sensitivity of the biodiversity of the region is contrasted by the high unemployment rates at municipal, district and provincial level at 22.1%, 20.1% and 27.4% respectively (see Figure 1.6) for 2011. This rate increases if discouraged work-seekers are included in estimates to 31.2%, 27.1% and 34.1% respectively. Mining activities form the cornerstone of the local economy, contributing over 50% to the GDP of the Namakwa District in 2007. The next closest contributor to the local GDP is the trade, catering and accommodation

(1) According to the Business and Biodiversity Offset Program, a biodiversity offset is defined as the following: “the measurable conservation outcomes resulting from actions designed to compensate for significant negative residual impacts on biodiversity. (2) “Irreplaceable habitat” is equivalent to the IFC PS6 definition of "critical habitat", while “constrained and flexible habitat” are equivalent to the “natural habitat” definition. (3) Note that this excludes the process of securing the relevant properties and reaching mutual consensus on purchase agreement.


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sector at just over 10% with agriculture and fishing at below 5%. Renewable energy is seen as a potential key contributor in the future.

Figure 1.6 Unemployment Rate from 1996 to 2011 at the Provincial, District and Municipal Level

Source: Stats SA, 2012 The dominant sector in terms of employment in the Namakwa District is mining which provided 21.3% of all employment opportunities in 2007 followed by agriculture and fishing. Whilst these two sectors remain the major sources of employment, their relative contribution has declined between 1995 and 2007 by roughly 5%. The wholesale retail trade, catering and accommodation sector showed the greatest proportional increase in job creation over this period up from 11% of employment in 1995 to 14% in 2007.

1.5 CONSIDERATION OF ALTERNATIVES AND AVOIDANCE OF IMPACTS

As a result of the high biodiversity sensitivity of the project area of influence it was important to demonstrate that the mitigation hierarchy of, avoid at source, abate on site, abate at receptor, repair (including rehabilitation) or remedy and finally compensate (including offsets) in kind; was robustly adopted. A key driver in terms of avoiding the impact on biodiversity is the size and location of the mine footprint. Prior to considering the detail of the mine layout, it was recognised that underground mining would result in a smaller footprint than open pit mining. BMM’s base case for this project, however, included the open pit mining option. As a result, and to adhere to the mitigation hierarchy of firstly striving to avoid the impacts, BMM was requested to consider the potential of adopting an underground mining technique.

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BMM appointed AMEC Engineers to undertake a Technical Feasibility Study to consider the technical and commercial viability of undertaking underground mining. At this early stage, no environmental costs were considered in the Technical Feasibility Study for the underground options. The first priority was to establish if the underground mining options was feasible irrespective of any environmental or social mitigation. It was, however, acknowledged upfront, that an open pit mine may result in greater impacts on biodiversity and that a biodiversity off-set was highly likely to be required. The associated off-set costs would need to be considered as part of the overall feasibility of the open pit option. However, the first step in the process was to establish if underground mining would be feasible based on the existing site conditions. The study concluded that the underground mining option was not viable under the present circumstances; BMM supported this conclusion and maintained the open pit mining option as their base case to be assessed as part of this ESIA. The overall feasibility of the open pit option will be tested once the costs of mitigation included in this ESIA are considered in final feasibility calculations. To avoid significant biodiversity impacts associated with the open pit mine option, a number of alternative locations for key mine infrastructure were considered (see Table 1.1). This was done by providing a detailed habitat sensitivity map (see Figure 1.7) to the engineering team and working with them to assess each alternative against a number of criteria. The primary criterion for selecting the preferred alternative was based on the avoidance of irreplaceable and where possible constrained habitat. Alternative locations were assessed for the following mine components: waste rock dump, tailings dam, contractors camp, ore crusher, engineering workshop, access road to the inselberg (area where open pit is located), and concentrator plant. Other infrastructure such as the expansion of the Aggeneys town and associated wastewater treatment plant were not considered as these areas were not established within irreplaceable/constrained vegetation.

Table 1.1 Summary of Alternatives for Detailed Impact Assessment

Alternatives Preferred Choice Specialist Comment

1 Underground VS Open Pit Mining

Underground Mining

• Achieve a mining rate of 6.6 million tons per annum,

• Life of mine of 19 years • Recover 58% of resources and sterilise 42%

of resources, • Employ approx. 378 people • Require 1787 Ml of water per annum • Require 77 Gigawatts hourly per annum • Produce 41.8 million tons of tailings • Produce 7.2 million tons of waste rock • CAPEX of R4 616 million • Operational costs of R48 311 million


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Open Pit Mining Preferred Option

• Achieve mining rate of 10 million tons per annum • Life of mine of 19 years • Recover 89% of resources and sterilise 11% of resources • Employ approx. 504 people • Require 502 Ml of water per annum • Require 22 Gigawatts hourly per annum • Produce 155 million tons of tailings • Produce 1 690 million tons of waste rock • CAPEX of R5 122 million • Operational costs of R50 753 million

2 Tailings Dam

Option 1: 1km North East of Inselberg, along southern border of N14

• Result in a high visual impact • Greater impacts to hydrological sensitivities, (i.e. stream related to the Kloof) Presence of visual receptors • Limited botanical and faunal sensitivities • Larger operational costs due to distance from open pit • Located in close proximity to adjacent landowners (i.e. receptors) • This option would not need to cross the N14

Option 2: North of inselberg, along northern border of N14

Preferred Option

• Result in a large visual impact (Infrastructure would need to cross the N14) • No impacts to the hydrological sensitivities (i.e. Kloof stream) • Reduced operational costs due to shorter travel distance • Avoid irreplaceable vegetation and faunal sensitivities • Reduced number of noise receptors • No areas of archaeological concern

3 Waste Rock Dump

Site 1: Northern face of (1) Preferred Option

• Avoid irreplaceable vegetation • Impact faunal habitat along slopes of inselberg • Lower handling costs (reduced haulage) • Consistent with design of ramp and pit access via northern face of inselberg • Large visual impact • No areas of archaeological concern

Site 2: South western face of inselberg

• Impact areas of archaeological concern • Impact sensitive faunal habitats • Impact irreplaceable vegetation • Reduced visual impact as infrastructure is consolidated to the south western part of the inselberg • Limited noise receptors • Greater operational costs as access road is located along northern slope of inselberg

(1) In order to accommodate the proposed conveyor system to extend from the open pit to the plant, the waste rock dump is presented as two items on the layout plan below.


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Site 3: Inside the Crater

• Result in sterilisation of mineral resources • Impact sensitive faunal habitats • Impact irreplaceable vegetation • Reduced visual impact (would not be visible from N14) • Limited noise receptors • Low handling costs (closer proximity) • Technically unsuitable due to proximity to open pit operation

4 Contractors Camp

Site 1: North of inselberg, along southern border of N14.

• Large visual impact from N14 • Greater impacts to the hydrological sensitivities (i.e. kloof stream) • Impacts irreplaceable vegetation • No faunal sensitivities present • Reduced number of noise receptors • No areas of archaeological concern • Technically not suitable to link the open pit with the Concentrator Plant

Site 2: North West of inselberg, along the southern border of N14

Preferred Option

• Located outside of catchment of Kloof stream • Avoids irreplaceable vegetation • Limited faunal habitat sensitivities identified • No areas of archaeological concern • Technically suitable to link the open pit with the Concentrator Plant • Reduced number of noise receptors • Large visual impact from N14

5 Ore Crusher

Site 1: On top of inselberg, north of pit Preferred Option

• Reduced haulage distance to pit and concentrator • Consistent with future pit and ramp design • Located within area of proposed open pit (i.e. no additional loss of sensitive vegetation & faunal habitat) • Larger visual impact (visible from N14)

Site 2: On the adjacent plains, north west of inselberg

• Increased handling costs • High visual impact (visible from N14) • Located within sensitive flora and faunal habitats • No areas of archaeological concern • Technically not suitable for proposed pit and ramp design

6 Engineering Workshop

Site 1: Top of inselberg, west of open pit

• Not consistent with northern access road • Operational costs are greater • Impact the Kloof catchment • Reduced visibility from N14 (due to distance) • Limited noise receptors • No archaeological sensitivities


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Site 2: North of inselberg along the adjacent plains, between the waste rock dump and Plant.

Preferred Option

• Large visual impact (visible from N14) • Consistent with the access road to open pit • Avoids Kloof catchment • Avoid irreplaceable vegetation • Limited sensitive faunal habitat • Limited noise receptors • No archaeological sensitivities

7 Access Road to Inselberg (operational phase only)

Option 1: Repair existing road along the southern slope of the inselberg

• Reduced operational costs (i.e. more direct route) • Impact sensitive faunal habitats • Impact irreplaceable vegetation • Impact areas of archaeological concern • Reduced visibility from N14 • Reduced footprint as expanding an existing road

Option 2: New road along northern slope of inselberg Preferred Option

• Avoids irreplaceable vegetation • Limited faunal sensitivities • No areas of archaeological concern • Higher operational costs • Greater visibility from N14 • Increase in footprint

8 Concentrator Plant

Site Option 1: North of inselberg, along southern border of N14

Preferred Option

• Reduced haulage costs • Consistent with conveyor design • Large visual impact (due to proximity to N14) • Avoids irreplaceable vegetation • Limited sensitive faunal habitats

Site Option 2: North west of inselberg, along southern border of N14

• Greater haulage costs due to greater distance • Not consistent with conveyor design • Large visual impact • Impact irreplaceable vegetation and sensitive faunal habitats • Infrastructure limited to southern border of N14

The process of considering alternative locations for the key mine infrastructure (excluding the pit and the north-western waste rock dump), allowed for the avoidance of significant amounts of irreplaceable habitat with some impact remaining on constrained and flexible habitat. However, due to the shape and dimensions of the mineral reserve, avoidance of irreplaceable and constrained habitat when designing the open pit was not possible. A small section of irreplaceable habitat on the western edge of the north-western waste rock dump was also not possible due to engineering constraints. The footprint impact of the pit and western edge of the north-western waste rock dump represents the only important impact on irreplaceable habitat with the remaining area of the pit and other infrastructure impacting on constrained and flexible habitat. The process of avoidance and consideration of alternative locations resulted in a final mine layout plan (Figure 1.8) that has been the subject of this ESIA.

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Figure 4.2: Habitat Sensitivity Map

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Figure 3.1:Updated General Layout Plan

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1.6 SUMMARY OF BIOPHYSICAL IMPACTS

A number of biophysical impacts were assessed as part of the ESIA including the following: • Impact on air quality; • Impacts on groundwater; • Impacts on biodiversity; • Impacts on surface hydrology; • Noise and vibration impacts; and • Impact on climate change and GHG emissions. Each of the above impact types was assessed for the construction, operation and decommissioning phases of the proposed project. Appropriate mitigation was recommended according to the mitigation hierarchy as referred to in Section 1.5. Detailed measures recommended to minimise negative impacts or enhance positive impacts were provided and included in a detailed EMPR in Annex D. The residual impact was then assessed and an impact significance rating given. The summary of biophysical impacts of the proposed project is included in Table 1.2 below:


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Table 1.2 Summary of Biophysical Impacts of the Project

Impact on Air Quality NEGLIGIBLE (-ve) NEGLIGIBLE (-ve) MINOR (-ve) MINOR (-ve) N/A N/A

Impact on GroundwaterImpact of Drawdown on Groundwater Resource NEGLIGIBLE (-ve) NEGLIGIBLE (-ve) MODERATE (-ve) MODERATE (-ve) MODERATE (-ve) MODERATE (-ve)Impact of Drawdown on Groundwater Users NEGLIGIBLE (-ve) NEGLIGIBLE (-ve) NEGLIGIBLE (-ve) NEGLIGIBLE (-ve) MODERATE (-ve) NEGLIGIBLE (-ve)

Impact on Groundwater Quality MINOR (-ve) NEGLIGIBLE (-ve)

MODERATE (-ve)MODERATE (-ve) to MINOR (-ve)

MODERATE (-ve)MODERATE (-ve) to MINOR (-ve)

Impact of Water Quality on Groundwater Users NEGLIGIBLE (-ve) NEGLIGIBLE (-ve) NEGLIGIBLE (-ve) NEGLIGIBLE (-ve) NEGLIGIBLE (-ve) NEGLIGIBLE (-ve)

Impact on Biodiversity

Habitat Loss Caused by the Mine Footprint and Associated ActivitiesMAJOR (-ve)

MODERATE (-ve) to MAJOR (-ve)

MAJOR (-ve)MODERATE (-ve) to MAJOR (-ve)

MAJOR (-ve)MODERATE (-ve) to MAJOR (-ve)

Impacts Resulting from Habitat Degradation from Dust DepositionMODERATE (-ve) MODERATE (-ve)

MAJOR (-ve)(Low confidence)

MAJOR (-ve)(Low confidence)

MODERATE (-ve)(Low confidence)

MODERATE (-ve)(Low confidence)

