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Republic of Maldives
Ministry of Environment and Energy
Environmental and Social Due Diligence
Ari Atoll Solid Waste Management Project
Maldives Climate Change Trust Fund
June 21, 2012
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Abbreviations and Acronyms
BATNEEC Best Available Technology Not Entailing Excessive Costs
BP Bank Procedure
BPEO Best Practical Environmental Option
CBO Community Based Organization
CCD Community Centered Development
CCTF Climate Change Trust Fund
DPH Department of Public Health
EA Environmental Assessment
EC European Commission
EHS Environment, Health and Safety
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EMP Environmental Management Plan
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
EPPA Environmental Protection and Preservation Act
ESDD Environmental and Social Due Diligence
GHG Green House Gas
GoM Government of Maldives
IEE Initial Environmental Examination
IFC International Finance Corporation
IWMC Island Waste Management Centre
IWMP Island Waste Management Plan
MEMP Maldives Environmental Management Project
MHE Ministry of Housing and Environment
NEAP National Environmental Action Plan
NGO Non-Government Organization
OP Operational Policy
PMU Project Management Unit
PPP Public-private partnership
PSP Private Sector Participation
RWDF Regional Waste Disposal Facility
SWM Solid Waste Management
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
WMC Waste Management Corporation
ii
Table of Contents
Abbreviations and Acronyms .......................................................................................................... i
Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................ ii
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 1
2. PROJECT OBJECTIVES AND COMPONENTS .................................................................. 5
2.1 Project Objective .............................................................................................................. 5
2.2 Project Area ...................................................................................................................... 5
2.3 Project Components ......................................................................................................... 7
3. PURPOSE OF Environmental and Social Due Diligence ..................................................... 11
4. POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK .............................................................................. 13
4.1 Government of Maldives Safeguards Policies and Regulations .................................... 13
4.2 World Bank Policies and Guidelines ............................................................................. 15
5. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION
MEASURES ................................................................................................................................. 18
5.1 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Plans ............................. 18
5.2 Community Engagement and Consultation ................................................................... 21
5.3 Disclosure ....................................................................................................................... 22
5.4 Grievance Mechanism .................................................................................................... 22
5.5 Institutional Arrangements ............................................................................................. 23
Annex 1 – Strategy and Approach of the Project ......................................................................... 25
Annex 2 – Initial Environmental Evaluation Checklist Template of EPA ................................... 35
Annex 3 – Island Environmental and Social Management Plan Screening Checklist Template . 37
Annex 5 – Generic Environmental and Social Management Plan ................................................ 40
Annex 6 - Guide for Creating an Island Waste Management Plan ............................................... 43
Annex 7 - Community Mobilization Work Plan........................................................................... 56
Annex 8 – Environmental and Social Management Plans ............................................................ 62
Annex 8.1 AA. Ukulhas - Baseline information and preliminary consultation outputs ........... 63
Annex 8.2 Ukulhas IWMC Environmental and Social Management Plan ............................... 65
Annex 8.3 Dhigurah IWMC Environmental and Social Management Plan ............................. 83
Annex 8.4 Dhangethi IWMC Environmental and Social Management Plan ........................... 99
iii
Annex 8.5 Fenfushi IWMC Environmental and Social Management Plan ............................ 119
Annex 8.6 Thoddoo IWMC Environmental and Social Management Plan ............................ 137
1
1. INTRODUCTION
Like other small island states, the Maldives faces daunting environmental risks that threaten to
undermine its economic achievements. In recent years, growing environmental pressures have
emerged as a consequence of rising population densities, increased tourism and changing
consumption patterns. Some islands with high population density1 confront growing problems of
solid waste management, pollution from sewage and other effluents emanating from urban
settlements, hotels, fish-processing plants, ships and other sources. In particular, with growing
prosperity and buoyant tourism, the quantities of solid waste generated exceed disposal and
treatment capacity. This poses a substantial and visible risk to the country’s reputation as an
unspoiled tropical “paradise”. An estimated 230000 tons of solid waste was generated in the
Maldives in 2010 and this figure is predicted to rise over the next five years by about 30 percent.
Current arrangements for solid waste management on inhabited islands are inadequate. Most
wastes are dumped onto the island foreshore and burned at low combustion temperatures. In
addition, approximately 510 tons per year of medical waste is estimated to be produced in the
Maldives. Uncontrolled disposal of solid wastes, including hazardous wastes and medical waste,
as it occurs today, is a threat to the coastal, marine and coral reef ecosystems and a blemish on
the pristine marine landscape expected by tourists.
Sewage disposal is a further, though less visible, problem that can degrade seawater quality, and
damage coral reefs—the keystone resource for revenues in the Maldives economy. Of particular
concern are the continuing threats to marine assets from habitat degradation by indiscriminate
disposal of sewage and solid wastes. Coral mining for construction and dredging of lagoons for
reclamation have been identified as the most widespread causes of reef destruction. Other
pressures include: damage caused by divers, the illegal collection of corals and the unsustainable
exploitation of high-value reef resources such as sea-cucumber, grouper and giant clams. On the
islands, timber harvesting and the destruction of mangroves threaten terrestrial biodiversity,
while pollutants from numerous sources have caused eutrophication2 of coral reefs.
In addition to anthropogenic pressures, climate change poses a still more far-reaching source of
environmental risk. Geography has rendered the Maldives especially vulnerable to the
consequences of climate change. Being land scarce (96 percent of islands occupy less than 1
km2 in area) and low lying (over 80 percent of the country is less than 1 meter above sea level),
the country is exposed to the risks of intensifying weather events such as damage caused by
inundation, extreme winds and flooding from storms.
With the melting of polar ice caps, the Maldives is exposed to the risks of sea-level rise. With
future sea level projected to rise within the range of 10 to 100 centimeters by the year 2100, the
entire country could be submerged in the worst-case scenario. Rising sea temperatures also
threaten the coral reefs and cause bleaching and death, with the most severe damage in areas that
1 According to the United Nations World Populations Prospect Report (2005), the population density in Maldives is
2 Eutrophication involves an increase in chemical nutrients—typically compounds containing nitrogen or
phosphorus—in an ecosystem. It may occur on land or in water. The term is often used to imply the resultant
increase in the ecosystem's primary productivity which translates into excessive and ultimately destructive plant
growth leading to decay and mortality which may have even further impacts, including lack of oxygen and severe
reductions in water quality and in fish and other animal populations.
2
are stressed by pollutants, or damaged by physical disturbance.3 Coral bleaching events have
been observed in the Maldives seven times since 1997 and are associated with elevated sea
surface temperatures in the Indian Ocean. Recovery of corals from bleaching events has been
slow, especially on degraded and damaged reefs.
The coral reefs stand as the first line of defense for the islands against storm surges which are
projected to increase in velocity and depth with climate change. Vulnerability to climate change
hazards has been magnified by the damage to coral reefs that has impaired their protective
functions. Adapting to climate change would call for multiple approaches that require integrating
climate risks in the planning, design and location of new infrastructure, and may call for costly
investments in protective barriers such as sea walls4, and more proactive stewardship of the
natural protective barriers formed by coral reefs.
With the Maldives’ high dependence on a few key environmental assets and as pressure on these
assets rises, prudent economic management calls for strengthened environmental stewardship.
The substantial environmental challenges facing the Maldives could become a formidable brake
on economic growth, especially if these undermine tourism. High-end tourism is an inherently
fragile activity that depends on consumer perceptions, adequate transport and a continuous effort
by the private sector to maintain and improve the quality of the tourism product in a highly
competitive global market. To retain its comparative advantage, the Maldives needs to maintain
a clean and attractive environment for tourists who, in the main, are well-to-do foreigners. This
calls for a considerable improvement in environmental management with policy principles being
translated into measurable outcomes and an environmental infrastructure that matches the needs
of a country on the threshold of middle-income status.
Recognizing the economic significance of its environmental assets, the National Planning
Council which is headed by the President of the Maldives and is mandated to develop national
priorities and ensure sustainable development of the nation, has emphasized the need for
adopting sound environmental practices in the country’s development work. There is an
overarching policy framework for environmental protection in the country. Tourist resorts are
governed by comprehensive environmental regulations and have a strong economic incentive to
protect the environment on the islands on which they hold concessions.5 Despite government
commitment and past efforts, mounting environmental pressures far outpace the country’s ability
to manage its key environmental assets.
The Maldives if faced with the challenge of managing increasing quantities of solid wastes,
which is the country’s most visible environmental threat to the tourism and fishery industries.
The challenge is compounded in the Maldives, even more than other small island states, due to
the small island sizes, small populations on these islands and visible lack of economic activities
that make any investment in waste management financially unviable. With a population spread
across numerous islands, there is little scope for harnessing economies of scale. High costs of
sea transport and low volumes of waste raise the costs of service delivery. The amount of waste
3 Global Climate Change and Coral Reefs. IUCN 2003 Report to UNEP-IOC-ASPEI Global Task Team.
4 Several sea walls have already been built around Malé and other islands at a very high cost.
5 Typically, a resort is granted an exclusive concession to build and operate on an island that is otherwise
uninhabited.
3
generated far exceeds the capacity of available landfills, which are basically uncontained open
dumps. Improper disposal of solid waste can foul beaches, degrade sea water quality and damage
the corals that are a magnet for tourists. Poor management of solid waste remains among the
most serious immediate threats to the country’s reputation as an unspoiled tourist destination,
which could have a debilitating effect on the Maldives economy. Few residential islands have
satisfactorily functioning solid waste management facilities; many of them dump wastes into
lagoons as a crude method of land reclamation while others allow wastes to accumulate on
beaches, forming rings of trash around the perimeter of entire islands. Resorts are required by
law to burn their combustible wastes (including plastic bags) in on-site incinerators, and to crush
cans and bottles.6 Food wastes are disposed of in the deep sea. The non-combustible and non-
degradable wastes are disposed of by transporting these to the one functioning landfill in the
country, Thilafushi. Some allegedly dump residual waste at sea rather than incur the expense of
transporting waste hundreds of kilometers to Thilafushi. It is not uncommon for waste to wash
up on the shores of other islands, including resorts. Of particular concern is the growing volume
of waste in areas visited by tourists, with the appearance of debris on dive sites, sand-banks and
beaches.
Waste disposal is likely to become even more challenging in the future as population densities
rise and prosperity grows and more dependence on imported goods increases. Prosperity has
brought many new consumer products, often contained in non biodegradable containers or
packages that litter the beaches and lagoons. Given the rapid scale of these developments, it is
not surprising that there is little knowledge of waste management technology or of the risks of
current disposal methods. The problem with waste management has been further aggravated
after the Indian Ocean tsunami hit the Maldives in December 2004. As a part of the international
community’s response to post-tsunami reconstruction in the Maldives, development partners like
the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and European Commission (EC) and other
donors and relief organizations like Australian Aid and Canadian Red Cross have assisted the
Maldives in the development of national waste management strategies, capacity building, public
awareness programs and construction of island waste management centers (IWMCs) for waste
segregation and storage for periodic off island disposal. Unfortunately, most of the IWMCs have
been unsuccessful because of the inability to secure off island disposal facilities.