Impacts on Habitat resulting from Groundwater Drawdown MAJOR (-ve) MODERATE (-ve) MAJOR (-ve) MAJOR (-ve) MAJOR (-ve) MAJOR (-ve)Impacts Arising from Habitat Fragmentation MODERATE (-ve) MODERATE (-ve) MAJOR (-ve) MODERATE (-ve) MAJOR (-ve) MODERATE (-ve)Impacts on Species Diversity as a result of Mining-related Activities MODERATE (-ve) MINOR (-ve) MAJOR (-ve) MODERATE (-ve) MAJOR (-ve) MODERATE (-ve)Impacts from Encroachment of Alien Species MODERATE (-ve) MODERATE (-ve) MODERATE (-ve) NEGLIGIBLE (-ve) MINOR (-ve) NEGLIGIBLE (-ve)Impacts of Human Influx on Biodiversity MODERATE (-ve) MINOR (-ve) MINOR (-ve) MINOR (+ve) MINOR (-ve) MINOR (+ve)

Impact on Surface hydrologyRemoval and alteration of natural water courses MODERATE (-ve) MINOR (-ve) N/A N/A N/A N/AImpact of reduced peak runoff and discharge volumes on water courses MODERATE (+ve) MODERATE (+ve) MODERATE (+ve) MODERATE (+ve) MODERATE (+ve) MODERATE (+ve)Impact of Reduction in Mean Annual Runoff on Downstream Surface Water Resources

MODERATE (-ve) MINOR (-ve) MODERATE (-ve) MINOR (-ve) MODERATE (-ve) MINOR (-ve)

Impact of Increased Sediment Yield on Surface Water Quality MODERATE (-ve) MINOR (-ve) MODERATE (-ve) MINOR (-ve) MODERATE (-ve) MINOR (-ve)Impact of Increased Pollutant Load on Surface Water Quality MODERATE (-ve) MINOR (-ve) MODERATE (-ve) MINOR (-ve) MODERATE (-ve) MINOR (-ve)

Noise and Vibration ImpactsNoise and Vibration Impacts NEGLIGIBLE (-ve) NEGLIGIBLE (-ve) NEGLIGIBLE (-ve) NEGLIGIBLE (-ve) N/A N/A

Impact on Climate Change and GHG emissionsImpact of Project GHG Emissions on South Africa’s National Emissions N/A N/A MODERATE (-ve) MINOR (-ve) N/A N/A

Impact on Air Quality

Biophysical Impacts


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It is evident from Table 1.2 that there are several residual negative impacts of moderate and high significance remaining after mitigation. Each of the impacts is discussed below. Impact on Groundwater The first of these impacts relates to the groundwater quality and quantity which are assessed to have a moderate negative residual impact at various stages of the project. In an arid environment where water is scares the management of any groundwater impacts is important. The groundwater quality impacts are primarily linked to the acid mine drainage potential of the tailings that emanate from the concentrator plant and the waste rock dump. The area of impact (dispersion plume), as modelled in a worst case scenario, at the end of the life of mine is contained within the tailing facility and waste rock dump footprint. Modelling to 100 years post mine closure shows a marginal difference with both plumes remaining within the mine license area. No impact on any groundwater users is expected. The mitigation measures recommended for the impact on groundwater quality relate to the design of the tailings storage facility and the associated engineering design measures to minimise contamination of the groundwater. On-going water quality monitoring and management of the tailings storage facility will continue through the life of mine and into mine closure phase. The residual negative impact associated with the drawdown of groundwater as a result of the open pit is considered to be moderate through the operation to the decommissioning phases and cannot be mitigated. However, it should be noted that alternative water sources can be provided to farmers dependant on groundwater in the vicinity of the mine, and the impact on groundwater drawdown is assessed be negligible. The impact of groundwater drawdown on biodiversity is considered in the next section. Impact on Biodiversity The negative impact on biodiversity is primarily a result of the footprint of the mine infrastructure, the drawdown of the groundwater and the impact of dust as a result of the mine activities. The footprint of the mine infrastructure, and specifically the open pit, result in an irreversible negative impact on constrained and irreplaceable vegetation. There is no mitigation for this impact and the residual impact remains major; the impact can only be addressed through a biodiversity offset. The headwater seep represents a unique habitat that is considered non-offsetable. The residual negative impact significance for loss of this habitat remains major irrespective of any mitigation. The loss of the seep area would require ecological compensation through conserving ‘unlike’ habitat of conservation priority.


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Further impacts on irreplaceable habitat are incurred through the drawdown of groundwater as a result of the open pit. The aquatic habitats within the inselberg will be irreversibly lost resulting in a residual negative impact of major significance. The Kloof is considered to be an irreplaceable habitat and considered non-offsetable. As for the seep habitat, some form of ecological compensation will be required. The impact of dust on the irreplaceable and constrained habitats around the mine pit and associated infrastructure is also considered to have residual negative impact of major significance. The key driver of this impact is the sensitivity of some of the tiny but threatened succulent plants (particularly within the fine grain quartz gravel plains) which could be highly sensitive to dust deposition. The dust fall out may change the physical structure of the gravel substrate as well as the chemical composition of the soil surface from the acid forming dust. However, it is recognised that there is a high degree of uncertainty in understanding the actual impacts of the physical and chemical properties of the dust on these habitats. The actual dust footprint of the mine, the colour and the chemical composition of the dust is also uncertain. In light of the uncertainty and the extreme sensitivity of the affected ecology, a precautionary approach has been adopted. Certain irreplaceable and constrained habitats that are considered to be impacted by dust are partially offsettable and have been included in the offsets calculations. The impact arising from habitat fragmentation and species diversity is considered to have a residual negative impact of moderate significance. Inselbergs within the Bushmanland Inselberg Region serve as stepping stones for many species that hop from one inselberg to another and represent an important ecological corridor. The Gamsberg is located at the centre of this floristic centre of endemism and is the key biodiversity feature underpinning the ecological connectivity of the greater system. Mining will reduce the Gamsberg’s ecological function as a corridor for species between inselbergs. Impacts on habitat fragmentation can be mitigated by safeguarding the remaining landscape linkages and associated habitat through the design of the offset. The Gamsberg supports a high diversity of species, but particularly the many endemic, rare, threatened, protected and some undescribed species that are currently not adequately understood. A number of species within the Gamsberg are considered to be at risk due to the proposed mining activities. Mitigation measures recommended in this regard together with the proposed offset would result in the acceptable reduction of this impact’s significance. Based on the need for offsets, a Regional Habitat Study was undertaken in parallel to the ESIA process together with a detailed Offsets Study. Through these two studies, it was established that a biodiversity offset is feasible and land parcels within the vicinity of the mine exist with suitably intact habitat. However, as mentioned earlier, some non-offsetable habitats will be lost and


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would require ecological compensation through conserving ‘unlike’ habitat of conservation priority. The acceptability of this loss will need to be tested through engagement with key stakeholders and authorities.

1.7 SUMMARY OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS

A number of socio-economic impacts were assessed as part of the ESIA including the following: • Impact on economic environment; • Impact on social environment; • Visual impacts; • Impacts on traffic and transport infrastructure; and • Impact on heritage, palaeontology and archaeology. Each of the above impact types were assessed for the construction, operation and decommissioning phases of the proposed project. Appropriate mitigation was recommended according to the mitigation hierarchy as referred to in Section 1.5. Detailed measures recommended to minimise negative impacts or enhance positive impacts were provided and included in a detailed EMPR in Annex D. The residual impact was then assessed and an impact significance rating given. The summary of socio-economic impacts of the proposed project is included in Table 1.3 below:


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Table 1.3 Summary of Socio-economic Impacts of the Project

Impacts linked to Project expenditure MODERATE (+ve) MAJOR (+ve) MODERATE (+ve) MAJOR (+ve) MAJOR (-ve) MODERATE (-ve)Impacts on key macro-economic variables NEGLIGIBLE NEGLIGIBLE MAJOR (+ve) MAJOR (+ve) MAJOR (-ve) MAJOR (-ve)

Impacts on tourismMODERATE (-ve) MINOR (-ve)

MODERATE (-ve) TO MAJOR (-ve)

MODERATE (-ve) MINOR (+ve) MODERATE (+ve)

Impacts on surrounding land usesMODERATE (-ve)

MINOR (-ve) TO MODERATE (-ve)

MODERATE (-ve)MINOR (-ve) TO MODERATE (-ve)

MINOR (+ve)MINOR (+ve) TO MODERATE (+ve)

Impacts on municipal services MODERATE (-ve) MODERATE (+ve) MODERATE (-ve) MODERATE (+ve) MODERATE (-ve) MODERATE (-ve)

Impact on Social EnvironmentalEmployment opportunities MODERATE (+ve) MAJOR (+ve) MODERATE (+ve) MAJOR (+ve) MAJOR (-ve) MODERATE (-ve)Training and skills development MINOR (+ve) MODERATE (+ve) MINOR (+ve) MODERATE (+ve) MINOR (+ve) MODERATE (+ve)Procurement and services MODERATE (+ve) MAJOR (+ve) MODERATE (+ve) MAJOR (+ve) N/A N/AEconomic diversification MINOR (+ve) MINOR (+ve) MINOR (+ve) MINOR (+ve) MAJOR (-ve) MODERATE (-ve)

Unmet Expectations and Potential for Social UnrestMAJOR (-ve)

MINOR (-ve) to MODERATE (-ve)

MAJOR (-ve)MINOR (-ve) to MODERATE (-ve)

N/A N/A

Increased Pressure on Infrastructure and Services (Direct) MINOR (-ve) NEGLIGIBLE (-ve) MINOR (-ve) NEGLIGIBLE (-ve) MODERATE (-ve) MINOR (-ve)Road Infrastructure and Transport (Direct) MODERATE (-ve) MINOR (-ve) MINOR (-ve) NEGLIGIBLE (-ve) NEGLIGIBLE (-ve) NEGLIGIBLE (-ve)

Health Impacts: Communicable diseasesMAJOR (-ve) MODERATE (-ve)


MINOR (-ve) to NEGLIGIBLE (-ve)

NEGLIGIBLE (-ve) NEGLIGIBLE (-ve)

Health Impacts: Road traffic accidentsMODERATE (-ve)


MODERATE (-ve)MINOR (-ve) to MODERATE (-ve)

NEGLIGIBLE (-ve) NEGLIGIBLE (-ve)

Impact in Relations between Locals and In-migrants MODERATE (-ve) MINOR (-ve) MODERATE (-ve) MINOR (-ve) NEGLIGIBLE (-ve) NEGLIGIBLE (-ve)

Impact on Social PathologiesMODERATE (-ve)




MODERATE (-ve) MINOR (-ve) MODERATE (-ve) MINOR (-ve) MODERATE (-ve) MINOR (-ve)MINOR (+ve) MINOR (+ve) MINOR (+ve) MINOR (+ve) MINOR (+ve) MINOR (+ve)

Local Cultural and Social Values MINOR (-ve) MINOR (-ve) MINOR (-ve) MINOR (-ve) MINOR (-ve) MINOR (-ve)Increased Pressure on Infrastructure and Services (Indirect resulting from Influx) MAJOR (-ve) MODERATE (-ve) MODERATE (-ve) MINOR (-ve) MINOR (-ve) NEGLIGIBLE (-ve)

Communicable Diseases (Indirect resulting from Influx)MAJOR (-ve) MODERATE (-ve)


MINOR (-ve) NEGLIGIBLE (-ve) NEGLIGIBLE (-ve)

Impact on Visual ResourcesImpact on the Aesthetic Value of the Landscape MAJOR (-ve) MAJOR (-ve) MAJOR (-ve) MAJOR (-ve) MAJOR (-ve) MAJOR (-ve)

Impact on Traffic and TransportImpact on Traffic and Transport Networks MINOR (-ve) NEGLIGIBLE (-ve) MINOR (-ve) MINOR (-ve) MINOR (-ve) NEGLIGIBLE (-ve)

Impact on heritage, Palaeontology and ArchaeologyImpact on Archaeology MAJOR (-ve) MODERATE (-ve) MAJOR (-ve) MODERATE (-ve) N/A N/AImpact on Cultural Heritage and Sense of Place MODERATE (-ve) MINOR (-ve) MODERATE (-ve) MINOR (-ve) MODERATE (-ve) MINOR (-ve)Impact on Palaeontology NEGLIGIBLE (-ve) NEGLIGIBLE (-ve) NEGLIGIBLE (-ve) NEGLIGIBLE (-ve) N/A N/A

Impact on Sense of Place

Socio-Economic Impacts Impact on Economic Environment


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It is evident from Table 1.3 that there are several residual positive and negative impacts of moderate and high significance remaining after mitigation. Each of the impacts is discussed below. Impact on Economic Environment The benefits linked to project spending and impacts on key macro-economic variables during the construction and operational phases of the project are considered to have a residual positive impact of major significance. The project would have a positive impact on economic activity in the local area and region given the sizes of the new spending injections associated with it. Preliminary estimates indicate that a total of approximately R8.35 billion would be spent on all aspects of the construction phase. It is anticipated that approximately 3,200 contract jobs with an average duration of 19 months each would be associated with all construction expenditure. Based on the likely availability of labour and the experience of the BMM in the area and at other sites, approximately 357 workers would probably come from within Khâi-Ma Municipality, a further 1,335 workers from the rest of the Namakwa District and 960 workers from the rest of the Northern Cape. Direct household income impacts would flow from all wages paid during construction. Total incomes of R1.01 billion would be associated with the construction phase. Approximately R80 million of this total would probably accrue to workers currently resident in Khâi-Ma Municipality, a further R339 million to workers in the rest of the Namakwa District and R319 million to workers from the rest of the Northern Cape. Operational expenditure would increase in line with production from approximately R528 million per year during the first year of production to R1.76 billion in the fifth year of production at which point it is anticipate that full production levels would achieved. During the first year of production approximately 630 jobs would be created (of which, roughly 195 would be outsourced to contractors) increasing to 1,230 jobs (of which, 380 would be outsourced to contractors) once full production is reached by the 5th year of production. Out of these total jobs, it is anticipated that (1) : • Khâi-Ma Municipality residents would benefit from 127 jobs in the first

year of production and 258 jobs once full production is reached.

• Residents in the rest of the Namakwa District would benefit from 276 jobs in the first year of production and 540 jobs once full production is reached.

• Residents in the rest of the Northern Cape would benefit from 112 jobs in the first year of production and 220 jobs once full production is reached.

(1) Note that these estimates are based largely on a fairly broad assessment of the availability of labour in these areas and it is the proponent’s intention to use a greater proportion of labour from Khâi-Ma Municipality and the Namakwa District if people are available and/or willing to be trained.


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At the start of production approximately R138 million in total salaries and sub-contractor payments would be made yearly increasing to R256 million once full production is reached by the 5th year of production. Approximately R23 million of these salaries and payments to contractors should accrue to workers from Khâi-Ma Municipality during the first year of production increasing to R44 million once full production is reached. A further R50 million of salaries and payments to contractors should accrue to workers from the rest of the Namakwa District during the first year of production increasing to R94 million at full production. Positive macroeconomic impacts are also expected to flow from the project and have been quantified focusing on increased foreign exchange earnings and tax revenues. Foreign exchange revenues are expected to start at roughly USD385 million/yr (for 360,000 tonnes of concentrate production) in the first year of production, increasing to USD750 million/yr (for 735,000 tonnes of concentrate production) in the third year and stabilising at roughly USD1.257 billion/yr (for 1,225,000 tonnes of concentrate production) from the fifth year onwards. The present value of the sum of these flows over the project’s life should be roughly USD10.2 billion (or R76.7 billion) using a base case discount rate of 6%. Note that during the construction phase, foreign exchange outflows would occur in order to import key project components. However, these outflows would be minor when compared to inflows during operations (ie outflows would be less than 5% - 10% of the magnitude of total inflows over time). Tax payments consisting of income taxes and royalties are expected to start at roughly R142 million/yr (for 360,000 tonnes of concentrate production) in the first year of production, increasing to R277 million/yr in the third year, R277 million/yr in the fifth year and stabilising at roughly R1.52 billion/yr from the seventh year onwards. The present value of the sum of these flows should be roughly R10.8 billion using a base case discount rate of 6%. The significant macro-economic and socioeconomic benefits associated with the mine during the construction and operational phases of the project are in contrast with the potential significant negative impact once the mine closes. These negative impacts will be managed through a well structure Mine Closure Plan and Social and Labour Plan that BMM has developed as part of the overall project. On-going refinement and planning for mine closure will need to be undertaken throughout the life span of the mine to mitigate this impact. Impacts on tourism as a result of impact on sense of place and loss of biodiversity Key impacts on tourism would relate to visual impacts and to the loss of conservation worthy areas. With regard to the former, the combined scale of the project elements and their visual impacts indicate that overall changes to


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the visual sense of place which supports tourism will be significant. However, impacts on specific tourism facilities and key tourism areas would be limited, given the project’s location relative to these. Visual exposure from the N14 would be high although temporary in nature for passing motorists who would largely still be able to enjoy the key attractions and tourist facilities in the wider area which are relatively far removed and screened from the project (see Figure 1.9).

Figure 1.9 Simulation Showing Potential Mining Infrastructure from the N14

Any significant loss of highly conservation worthy land such as that found on the site and particularly on the Gamsberg Inselberg has potential implications for tourism. This is because conservation worthy lands have appeal to tourists and are becoming increasingly scarce. However, the need for a biodiversity offset and the associated conservation benefits may enhance the tourism potential of the area with pro-active planning that may allow controlled eco-tourism activities on the offset site. With regard to positive tourism impacts, experience indicates that increased business tourism would be associated with the project as a number of technical, management and sales staff would be required to periodically visit the project site to conduct business. These staff generally fall into middle to higher income brackets and will require accommodation for their stays thereby creating opportunities for accommodation and other tourist facilities and services. Impact on Municipal Services Ultimately it is the Khâi-Ma Municipality and, to a lesser degree, the Namakwa District Municipality’s responsibility to ensure that the proposed project contributes to the financial health of the municipal area and does not burden the municipality with increased costs. These potential cost should be viewed at a broad scale and include costs associated with potential influxes of


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workers and job seekers as well as any other impacts that could impose costs on the municipality. The Khâi-Ma Municipality revealed that they are well aware of the need to recover costs and would endeavour to ensure that BMM not only covers their own costs, but also make a positive contribution to the development of the area. The municipality has confirmed that they are currently in the early stages of a process of negotiation with Vedanta in this regard. No clear conclusions regarding impacts on municipal finances are therefore possible at this stage. It is, however, safe to predict overall positive impacts on finances provided these negotiations proceed well and in-migration is managed. This kind of outcome would be consistent with other smaller municipalities that have benefited from increased incomes among its residents and an in-flux of new residents with jobs. With sound municipal management, both of these trends tend to increase municipal income from existing residents and provide municipalities with a wider rates resulting in healthier municipal finances. Training and Skills Development and Procurement and Services Those people who are employed via the Project (directly and indirectly) will receive training and that will significantly enhance their skills, thus improving their potential for future employment. This will be achieved by on-the-job training, as well as through training courses on production and on Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) standards required for the Project, as are common to the mining sector. This will also be a positive impact amongst employees of the suppliers and contractors, who will have to meet particular production, operational, and quality standards as required by the Project. The planning, design, construction and operation of the Project will require the purchase of equipment and other goods and services and will generate large contracts, particularly during construction. The majority of these will be for highly specialised and technical work and will be provided by specialist providers of goods and services. There is potential to feed into this supply chain for local businesses in the Khâi-Ma Municipality and Namakwa District Municipality. However, locally owned businesses in the Khâi-Ma Municipality will have limited capacity to meet the standards of quality and sophistication required by the Project. Despite this, the Project will provide a major boost to suppliers in the LM during construction phase. The implementation of enhancement measures in terms of both skills development and support of local suppliers will rest in a residual positive impact of moderate significance. Health Impacts: Communicable Diseases Communicable diseases are also known as infectious or contagious diseases, due to their potential for transmission from one person to another or from one species to another. The increase in the spread of communicable diseases in the context of the Project is closely linked to population size, living conditions as well as social ills, all of which makes people pre-disposed to the spread of


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communicable diseases. The rapid increase in the population will be a key driver in the spread of communicable diseases as it impacts on both living conditions as well as the likely increase in social ills. Communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDS and TB are prevalent in the Khâi-Ma Municipality. The most significant increase in the spread of communicable diseases is expected during the construction phase of the project, when a rapid increase in the population size is expected. During the construction phase, a worker camp will be constructed to accommodate approximately 3200 construction workers who are likely to be predominantly male. Apart from the actual construction workers, job-seekers are likely to migrate to the area and settle in Pofadder and Pella. The communities of Pofadder and Pella will thus also be at risk to the increase in the spread of communicable diseases. The development and implementation of an HIV/AIDS and TB Prevention Programme will partly mitigate these impacts. Increased Pressure on Infrastructure and Services due to the Possible Influx of Job-seekers The possible influx of people into the local area will increase pressure on public infrastructure and services. Job-seekers migrating to the area are likely to settle as close as possible to the Project area, thus the settlements of Pofadder and Pella, in particular, are likely to experience in-migration as migrants will not be allowed to settle in Aggeneys. Pofadder is more vulnerable to the influx of job-seekers as it is located on the N14, as compared to Pella, which is located approximately 10 km from the N14. There is a risk that job-seekers may try to establish an informal settlement close to Aggeneys, in order to be closer to the Project site to improve their chances of deriving benefits from the Project. Public service backlogs pertain to access to water, sanitation, waste management services and housing. The number of informal houses increased threefold between 2001 and 2011 in the Khâi-Ma Municipality. Upgrades to public infrastructure and services are hampered by a number of challenges including a lack of funds and capacity by the Khâi-Ma Municipality. Based on the current public infrastructure and service backlogs the additional pressure will further exacerbate the challenges faced by the Khâi-Ma Municipality. It is unlikely that the Khâi-Ma Municipality will be able to cope with the increased pressure and demand resulting from the indirect influx of people and are already unable to meet their current obligations. Regular and on-going support and collaboration with the Khâi-Ma Municipality will mitigate this impact to some extent. Impact on Archaeology Archaeological artefacts are considered, in each instance, a unique and non-renewable resource. The Project will result in losses to archaeological artefacts


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during both the construction and operational phases. The impacts can be seen as permanent and irreversible. Based on the findings of the site visit undertaken, areas of archaeological importance have been ranked according to the northern slope, southern slope and the inselberg basin. Artefacts that occur in the project area have been mapped and include some of the following: • A mid-twentieth century drilling site - low archaeological significance.

• series of dome-shaped bedrock outcrops around which are clustered an

abundance of Ceramic Later Stone Age artefacts (stone artefacts, pottery, ostrich eggshell) - high archaeological significance (unlikely to be impacted).

• Individual instance of an isolated Earlier Stone Age cleaver - low

archaeological significance (likely to be impacted by power lines).

• Grave site, surface scatter of Ceramic Later Stone Age material - high archaeological significance (may be impacted by power lines).

• Kloof area in which the suspected history of San genocide occurred - high heritage importance (unlikely to be impacted).

• Indications of is ephemeral Later Stone Age occupation - low archaeological importance (likely to be impacted during the construction and operation of the primary crusher and conveyor system).

• Middle Stone Age artefact site - low archaeological importance (likely to be impacted during the construction and operation of the primary crusher and conveyor system).

• Middle Stone Age workshop - high heritage importance (impacted by operational phase – waste rock dump).

Various mitigation measures in terms of the national Heritage Resource Act will mitigate these impacts to some extent.

1.8 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The proposed Project will undoubtedly have a positive impact on the macro-economics of South Africa as a country. Local economic benefits will also be felt with a significant contribution to the Namakwa District GDP and significant benefits at the Khâi-Ma Municipality level during the life of mine. As a result, the project will generate significant job opportunities at the provincial, district and local municipal level in an area of high unemployment.


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In contrast, the project will also result in significant negative impacts on the biodiversity of the region. Biodiversity offsets are possible to remedy most of the predicted residual impacts, and form a key part of the mitigation measures of this project. The offsets required would result in the protection of irreplaceable and other habitats within the Bushmanland Inselberg Region that have not previously been afforded conservation status and thus formal protection. The implementation of the EMPR is likely to provide additional protection to the remaining sensitive biodiversity on the site and adequately mitigate other impacts associated with the mine development. However, there are habitat components within the Gamsberg Inselberg that are unique and irreplaceable and their loss cannot be offset. While BMM will be required to provide compensation in this regard, these habitats will be permanently lost. The impacts resulting post closure of the mine will also need to be carefully considered. On-going and detailed mine closure planning, combined with a robust Social and Labour Plan will need to accommodate these impacts. When considering the quantifiable as well as more qualitative costs and benefits of the project it is considered more likely that it would achieve a net benefit at a provincial, regional and local scale provided the financial projections of the applicants prove reasonably accurate and provided the EMPR and Offsets Plan are robustly implemented. However, the cost resulting from the loss of unique biodiversity in the Gamsberg Inselberg cannot be offset and the trade-off between this and the significant local economy benefits and associated job opportunities needs to be considered. The acceptability of this trade-off needs to be tested though open and transparent stakeholder and authority consultation. This report will be made available for stakeholder and authority comment for a period of 40 days. These comments will be collected and analysed and incorporated into the final conclusion for submission DENC and DMR for final decision making.

CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 1-1 1.1 PURPOSE OF REPORT 1-3 1.2 BACKGROUND TO THE PROJECT 1-3 1.3 CURRENT OPERATIONS 1-4 1.4 PROJECT APPLICANT AND PROPERTY DETAILS 1-5 1.4.1 Property Details 1-5 1.4.2 Holder of the Mining Right 1-8 1.5 ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS 1-8 1.6 DETAILS OF THE ESIA PROJECT TEAM 1-9 1.7 STRUCTURE OF THIS REPORT 1-10 2 ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 2-1 2.1 NATIONAL LEGISLATIVE REQUIREMENTS 2-1 2.1.1 The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (No. 108 of 1996) 2-1 2.1.2 National Environmental Management Act (No. 107 of 1998) 2-2 2.1.3 National Environmental Management: Waste Act, 2008 (No. 59 of 2008) 2-12 2.1.4 Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act (No. 28 of 2002) 2-14 2.1.5 National Heritage Resources Act (No. 25 of 1999) 2-15 2.1.6 National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act, 2008 (No. 39 of 2008) 2-18 2.1.7 National Water Act (No. 36 of 1998) 2-18 2.1.8 The National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2008 (No. 10 of 2004) 2-21 2.1.9 Integrated Legislative Processes 2-22 2.2 BROADER POLICY AND PLANNING CONTEXT 2-25 2.2.1 Northern Cape Provincial Growth and Development Strategy (2011) 2-25 2.2.2 The Northern Cape Provincial Spatial Development Framework (2012) 2-25 2.2.3 Namakwa District Municipality Local Economic Development Strategy (2007) 2-26 2.2.4 Khai Ma Integrated Development Plan (2006-2011) 2-28 2.2.5 Khai Ma Rural Spatial Development Framework Plan (2010) 2-28 2.2.6 Need and Desirability Guidelines 2-30 2.3 INTERNATIONAL GUIDELINES 2-30 2.3.1 IFC Performance Indicators for Sustainability 2-30 2.4 INTERNAL CORPORATE STANDARDS 2-31 2.4.1 Vedanta’s Corporate Standards 2-31 3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 3-1 3.1 INTRODUCTION 3-1 3.1.1 Background to Project 3-1 3.1.2 Project Location 3-2 3.1.3 Overview of Project 3-2 3.1.4 Global Demand 3-3 3.1.5 Proposed Project timeframes 3-5 3.2 CONSTRUCTION PHASE 3-7 3.2.1 Job Creation during the Construction Phase 3-7

3.2.2 Construction Camp Infrastructure (Office, Workshop, Temporary Storage of Fuels and Wastes) 3-8 3.2.3 Contractor Housing Camp (Temporary Staff Housing) 3-8 3.2.4 Bulk Service Requirements for the Construction Camp and Temporary Contractor Housing Camp 3-8 3.2.5 Non-mineral Waste Management 3-12 3.3 MINING PHASE 3-12 3.3.1 Open Pit 3-13 3.3.2 Explosive Storage Area and Ammonium Nitrate and Emulsion Silos 3-14 3.3.3 Drilling and Blasting 3-15 3.3.4 Load and Haul of Overburden and Ore 3-15 3.3.5 Primary Crusher 3-16 3.3.6 Waste Rock Dumps 3-16 3.3.7 Earth Moving Equipment 3-17 3.3.8 Engineering Workshops 3-17 3.3.9 Mine Bulk Fuel and Lubricant Storage Facility 3-18 3.3.10 Conveyor System Network 3-18 3.4 PROCESSING CONCENTRATOR PLANT 3-18 3.4.1 Primary Crusher Plant 3-21 3.4.2 Milling Circuit 3-22 3.4.3 Ore Stockpile Pads 3-23 3.4.4 Flotation 3-23 3.4.5 Dewatering, Filtration and Zinc Concentrate Handling 3-24 3.4.6 Tailings Dam 3-25 3.4.7 Pollution Control Dams 3-26 3.4.8 Concentrator Plant Bulk Fuel and Lubricant Storage Facilities 3-26 3.4.9 Material Lay Down and Storage Areas 3-26 3.4.10 Equipment Wash Areas 3-27 3.4.11 Additional On-Site Plant Infrastructure 3-27 3.5 ASSOCIATED MINE INFRASTRUCTURE 3-27 3.5.1 Power Supply and Substation Network 3-28 3.5.2 Water Supply System and Storage Dams 3-28 3.5.3 Waste and Wastewater Facilities 3-29 3.5.4 Road Network 3-31 3.6 RESIDENTIAL HOUSING DEVELOPMENT 3-33 3.6.1 Bulk Service Requirements for the Employment and Residential Housing Development 3-33 3.7 TRANSPORT OPTIONS 3-35 3.7.1 Transport Option 1: Truck via N14 and N7 National Road to Port of Saldanha 3-35 3.7.2 Transport Option 2: Truck to Loop 10 via existing Proclaimed Road (RL(P)5/2002) and then by Sishen-Saldanha Railway Line to Port of Saldanha 3-36 3.8 EXPORT OPTIONS 3-40 4 CONSIDERATION OF ALTERNATIVES 4-1 4.1 INTRODUCTION 4-1 4.2 MITIGATION HIERARCHY: AVOIDANCE, PREVENTION AND MINIMIZATION OF IMPACTS 4-1 4.3 SUMMARY OF ALTERNATIVES FROM PREVIOUS EIA (SRK CONSULTING, 2000) 4-2 4.4 ANALYSIS OF OPEN PIT AND UNDERGROUND MINING TECHNIQUES 4-6 4.4.1 Open Pit VS Underground Mining 4-7

4.5 ALTERNATIVES CONSIDERED FOR OPEN PIT TECHNIQUE 4-8 4.5.1 Habitat Sensitivities 4-11 4.5.2 Archaeological/ Heritage Sensitivities 4-14 4.5.3 Noise and Vibration Sensitivities 4-14 4.5.4 Hydrological Sensitivities 4-17 4.5.5 Visual Sensitivities 4-17 4.6 OUTCOMES OF AVOIDANCE 4-17 4.6.1 Waste Rock Dump Options 4-17 4.6.2 Tailings Dam Options 4-19 4.6.3 Contractor Area and Plant 4-20 4.6.4 Open Pit 4-21 4.7 ADDITIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE LOCATION ALTERNATIVES 4-24 4.7.1 Access Roads 4-24 4.7.2 Location of Primary Crusher 4-24 4.7.3 Location of Engineering Workshop 4-25 4.8 SUMMARY OF ALTERNATIVES CONSIDERED 4-25 4.8.1 Refinement of Project Design 4-29 4.8.2 Comparative Analysis of Alternatives from the Previous and Current ESIA Process 4-31 5 BIOPHYSICAL RECEIVING ENVIRONMENT 5-1 5.1 CLIMATE CONDITIONS 5-1 5.1.1 Precipitations 5-1 5.1.2 Maximum and Mean Monthly Temperatures 5-3 5.1.3 Monthly Mean Wind Direction and Speed 5-6 5.1.4 Evaporation 5-7 5.1.5 Relative Humidity 5-7 5.1.6 Flooding 5-7 5.2 TOPOGRAPHY 5-10 5.3 GEOLOGY 5-10 5.3.1 Regional Geology 5-10 5.3.2 Local Mine Geology 5-11 5.3.3 Geochemical Context of the Gamsberg Deposit 5-15 5.4 SOIL POTENTIAL 5-15 5.4.1 Soil Forms 5-15 5.4.2 Agricultural Potential 5-16 5.5 SURFACE WATER 5-16 5.5.1 Catchment Area Characteristics 5-16 5.5.2 Site Specific Water Resources 5-19 5.5.3 Water Quality Management and Sources of Contamination 5-21 5.6 GROUNDWATER 5-21 5.6.1 Description of Hydrogeology 5-21 5.6.2 Current Groundwater Use 5-22 5.6.3 Groundwater Quality 5-22 5.6.4 Groundwater Levels and Flow Directions 5-23 5.7 GEOCHEMISTRY 5-23 5.7.1 Waste rock 5-23 5.7.2 Tailings 5-24 5.8 FLORA 5-26 5.8.1 The Gamsberg Inselberg in a Regional Context 5-26

5.8.2 Regional Botanical Analysis 5-27 5.8.3 Site Specific Botanical Analysis 5-28 5.8.4 On-Site Features of Botanical Concern 5-32 5.8.5 Off-site Features of Botanical Concern 5-33 5.8.6 Critical Biodiversity Areas and Broad-Scale Processes 5-34 5.9 FAUNA 5-35 5.9.1 Terrestrial Invertebrates 5-35 5.9.2 Amphibians 5-37 5.9.3 Reptiles 5-38 5.9.4 Avifauna 5-39 5.9.5 Mammals 5-41 5.9.6 Aquatic Biodiversity 5-42 5.9.7 Assessment of Faunal Species and Species-specific Habitats 5-43 5.10 AIR QUALITY 5-45 5.10.1 Existing Air Quality Within The Region 5-45 5.11 NOISE 5-47 5.12 BASELINE CONDITIONS AT LOOP 10 5-47 6 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT 6-1 6.1 INTRODUCTION 6-1 6.1.1 Methodology 6-1 6.1.2 Overview 6-2 6.2 ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE 6-3 6.2.1 Northern Cape Province 6-3 6.2.2 Namakwa District Municipality 6-4 6.2.3 Local Municipalities 6-4 6.2.4 Political Administration 6-6 6.3 PROJECT AREA OF INFLUENCE 6-6 6.3.2 Settlements in the Project’s Area of Influence 6-9 6.4 POPULATION STATISTICS 6-11 6.4.1 Age 6-13 6.4.2 Gender 6-14 6.5 RACE, ETHNICITY AND LANGUAGE 6-15 6.6 EDUCATION 6-16 6.6.1 Education Bursaries 6-19 6.6.2 Options for Post-School Study 6-19 6.6.3 Skills 6-20 6.7 HEALTH 6-20 6.7.1 Health Facilities 6-20 6.7.2 State of Health 6-23 6.7.3 Communicable Diseases (HIV/AIDS, TB) 6-24 6.8 DESCRIPTION OF THE BASELINE ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT 6-26 6.8.1 Economic Output, Growth and Development Trends 6-27 6.8.2 Key Sectors of Namakwa District Municipality 6-30 6.8.3 Other Sectors 6-34 6.8.4 Regional Employment 6-36 6.8.5 Dependency 6-38 6.8.6 Income Levels 6-39 6.8.7 Natural Resource Use 6-41 6.9 SOCIAL CHALLENGES AND VULNERABILITY 6-42

6.9.1 Social Challenges 6-42 6.9.2 Vulnerability 6-44 6.9.3 Vulnerability per Community 6-46 6.10 BULK SERVICES AND INFRASTRUCTURE 6-46 6.10.1 Housing 6-47 6.10.2 Water Supply 6-50 6.10.3 Sanitation 6-53 6.10.4 Refuse Removal 6-54 6.10.5 Power Supply 6-54 6.10.6 Transport, Roads and Rail 6-55 6.10.7 Traffic 6-57 6.11 LAND TENURE AND REFORM 6-58 6.11.1 Land Ownership 6-58 6.11.2 Land Reform 6-59 6.12 PALEONTOLOGICAL, ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HERITAGE RESOURCES 6-60 6.13 VISUAL QUALITY OF THE AREA 6-67 6.13.1 Landscape Character 6-67 6.13.2 Visual Resource Value / Scenic Quality 6-68 6.13.3 Sense of Place 6-71 6.13.4 Views 6-71 6.13.5 Sensitive View Locations 6-72 6.14 ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IMPACTS 6-72 6.14.1 Introduction 6-72 6.14.2 Approach to Prioritisation and Assessment Ecosystem Services 6-73 6.14.3 Determination of Mine Dependencies on Ecosystem Services 6-74 6.14.4 Prioritisation of Ecosystem Services 6-78 6.14.5 Summary of Ecosystem Services Assessment 6-79 7 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION PROCESS 7-1 7.1 INTRODUCTION 7-1 7.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE PUBLIC PARTICIPATION PROCESS 7-1 7.3 PHASES OF THE PUBLIC PARTICIPATION PROCESS 7-1 7.4 WHO ARE THE STAKEHOLDERS OR I&APS 7-3 7.5 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION ACTIVITIES UNDERTAKEN DURING THE SCOPING PHASE 7-3 7.6 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION DURING THE IMPACT ASSESSMENT PHASE 7-6 7.7 COMPETENT AUTHORITY’S DECISION 7-8 7.8 NEXT STEPS IN THE ESIA PROCESS 7-9 8 WASTE MANAGEMENT AND CLASSIFICATION 8-1 8.1 INTRODUCTION 8-1 8.2 APPLICATION OF A WASTE HIERARCHY APPROACH 8-1 8.3 WASTE GENERATION AND CLASSIFICATION 8-2 8.4 ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 8-9 8.5 WASTE MANAGEMENT 8-13 8.5.1 Hazardous and Non-hazardous Solid Waste Disposal 8-13 8.5.2 Cleaner Production and Design 8-13 8.5.3 Waste Management Infrastructure 8-13 8.5.4 Implementing the Waste Hierarchy 8-15 8.5.5 Other Recommendations 8-16