During the post-tsunami period, EC provided the Maldives with a Trust Fund in September 2006
for post-tsunami recovery and reconstruction, which was administered by the World Bank. The
Trust Fund had an environmental component of US$ 2.8 million for improving solid waste
management in the Alif Alif Atoll, Alif Dhaalu Atoll, Faafu Atoll, Dhaalu Atoll, Vaavu Atoll
and Meemu Atoll. The project was commonly referred to as the South Ari solid waste
management (SWM) project. The South Ari SWM project was intended to establish 16 IWMCs
and one Regional Waste Disposal Facility (RWDF) for off island waste disposal and support
technical assistance for capacity building and an environmental awareness program for island
communities. While capacity building and environmental awareness programs were successfully
implemented, the South Ari SWM project was able to construct only 11 IWMCs due to reasons
6 It is alleged that many resorts avoid incinerating their waste because the unsightly smoke offends their guests and
even blackens the trees on their islands. Some resorts pay to ship their waste to Thilafushi landfill and a few even
collect solid waste from neighboring inhabited islands to avoid having sea-dumped waste washing up on their
beaches.
4
such as lack of space on some inhabited islands for IWMCs and the lack of community interest
in an IWMC on their island. Considering that land is a premium in the Maldives and larger
islands are earmarked for tourism development, the project design underestimated the cost of
construction of a regional waste disposal facility on a small island where the surrounding lagoon
needed to be filled for construction of a sanitary landfill to be used as a RWDF. Since the
estimated cost of the RWDF was more than double the available budget, the proposed off island
regional waste disposal facility had to be abandoned. Although 11 IWMCs were constructed,
only two inhabited island are making partial use of the IWMCs while others have been
abandoned the facilities due to the lack of access to an off-island waste disposal facility.
At present, a fully functioning and proper integrated solid waste management system – that
includes fees collection and payments to service providers – does not exist in Maldives. It is in
this context that this proposed pilot project seeks to develop technical, institutional and human
resource capacity of the targeted inhabited islands in the Ari Atoll to manage municipal solid
wastes in a manner that would strengthen environmental outcomes and reduce the risks posed by
climate change. The proposed project intends to make five IWMCs operational so that the
demonstration effect from the pilot project would facilitate the process of scaling up integrated
solid waste management in inhabited islands and resorts in the Ari Atoll. The success of the
pilot program is expected to bring about the participation of the remaining inhabited islands of
the Ari Atoll, particularly the remaining IWMCs funded by EC initially then expand to the rest
of the Atolls in the Central Province.
The pilot program will be particularly useful, if implemented successfully, in the context of the
recent decentralized governance framework. Local stakeholders — atoll councils, island
councils, civil society organizations, tourist resorts and the local community — have played a
limited role in solid waste management in the islands. Therefore, there is a need to develop
models that will actively involve local stakeholders as solid waste management is the
responsibility of local stakeholders. Local stakeholders need to be sensitized and incentivized to
develop a sense of ownership, acceptance and commitment towards effective management of
solid wastes generated at the island level and thereby reducing the adverse impacts to the unique
marine ecosystem that is vital to the Maldives.
In order to ensure, the pilot is conducted accordance with World Bank’s Operational Policy 4.01
– Environmental Assessment and Government of Maldives (GoM) requirements this
Environmental and Social Due Diligence (ESDD) Report has been prepared by the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of Ministry of Housing and Environment (MHE), in
lieu of project-specific Environmental Assessment that will guide the implementing agencies to
ensure environmental and social safeguards compliance during the project implementation.
5
2. PROJECT OBJECTIVES AND COMPONENTS
2.1 Project Objective
The development objective of the Project is to build technical and human resource capacity to
effectively manage solid wastes generated on inhabited islands in the Ari Atoll so that
environmental risks to marine habitats and greenhouse gas emissions will be reduced.
The objective of the pilot project is to develop and implement an integrated solid waste
management system in selected inhabited islands in the Ari Atoll while building capacity of the
Island Councils and communities to manage solid wastes such that environmental risks to the
marine and terrestrial environment will be reduced.
2.2 Project Area
The project area will be in the South Ari Atoll, where five islands with IWMCs will be selected.
The islands of Ukulhas and Thoddoo within North and Dhigurah, Fenfushi, and Dhangethi
within the South Ari Atolls have been identified to serve as model islands for solid waste
management and will be used as demonstration sites for expanding the island level integrated
solid waste management system to surrounding inhabited islands. The first phase of the project
will be implemented on the three model islands of Ukulhas, Dhigurah and Fenfushi. Thereafter,
the pilot program will be expanded to the islands of Thoddoo and Dhangethi in the Ari Atoll.
Eventually, it is anticipated that all inhabited islands in the Ari Atoll will participate in an atoll
based solid waste management system, although at this stage due to time and resource
constraints the expansion is not included in this project proposal.
6
Map showing the Islands of South Ari Atoll
7
2.3 Project Components
The proposed project will have three components that have been designed based on consultations
held with the Government of Maldives, civil society institutions and other stakeholders, as well
as technical assessments undertaken and lessons learnt during the partially aborted EC financed
South Ari Waste Management Project.
Component 1: Development and implementation of an island level integrated solid waste
management system
Objective: The objective of this component is to build institutional capacity of Island Councils
and communities in planning and implementing an island level integrated solid waste
management program in order to minimize environmental risks to the marine and terrestrial
environment while reducing GHG emissions through improved solid waste management. This
would be achieved through the following activities to be supported under the project:
Community participation in source segregation of solid wastes;
Implementation of an island level recycling and composting program at the IWMCs;
Institutional capacity building of the Island Councils and communities for planning and
managing an effective island level integrated solid waste management system.
Sub-component 1.1: Community participation in source segregation of solid wastes
Island Waste Management Plans for inhabited islands that participated in the partially aborted
EC financed South Ari Waste Management Project (EC Project) have been prepared. The plans
call for community participation in source separation of household solid wastes prior to
collection and transport to the IWMCs. Although basic community awareness has been created
under the EC Project, virtually no source separation of household waste is taking place in the
islands. This could be attributed to two factors: (i) lack of community commitment to participate
in island level solid waste management; and (ii) the unavailability of waste transfer and disposal
system for residual waste from the inhabited islands for ultimate disposal. This sub-component
is designed to address the lack of community commitment to participate in island level solid
waste management while Component 2 of the project will address the issue of the transfer of
residual waste from the IWMCs for ultimate disposal at the Thilafushi Island solid waste
disposal facility.
This sub-component will initially create community awareness on the environment and public
health implications of poor solid waste management in the respective islands and solicit
community participation for source segregation of household level solid wastes. This will be
achieved through: (i) a capacity building program that involves strengthening community
awareness and initiation of active community participation in source separation of wastes at the
household level; (ii) establishing an effective waste collection and transport system in the
inhabited islands. The programs will be designed to involve the participation of all households
in the selected islands as well as the active involvement of the Island Councils.
The key outputs of this sub-component are:
An updated island waste management plan;
8
Household level segregation of solid waste into three groups: (i) recyclable material; (ii)
organic waste for composting; and (iii) residual waste requiring off island disposal;
An effective system of waste collection and transport to the IWMCs.
Sub-component 1.2: Implementation of an island level recycling and composting program
at the IWMCs
Taking into account the high population density on inhabited islands and the dispersed
geography of the Maldives conventional approaches to solid waste management is not
applicable. Most inhabited islands have inadequate land available for solid waste disposal;
therefore off island disposal is often the only available alternative. Ocean transport is the only
mode of transport for transfer of disposable solid waste to an off island facility. Since transport
costs are prohibitively expensive in the Maldives, it is in the interest of the inhabited island to
minimize the waste requiring off island disposal. Approximately 70 percent of the solid stream
is composed of biodegradable organic matter and could be managed at the island level through
low cost, low technology composting at the IWMCs, thereby minimizing the amount of waste
requiring transfer to an off island waste disposal facility.
The IWMCs that have been constructed on inhabited islands do not have provision for
composting, therefore, this sub-component would finance: (i) the construction of a concrete pad
for composting with a drainage system for leachate collection at each of the IWMCs; and (ii)
training of staff and labor to undertake simple windrow composting at the IWMC.
The key outputs of this sub-component are:
Effective composting of the organic fraction of the solid waste at the IWMC;
Segregation of the recyclable waste that has a market for resale;
Temporary storage of residual waste in a safe and environmentally responsible manner at
the IWMC until the waste is transferred for off island disposal.
Sub-component 1.3: Institutional capacity building of the Island Councils and
communities for planning and managing an effective island level integrated solid waste
management system.
While the Government of the Maldives (GoM) has assigned the responsibility of solid waste
management to the Regional Utility Companies in six out of the seven provinces in the Maldives,
the same arrangement has not been made for the Central Province, which includes the Capital
Island, Male’. Solid waste management services for the Central Province have been assigned to
the newly created Waste Management Corporation. The South Ari Atoll falls within the Central
Province, therefore, solid waste management will be the responsibility of the Waste Management
Corporation (WMC). However, while overall solid waste management is the mandate of WMC,
at the island level, intra island solid waste management will still be the responsibility of the
Island Council while inter island solid waste management will be the responsibility of WMC.
Therefore, this sub-component will build institutional capacity at the Island Council and NGOs
to effectively manage intra island solid waste, including developing a viable institutional
mechanism for cost recovery through the introduction of user fees.
9
The key outputs of this sub-component are:
An institutional mechanism for island level solid waste management that includes waste
collection, transport and operation of the IWMCs;
The introduction of a cost recovery system through user fees for sustainable management
of the IWMCs.
Component 2: Development of institutional arrangements and implementation of a waste
transfer system for off island disposal of residual solid wastes
The objective of this component is to develop an effective working institutional model to transfer
residual waste from participating islands to the Thilafushi Island solid waste disposal facility and
to demonstrate the use of this model for residual waste transfer of atolls in the Central Province.
This would be achieved through the following activities to be supported under the project:
Development of a viable institutional mechanism, which could include a public-private
partnership (PPP), for the transfer of residual waste to the Thilafushi Island solid waste
disposal facility;
Development of a cost recovery mechanism for the residual waste transport system;
Procurement of a transport vessel and associated equipment for the transfer of residual
waste.