8.6 CONCLUSION 8-18 9 BIOPHYSICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 9-1 9.1 IMPACT ON AIR QUALITY 9-1 9.1.2 Impact on Air Quality (Human Health) 9-3 9.2 IMPACT ON GROUNDWATER 9-8 9.2.1 Impact of Drawdown on the Groundwater Resource 9-8 9.2.2 Impact of Drawdown on Groundwater Users 9-14 9.2.3 Impact on Groundwater Quality 9-18 9.2.4 Impact of Water Quality on Groundwater Users 9-26 9.3 IMPACTS ON BIODIVERSITY 9-29 9.3.1 Habitat Loss Caused by the Mine Footprint and Associated Activities 9-34 9.3.2 Impacts Resulting from Habitat Degradation from Dust Deposition 9-39 9.3.3 Habitat Degradation Impacts Resulting from Groundwater Drawdown 9-43 9.3.4 Impacts Arising from Habitat Fragmentation 9-46 9.3.5 Impacts on Species Diversity as a result of Mining-related Activities 9-49 9.3.6 Impacts from Encroachment of Alien Species 9-56 9.3.7 Impacts of Human Influx on Biodiversity 9-58 9.4 SUMMARY OF BIODIVERSITY IMPACTS 9-60 9.4.1 Cumulative Impacts on Biodiversity 9-60 9.4.2 Residual Negative Impacts and Potential for Offsets 9-61 9.5 IMPACT ON SURFACE HYDROLOGY 9-63 9.5.1 Removal and Alteration of Natural Water Courses 9-63 9.5.2 Impact of Reduced Peak Runoff and Discharge Volumes on Water Courses 9-68 9.5.3 Impact of Reduction in Mean Annual Runoff 9-72 9.5.4 Impact of Increased Sediment Yield on Surface Water Quality 9-75 9.5.5 Impact of Increased Pollutant Load on Surface Water Quality 9-77 9.6 NOISE AND VIBRATION IMPACTS 9-80 9.6.2 Noise and Vibration Impact 9-83 9.7 CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTs 9-85 9.7.1 Climate Change-induced Risks on the Project 9-86 9.7.2 Impact of Project GHG Emissions on South Africa’s National Emissions 9-92 10 SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT 10-1 10.1 IMPACT ON ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT 10-1 10.1.1 Impacts linked to Project Expenditure 10-2 10.1.2 Impacts on Key macro-Economic Variables 10-16 10.1.3 Impacts on Tourism 10-20 10.1.4 Impacts on Surrounding Land Uses 10-28 10.1.5 Impacts on Municipal Services 10-34 10.2 IMPACT ON SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT 10-38 10.2.1 Key Social Considerations 10-39 10.2.2 Employment 10-41 10.2.3 Training and Skills Development 10-47 10.2.4 Procurement of Goods and Services 10-51 10.2.5 Economic Diversification 10-55 10.2.6 Unmet Expectations and Potential for Social Unrest 10-59 10.2.7 Increased Pressure on Infrastructure and Services (Direct) 10-61 10.2.8 Road Infrastructure and Transport (Direct) 10-71

10.2.9 Health Impact: Communicable Diseases (Direct) 10-76 10.2.10 Health Impact: Road Traffic Accidents (Direct) 10-82 10.2.11 Impact in Relations between Locals and In-migrants 10-87 10.2.12 Impact on Social Pathologies 10-90 10.2.13 Impact on Sense of Place 10-95 10.2.14 Local Cultural and Social Values 10-98 10.2.15 Increased Pressure on Infrastructure and Services (Indirect resulting from Influx) 10-101 10.2.16 Communicable Diseases (Indirect resulting from Influx) 10-109 10.3 VISUAL IMPACT 10-114 10.3.1 Impact on the Aesthetic Value of the Landscape 10-114 10.4 IMPACT ON TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORT NETWORKS 10-128 10.4.1 Impact on Traffic and Transport Networks 10-128 10.5 IMPACT ON ARCHAEOLOGY, HERITAGE AND PALAEONTOLOGY 10-139 10.5.1 Impact on Archaeology 10-139 10.5.2 Impact on Cultural Heritage 10-146 10.5.3 Impact on Palaeontology 10-150 11 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS 11-1 11.1 ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENTS 11-1 11.2 APPROACH 11-1 11.3 ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS TO CUMULATIVE IMPACTS 11-2 11.4 BASELINE CONDITIONS 11-2 11.4.1 Existing and Potential Future Mining Operation 11-2 11.4.2 Renewable Energy Facilities 11-3 11.4.3 Proposed Zinc Refinery and Smelter 11-5 11.5 LOCAL AND REGIONAL POLICY FRAMEWORK 11-5 11.6 CONSIDERATION OF CUMULATIVE ISSUES 11-6 11.7 EXPECTED CUMULATIVE IMPACTS 11-7 11.7.1 Impact of Changes to the Visual Aesthetic (including sense of place) on Tourism

Potential 11-7 11.7.2 Removal of Ecological Habitat 11-8 11.7.3 Increased Demand on Municipal Services 11-10 11.7.4 Project Expenditure 11-10 11.7.5 Training and Skills Development 11-11 11.8 CONCLUSION 11-12 12 CLOSURE, REHABILITATION AND POST MINING LANDUSE 12-1 12.1 CLOSURE AND REHABILITATION FRAMEWORK 12-1 12.2 CLOSURE AIM AND OBJECTIVES 12-1 12.3 PROPOSED DECOMMISSIONING METHODS AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES TO AVOID, MINIMISE AND MANAGE RESIDUAL AND LATENT ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS 12-2 12.4 FINANCIAL PROVISION 12-3 12.5 SUGGESTIONS FOR POST MINING LANDUSE 12-4 13 SUMMARY OF PROPOSED BIODIVERSITY OFFSET PROCESS 13-1 13.1 POLICY FRAMEWORK 13-1

13.2 APPROACH TO BIODIVERSITY IMPACT ASSESSMENT 13-1 13.3 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT 13-2 13.4 DEFINING RESIDUAL IMPACT 13-3 13.5 FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS AND ARRANGEMENT 13-3 13.6 WAY FORWARD 13-3 14 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS 14-1 14.1 INTRODUCTION 14-1 14.2 THE PROJECT 14-1 14.3 ALIGNMENT WITH PROVINCIAL, DISTRICT AND MUNICIPAL PLANNING AND

DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES 14-2 14.4 THE AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT 14-2 14.5 CONSIDERATION OF ALTERNATIVES AND AVOIDANCE OF IMPACTS 14-3 14.6 SUMMARY OF BIOPHYSICAL IMPACTS 14-5 14.7 SUMMARY OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS 14-10 14.8 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 14-16 TABLES Table 1.1 Black Mountain’s Current Mining Operations in Aggeneys and Gamsberg Table 1.2 Directly Affected Properties Table 1.3 Expertise of EAPsTable 1.4 Structure of Draft ESIA Report Table 2.1 Listed Activities in Terms of NEMA EIA Regulations Table 2.2 Government Notice R545 of 2010 (Full Scoping and EIA) Table 2.3 Government Notice R546 of 2010 (Basic Assessment Required for Activities

within Specific Geographic Areas) Table 2.4 Category A Listed Activities in Terms of NEMWA Table 2.5 Category B Listed Activities in Terms of NEMWA Table 2.6 Listed Activities in Terms of NEMAQA Table 2.7 Summary of Legislative Applications and Relevant Authorities Table 3.1 Estimated Zinc Mine Production and Metal Usage (Sourced from Wood

Mackenzie, 2012) Table 3.2 Estimated Project Programme Table 3.3 Estimated direct temporary employment during construction Table 3.4 Construction Phase Water Usage Table 3.5 Conceptual Mine Work Plan Table 3.6 Inventory of Equipment Table 3.7 Phasing of Concentrator Plant Table 3.8 Stockpile Dimensions Table 3.9 Approximate Inventory of Materials Table 3.10 Operational Phase Water Requirement Table 3.11 Summary of Transport Options Table 4.1 Mitigation Hierarchy Table 4.2 Summary of Pre-screened Project Alternatives Considered during Previous EIA Process (adapted from previous EIA Report: SRK Consulting, 2000) Table 4.3 Summary of Comparison of Both Mining Techniques Table 4.4 Habitat Sensitivity Scale Table 4.5 Summary of Alternatives for Detailed Impact Assessment Table 5.1 Average Monthly Evaporation (mm)

Table 5.2 Key Characteristics of Gamsberg Lithologies, which would be Disturbed by Mining Activities

Table 5.3 Catchment Naming Convention Table 5.4 Summary of Groundwater Abstraction in the Area (SRK Consulting, 2010) Table 5.5 Composition of Pilot Tailings Samples as Reported by WMB (2000) Table 5.6 Overview of Vegetation Types and Habitat Units within the Study Area Table 5.7 Species of Conservation Concern Present in the Study Area (Sourced Desmet, 2010) Table 5.8 Habitats of Conservation Value (Sourced Desmet, 2010) Table 5.9 Reptiles Recorded in the Gamsberg (GroundTruth, 2013) Table 5.10 Range- and Biome-restricted Species Which Occur Within the Haramoep and Black Mountain Mine Nature Reserve IBA and Their Frequency as Estimated by Birdlife SA for the IBA Table 5.11 Mammal Species Recorded Within the Gamsberg Study Area (GroundTruth,

2013) Table 5.12 Overview of the Potential Level of Impact Caused by the Mining Development on Key Faunal Species Present Within the Gamsberg Study Area Table 5.13 Dust Deposition Results for June 2009 to October 2009 Table 5.14 Baseline Biophysical Conditions of Surroundings at Loop 10 Table 6.1 Key Informant Interviews and Focus Group Discussions Table 6.2 List of Settlements Included in the Social Impact Assessment Table 6.3 Brief Description of Settlements in the Project Area of Influence Table 6.4 Namakwa District Population Distribution Table 6.5 Population Trends for the Affected Towns Table 6.6 Gender Profile of Namakwa DM and Khai Ma LM in 2011 Table 6.7 Language Groups of the Namakwa DM and Khai Ma LM Table 6.8 Education Levels Attained by the Population Aged 20 years and above in the Namakwa DM and Khai Ma LM Table 6.9 The Number of Schools in the Areas of Influence Table 6.10 Contribution of Local Municipalities to Namakwa DM GGP Table 6.11 2011 Unemployment Levels for the Wider Study Area Table 6.12 Percentage of Household per Income Category in the Wider Study Area for 2011 Table 6.13 Basic Service Backlog Table 6.14 Extent of Provincial Road Networks (2006) Table 6.15 Traffic of N14 between Pofadder and Springbok (SANRAL Year Book, 2011) Table 6.16 Archaeological Observations: North of Gamsberg. Table 6.17 Archaeological Observations: South of Gamsberg Table 6.18 Archaeological Observations: Gamsberg Inselberg and Basin Table 6.19 Value of the Visual Resource Table 6.20 Potential Sensitivity of Visual Receptors Table 6.21 Matrix to Determine Ecosystem Priority Based on Replaceability and

Importance to Beneficiaries Table 6.22 Priority Determination of Ecosystem Services for the Proposed Gamsberg Mine and Surrounding Environs Table 7.1 Public Participation Activities during the Scoping Phase Table 7.2 Public Participation Undertaken during the ESIA Phase Table 8.1 Types of Non-mineral Wastes that will be Generated by the Project and Possible Management Options

Table 8.2 Waste Management Impacts that May Occur During Construction, Operation and Decommissioning Table 8.3 Potential Waste Management Infrastructure/Facilities Required Table 9.1 Modelled Air Quality Results at Sensitive Human Receptors Table 9.3 Pre- and Post- Mitigation Significance: Impact on Air Quality (Human Health) Table 9.4 Impact Characteristics: Drawdown on the Groundwater Resource Table 9.5 Pre- and Post- Mitigation Significance: Drawdown on the Groundwater

Resource Table 9.6 Impact Characteristics: Impact of Drawdown on Groundwater Users Table 9.7 Pre- and Post- Mitigation Significance: Private Groundwater Users Table 9.8 Impact Characteristics: Groundwater Quality Table 9.9 Pre- and Post- Mitigation Significance: Groundwater Quality Table 9.10 Impact Characteristics: Groundwater Users Table 9.11 Pre- and Post- Mitigation Significance: Groundwater Users Table 9.12 Overview of Habitats and Extent (ha) of Impact through the Mining Footprint, Dust Deposition and Groundwater Loss Table 9.13 Impact Characteristics: Habitat loss caused by the mine footprint and

associated activities Table 9.14 Pre- and Post- Mitigation Significance: Habitat loss caused by the mine footprint and associated activities Table 9.15 Impact Characteristics: Habitat degradation from Dust Deposition Table 9.16 Pre- and Post- Mitigation Significance: Habitat Degradation from Dust Deposition Table 9.17 Impact Characteristics: Habitat Degradation from Groundwater Drawdown Table 9.18 Pre- and Post- Mitigation Significance: Habitat Degradation from Groundwater Drawdown Table 9.19 Impact Characteristics: Habitat Fragmentation Table 9.20 Pre- and Post- Mitigation Significance: Habitat Fragmentation Table 9.21 Plants Species of Conservation Concern Identified in the Study Area (Desmet, 2010) Table 9.22 Faunal Species at Medium to High Risk as a Result of the Proposed Mining Activities in the Gamsberg (GroundTruth, 2013) Table 9.23 Impact Characteristics: Loss of Floral and Faunal Species Diversity Table 9.24 Pre- and Post- Mitigation Significance: Loss of Species Diversity Table 9.25 Impact Characteristics: Encroachment of Alien Species Table 9.26 Pre- and Post- Mitigation Significance: Encroachment of Alien Species Table 9.27 Impact Characteristics: Human influx Impacts on Biodiversity Table 9.28 Pre- and Post- Mitigation Significance: Human Influx Impacts on Biodiversity Table 9.29 Overview of the Pre-mitigation and Residual Significance of Impacts on Biodiversity of the Gamsberg Table 9.30 Estimation of Areas of Habitat Loss and Degradation Table 9.31 Impact Characteristics: Impact of the Removal and Alteration of Natural Water Courses on Catchment Response Table 9.32 A comparison Between Baseline and Projected Post-development Catchment Characteristics Table 9.33 Pre- and Post- Mitigation Significance: Removal and Alteration of Natural Water Courses Table 9.34 Impact Characteristics: Impact of Reduced Peak Runoff and

Discharge Volumes on Water Courses Table 9.35 Comparison Between Baseline and Post Development Storm Peak Flows and Volumes Table 9.36 Pre- and Post- Mitigation Significance: Impact of Reduced Peak Runoff and Discharge Volumes on Water Courses Table 9.37 Impact Characteristics: Impact of Reduction In mean Annual Runoff (MAR) Table 9.38 Anticipated Post-Development Reduction in MAR Table 9.39 Pre- and Post- Mitigation Significance: Impact of Reduction in Mean Annual Runoff Table 9.40 Impact Characteristics: Impact of Increased Sediment Yield on Surface Water Quality Table 9.41 Pre- and Post- Mitigation Significance: Impact of Reduction in Mean Annual Runoff Table 9.42 Impact Characteristics: Impact of Increased Pollutant Load on Surface Water Quality Table 9.43 Pre- and Post- Mitigation Significance: Impact of Increased Pollutant Load on Surface Water Quality Table 9.44 Impact Characteristics: Noise and Vibration Impact Table 9.45 Pre- and Post- Mitigation Significance: Impact on Noise and Vibration Table 9.46 Climate Baseline and Climate Change Scenarios Table 9.47 Impact Characteristics: Greenhouse Gas Emissions Table 9.48 Summary of Key Emission Sources Table 9.49 Gamsberg Estimated Annual Operational Carbon Footprint Table 9.50 Comparison of Gamsberg with Projected National Emissions (tCO2e) Table 9.51 Factors Influencing Greenhouse Gas Emissions Intensity Table 10.1 Impact Characteristics: Project Expenditure and Withdrawal Thereof Table 10.2 Construction Phase Expenditure Table 10.3 Construction Phase Expenditure per Geographic Area Table 10.4 Estimated Direct Temporary Employment During Construction Table 10.5 Likely Spread of Construction Jobs Per Area Table 10.6 Average Number of Construction Workers on Site over the Construction Period Table 10.7 Direct Household Income Impacts During Construction (2013 Rands) Table 10.8 Direct Household Income Impacts During Construction Per Area (2013 Rands) Table 10.9 Estimated Operational Expenditure Table 10.10 Operational Expenditure at Full Production per Geographical Area Table 10.11 Operational Employment Table 10.12 Operational Employment per Geographical Area Table 10.13 Income from Operational Employment Table 10.14 Incomes from Operational Employment per Geographical Area Table 10.15 Pre- and Post- Mitigation Significance: Impacts Associated with Project

Expenditure Table 10.16 Impact Characteristics: Impacts on Key Macro-Economic Variables Table 10.17 Likely Foreign Revenue and Tax Flows Associated with the Project Table 10.18 Present Values of Likely Foreign Revenue and Tax Flows Associated with the Project Table 10.19 Pre- and Post- Mitigation Significance: Impacts on Key Marco-Economic

Variables Table 10.20 Impact Characteristics: Impacts on Tourism

Table 10.21 Key tourism Establishments Nearby the Site Table 10.22 Pre- and Post- Mitigation Significance: Impacts on Tourism Table 10.23 Impact Characteristics: Impacts on Surrounding Land Uses Table 10.24 Pre- and Post- Mitigation Significance: Impacts on Surrounding Land Uses Table 10.25 Impact Characteristics: Impacts on Municipal Services Table 10.26 Pre- and Post- Mitigation Significance: Impacts on Municipal Services Table 10.27 Impact Characteristics: Employment Opportunities Table 10.28 Pre- and Post- Mitigation Significance: Employment opportunities Table 10.29 Impact Characteristics: Training and Skills Development Table 10.30 Pre- and Post- Mitigation Significance: Training and Skills Development Table 10.31 Impact Characteristics: Procurement and Services Table 10.32 Construction Phase Expenditure per Geographic Area Table 10.33 Estimated Operational Expenditure at Full Production per Geographic Area Table 10.34 Pre- and Post- Mitigation Significance: Procurement and Services Table 10.35 Impact Characteristics: Economic Diversification Table 10.36 Pre- and Post- Mitigation Significance: Economic Diversification Table 10.37 Impact Characteristics: Unmet Expectations and Associated Social Unrest Table 10.38 Pre- and Post- Mitigation Significance: Unmet Expectations and Associated

Social Unrest Table 10.39 Impact Characteristics: Increased Pressure on Infrastructure and Services Table 10.40 Pre- and Post- Mitigation Significance: Increased Pressure on Infrastructure and Services Table 10.43 Impact characteristics: Road infrastructure and transport network Table 10.44 Traffic Volumes Associated with the Project Ramp Up during Operation Table 10.45 Pre- and Post- Mitigation Significance: Road Infrastructure and Transport

Network Table 10.46 Impact Characteristics: Communicable Diseases Table 10.47 Pre- and Post- Mitigation Significance: Communicable Diseases Table 10.48 Impact Characteristics: Road Traffic Accidents Table 10.49 Pre- and Post- Mitigation Significance: Road Traffic Accidents Table 10.50 Pre- and Post- Mitigation Significance: Relations between the Locals and In-migrants Table 10.51 Impact Characteristics: Social Pathologies Table 10.52 Pre- and Post- Mitigation Significance: Social Pathologies Table 10.53 Impact characteristics: Sense of Place Table 10.54 Pre- and Post- Mitigation Significance: Sense of Place Table 10.55 Impact Characteristics: Local Cultural and Social Values Table 10.56 Pre- and Post- Mitigation Significance: Local Cultural and Social Values Table 10.57 Impact characteristics: Increased pressure on infrastructure and services

(Indirect from Influx) Table 10.58 Pre- and Post- Mitigation Significance: Increase Pressure on Infrastructure and Services Table 10.59 Impact Characteristics: Communicable Diseases Table 10.60 Impact Characteristics: Impact on the Aesthetic Value () of the Landscape Table 10.61 Pre- and Post- Mitigation Significance: Visual Table 10.62 Impact Characteristics: Traffic and Transport Network Table 10.63 Forecast of the Person Trip Traffic Generation during the Construction Phase

Table 10.64 Road Traffic Generation Based on the Proposed Ramp-up Table 10.65 HiCap 2000 Analysis: N14 (Springbok to Pofadder) and the N7 (Garies to Springbok) Table 10.66 Forecast of Person Trip Generation during Operation (Year 1) Table 10.67 Forecast of Person trip Generation during Operation (Year 5) Table 10.68 Pre- and Post- Mitigation Significance: Traffic and Transport Network Table 10.69 Impact Characteristics: Archaeological Resources Table 10.70 Pre- and Post- Mitigation Significance: Impact on Archaeology Table 10.71 Impact Characteristics: Cultural Heritage Table 10.72 Pre- and Post- Mitigation Significance: Impact on Cultural Heritage Table 10.73 Impact Characteristics: Paleontological and Heritage Resources Table 10.74 Pre- and Post- Mitigation Significance: Paleontological Heritage Resources Table 11.1 Summary of Key Challenges Experienced by Local and District Municipality Table 11.2 Summary of Cumulative Considerations Table 12.1 Gamsberg Draft Closure Quantum – April 2013 Table 14.1 Summary of Impact Assessment (pre and post mitigation) FIGURES Figure 1.1 Location of the Proposed Gamsberg Zinc Mine and Associated Infrastructure Figure 1.2 Cadastral Map of Gamsberg Mine Figure 2.1 Integrated Flow Diagram of ESIA Process Figure 2.2 Namakwa District Municipality Spatial Development Framework Composite

Map (2012) Figure 2.3 Khâi-Ma Local Municipality Spatial Development Framework Composite Map (2010) Figure 3.1 Final Layout Plan for mine and associated infrastructure Figure 3.2 Gamsberg Mine off take pipeline and reservoir Figure 3.3 Typical Open Pit Operation Figure 3.4 Mining Haul Trucks Expected to be used Figure 3.5 Image of a Typical Waste Rock Dump Figure 3.6 Block Flow Schematic Diagram Figure 3.7 Typical Image of Concentrator Plant Figure 3.8 Milling Circuit Schematic Figure 3.9 Typical Example of a Tailings Facility Figure 3.10 Proposed Staff Housing in Aggeneys Figure 3.11 Transport Option 1 (Truck to Port of Saldanha via N14, N7 and R399) Figure 3.12 Transport Option 2 (Truck to Loop 10 siding and rail to Port of Saldanha) Figure 4.1 Original Layout Plan Figure 4.2 Habitat Sensitivity Map Figure 4.3 Archaeological/Heritage Sensitivity Map Figure 4.4 Original Noise Sensitivity Map Figure 4.5 Consideration of Setback Lines for Open Pit (Desmet, 2013) Figure 4.6 Initial Layout Plan Figure 5.1 Average Annual Rainfall over South Africa Figure 5.2 Average Monthly Precipitation in Aggeneys (1986 - 2012) Figure 5.3 Total Annual Precipitation in Aggeneys (1986 - 2012) Figure 5.4 Average Annual Temperatures over South Africa Figure 5.5 Mean Maximum Temperature in Pofadder for January Between 2000 to 2012

Figure 5.6 Average Number of Days Exceeding 30, 35 and 40 °C During the Summer Months Figure 5.7 The 2011 Flooding of the Orange River Destroyed Hundreds of Hectares of Arable Land in Upington Figure 5.8 The 2011 Flooding of the Orange River Caused Significant Damage to

Infrastructure and Blocked Transport Routes in Upington Figure 5.9 The Impact of the 2011 Flooding of the Orange River on the Augrabies Falls Figure 5.10 Recorded Weather Events Around the Project Site (SAWS, 2011) Figure 5.11 Stylised Stratigraphic Succession (after AA plc, June 2000) Figure 5.12 Orange River Catchment (Sourced from www.dwa.gov.za website, 2012) Figure 5.13 Location of On-site Watercourses (including 1:100 year floodline) Figure 5.14 The Extent of the BIR Figure 5.15 The National Vegetation Map (Mucina & Rutherford 2006) for the Area Around the Proposed Pella Water Board Pipeline and Associated Infrastructure Figure 5.16 Example of Bushmanland Arid Grassland Vegetation Type Figure 5.17 Typical Composition of Bushmanland Inselberg Succulent Shrubland along

Southern Face of Gamsberg Inselberg Figure 5.18 Plains Quartz Gravel Patch at northern eastern base of Gamsberg Inselberg Figure 5.19 Critical Biodiversity Areas Map for the Area Surrounding the Proposed Pella

Water Board Pipeline and Associated Infrastructure Figure 5.20 Undescribed Messor Species found in the Gamsberg Basin Figure 5.21 Undescribed Camponotus Fulvopilosus-group Species (left) Compared with the

Karoo form of C. fulvopilosus (right) Commonly found at Gamsberg and in the Surrounding Regions

Figure 5.22 Photographs of Parabuthus schlechteri (Left) and Parabuthus laevifrons (Right) Recorded from the Gamsberg Study Area Figure 5.23 Paradise Toad Identified at Gamsberg Inselberg Figure 5.24 Various Geckos Recorded from the Study Area Figure 5.25 Examples of Small Mammals Recorded Within the Gamsberg Study Area Figure 5.26 Surface Drainage Patterns at Loop 10 Figure 6.1 Administrative Structure Figure 6.2 Project Area of Influence Figure 6.3 Growth Rates of Local Municipalities in the Namakwa DM from 1996 to 2011 Figure 6.4 Age Trend of Khai Ma Local Municipality for 2001 and 2011 Figure 6.5 Population Distribution by Race According to Census 2011 Figure 6.6 Boesmanland High School Figure 6.7 Pofadder Community Centre which Houses the Clinic and Library Figure 6.8 One of Two Ambulances Servicing Khai Ma LM Figure 6.9 HIV/AIDS Incidence Rate in the Northern Cape Province (According to

Voluntary Counselling and Testing data) Figure 6.10 Sign on Clinic Door Raising Awareness about the Spread of TB Figure 6.11 Average Real Annual Economic Growth Rate per Region: 2001 - 2011 Figure 6.12 GGP Contribution by Industry of the Northern Cape Province in 2011 Figure 6.13 Economic Growth Rates in the Northern Cape and Namakwa District (1996 - 2007) Figure 6.14 Deeps Mine Operated by BMM near Aggeneys Figure 6.15 Vineyards along the Orange River Figure 6.16 Commercial Livestock Farming in Khai Ma LM Figure 6.17 Emergent Stock Farmer Using N14 Highway as Grazing Land Figure 6.18 Sectoral Employment in the Namakwa District (1995 - 2007)

Figure 6.19 Unemployment Rate from 1996 to 2011 at the Provincial and Municipal Level Figure 6.20 Dependency Ratios at the Provincial and Municipal Levels from 1996 to 2011 Figure 6.21 Average Household Income for 2001 and 2011 Figure 6.22 Household Incomes for the Namakwa District (2001) Figure 6.23 Kalkoentjiebos (Sutherlandia frutescens) is used as a Remedy for Several