The Thilafushi Island solid waste disposal site has been identified by GoM as the ultimate
disposal facility for solid wastes in the Central Province until regional waste disposal facilities
may be established in the future. Therefore, the residual wastes from the islands participating in
the Project will use the Thilafushi Island solid waste disposal facility for ultimate disposal of the
waste. Although Thilafushi has been operated in the past as an “open dump”, with no
precautions taken to minimize adverse environmental impacts from solid waste disposal, GoM
assisted by IFC of the World Bank Group has recently privatized the operations and management
of the Thilafushi Island solid waste disposal site. The private sector operator is contractually
bound to improve the site conditions and operations to conform to IFC’s environmental
safeguard guidelines, in addition to the national guidelines of the Maldives. Therefore, while the
project will not be supporting or be involved in the operation of the disposal site at Thilafushi
Island, reliance on the developer’s legal obligations to conform to IFC’s and GoM national
environmental guidelines would make the use of the disposal site for residual waste disposal
from islands participating in the project is deemed acceptable. In addition, the potential adverse
environmental impacts of the residual waste is significantly reduced when compared with mixed
solid waste because the organic fraction of the waste has been removed from the waste stream
and subject to composting at the island level. Studies have shown that removal of the organic
fraction of the waste from the residual waste stream reduces the pollution potential (as measured
through the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) of the waste) of the residual waste stream by
about 90%. Therefore, the adverse environmental impacts of disposal of residual waste from
islands participating in the project is minimal compared to the mixed waste being disposed off in
the Thilafushi Island solid waste disposal site at present.
10
At this point in time, the Thilafushi Island solid waste disposal facility serves only Male’, a few
surrounding islands and some resort islands, including a few outside the Male’ Atoll. An
institutional mechanism for waste transfer from the South Ari Atoll to the Thilafushi Island solid
waste management facility has not yet been developed. Utilizing the five participating inhabited
islands as the core, the Project aims to assist GoM in developing a viable institutional mechanism
for waste transfer from the outer atolls in the North Central Region to the Thilafushi Island solid
waste disposal facility as well as operationalize the waste transfer system.
The key outputs from this component are:
A viable institutional mechanism (including a possible PPP option) for residual waste
transfer from islands participating in the Project to the Thilafushi Island solid waste
disposal facility;
A cost recovery system for the residual waste transfer system developed under the
Project;
Procurement of a waste transport barge and associated equipment for waste transfer to
Thilafushi Island solid waste disposal facility;
A waste transfer model suitable for other Atolls in the North Central Region.
Component 3: Project Management
The objective of this component is to establish an effective mechanism for project
implementation including monitoring of implementation progress and of project progress
reporting requirements. This component will include the following additional costs at the
existing Project Management Unit (PMU): incremental professional staffing, individual
consultancies and operating costs. While the Ministry of MHE has overall responsibility for
project implementation and ensuring that the project objective is met, it will execute the project
through the EPA involving the Waste Management Cooperation as the major stakeholder. The
PMU in the MHE will have to be supplemented by a Solid Waste Management Specialist to
undertake day-to-day management of project execution. The SWM Specialist will be supported
by the staff of the existing CCTF PMU and will be responsible for the following functions:
overall project management, component management, liaison with other agencies and programs,
financial management, procurement, monitoring and evaluation and project communications. In
addition, there will be project implementation support staff posted at the Island Councils Offices
of the five participating islands.
11
3. PURPOSE OF Environmental and Social Due Diligence
The main purpose of the Environmental and Social Due Diligence (ESDD) is to identify
potential environmental and social impacts early in the project cycle and to provide broad
guidelines outlining measures, processes, institutional arrangements, procedures tools and
instruments that need to be adopted by the project and integrated into project implementation to
mitigate any adverse environmental or social impacts.
Projects and Programs financed through the World Bank need to comply with World Bank
Operational Policies (OPs). Therefore, all activities funded under this project will be required to
satisfy the World Bank’s safeguard policies, in addition to conformity with the relevant
legislation of the GoM.
Consistent with existing national legislation and World Bank OPs, the objective of the ESDD is
to help ensure that activities under the proposed project will:
Protect human health;
Prevent or compensate any loss of livelihood;
Prevent environmental degradation as a result of the project or their cumulative effects;
Enhance positive environmental and social outcomes; and
The ESDD document provides the necessary background for environmental and social
dimensions to be built into the design of the project in order to ensure that project
implementation will take place in an environmentally and socially sustainable manner. To aid
this process, the ESDD sets a framework of guidelines and procedures, which is intended to
direct the process of planning and managing environmental and social concerns of project
activities. It will serve as a template document, identifying potential risks and based on which
specific social and environmental impact assessments will be conducted for specific project
components or sub-components later in the project cycle.
Overall, the proposed project activities will result in contributing towards improved solid waste
management in the Maldives. The technical, financial and institutional model implemented
under the Project will serve as a suitable model for future SWM in inhabited islands in the
Central Province of the Maldives. The Project is classified under Safeguards Category “A”,
primarily to reflect the risks involved in solid waste management both at the island level and at
the Thilafushi Island SWM facility. Under the Public-private Partnership contract, the private
concessionaire of the Thilafushi Island SWM facility is contractually bound to conform to IFC
environmental safeguards. The Project will involve community-based waste recycling and
resource recovery facilities, composting of the organic fraction as well as off island regional
waste disposal at Thilafushi Island for residual waste. The operation of these facilities could
generate further environmental impacts even though the net environmental impact of the
component will be strongly positive.
Given that nature-based tourism is the primary driver of the economy, the economic and social
well being of the population depends largely on maintaining a high level of environmental
integrity. Sound environmental management in the Maldives is, therefore, essential to ensuring
continued growth and development. Maldives established a regulatory and institutional
12
framework for environmental protection in 1993 by enacting the Environmental Protection and
Preservation Act (EPPA). A National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) and an update to the
EPPA were undertaken in 1999. The NEAPs serve as comprehensive frameworks used by the
Government to ensure environmental protection and sustainable development in the Maldives
during the NEAP periods. Environment plays a key role in national development under the
Strategic Action Plan. A Ministry responsible for the subject of Environment was established in
2004 with the mandate for environmental protection and management. The Environmental
Protection Agency was established in 2008 as the environmental regulator. Therefore, the
institutional and regulatory framework for environmental management in the Maldives is in
place, although institutional capacity for effective regulation and enforcement is weak and
requires strengthening. One component of on-going Maldives Environmental Management
Project (MEMP) is directly aimed at addressing this weakness and the capacity building program
is progressing satisfactorily and further capacity building at the island level will be facilitated
through the EC Project. One of the greatest threats to public health from environmental-related
issues is ad hoc disposal of solid wastes on inhabited islands. The proposed Project in the Ari
Atoll of the North Central Region will provide a model system that could be replicated elsewhere
in the Maldives.
The Solid Waste Management program will involve community-level waste recycling and
resource recovery facilities in the islands, which will involve composting of the organic fraction
of waste as well as disposal of residual waste at the Thilafushi SWM facility. Considering the
fragile ecosystems of the Maldives and that the atolls are ringed by coral reefs that are among the
world’s richest in species diversity and aesthetic appeal, the operation of these facilities could
generate further environmental impacts.
13
4. POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK
The regulatory framework of the ESDD consists of the current national policies and laws,
international standards and World Bank Guidelines. This section discusses the key relevant areas
to be taken into consideration during the project implementation.
4.1 Government of Maldives Safeguards Policies and Regulations
Environment Protection and Preservation Act of Maldives (Law No. 4/93). The
Environmental Protection and Preservation Act of the Maldives (Law No. 4/ 93) which was
developed in 1993 provide the legal basis for environmental protection, preservation and
conservation in the country. As an umbrella law, it gives extensive power to Ministry of Housing
and Environment (MHE) in matters concerning the environment.
Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation 2007. The Environmental Impact Assessment
(EIA) Regulation 2007 was established under the Environmental Protection and Preservation Act
(EPPA) of Maldives and provides the basic framework for the EIA process in the country. Under
Article 5 (a) of the EPPA, an EIA has to be submitted to the Environmental Protection Agency of
MHE by the developer of a project which may have potential impacts on the environment.
Approval of the EIA has to be sought before commencement of the project.
National Solid Waste Management Policy (2008). GoM announced a National Solid Waste
Management Policy on February 3, 2008. The Policy has been prepared to reflect the current
status of solid waste management in the Maldives. The policy contains strategic principles that
create the underlying logical and philosophical structure of the policy. They also represent
universally accepted practices in waste management:
• Polluter pays principle
• Integrated solid waste management
• Waste management hierarchy
• Best Practical Environmental Option (BPEO)
• Best Available Technology Not Entailing Excessive Costs (BATNEEC)
• Equity
• Proximity principle
• Private Sector Participation (PSP)
The overall policy framework for solid waste management is condensed into the following five
Principle Objectives:
• Establishing and activating waste management governance;
• Creating waste producers’ duties and responsibilities;
• Establishing waste management infrastructure;
• Activating the waste management system; and
• Influencing consumer choices and waste management practices.
Under the Principle Objectives are 11 policies and numerous strategies that systematically apply
the strategic principles.
14
Policy Framework
A waste management Policy was developed for the five year period from 2007 to 2012. The key
elements of the policy includes:
Policy 1 Establishing a governance structure for solid waste management which will
distribute clearly delineated roles and responsibilities for solid waste management
at island, region and national levels will be established.
Policy 2 All waste producers have the duty to manage the wastes they generate.
Policy 3 Wastes will be managed and disposed as close as possible to the place of their
generation.
Policy 4 The waste management system will accommodate the specific requirements of
special wastes.
Policy 5 Waste Management planning will be based on verifiable facts and known
effective strategies.
Policy 6 The waste management system will be financially viable.
Policy 7 Consolidated legislation will be introduced to support the implementation of this
policy.
Policy 8 Private sector participation will be facilitated where it is financially viable for
both the government and the private sector.
Policy 9 Financial incentives and disincentives will be pursued to support good waste
management practices.
Policy 10 Goods that are harmful to the environment or cause public nuisances and
unacceptable waste activities will be discouraged.
Policy 11 The community participation in and awareness about good waste management
practices will be maximized.
Third National Environment Action Plan (2002). The aim of NEAP III is to protect and
preserve the environment of the Maldives and to manage its resources sustainably for the
collective benefit and enjoyment of present and future generations. NEAP III contains
environmental policies and guidelines that should be adhered to in the implementation of the
proposed project activities, especially impact assessment, stakeholder consultation, biodiversity
conservation and human settlement and urbanization.
Land Act and Regulations (2002). Maldives passed its new Land Act and Regulations in 2002.
In 2004 there were major amendments to both acts. The Land Act is scheduled to be amended
once again in the near future. It is envisaged that fundamental changes will soon be made in the
present Act, facilitating a freer flow of land. The overall responsibility for the management of
land has recently been transferred to the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development (currently
MHE). The responsibility for micro-planning and management of land depends on its primary-
use designation, and is usually at the island-level and managed by one of the five ministries
including MHE.