Ailments Figure 6.24 Example of Houses in Pofadder Figure 6.25 Example of Houses in Pella Figure 6.26 Typical House in Aggeneys Figure 6.27 Water Provision Methods from 1996 to 2011 for the Province and Municipalities Figure 6.28 Water Pipe Supplying BMM and Aggeneys Figure 6.29 Distribution of Households by the Type of Sanitation Facilities between 1996 and 2011 for the Province, DM and LM Figure 6.30 Ventilated Pit Latrines in Pofadder Figure 6.31 Distribution of Households That Use Electricity for Lighting, Heating and

Cooking from 1996 to 2011 Figure 6.32 N14 Highway Connecting Pofadder to Springbok Figure 6.33 The Red Dashed Line Indicates the Northern Slope of Gamsberg and the Adjacent Plain Extending Northwards Across the N14 Road. Yellow Circles and Ellipses Represent Heritage Sites or Features Figure 6.34 Archaeological Observations: South of Gamsberg. The Dashed Red Line

Indicates the South Western and Southern Slopes of Gamsberg and the Adjacent Valleys and Plains Extending Southwards to and Beyond the Loop 10 Road. Yellow Circles and Ellipses Represent Heritage Sites. The Dashed Yellow Line Represents a Sensitive Portion of the Landscape Implicated in Documentary and Oral Evidence of Genocide Against the San Figure 6.35 Archaeological Observations: Gamsberg Inselberg and Basin. Yellow Circles and Ellipses Represent Heritage Sites on the Inselberg and in the Basin of the

Mountain Figure 6.36 Landscape Character Figure 6.37 Visual Resource and Views Figure 7.1 Pictures taken during the Public Meeting held in Pella (dated 28 November 2012) Figure 7.2 Pictures taken during the Public Meeting held in Pofadder (dated 27 November

2012) Figure 8.1 Waste Management Hierarchy Figure 9.1 PM10 Annual Maximum Concentration (Guideline: 40 μg/m3) Figure 9.2 Averaged Daily Dust Deposition (Guideline: 600 mg/m2/d) Figure 9.3 Hydraulic Head Change at 19 Years (End of Mining) Figure 9.4 Hydraulic Head Change at 69 Years (50 Years after Mine Closure) Figure 9.5 Hydraulic Head Change at 119 Years (100 Years after Mine Closure) Figure 9.6 Sulphate Plume in Year 19 (End of Mining) Figure 9.7 Sulphate Plume in Year 69 (50 Years after Mine Closure) Figure 9.8 Sulphate Plume in Year 119 (100 Years after Mine Closure) Figure 9.9 Overview of Sensitive Habitats, Planned Infrastructure, Dust Deposition and Groundwater Drawdown Zones Figure 9.10 Proposed Project Layout in Relation to Sub-catchment Boundaries, Project

Infrastructure and Watercourses and Associated Floodlines

Figure 9.11 Noise Level Differences of the Project Minus Existing Day-time Figure 9.12 Noise Level Differences of the Project Minus Existing Night-time Figure 9.13 Future Day-time Noise Contours around the Project Figure 9.14 Future Night-time Noise Contours around the Project Figure 9.15 Recorded Weather Events around the Project Site (SAWS, 2011) Figure 9.16 South Africa’s National Emissions (MtCO2e) Based on GDP Growth Figure 9.17 Emissions Intensity of Gamsberg and other International Zinc Ore Mines Figure 10.1 Aerial Photograph Showing Proposed Mining Infrastructure in Relation to

Sensitive Viewers/Receptors Figure 10.2 Simulation Showing Predicted Effect of the Proposed Waste Rock Dump and Plant Figure 10.3 Simulation Showing Potential Mining Infrastructure on Either Side of the N14 Figure 10.4 Illustration Showing the Visual Absorption Capacity of the Project Site Figure 10.5 Diagram Showing the Proposed 'Zone of Potential Influence' for the Project Figure 10.6 Schematic of the Key Traffic and Transport Routes Figure 10.7 Areas of Archaeological Importance in Relation to the Proposed Project Layout Figure 10.8 Location of Wastewater Treatment Works Expansion and Housing Development at Aggeneys Figure 11.1 Location of Renewable Energy Farms BOXES Box 2.1 Permitting Requirements for Heritage Resources Management Box 2.2 Permitting Requirements for Fossil, Built Environment and Stone Age

Archaeology Box 2.3 Permitting Requirements for Burial Grounds and Graves Older than 60 years to Heritage Northern Cape (HNC) and Historic Burials to the South African Heritage Resources Agency (SAHRA) Box 2.4 Water Uses in Terms of Section 21 of the NWA Box 6.1 Boesmanland High School in Pofadder Box 9.2 Construction Impact: Impact on Air Quality Box 9.3 Operational Impact: Impact on Air Quality Box 9.4 Summary of Operational Impact: Groundwater Level Changes on Groundwater Resource Box 9.5 Summary of Post-Closure Impact: Drawdown on the Groundwater Resource Box 9.6 Summary of Operational Impact: Drawdown on Groundwater Users Box 9.7 Summary of Post-Closure Impact: Drawdown on Groundwater Users Box 9.8 Summary of Construction Impact: Groundwater Quality Box 9.9 Summary of Operational Impact: Groundwater Quality Box 9.10 Summary of Post-Closure Impact: Groundwater Quality Box 9.11 Summary of Operational Impact: Groundwater Users Box 9.12 Summary of Operational Impact: Groundwater Users Box 9.13 Summary of Impact: Habitat Loss Caused by the Mine Footprint and Associated Activities during all Mine Phases Box 9.14 Summary of Impact: Habitat Degradation from Dust Deposition for all Phases of the Mine Box 9.15 Summary of Impact: Habitat Degradation from Groundwater Drawdown

Box 9.16 Summary of Impact: Habitat Fragmentation during all Mine Phases Box 9.17 Summary of Impact: Loss of Floral and Faunal Species Diversity Box 9.18 Summary of Impact: Encroachment of Alien Species Box 9.19 Summary of Impact: Human influx Impacts on Biodiversity Box 9.20 Summary of Construction Impact: Impact of the Removal and Alteration of Natural Water Courses on Catchment Response Box 9.21 Summary of Operation Impact: Impact of Reduced peak Runoff and Discharge Volumes Box 9.22 Comparison between Baseline and Post-Development Contribution to MAR Box 9.23 Summary of Operation Impact: Impact of reduction in mean annual runoff (MAR) Box 9.24 Summary of Operation Impact: Impact of Increased Sediment Yield on Surface Water Quality Box 9.25 Summary of Operation Impact: Impact of Increased Pollutant Load on Surface Water Quality Box 9.27 Construction Impact: Noise and Vibration Impact Along the Loop 10 road, most of the scattered farm houses are located more than 500 m from the

alignment, and as such the expected level contribution due to the trucks will be below 34 dB(A), which is considered to be of low significance (see Box 9.28) Box 9.29 Operational Impact: Noise and Vibration Impact Box 9.30 Summary of Operational Impact: Greenhouse Gas Emissions Box 10.1 Summary of Construction Impact: Construction Phase Expenditure Box 10.2 Summary of Operational Impact: Operational Phase Expenditure Box 10.3 Summary of Decommissioning Impact: Impacts Linked to Withdrawal of

Expenditure Box 10.4 Summary of Construction and Operational Impact: Impacts on Key Marco-

Economic Variables Box 10.5 Summary of Decommissioning Impact: Impacts on Key Marco-Economic

Variables Box 10.6 Summary of Construction Phase Impacts: Impacts on Tourism Box 10.7 Summary of Operational Phase Impact: Impacts on Tourism Box 10.8 Summary of Decommissioning Phase Impacts: Impacts on Tourism Box 10.9 Summary of Construction Phase Impacts: Impacts on Surrounding Land Uses Box 10.10 Summary of Operational Phase Impact: Impacts on Surrounding Land Uses Box 10.11 Summary of Decommissioning Phase Impacts: Impacts on Surrounding Land

Uses Box 10.12 Summary of Overall Impact Significance (Construction and Operational

Phases): Impacts on Municipal Services Box 10.13 Summary of Decommissioning Impact: Impacts on Municipal Services Box 10.14 Summary of Construction Impacts: Employment Opportunities Box 10.15 Summary of Operation Impacts: Employment Opportunities Box 10.16 Summary of Decommissioning Impacts: Employment Opportunities Box 10.17 Summary of Construction, Operational and Decommissioning Impacts: Training and Skills Development Box 10.18 Summary of Construction Impacts: Procurement and Services Box 10.19 Summary of Operation Impacts: Procurement and Services Box 10.20 Summary of Construction and Operational Impacts: Economic Diversification Box 10.21 Summary of Decommissioning Impacts: Economic Diversification

Box 10.22 Summary of Construction and Operational Impacts: Unmet Expectations and Associated Social Unrest Box 10.23 Housing Box 10.24 Health Care and Education Box 10.25 Water and Sanitation Infrastructure and Supply Box 10.26 Electricity Box 10.27 Refuse Removal Box 10.28 Summary of Construction Impacts: Increased Pressure on Infrastructure and Services (Influx) Box 10.29 Summary of Operation Impacts: Increased Pressure on Infrastructure and

Services Box 10.30 Summary of Decommissioning Impacts: Increased Pressure on Infrastructure and Services Box 10.33 Summary of Construction Impacts: Road Infrastructure and Transport Network Box 10.34 Summary of Operation Impacts: Road Infrastructure and Transport Network Box 10.35 Summary of Decommissioning Impacts: Road Infrastructure and Transport

Network Box 10.36 Summary of Construction Impacts: Communicable Diseases Box 10.37 Summary of Operation Impacts: Communicable Diseases Box 10.38 Summary of Decommissioning Impacts: Communicable Diseases Box 10.39 Summary of Construction and Operational Impacts: Road Traffic Accidents Box 10.40 Summary of Decommissioning Impacts: Road Traffic Accidents Box 10.41 Summary of Construction and Operational Impacts: Relations between the

Locals and In-migrants Box 10.42 Summary of Decommissioning Impacts: Relations between the Locals and In-migrants Box 10.43 Summary of Construction, Operational and Decommissioning Impacts: Social Pathologies Box 10.44 Summary of Construction, Operation and Decommissioning Impacts: Negative Impact to Sense of Place Box 10.45 Summary of Construction, Operation and Decommissioning Impacts: Positive Impact to Sense of Place Box 10.46 Summary of Construction, Operational and Decommissioning Impacts: Local Cultural and Social Values Box 10.47 Housing Box 10.48 Health Care and Education Box 10.49 Water and Sanitation Infrastructure and Supply Box 10.50 Electricity Box 10.51 Refuse Removal Box 10.52 Summary of Construction Impacts: Increased Pressure on Infrastructure and Services resulting from Influx Box 10.53 Summary of Operational Impacts: Increased Pressure on Infrastructure and Services resulting from Influx Box 10.54 Summary of Decommissioning Impacts: Increased Pressure on Infrastructure and Services resulting from Influx Box 10.55 Summary of construction impacts: Communicable diseases Box 10.56 Summary of Operation Impacts: Communicable Diseases Box 10.57 Summary of Decommissioning Impacts: Communicable Diseases

Box 10.58 Summary of Construction Impact: Impact on the Aesthetic Value of the Landscape

Box 10.59 Summary of Operational Impact: Visual Box 10.60 Summary of Decommissioning Impact: Visual Box 10.61 Summary of Construction Impact: Traffic and Transport Network Box 10.62 Summary of Operational Impact: Traffic and Transport Network Box 10.63 Summary of Decommissioning Impact: Traffic and Transport Network Box 10.64 Summary of Construction and Operational Impact: Archaeological Resources Box 10.65 Summary of Construction and Operational Impact: Cultural Heritage Resources Box 10.66 Summary of Decommissioning Impact: Cultural Heritage Resources Box 10.67 Construction and Operational Impact: Damage to or Destruction of

Paleontological Heritage Resources

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

“alternative”, in relation to a proposed activity, means different means of meeting the general purpose and requirements of the activity, which may include alternatives to- (a) the property on which or location where it is proposed to undertake the

activity; (b) the type of activity to be undertaken; (c) the design or layout of the activity; (d) the technology to be used in the activity; (e) the operational aspects of the activity; and (f) the option of not implementing the activity. “aquifer” means a geological formation which has structures or textures that hold water or permit appreciable water movement through them. “biodiversity” (“biological diversity” or “biodiversity”) means the variability among living organisms from all sources including, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part and also includes diversity within species, between species, and of ecosystems. “buffer area” means, unless specifically defined, an area extending 10 kilometres from the proclaimed boundary of a world heritage site or national park and 5 kilometres from the proclaimed boundary of a nature reserve, respectively, or that defined as such for a biosphere.W “catchment” The area from which any rainfall will drain into the watercourse or watercourses or part of the water course, through surface flow to a common point or common points. “clean water system” includes any dam, other form of impoundment, canal, works, pipeline and any other structure or facility constructed for the retention or conveyance of unpolluted water. “concentration” Concentrating involves milling, crushing and flotation of the ore to produce a concentrate for smelting. The ore is crushed and milled to reduce the size of the rock particles and to expose the minerals which contain the PGMs. The particles are mixed with water and special reagents and air is pumped through the liquid, creating bubbles to which the PGM-containing particles adhere. These float to the surface and are removed as a soapy froth. “construction” means the building, erection or establishment of a facility, structure or infrastructure that is necessary for the undertaking of a listed or specified activity but excludes any modification, alteration or expansion of such a facility, structure or infrastructure and excluding the reconstruction of the same facility in the same location, with the same capacity and footprint. “dam” includes any settling dam, slurry dam, evaporation dam, catchment or barrier dam and any other form of impoundment used for the storage of unpolluted water or water containing waste. “dirty area” means any area at a mine or activity which causes, has caused or is likely to cause pollution of a water resource.

“dirty water system” includes any dam, other form of impoundment, canal, works, pipeline, residue deposit and any other structure or facility constructed for the retention or conveyance of water containing waste. “environment” The surroundings within which humans exist and that are made up of: i. the land, water and atmosphere of the earth; ii. micro-organisms, plant and animal life; iii. any part or combination of (i) and (ii) and the interrelationships among

and between them; and iv. the physical, chemical, aesthetic and cultural properties and conditions

of the foregoing that influence human health and well-being. This includes the economic, social, cultural, historical and political circumstances, conditions and objects that affect the existence and development of an individual, organism or group.

“environmental impact assessment” refers to the process of systematically identifying, predicting, assessing and reporting the potential positive and negative social, economic and biophysical impacts of any proposed project, plan, programme or policy which requires authorisation or permission by law and which may significantly affect the environment. The EIA includes an evaluation of alternatives, as well as recommendations for appropriate mitigation measures for minimising or avoiding negative impacts, measures enhancing the positive aspects of the proposal and environmental management and monitoring measures. Although recognised as an EIA process in a South African context, the EIA process for this project is referred to as an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) in line with International good practice. “expansion” means the modification, extension, alteration or upgrading of a facility, structure or infrastructure at which an activity takes place in such a manner that the capacity of the facility or the footprint of the activity is increased. “fault” a zone of displacement in rock formations resulting from forces of tension or compression of the earth's crust. “Formation” a general term used to describe a sequence of rock layers. “fractured-rock aquifer” groundwater occurring in within fractures and fissures in hard-rock formations. “freeboard” - with respect to water storage dams can be defined as the distance between the full supply level (spillway crest level) and the lowest point on the dam wall crest. Freeboard with respect to tailings dams can be defined as the distance between the mean operating level plus the 1:50 year flood-level and the lowest point on the wall crest of the tailings dam. “groundwater flow” The movement of water through openings and pore spaces in rocks below the water table i.e. in the saturated zone. Groundwater naturally drains from higher lying areas to low lying areas such as rivers, lakes and the oceans. The rate of flow depends on the slope of the water table and the transmissivity of the geological formations. “groundwater recharge” Refers to the portion of rainfall that actually infiltrates the soil, percolates under gravity through the unsaturated zone (also called the Vadose Zone) down to the saturated zone below the water table (also called the Phreatic

Zone). “habitat” means a place where a species or ecological community naturally occurs. “Heavy metals “include the elements in the centre of the Periodic Table (Transition metals) and have a density of >3g/cm3 . Common examples are V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ag, Cd, Au, Hg. “hydrogeological” The study of distribution and movement of groundwater. “hydrological” The study of movement, distribution and quality of surface water. “impact” The positive or negative effects on human well-being and / or on the environment. “interested and affected parties (I&APs)” any person, group of persons, organisation or any organ of state that may have jurisdiction over any aspect of / or whose interests may be positively or negatively affected by the proposal or activity and/ or who are concerned with a proposal or activity and its consequences. “Irreplaceable loss” a permanent impact that is impossible to replace if lost or damaged. “natural habitat” Land and water areas where (i) the ecosystems' biological communities are formed largely by native plant and animal species, and (ii) human activity have not essentially modified the area's primary ecological functions. All natural habitats have important biological, social, economic, and existence value. “mitigate” The implementation of practical measures to reduce adverse impacts or enhance beneficial impacts of an action. “permeability” the ease with which a fluid can pass through a porous medium and is defined as the volume of fluid discharged from a unit area of an aquifer under unit hydraulic gradient in unit time (expressed as m3, m2 or m/d). It is an intrinsic property of the porous medium and is independent of the properties of the saturating fluid; not to be confused with hydraulic conductivity, which relates specifically to the movement of water. “porosity” Ratio of the volume of void space to the total volume of the rock or earth material. “proponent” Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd, part of the Vedanta Group plc, is applying for various environmental authorisations / permits / licences in terms of the relevant environmental legislation. "phased activities" means an activity that is developed in phases over time on the same or adjacent properties to create a single or linked entity through interconnected internal vehicular or pedestrian circulation, sharing of infrastructure, or the continuum of design, style or concept by the same proponent or his or her successors. “Prescribe” Means only as prescribe by regulation in the Government Gazette. “Project “ As demarcated according to mining license boundaries – exclude the town, Eskom and those portions of the land under company charge where mining or accessory works are being carried out.

“protected area” means those protected areas contemplated in section 9 of the NEMPAA. “public participation process” A process of involving the public in order to identify issues and concerns, and obtain feedback on options and impacts associated with a proposed project, programme or development. Public Participation Process in terms of NEMA refers to: a process in which potential interested and affected parties are given an opportunity to comment on, or raise issues relevant to specific matters. “reasonable measures” - The measures that a reasonable (ordinary) person would regard necessary for the specific purpose. Reasonable person in this case would refer to a person with expertise in the specific field. “Regulator“ Means the government agent responsible for the application processing, permitting, implementation, control and prosecution of persons and their actions in order to adhere to a specific piece of legislation. “residual deposit” means any residue stockpile remaining at the termination, cancellation or expiry of a prospecting right, mining right, mining permit, exploration right or production right. “residual stockpile” means any debris, discard, tailings, slimes, screening, slurry, waste rock, foundry sand, beneficiation plant waste, ash or any other product derived from or incidental to a mining operation and which is stockpiled, stored or accumulated for potential re-use, or which is disposed of, by the holder of a mining right, mining permit or production right. “runoff” All surface and subsurface flow from a catchment, but in practice refers to the flow in a river i.e. excludes groundwater not discharged into a river. “SANS Class 1” South African National Standard 241:2006 for Drinking Water (Class 1). “saturated zone” The subsurface zone below the water table where interstices are filled with water under pressure greater than that of the atmosphere. “scoping” the process of determining the spatial and temporal boundaries (i.e. extent) and key issues to be addressed in an environmental assessment. The main purpose of scoping is to focus the environmental assessment on a manageable number of important questions. Scoping should also ensure that only significant issues and reasonable alternatives are examined. “significance” significance can be differentiated into impact magnitude and impact significance. Impact magnitude is the measurable change (i.e. intensity, duration and likelihood). Impact significance is the value placed on the change by different affected parties (i.e. level of significance and acceptability). It is an anthropocentric concept, which makes use of value judgements and science-based criteria (i.e. biophysical, social and economic). “Social & Labour Plan (SLP)”Plan required by the Department of Mineral Resources to outline a mine’s plan to align itself with the pillars of the Mining Charter. “Stakeholder” A person, group or organization with the potential to affect or be affected by the process or outcome of mine closure.

“storage coefficient” the volume of water an aquifer releases from or takes into storage per unit surface area of the aquifer per unit change in head. “test pumping” or aquifer testing is the process whereby an aquifer is subjected to pumping from a borehole under controlled test conditions in order to determine the hydraulic parameters of the groundwater system through its response to the stress of abstraction. “total dissolved solids” It (often abbreviated TDS) is an expression for the total mass content of dissolved ions and molecules or suspended microgranules in a liquid medium. “transmissivity” the rate at which a volume of water is transmitted through a unit width of aquifer under a unit hydraulic head (m2/d); product of the thickness and average hydraulic conductivity of an aquifer. “Wetland” “wetland is the land which is transitional between dry and wet systems, where the water table is usually at or near the surface, or the land is periodically covered with shallow water and which supports or would support vegetation that is adapted to life in saturated soil (National Water Act 36 of 1998 In DWAF, 2005).

ACRONYMS ADT Average Daily Traffic AIA Archaeological Impact Assessment ANC African National Congress ANFO Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil ARC Agricultural Research Centre ARD Acid Rock Drainage ARVs Anti-Retroviral Treatment BBBEE Broad-based Black Economic Empowerment BID Background Information Document BIR Bushmanland Inselberg Region BMM Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd BMP Biodiversity Management Plan CAPEX Capital Expenditure CARA Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act, 1983 (No. 43 of

1983) CBA Critical Biodiversity Area CBO Community Base Organisation CDW Community Development Workers CI Conservation International CMA Catchment Management Agency Cope Congress of the People CPA Communal Property Association CRR Comments and Responses Report DA Democratic Alliance DoA Department of Agriculture DEA Department of Environmental Affairs DENC Northern Cape Department of Environment and Nature

Conservation DEM Digital Elevation Model DGDS District Growth and Development Strategy DM District Municipalities DMR Department of Mineral Resources (previously Department of

Mineral Energy – DME) DMS Dense Medium Separation DSR Draft Scoping Report DWA Department of Water Affairs EAP Environmental Assessment Practitioner EC Electrical Conductivity ECA Environmental Conservation Act (No. 73 of 1989) EIA Environmental Impact Assessment ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment EIAR Environmental Impact Assessment Report EMF Environmental Management Framework EMPr Environmental Management Programme EMS Environmental Management System ERM Environmental Resources Management (Pty) Ltd ESA Earlier Stone Age ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan FAS Foetal Alcohol Syndrome FET Further Education and Training FGD Focus Group Discussions GDP Gross Domestic Product GGP Gross Geographic Product

GHG Greenhouse Gas GIF Gamsberg Iron Formation GN General Notice GNR General Notice Regulation Ha Hectares HCM Highway Capacity Manual HDPE High Density Polyethylene HIA Heritage Impact Assessment HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Acquired

Immunodeficiency Syndrome HNC Heritage Northern Cape HSE Health, Safety and Environment HNC Heritage Northern Cape I&AP’s Interested and Affected Parties IBA Important Bird Area ICMI International Cyanide Management Code IDP Integrated Development Plan IFC International Finance Corporation ILO International Labour Organisation ILZSG International Lead and Zinc Study Group IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IT Information Technology IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature IWULA Integrated Water Use Licence Application KII Key Informant Interviews KMLM Khai-Ma Local Municipality Ktpa kilotons per annum kV Kilovolts kWh Kilowatt hours LC Least Concern LED Local Economic Development LM Local Municipalities LOS Level of Service LoM Life of Mine LRAD Land Redistribution for Agricultural Development LSU Large stock unit MAE Mean Annual Evaporation MAP Mean Annual Precipitation MAR Mean Annual Runoff mamsl Metres above mean sea level mbgl Metres below ground level MF Monitoring Forum Ml Mega litre MPRDA Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development (No. 28 of

2002) Mm³ Million cubic metres m³ Cubic metres m² Square metres m Metres m/s Metres per second MSA Middle Stone Age Mt Million tons Mtpa Million tons per annum MVA Million Volt-Amperes MW Mega Watts

MWP Mine Works Programme NAG Net Acid Generating NCPGDS Northern Cape Provincial Growth and Development

Strategy NCPSDF Northern Cape Provincial Spatial Development Framework NDM Namakwa District Municipality NDT Namakwa Diamond Trust NEMA National Environmental Management Act, 1998 NEM:AQA National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act, 2004 NEM:BA National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004 NEM:PAA National Environmental Management Protected Areas Act, NEM:WA National Environmental Management: Waste Act, 2008 NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NHRA National Heritage Resources Act, 1999 (No. 25 of 1999) NWA National Water Act, 1998 (No. 36 of 1998) NWMS National Waste Management Strategy PCD Pollution Control Dam PGNC Provincial Growth and Development Strategy PoS Plan of Study PWB Pelladrift Water Board PIA Paleontological Impact Assessment PV Present value RDP Reconstruction and Development Programme ROM Run of Mine ROSE Recycling Oil Saves the Environment SA South Africa SAG Semi-Autogenous Grinding SAHRA South African Heritage Resources Agency SALT South African Large Telescope SANRAL South African National Roads Agency Limited SANS South African National Standards SAPS South African Police Service SAWQ South African Water Quality SAWS South African Weather Services SCEP Stakeholder Consultation and Engagement Plan SCP Social Closure Plan SDF Spatial Development Framework SHE Safety, Health and Environment SIA Social Impact Assessment SKA Square Kilometre Array SKEP Succulent Karoo Ecosystem Programme SLAG Settlement Land Acquisition Grant SLP Social and Labour Plan SMME Small, Medium and Micro-sized Enterprises SS Suspended Solids STD Sexually Transmitted Disease TB Tuberculosis TDS Total Dissolved Solids TFS Technical Feasibility Study ToR Terms of Reference Tpa Tonnes per annum TSF Tailings Storage Facility UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural

Organisation WMA Water Management Area

WML Waste Management License VAC Visual Absorption Capacity VIA Visual Impact Assessment VOPI Vegetable and Ornamental Plan Institute VU Vulnerable WMA Water Management Area WMP Waste Management Plan WRD Waste Rock Dump

Documents

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for · PDF fileEnvironmental and Social Impact Assessment for the Gamsberg Zinc ... Northern Cape Province of South ... the DENC and