MHE had recently formulated a land policy which provides a coherent and integrated and
consistent approach to land development. It establishes principles for the transfer, allocation and
development of land for environmentally sound land management. However, the existing Land
15
Act, Land Law and Land Administration do not provide leverage to duly address emerging
issues of land management within the framework of the new land policy. The current Land Act
deals overwhelmingly with land issues in Male’. Land on the atoll is left as the provenance of
Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture and local councils. There is an urgent need to review and
revise the existing Land Act, Land Law and Land Administration to ensure consistency, clarity,
transparency, and comprehensiveness. In the case of Ari Atoll, this issue is not relevant as the
projects will be implemented on governmental land.
4.2 World Bank Policies and Guidelines
OP 4.01 Environmental Assessment. The purpose of an environmental assessment (EA) is to
identify environmental and social consequences of proposed project or subproject components,
in order to:
• Ensure the identification of potential environmental issues and social concerns early in
the implementation of a proposed project to incorporate necessary safeguards in project
design, and determine appropriate mitigation and compensation measures;
• Minimize risks to the project proponent;
• Avoid delays and extra costs which may subsequently arise due to unanticipated
environmental and social problems;
• Ensure that the concerns of residents and affected communities are addressed; and
• Identify the potential for maximizing environmental resource management and
socioeconomic benefits to local communities within the scope of the project.
The composite GoM environmental clearance process, in principle, is consistent with World
Bank environmental assessment and public disclosure requirements. The exception being the
screening criteria adopted in the GoM. However, all activities under the proposed project will be
subjected to the EA process regardless of the project threshold, prior to disbursement of funds.
Although the country’s experience on regulated EA procedure is still young, substantial progress
has been made with regard to conducting and evaluating EIAs, in which the EPA has played a
lead and commendable role. This project triggers this OP and as part of its requirement this
ESDD has been prepared.
OP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement. The World Operation Policy OP/BP 4.12 requires that
involuntary resettlements be avoided or minimized where feasible by exploring viable alternative
project designs. In cases in which resettlement is unavoidable, the policy requires considerable
investment in planning to ensure that, through the resettlement process, displaced persons are
able to improve their livelihoods and standards of living and share in program benefits. During a
project resettlement planning process, communities and affected persons are given meaningful
opportunities to participate in planning and implementing resettlement programs, and are assisted
in their efforts to improve their livelihoods and living standards. The basic objectives of the
policy are that displaced persons should benefit from the project, and that they should have their
standard of living improved, or at least restored. All too often, failure to accomplish these
objectives relegates displaced communities to impoverishment and stagnation. Within the
framework of this project on SWM in Ari Atoll, OP 4.12 will not be triggered because the pilot
activities will be carried out on existing IWMCs on state land and have confirmed to be free of
any community usage.
16
Environment, Health and Safety Guidelines. The World Bank provides guidelines which
promotes minimal resources consumption, including energy use and the elimination or reduction
of pollutants at the sources. The EHS guidelines that may require consideration under this project
are as follows:
• Environmental
• Occupational Health and Safety
• Community Health and Safety
• Construction and Decommissioning
The Relevance of Performance Standard 3: Pollution Prevention and Abatement to the
Project
Performance Standard 3 recognizes that increased industrial activity and urbanization often
generate increased levels of pollution to air, water, and land that may threaten people and the
environment at the local, regional, and global level. On the other hand, along with international
trade, pollution prevention and control technologies and practices have become more accessible
and achievable in virtually all parts of the world. This Performance Standard outlines a project
approach to pollution prevention and abatement in line with internationally disseminated
technologies and practices. In addition, this Performance Standard promotes the private sector’s
ability to integrate such technologies and practices as far as their use is technically and
financially feasible and cost‐effective in the context of a project that relies on commercially
available skills and resources.
Compliance with Standard 3: Pollution Prevention and Abatement to the Project
During the construction and operation of the IWMC’s the implementing agency will consider
ambient conditions and apply pollution prevention and control technologies and practices
(techniques) that are best suited to avoid adverse impacts. Where avoidance is not feasible the
implementing agency will minimize or reduce adverse impacts on human health and the
environment while remaining technically and financially feasible and cost‐effective. The project-
specific pollution prevention and control techniques applied will be tailored to the hazards and
risks associated with emissions.
The implementing agency will avoid the release of pollutants or, when avoidance is not feasible,
minimize or control the intensity or load of their release. The implementing agency will consider
Best Practice Environment Option (BPEO) processes in determining the appropriate RWMF
control technology. The process will take account of the following principles when making
decisions about the most appropriate pollution control mechanism to be applied at the RWMF:
• Integrated waste management;
• Waste hierarchy;
• Financial viability;
• Technical feasibility;
• Best Appropriate Technology Not Entailing Excessive Cost;
• Community willingness to accept technology;
• Other local issues such as compatibility with climate change adaptation mechanisms; and
17
• Acceptable and applicable performance levels and measures.
The Relevance of Industry Sector EHS Guideline: Waste Management Facilities
These guidelines apply to the design, construction and operation of facilities for the management
of hazardous and non‐hazardous wastes, including landfills and incinerators, and take account of
World Bank Operational policies.
Compliance with Industry Sector EHS Guideline: Waste Management Facilities
During the construction and operation of the IWMCs the implementing agency will consider the
following:
• the certification of building designs used by a structural engineer or architect;
• site access routes taking environmental factors into consideration including impacts on
• natural resources, land use patterns, sensitive ecosystems and cultural resources;
• surface and subsurface investigation of geology, soils, groundwater and surface water
• resources as appropriate to determine leachate mitigation potential and for additional
design requirements;
• the proximity to developed areas (i.e. inhabited islands) and potential impacts resulting
from air emissions, odor, contamination of water resources, and vectors;
• methane control systems to minimize the risk of explosion or toxic conditions resulting
from accumulation of landfill gas in buildings;
• separate receiving and handling areas for hazardous and non hazardous wastes;
• appropriate air control measures to minimize fugitive dust from materials loading/
unloading and odors from landfill sites, waste storage areas and composting systems;
• inclusion of appropriate contained storage areas for materials that cannot be treated or
disposed of immediately;
• sourcing of daily and intermediate cover material to minimize odors and access to
disposed of wastes;
• treatment of leachate to meet requirements for liquid effluents (General Environment
Guidelines);
18
5. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS AND
MITIGATION MEASURES
As described in the Introduction section, Maldives has a severe problem managing its solid waste
and therefore the need to address the problem through an integrated solid waste management
solution. The do-nothing option is itself environmentally unsustainable and a risk to human
health. Past experience indicates that because of high population densities and NIMBY-type7
community opposition it would be difficult to locate a residual waste disposal site in any of the
participating islands. Therefore, the only available alternative is to either construct the RWMF
on an uninhabited island or transport the waste to the Thialfushi Island SWM facility. Due to
budgetary constraints, a regional solid waste disposal facility in the Ari Atoll is not feasible.
However, since the Thilafushi Island SWM facility is within reasonable travel time from the
participating islands in the Ari Atoll, it is proposed that residual disposal could be at the
Thilafushi SWM facility. Since GoM has signed a PPP contract with a private contractor for the
upgrading and operation of the Thilafushi SWM facility and the private contractor is
contractually obligated to comply with IFC’s environmental safeguard policies, the
environmental risk of residual disposal is minimal. However, in order to reduce sea transport
costs and reduce the pollution load of the residual waste requiring disposal, the organic fraction
of the waste will be composted on the island of origin. This would significantly reduce the
pollution load of the waste sent for disposal at the Thilafushi SWM facility. The details of the
strategy and approach of the project is provided in Annex 1 to this report.
5.1 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Plans
Although activities contained in the Island Waste Management Plans (IWMPs) that may be
financed under the project are unlikely to cause any irreversible environmental impacts, they
should be subject to screening criteria in order to determine their reference to Environmental
Assessment (EA) processes. Adverse environmental impacts arising from the operation of
IWMCs are not likely to be significant. Over 100 IWMCs have been constructed across the
Maldives under previous projects and none have progressed beyond an Initial Environment
Examination (IEE) level decision. Initial Environmental Evaluation for island waste management
activities is a requirement of the Maldives Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation 2007.
The screening process is the first step in the EA process. The objective of the IEE screening
process is to rapidly identify environmental and social aspects of the island environment which
may be impacted upon by the proposed island waste management activities. The IEE screening
checklist is provided in Annex 2.
As per the requirements of the OP 4.01, Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Screening
Checklist (Annex 3) and Generic Environmental and Social Action Plans (Environmental
Management Plans) have been developed for constructing and operating IWMC’s (Annex 4) and
island waste management planning manual (Annex 5) have been developed to support the Action
Plan or EMPs. The sites have been selected through previously financed interventions in all 5
islands with some infrastructure in place.
7 NIMBY-type: Not in my back yard type
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As specific activities to be undertaken at the IWMCs are yet to be identified, activity specific
environmental issues cannot be identified at this stage. In such circumstances, OP/BP/GP 4.01
requires that arrangements be made whereby the project implementing agency undertakes the
functions of activity screening, Environmental Assessment, review and implementation of
Action Plans or EMPs, as determined appropriate.
All activities included in the island waste management plans will be the subject of an
environment and/or social review as the key management tool for identifying and assessing risk
of environmental and social impacts. An outcome of the above environmental and/or social
reviews will in most cases be an Action Plan or EMP that is activity specific. Most activities are
expected to have generic environmental and/or social impacts that are manageable through
environmental management and impact mitigation measures.
Screening processes for activities identified in the IWM Plans will be undertaken with reference
to Checklist for Screening of Environmental and Social Impacts of IWM Plan activities (Annex
2). The screening process is the first step in the EA process. The objective of the screening
process is to rapidly identify those IWM Plan activities which have little or no environmental or
social issues so that they can move to implementation. Most of the proposed activities are likely
to focus on island based waste management activities including, but not limited to, primary waste
collection services, island waste management center operation, waste transfer activities,
composting, metal recovery, septic sludge removal etc. Although most such sub‐components are
unlikely to cause any significant environmental impacts, the screening criteria will determine
which activities will require further consideration under the provisions of the Maldives
Environmental Impact Regulations, 2007 and the World Bank’s OP/BP 4.01.
The following table provides the initial issues related to solid waste management identified in the
pilot islands and based on initial consultation held investments deemed necessary to ensure
environmentally sustainable and socially acceptable solid waste management model.
Name of the
island
Population No. of
households
Amount of
waste
produced
per day
Current waste
management
practices
Issues to be
addressed
AA. Ukulhas 884 125 2 tonnes - burn garden
wastes
- throw kitchen
waste to sea
without the
plastic bags
- plastics and
metals are
separated in the
WMC
- collect the nappy
separately, dry
them an burn on a
- There is no
way that
they can
take the
metal waste
out of the
Island.
- financial
problems
20
Name of the
island
Population No. of
households
Amount of
waste
produced
per day
Current waste
management
practices
Issues to be
addressed
grate
AA. Dhigurah 579 110 1.5 tonnes - from the council
budget they take
all the waste out
of the island
twice in a year
- kitchen waste are
thrown to the
deep sea by a
private company
- nappies are
buried and
sometimes they
burn, but now
they think of
collecting the
nappies
separately and
burn on a grate
- construction
waste are thrown
to the sites where
land erosion is
occurring
- currently too
expensive to
take waste to
Thilafushi
- no place to
install
machines in
the WMC
- No space
allocated for
composting
ADH.Fenfushi 880 150 1.5 tonnes - They have found
a place in the
island where land
erosion is
occurring, and
throw all kinds of
waste to that
place including
plastic, metals,
construction
waste, etc.
- nappies are
buried
- there is no
mechanism
to take the
waste out of
the Island
- No space
allocated for
composting
- An area in
the lagoon is
fenced and
certain
wastes are
dumped in
the area for
land
reclamation
AA.Thoddu 1662 204 15 tonnes - burning & - Waste
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Name of the
island
Population No. of
households
Amount of
waste
produced
per day
Current waste
management
practices
Issues to be
addressed
burying
- A proposal is
being developed
to install a batch
composter for
composting
agricultural
wastes
Management
Center filled
by waste
collected
through time
and no more
space
- transferring
waste from
island
ADH.
Dhangethi
950 148 No
information
- burying
- burning
- Waste
Management
Center filled
by waste
collected
through time
and no more
space
- transferring
waste from
island
Preliminary IEEs, ESMP checklists and draft ESMPs have been prepared for all 5 islands (Annex
8). Once the Island Waste Management Plans are completed, the ESMPs will be updated further
and finalized.
5.2 Community Engagement and Consultation
The Project will be based on a strong participatory approach. The implementing agency will
make all reasonable efforts to consult relevant stakeholders in the preparation and
implementation of the Project activities. The consultations will be carried out in a way which is
appropriate for cultural, gender based and other differences among stakeholders. The
implementing agency will initiate these consultations as early as possible, and provide relevant
material in a timely manner prior to consultation. The views and needs of the vulnerable groups
will be given due consideration.
The success of the solid waste management component depends on ensuring community
involvement from the early planning stages and participation in the decision making process.
Community mobilization will be undertaken early in the project to ensure that the community
takes the lead in the participatory planning process resulting in the development of Island Waste
Management Plans for each participating island. With inputs from the Social Assessment the
22
community mobilization process will identify those island which will receive island based waste
management infrastructure and equipment and which islands can support sub‐project activities.
Community mobilization work plans have been developed (Annex 5), which will be implemented
in the pilot islands.
Specific waste management activities to be undertaken at island level as identified in the IWM
Plans will be decided by the communities during project implementation. This in turn will
determine the composition of waste that is delivered to the disposal site. Community Centered
Development (CCD) procurement procedures which fully engage the community in the
tendering, bid assessment, contracting, contractor oversight and monitoring of IWMC will be
developed.
If affected communities are subject to risks or adverse impacts from the project components, the
implementing agency will undertake a process of consultation in a manner that provides the
affected communities with opportunities to express their views on project risks, impacts, and
mitigation measures, and allows the implementing agency the opportunity to consider and
respond to them. The implementing agency will ensure that the affected communities are
consulted in a meaningful way and are allowed to participate actively in the consultation process.
The implementing agency has prepared a generic Environmental and Social Management Plan
(ESMP) to draw up mitigation measures for potential adverse impacts.
5.3 Disclosure
Disclosure of relevant project information will help affected communities understand the risks,
impacts and opportunities of the Project. The implementing agency will publicly disclose all
social and environment due diligence documentation, the management program and action
plan(s) for public review and comment in appropriate locations in the Project area. The
documentation will also be made available on the implementing agencies web site. Newspaper
and other media outlets will alert the community to the availability of the documentation. The
website will also enable the community opportunity to provide comment electronically.
Documentation will also be made available at World Bank’s Public Information Center in
accordance with Bank Procedure (BP) 17.50 requirements of disclosure. The first draft of the
document was disclosed to public on December 28, 2011.
5.4 Grievance Mechanism
If the implementing agency anticipates ongoing risks to or adverse impacts on affected
communities, the implementing agency will establish a grievance mechanism to receive and
facilitate resolution of the affected communities’ concerns and about the implementing agency’s
environmental and social performance. The implementing agency will set up a island specific
grievance redress cell with representation from island administration, civil society and
community. The implementing agency will also keep a register at the site to record feedback
from the community.
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The EMP and its management program will establish a mechanism to address concerns raised
promptly that is readily accessible to all segments of the affected communities, at no cost and
without retribution.
5.5 Institutional Arrangements
Roles and Responsibilities
The EPA will have overall responsibility for ensuring the EMP is; (i) undertaken in accordance
with the relevant environmental laws and regulations, (ii) conducted to a standard acceptable to
the GoM, and (iii) periodically auditing compliance.
The CCTF PMU environment and social due diligence coordinator and solid waste management
specialist are responsible for: (i) coordinating the EMP process and activities on behalf of
project, including but not limited to the preparation of IEE, EMP screening, EMP development
and EMP audits as per the ESDD, and (ii) preparing other environmental and social management
documents such as weekly inspection and reporting templates.
The Island Council will be responsible for (i) coordinating community inputs and consultation
into the IWM EMP development process, (ii) inspection of IWM activities, and (iii)
implementing necessary corrective and preventive actions.
Operational activities covered under the island-specific EMP will be largely managed (including
mitigation) through the Island Council. The Island Council has overall responsibility for waste
management at island level. In some cases, the activities may be undertaken on behalf of the
Island Council by the Utilities Company. Where activities are undertaken with the use of project
funds a clause will be added to ensure responsibility for maintaining appropriate environmental
standards and undertaking mitigation where identified by the Island Council. Where activities
funded by the project are under taken by private entities under contract to the island council, a
similar clause will be required.
All construction activities will be undertaken under contract irrespective of who issues the
contract. Where this occurs, a clause requiring the contractor to maintain appropriate
environmental standards and undertake mitigation will be required.
EMP Monitoring, Reporting and Record Keeping
The management program will establish procedures to monitor and measure the effectiveness of
the EAs and EMPs conducted under the project. The implementing agency will use mechanisms,
such as inspections and audits, where relevant, to verify compliance and progress toward the
desired outcomes and will engage qualified and experienced independent experts to verify its
performance.
The implementing agency will document results of monitoring and mitigation measures, and
reflects the necessary corrective and preventive actions in amended management programs. The
client will implement these corrective and preventive actions, and follow up on these actions to
24
ensure their effectiveness. The management program will also schedule periodic reporting to
external monitoring and reporting missions that describe progress with implementation of the
Project, including performance against performance indicators, targets, or acceptance criteria,
and estimate resources defined in the management program.
Procedures to monitor compliance with the EMPs will be mechanisms, such as inspections and
audits. The Island Council will assign an official to inspect IWM activities on a weekly basis.
The EPA will review the inspection reports and audit compliance of a sample number of EMPs
on a quarterly basis. The Island Council will prepare a weekly inspection report in a format
acceptable to EPA and Department of Public Health (DPH). The report will be maintained in the
Council files for the EPA and DPH quarterly review.
25
Annex 1 – Strategy and Approach of the Project
The strategy for implementation support would build on the experience gained during the
implementation of the IDA-financed Maldives Environmental Management Project (MEMP) and
the preparation of this pilot project. As with MEMP, implementation support places emphasis on
strengthening the domestic capacity to carry out the management of the country’s environmental
assets. Implementation support of both projects will focus on the key risks described in the
Project Appraisal Document, especially, the stakeholder risks regarding island communities’
willingness to pay, the capacity of the Island Councils and Island Offices, as well as
collaboration between EPA and the Island Offices. The Bank will continue to discuss the
mitigation measures with the Government, EPA and the Island Offices with an aim to
overcoming any obstacles to creating a well-functioning, integrated solid waste management
system in the Ari Atoll.
Existing Solid Waste Management Situation in the Project area. The south Ari atoll is a
single geographical atoll and is divided administratively as South and North Ari atoll. In addition
the Island of Thoddu in the upper north of Ari atoll stands separate from the entire atoll. There
are altogether 18 inhabited islands and 26 Resorts in the atoll. Of this 10 inhabited islands and 15
resorts are in the Southern region. The total population of the whole atoll is 14,852 of which
8,535 is from the south and 6,317 is from the north. It is estimated that the waste generation in
the Ari Atoll region is 157,765 cubic meters.
Waste volumes and characteristics. Due to the high economic potential in the region from
tourism sector as well as agriculture and fishing, the region is economically diverse. Hence the
production of waste per capita is expected to increase. The current waste production is 0.9-1 kg
per capita per day in islands. In a study on wastes in Island Waste Management Centers it was
found, 70% of waste is compostable organics, 3% metals and plastics (recyclables) and 26% is
residuals. Also about 1% consists of hazardous waste such as batteries and other heavy metal
containing materials. Please refer the pie chart below for details.
26
In resorts the organic component is 80% of waste stream and is mainly due to green waste from
garden and yards. At current minimum rates the inhabited islands of South Ari region will
generate about 5thousand tons of waste annually. This could mean a daily generation of about
400 tons per day.
Estimates on construction and demolition waste shows that an average island with a thousand
population annually generates about 5-8 tons of C&D waste per year and consists mainly of
bricks and other masonry related wastes. Please refer the table below for breakdown of
components of C&D wastes.
Waste Components Percentage by weight
Concrete Concrete, Reinforcement 23
Masonry Bricks, Tiles, Blocks, etc. 46
Timber Treated & Untreated wood 12
Metal Roofing sheets, etc. 11
Glass Glass sheets 2
Others Plaster Board, Gypsum, etc. 6
Waste Management Practices. Currently the most common method of reducing waste volume
is open burning using various methods. Few Islands do recycling of scrap metal while two
islands have been reported to segregate metals, plastic and glass for recycling markets. In most
islands burning is carried out without proper segregation and the resultant ash and any residual
from burning is either buried or spread over in remote bushy areas of the islands. Also in some
islands this residue is used for reclamation of land by filling the lagoons. Most islands have an
accumulated waste pile and while some islands lift out waste regularly to Thilafushi others have
not done a back log of waste. As for the collection, most islands have no organized collection
system, while few of them conduct regular household collections daily by a truck with employed
labor. According to most islanders the most difficult waste for managing is disposable nappies.
Proposed Strategy. The proposed strategy is to compost all compostable waste and segregate
recyclables and sell off from the island. The remaining residuals of about 20-25% will be lifted
out to a designated area or to Thilafushi, the only existing facility.
WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL IN THILAFUSHI
Thilafushi Future Scenario. The Government of Maldives has contracted a private service
provider to manage waste in the Male City region. Under the governments Public Private
Partnership strategy International Financial Corporation IFC provided the consultancy for the
PPP framework. Currently a contract has been signed with Tatwa Global Renewable Energy and
Male City Council and Environmental Impact Assessment was carried out for the project. The
contractors were required to begin their operations and interim services in March 2012. However
due to a change in political scenario in February 2012 the contractor has sought and requested for
a six months extension and is granted an extension. The proposed plan for the management is as
given in the conceptual map given below.
27
28
As seen from the concept above given by the Contractor for Thilafushi the main technology to be
used is waste to energy gasification plant and in vessel composting for biodegradables. In
addition concrete crushing and recycling of recyclables will be carried out. However there is no
provision for dealing with hazardous waste. An engineered landfill will be built on the site to
dispose residuals and bottom ash from gasification plant.
The schedule of works proposed is as follows
Major activity Duration
Project Initiation Phase
Concession agreement 60 days
Survey work 30 days
Environmental clearance and other permits 120 days
Project Planning 15 days
Project Methodology 15 days
Project milestones 15 days
Setting up of primary collection system
Engineering and Planning 30 days
Procurement/Execution 120 days
Commission Implementation 60 days
Setting up of secondary collection system
Engineering and Planning 30 days
Procurement/Execution 120 days
Commission Implementation 60 days
Civil works for infrastructure
Land Reclamation 90 days
Establishment of processing facilities
Engineering and Planning 60 days
Procurement 240 days
Construction 180 days
Commissioning 45 days
Establishment of disposal facility
Engineering and Planning 60 days
Procurement 90 days
Construction 180 days
Commissioning 30 days
Project components according to “EIA for the proposed SWM Facility at Thilafushi Island”
(CDE, 2011) include the following:
Component 1: Reclamation of land :- Thilafushi Corporation Ltd. has assigned 17.5 hectares for
waste management of which approximately 7 hectares is dry land and the remaining area is from
the lagoon. Tatva proposes to reclaim approximately 10.5 hectares from the lagoon.
29
Based on the Bathymetric Survey Maps of the area, it is estimated that 800,000 m3 of fill
material will be required for the reclamation.
Since no specific soil information is available, the soil is assumed to be layered as follows:
a) From 0 to -10.00m MSL: Loose to medium dense, fine to coarse calcareous sand with
fine to medium coral gravel and occasional cobbles becoming denser from -7.00m MSL.
b) From -10.00 to -12.00/-15.00m MSL: Transitional layer with gravels, cobbles and
boulders
c) From -12.00/-15.00 MSL: Very weak to weak coral rock and conglomeratic limestone
Soil investigation study will be carried out in order to confirm that the soil at the borrow area is
as per assumed above. Prior to the start of the dredging activities a complete survey of the
borrow area and reclamation area will be executed. Before the start of the reclamation activities,
weir boxes will be placed at the outside of the reclamation area.
The location of the sand borrow area is North West (N-W) of the reclamation area in the lagoon
of Thilafushi.
The method proposed is sourcing sand from the bed of the lagoon using a Cutter Suction Dredger
(CSD). A CSD will dredge and reclaim the necessary amount of material at the Thilafushi Reef
using Reclamation pipeline, Bulldozer (1), Excavator (1), Wheel loader (1). Material will be
dredged within the boundaries of the borrow area. The dredged materials will be pumped
through floating and land lines into the reclamation area.
Component 2: Coastal protection and constructing the accessibility infrastructure:- Once the
reclamation is complete, shore protection works and coastal accessibility infrastructure will
commence to protect the reclaimed land against severe wave action and to dissipate wave energy
in order to reduce erosion and build. Coastal zone is constructed such that mooring large barges
and large vehicles could be anchored for loading and unloading.
Component 3: Setting up waste processing facility in Thilafushi :- Waste processing and
disposal facilities include:
In-vessel composting for organic waste :- As a major component of a solid waste management
plan for the Maldives that emphasizes sustainability and zero waste, composting plays a major
role in diverting a large portion of the waste stream away from traditional and energy intensive
waste handling and disposal methods such as transportation and land disposal.
Compost use can result in a variety of environmental benefits. Most notably, it has the ability to
help regenerate poor soils. The composting process encourages the production of beneficial
micro-organisms (mainly bacteria and fungi) which in turn break down organic matter to create
humus. Humus, a rich nutrient-filled material, increases the nutrient content in soils and helps
soils retain moisture. Compost has also been shown to suppress plant diseases and pests, reduce
or eliminate the need for chemical fertilizers, and promote higher yields of agricultural crops.
By composting organic materials and diverting them from landfills ultimately avoids the
production of methane and leachate formulation in the landfills. Compost has the ability to
30
prevent pollutants in storm water runoff from reaching surface water resources. Compost has
also been shown to prevent erosion and turf loss on roadsides, playing fields, and golf courses.
Using compost can reduce the need for water, fertilizers, and pesticides. It serves as a marketable
commodity and is a low-cost alternative to standard landfill cover and artificial soil amendments.
Composting also extends landfill life by diverting organic materials from landfills and provides a
less costly alternative to conventional methods of remediating (cleaning) contaminated soil.
Gasification for combustible waste :- The proponent proposes to use patented gasification
technique developed by Kinsei of Japan for combustible waste. This is technology is widely used
throughout Asia. There are more than 250 Kinsei Gasification Systems in daily operations
throughout Asia in countries such as Japan, China, Korea, Malaysia, etc. All these systems are
performance proven in fields of hospital, chemical, industrial [both critical and hazardous waste]
processing and all of them have been rigorously inspected, tested and certified by their local
authorities and regulating environmental agencies. Kinsei’s systems process targeted waste in
separate stages and restrains the formation of toxic substances (Dioxin, CO, NOx, SOx). Air
emissions have already been tested and certified to be in compliance with Japan, China and
European Union standards and will meet EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) requirements.
Ash discharges will be less than 20% of the ash generated which would go down when the
operations are streamline and better segregation of the raw waste is achieved.
UPL Environmental Engineers Limited is a license holder of this patented technology in India
for commercial usage.
Sanitary Landfill for disposal of rejects :- The disposal of waste on land should be so as to
minimize the impact on surrounding environment. Sanitary landfills are designed and
constructed with this objective by incorporating essential components such as a liner system at
the base and sides of the landfill to prevent migration of leachate or gas to the soil and ground
water, a leachate and gas collection & control system, a final cover system, a surface water
drainage system and an environmental monitoring system.
Ash processing plant :- The combustion of solid wastes in the waste to energy (WTE) facility
will produce two types of residues, fly ash and bottom ash. Fly ash will account for 10% to 20%
by weight and bottom ash will comprise 80% to 90% of the residues. The majority of these
wastes are disposed in landfills. However, several new technologies have emerged in recent
years to provide the means to beneficially reuse WTE ash.
Plastic pre-processing plant :- Plastic waste will be separated by pre-sorting plant. It is estimated
to receive approximately 6-8% of plastic waste in total waste. It is estimated that 2-3 % of plastic
waste will be pet bottles and other high density plastic which will be utilized in plastic
reprocessing plant for making plastic lumps or granular.
Metal and glass separation plant :- Glass and metals from waste will be separated in pre-sorting
Plant. Glass will be separated by gravity separation and metals will be sorted out by Magnetic
separator. Both materials will be sold for recycling.
Facilities for Construction and Demolition Waste :- The daily record of incoming waste is
maintained by the Male’ City Council. The record mainly comprises of vehicle number and type
31
of incoming waste (i.e. sand, metal, wood, debris etc.). As per RfP document and Information
Memorandum, C&D Waste generation will be about 150 TPD. All the C&D waste including
debris, ply and wood waste, metal, furniture waste, excavated sand from new construction site
etc. is brought by the generators to the IWMC-1. At this centre, the waste is segregated into
wood, metal, sand and debris by the municipality. Waste from IWMC-1 is transported
intermittently to Thilafushi.
C&D waste generated by Hulhumale’ is stored in the waste management area in Hulhumale’.
Significant volume of C&D waste is generated in Hulhumale’ due to large construction projects
undertaking in Hulhumale’.
Component 4: Waste collection and transportation :- Waste management service in Malé is
provided by the Waste Management Section of the Malé City Council. In Male’, waste is
transferred to waste transfer stations also called Island Waste Management Centres (IWMC),
either directly by householders in their private vehicles (no fees) or by informal laborers who
charge a monthly fee (ranging from 100-150 MRf) for their services from the households. As a
result, different modes of transportation including cars, motorbikes and bicycles, etc. are being
used for waste transportation within Male’. The IWMC is designed to operate for 8 hours a day.
Component 5: Integrated waste collection:- facility in Male’, Hulhumale’ and Villingili.
Component 6: Transportation of waste from IWMC’s to Thilafushi :- The waste loaded in the
dumper from transfer stations will be transported to the jetty. To avoid repeated handling of the
containers and reduce the time of handling of waste, it is proposed to transport the waste in
dumpers.
To maintain better hygiene and serviceability it is proposed that the entire waste collected shall
be transported to the waste processing facility at Thilafushi on the same day. Based on this
assumption it is estimated that 15 Dumpers and 3 barges will be required to maintain the
uninterrupted flow of the waste from Male’ area. The following figure shows a typical landing
craft that will be used for transporting waste from IWMC’s to Thilafushi Waste Management
Facility (TWMF).
Component 7: Waste receiving and presorting :- The waste receiving system shall include the
following units:
No
.
Unit Function Specifications
1. Weighbridge For weighing of incoming waste
and storage of relevant records
Capacity of 40 MT.
Reference: Appendix 2.3
2. Waste Reception
Platform
Primary purpose- To spread the
incoming waste and remove the
bulky items that may harm the
conveyor system or the trommels
used for pre-processing.
Fully covered shed with
area of approximately 1000
m2.
32
Secondary purpose - To reduce the
quantity of moisture if the waste
reaches the site in wet condition
Component 8: Waste disposal facilities :- The disposal of waste on land should be so as to
minimize the impact on surrounding environment. Sanitary landfills are designed and
constructed with this objective by incorporating essential components such as a liner system at
the base and sides of the landfill to prevent migration of leachate or gas to the soil and ground
water, a leachate and gas collection & control system, a final cover system, a surface water
drainage system and an environmental monitoring system.
CONCEPTUAL PLANS FOR ISLAND WASTE MANAGEMENT
IWM Targets
Ensure that target island has resolved its waste management issues.
Establish rules and regulations for waste management.
Reduce the waste produced and to use reusable materials.
Aggregate all waste that is produced and dispose of it properly.
Raise awareness of the community regarding the economic benefits of keeping the island
clean.
Establish a mechanism to ensure that waste is managed appropriately through fee
collection to meet part of the costs of waste management.
Establish an appropriate system of using suitable equipment at the waste management
centre.
Strengthen the waste collection system.
It is proposed that household waste will be segregated into categories; e.g. kitchen waste to be
separated and the rest put together. The Community is to decide on household waste collection
arrangements. It proposed that in addition to composting recyclable bottles and other such items
would be separated at the IWMC.
Logical Framework towards targets
Goal Reduce the quantity of waste generated.
Current Status Not much awareness activities. Increase in waste generated day by day. Littering on roads and
public places.
Activities Resources Participants Responsible Funding Cost
Recovery
Undertake awareness activities
biannually
Workshops, Billboards,
Leaflets
Public, NGOs,
Businesses
Promote bulk purchasing Public Awareness Public,
Businesses
Goal Increase Reuse and Recycling.
Current Status Schools have carried out reuse activities to some extent but can be expanded further.
Activities Resources Participants Responsible Funding Cost
Recovery
Establish contacts with Information from Council, Utilities,
33
Aluminum and Can exporters EPA/UNDP report on
re-exports
Public
Waste segregation Identify site for HH &
IWMC segregation
Council, Utilities,
Public
Goal Generate Revenue from Waste.
Current Status Waste is disposed through open burning or dumping.
Activities Resources Participants Responsible Funding Cost
Recovery
Composting Fruits, vegetables and
garden waste
IWMC operator
Waste segregation Keep containers in HH
and separation of waste
in IWMC
Council,
Businesses, HH,
Waste to Energy OR Water
Heating
Waste to Energy OR
Heat Recovery
Council, NGO,
MEA
Goal Awareness on economic benefits of keeping island clean.
Current Status
Activities Resources Participants Responsible Funding Cost
Recovery
Raising awareness and placing
dustbins in public areas
Discussions, billboards,
dustbins, employees
Goal Establish User Fees for sustainable waste management.
Current Status Currently Households spend for waste management services.
Activities Resources Participants Responsible Funding Cost
Recovery
Establish user fees for waste
collection. MRF 60 discussed in
workshops as a suitable amount.
HH Council, HH Council, HH Monthly fee
Special circumstances (eg.
Construction waste collection,
island clearance, carriage to
Thilafushi to establish separate
fees.
HH Council,
Businesses,
public
Council, HH,
public
As agreed
Goal Identify a site and build waste management centre.
Current Status Old IWMC is not usable as it is now situated in the middle of island due to reclamation.
Although there are 3 locations for waste collection there is a site allocated in the Land use plan.
Activities Resources Participants Responsible Funding Cost
Recovery
Build an IWMC Land use plan Council, MHE Council, MHE
Goal Use Waste Management Equipment.
Current Status EU/WB South Ari project has provided 1 incinerator, 10 bins 240l, 7 bins 660l, 1 generator, 1
plastic shredder, 2 electric saw and 1 pickup handed to some islands through EPA/NUL.
Activities Resources Participants Responsible Funding Cost
Recovery
Start the use of equipment Equipment received
from EU/WB project
Utilities, Council,
Contractor, SWM
Contractors
Collection
contractor /
IWMC
contractor
Can crusher (Learning visit to
K. Dhiffushi site to see can
Used steel Council,
Businesses or
IWMC
Contractor OR
34
crushing) NGOs Business
Goal Establish Waste Collection Service from HH.
Current Status Varies between islands.
Activities Resources Participants Responsible Funding Cost
Recovery
Sorting waste Acquire bins to keep
waste sorted at
household level, and to
sort waste at the IWMC
Waste collectors
and community
Waste
collectors and
community
Monthly fee
35
Annex 2 – Initial Environmental Evaluation Checklist Template of EPA
Island name:
GPS location:
Area:
Length Width
Population
Waste Management Practices
Amount of solid waste generated
Waste composition
Current practice of waste management/disposal (including the presence/absence of IWMC)
Environmental issues arising from these practices
Groundwater:
Describe the condition and use of Groundwater on the island.
Foreshore:
Describe the condition of the foreshore.
Air quality:
List any point source air emissions:
List any diffuse source air emissions.
Vegetation:
Describe dominant vegetation species on the island.
Describe dominant coastal vegetation on the island.
Are there any large timber species on the island?
Reef ecosystem:
Describe the general condition of the near shore house reef:
Ecologically important habitats:
Are there any ecologically sensitive habitats in or on the island (sea grass beds, mangroves,
wetlands)?
Rare and endangered species:
Are there any known rare and endanger species on the islands?
Protected Areas:
36
Are there any protected areas in the near vicinity of the island?
Are there any cultural or historical sites that may historical or archaeological significance on the
island?
Population and Households:
What is the population of the Island?
How many households are there on the island?
How many empty houses are there on the island?
Does the island have a land use plan detailing future land use development activities including
waste management?
Economic activities:
What are the main income activities on the island (fishing, agriculture, tourism)?
Do tourists come to the island?
Water supply and Sewage:
Describe arrangements for water supply and Sewage disposal on the island.
Energy and Fuel supply:
Describe arrangements for power supply and fuel supply and storage on the island.
Transport:
Does the community have its own Dhoni for transport of people and goods?
Health Post:
Is there a health post on the island?
School:
What grade does the school teach up to?
Community Groups:
What other community groups are there on the island:
37
Annex 3 – Island Environmental and Social Management Plan Screening Checklist Template
Impacts: S – Significant M – Medium L - Low
Project Type Social
Category
Env.
Category
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V X
Primary
Collection of
Solid Waste
Primary
collection of
waste (storage)
Primary
Collection of
waste (loading/
unloading)
Primary
collection of
waste (vehicle)
Island Waste
Management
Centre
Site Selection** NA NA
IWMC
construction
General waste
storage
Hazardous waste
storage
Composting (with
putrescible/
38
sewage sludge)
Composting (with
putrescible waste
only)
Incineration
(clinical waste)
Incineration
(general)
Open burning
(organic/ general)
Metal recovery
(can crushing/
storage)
PET recovery
Paper & card
compacting
List other IWMC
activities
Secondary
Collection of
Waste
Secondary
transfer of waste
to harbor
(vehicle)
Transfer to vessel
(vehicle to vessel)
Non IWMC
Waste
Management
Activities
39
Code Impact Code Impact Code Impact
A Land acquisition I Raptor & vectors Q Noise
B Displacement/relocation J Urban Congestion R Odor
C Land Use K Aesthetic and Tranquility S Smoke
D Hydrology and drainage Pattern L Public Health T Disturbance to Other Services
E Water logging/ flooding M Work Place Health & Safety U Air Quality
F Surface Water Quality N Litter (wind-blown etc.) V Coastal processes
G Ground Water Quality O Flotsam (litter in water) X Marine pollution
H Destruction of Habitat/Flora Fauna P Fire hazard
**
Please note, there are IWMCs already available on the 5 pilot islands with basic infrastructure facilities
Landfilling
Biogas (sewage
sludge/
putrescible)
Animal
husbandry
Fish feeding
Waste oil
recovery (oil/
water separation)
Septic tank
sludge pumping
Harbor waste
management
Land reclamation
40
Annex 5 – Generic Environmental and Social Management Plan
IMPACT
Potential Significance
Location
Mitigation
Measure
Recommended
Monitoring
Institutional Responsibility
Impact
Unknown
No
Impact
No
Significant
Impact
Significant Implementing
Agency
Support
Agency L M H
Poor primary collections operations leading to:
Litter, odour,
vector/ raptor
nuisance to nearby
residences
All drop off
sites
Ensure
(i) waste is collected
at least daily
(ii) Adequate bins
with closures are
provided at the drop
off.
Weekly inspections
and quarterly reviews
Island Council EPA and
Regional
Office of
DPH
Work place health
and safety issues
All drop off
sites
Ensure (i)
employees are
equipped with
boots, gloves and
coveralls
(ii) bins are fit for
purpose
Weekly inspections
and quarterly reviews
Island Council EPA and
Regional
Office of
DPH
Poor IWMC design leading to:
Contamination of
groundwater and
surface waters
IWMC site Design
improvements to
ensure
(i) waste storage
areas are covered to
prevent
contaminated
stormwater run- off
(ii) Hazardous waste
storage area is
bunded.
(iii) Constructed
with concrete
hardstand.
Approval of IWMC
Design and routine
construction
monitoring
Island Council EPA &
Regional
Office of
DPH
41
IMPACT
Potential Significance
Location
Mitigation
Measure
Recommended
Monitoring
Institutional Responsibility
Impact
Unknown
No
Impact
No
Significant
Impact
Significant Implementing
Agency
Support
Agency L M H
Marine pollution IWMC site Ensure no marine
outfall/ discharge
from IWMC
Approval of IWMC
design and routine
construction
monitoring
Island Council EPA and
Regional
Office of
DPH
Poor construction management leading to:
Noise nuisance to
nearby residences
IWMC Ensure construction
activities occur
between 8 am and 4
pm
Daily inspections
during construction
phase
Island Council EPA and
Regional
Office of
DPH
Dust nuisance to
nearby residences
IWMC
sites
Complaint based
mitigation may
include screens or
wetting of source
materials
Daily inspections
during construction
phase
Island Council/
Utilities/
contractor
EPA and
Regional
Office
Stockpiles of
Construction and
Demolition
wastes
IWMC
sites
Reuse of material or
removal from site to
a suitable disposal
site
Ensure waste
materials are either
reused by community
or removed from
island at the end of
construction phased
activities
Island Council/
Utilities/contract
or
EPA and
Regional
Office of
DPH
Poor operation of waste facilities leading to:
Noise nuisance to
nearby
residences.
IWMC
activities
Ensure IWMC
activities occur
between 8 am and 4
pm
Weekly inspections
and quarterly reviews
Island Council EPA and
Regional
Office of
DPH
Vector breeding
raptor, litter,
public health
IWMC
activities
Ensure (i) organic
wastes are stored in
covered bins, (ii)
cans are crushed
and stored
undercover or in
covered bins
Weekly inspections
and quarterly reviews
Island Council EPA,
Ministry of
Health,
Regional
Office of
DPH
42
IMPACT
Potential Significance
Location
Mitigation
Measure
Recommended
Monitoring
Institutional Responsibility
Impact
Unknown
No
Impact
No
Significant
Impact
Significant Implementing
Agency
Support
Agency L M H
Odour nuisance
to nearby
residences.
IWMC
activities
Ensure (i) organic
waste is stored in
covered bins (ii)
secondary collection
from IWMC occurs
at least weekly (iii)
provide composting
training.
Weekly inspections
and quarterly reviews
Island Council EPA and
Regional
Office of
DPH
Workplace health
& safety
IWMC
activities
Ensure (i)
employees are
equipped with
boots, gloves and
coveralls (ii)
adequate training in
use of equipment
(iii) adequate
training in
workplace health
issues relating to
handling of compost
Weekly inspections
and quarterly reviews
Island Council EPA and
Regional
Office of
DPH
Poor secondary collection operations
Litter, flotsam
nuisance
Harbour Ensure (i) bins with
closures are
provided.
Weekly inspections
and quarterly reviews
Island Council EPA and
Regional
Office of
DPH
Workplace
health and
safety
Ensure (i)
employees are
equipped with
boots, gloves and
coveralls (ii) bins
are fit for purpose
Weekly
inspections and
quarterly reviews
Island Council EPA and
Regional
Office of
DPH
43
Annex 6 - Guide for Creating an Island Waste Management Plan
Waste management is an island responsibility. This guide will help to create a plan for managing
that waste.
What is waste?
Waste is anything that is unwanted, irrespective of its value. Waste can be solid, liquid, or
gaseous. This guide is for creating a plan to help manage solid waste.
Do you need a Waste Management Plan?
Every community should have a plan describing how all of the waste produced on the island will
be managed. The type of waste that is produced on each island is very different now to what it
was 30 or 40 years ago, and the amount of waste produced every year are getting more and more.
Therefore the way waste is managed must also change, and everyone in the island must be
responsible for this. Different types of waste need to be managed in different ways. The majority
of waste produced on islands is organic, which is easier to manage than plastics and metals. If
wastes are separated, then all types can be managed more effectively and safely.
What is a Waste Management Plan?
A Waste Management Plan should identify how waste is produced and determine how it can be
reduced and disposed of. It should include who will be responsible for overseeing each part of
the plan and how it will be resourced. It should also outline how awareness can be raised so
everyone in the community manages their waste properly.
How will this guide help?
This document outlines the steps that need to be taken in creating an Island Waste Management
Plan. It also contains suggestions that communities can include in their Plan. Some ideas are
presented as questions that will need some research before the right answer is apparent.
Each island is different so not all ideas will necessarily work. There may also be problems or
solutions unique to the island that have not been thought of or included. Finding solutions that
work on your island should be the basis of your plan for managing waste.
Plan format
Following the guide is a “blank” Island Waste Management Plan. It contains the key headings
and questions followed by space to fill in the answers. An electronic version of this document is
also available. You may choose an entirely different format to create your Island Waste
Management Plan, but you should ensure it covers all of the main questions listed in the
template.
44
1. COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT
Who should be involved in developing an island waste management plan?
Managing waste needs involvement from everyone on your island. The plan will work best if
everyone who is responsible for making it work is involved in its development. It may not
always be practical to involve the entire community in each detail of the plan, but it might be
important to provide regular updates and seek input from the community.
It is recommended that an Island Waste Management Committee be formed to oversee the
development of a plan and its ongoing implementation. Groups or individuals that may be
important to directly include in plan development are:
Island Council, which may include representatives from the Atoll Coucnil
Health Post, Hospital or other medical personnel
School representatives and/or teachers
Major businesses on the island or nearby islands (fish processing, resorts, etc)
Environmental groups, Women’s Groups youth groups or NGO’s
Environmental Protection Agency (Solid Waste Section)
Informal waste sector – those who may already be involved in collecting, separating and
disposing of waste
Who will be responsible for overseeing your waste management plan?
It is important that the work involved in managing waste does not fall unduly on any one section
of the community. For example, women have often been responsible for managing waste, but as
more waste is produced on each island this task becomes more onerous. To ensure that this plan
does not result in an unfair burden on some people, the following questions should be
considered:
• Who has been responsible for managing waste on the island?
• Why have they had this responsibility? Is this fair?
• How much time and resources have they put into managing waste in the past?
• How much time and resources will be required to implement this plan?
How can we make it fair so that the work and resources required to manage waste are
shared by everyone in the community?
What is the island’s goal for managing its waste?
A vision for your island will create a common point that everybody can aim for. Some examples
are:
We strive to protect and enhance our island environment by keeping our forest, shore and
waters free of waste, by reducing the amount we produce, reusing all that we can,
recycling materials and responsibly disposing of the remaining residuals.
45
Our Island will be a clean community with a waste free shoreline to ensure future
generations enjoy a healthy, safe and enjoyable standard of living here.
We will work with our neighboring islands to promote clean islands, safe shores and
waste‐free seas.
You should formulate a vision that everyone on your island can agree on.
2. COLLECTING INFORMATION
Often communities do not know how much waste they produce and how that has changed over
the years. Before we produce a waste management plan we need to know:
• What kind of waste is produced on the island?
• How much waste is produced?
• Who produces the waste?
What kind of waste is produced on the island?
Waste can be separated into different categories. Some types of waste are easier to manage than
others because they decompose more quickly. Some wastes can be recycled, others burnt or
composted. Some types of waste are also more harmful to the environment and human health
than others. Therefore different types of waste need to be managed in different ways.
Common categories include:
1. Organic matter: leaves, branches, uncooked food waste, fruit, coconut husks, even tree
trunks – anything that is NOT made by people.
2. Fish products: fish heads, skeletons, skins, dead fish (smelly stuff) if there are a lot,
otherwise you might put them with organic matter.
3. Hazardous waste: batteries, asbestos roof panels, used engine oil, old lights (with
mercury in them).
4. Medical waste: old prescription medicines, used needles, bandages and other materials
from health posts or hospitals (these may be handled by the health post).
5. Plastic: there are many different types of plastic wastes, including drink bottles, cooking
oil containers, shopping bags as well as bulk plastics such as chairs etc. Recyclable
plastic bottles and containers usually have a recycle triangle stamped on them.
6. Metal: steel, aluminum and copper metal objects, including clean tin cans and other
containers.
7. Glass: bottles, containers, old windows that might be a safety hazard.
8. Clothing and shoes: these may be reusable.
9. Nappies and other sanitary wastes: they present special nuisances (odour) and health
problems
46
10. Residuals: anything else that can’t be put in a large separate category, such as plastic
bags.
How much of each kind of waste is produced?
The amount of each waste may guide how you will handle it. For example:
If you have a lot of organic matter you might decide to do something to reduce or reuse it rather
than disposing of it. If you have very little glass then you may decide to handle it as hazardous
waste, but if you have a lot of glass then you might investigate recycling options.
Typically island communities have 60 to 70% organic matter by weight, 5 to 15% by weight
metal, 5 to 15% by weight plastic, 20 to 30% by weight residuals and less than 1% hazardous
wastes. What do you have?
It is also useful to track waste production over time. If you see an increase or decrease in one
type you may have to adjust your management practices. For example:
If you are seeing an increase in the number of plastic grocery bags and these are creating litter
on the streets or in the ocean then you may decide to shift to reusable cloth bags to carry
groceries from the store. You could ask shopkeepers not to put groceries in plastic bags unless
specifically requested by a customer.
The amount of different types of waste you produce should also determine how you use your
waste management centre. You can move the signs attached to each bay depending on the
volumes of each type of waste, and how you dispose of it.
Where is the waste produced?
Who or how waste is produced may help you choose strategies to manage it.
If a lot of food waste is made in homes and most people have gardens then you may want to
encourage home composting. If a lot of waste comes from sweeping the streets and most of it is
organic, you may want to ask the sweepers to separate out the bits of plastic so you can reuse the
organic matter as mulch and you may want to set up dustbins for litter.
Common waste sources:
Homes
Businesses (stores and offices)
Industry (fish processing, boat building, etc)
Street /public spaces cleaning (municipal waste)
Agriculture
Other
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Where does the waste go now?
People often don’t give much thought to where their waste goes (and what the impact might be
of disposing that way). Assessing where waste is now can help you plan for improvements.
Common disposal methods in the Maldives are:
Into the sea (along the shoreline)
Along the sides of roads or unused land plots
Buried or stored in a dump site (on the island or on another island)
Dumped on the surface in a designated area (or many areas)
Spread under trees
Burned (in one place or many places)
Dumped in the deep ocean
Incinerated (usually medical waste and in some resorts)
What are the problems with waste disposal on the island now?
Each disposal method has environmental, health and aesthetic consequences. Common problems
include:
Health: mosquitoes, rats, cuts from metal and glass, infections
Environment: ground water pollution, air quality (burning), reef damage
Aesthetic: odors, ugly to look at, in the way, embarrassing to show others
Changing the way waste is managed will help to avoid these problems. You should also consider
in your plan whether (and how) you will clean up waste that has already accumulated.
3. WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTIONS
Once we have collected some information we can start to think about the options that are
available for managing our wastes.
Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
When we develop a waste management plan we must always remember that reducing, reusing
and recycling waste is preferred over burning and burying.
Trying to reduce the amount of waste created by the community is often the least expensive and
most environmentally friendly way to manage waste. Typical strategies include:
1. Reducing waste by not creating it in the first place. For example:
Putting leaves, small branches and other organic matter collected when sweeping
streets under shrubs and trees as a mulch or compost to improve the soil.
Using large branches, logs or coconut tree stems to line the edge of paths.
Using cloth bags instead of plastic to carry groceries home.
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Buying products with less packaging
Sharing or borrowing items and equipment
Choosing re‐usable items rather than disposables
Maintaining and repairing clothes, tools, appliances
Buying things in large quantities reduces the number of containers.
2. Reusing objects over and over stops more of them coming to the island. For example:
Composting organic matter to reduce its volume and fertilize soil for garden and
agricultural use.
Shredding organic matter to reduce volume and produce mulch for use under shrubs
and trees.
Reusing plastic bags for shopping,
Reusing glass jars and plastic bottles for storage of water and food
Using rechargeable batteries
Covering fruit crops with plastic bottles to protect them from bats and rats.
3. Recycling materials into new objects, such as melting metal, plastic or glass to make new
cans or bottles.
Collecting recyclable materials such as metal and plastic to trade, sell or give these
materials to recycling companies.
There are lots of different ways to reduce, reuse or recycle waste, and communities always come
up with innovative new ways to do so. Sharing ideas with neighboring islands may introduce
more ideas.
Burning and Burying
Reducing the amount of waste that is produced is the most important element of good waste
management. However, there will always be waste that is produced by each community that will
need to be disposed of. In particular, residual waste is waste that cannot be recycled or reused (eg
composting) and therefore needs to be disposed of in some other way.
What options are there to dispose of the waste?
An Island Waste Management Plan should identify how waste will be disposed. Options to
consider are:
Drying and burning organic waste using best burning practices (at high temperature to
reduce
Smoke, such as on an elevated platform which allows oxygen to circulate). This should
not include hazardous wastes, metals or plastics.
Burying wastes in a location away from the shoreline and away from the water supply.
This should not include hazardous wastes, metals or plastics. Burying these wastes
with large quantities of organic waste can cause serious contamination issues.
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Using certain sorts of waste to assist in land reclamation or erosion control such as
crushed glass and construction and demolition wastes. This should not include
hazardous wastes, metals or plastics.
Transferring residuals to a regional landfill, such as Thilafushi. Deep channel ocean
dumping may be necessary for large volumes of fish waste. It is not acceptable to dump
other sorts of waste in the ocean.
How will waste be separated for better management?
Different types of waste need to be managed in different ways. Separating waste into different
categories allows for the disposal of organic waste, which decomposes quickly, through
composting or burning, thus reducing the volume of waste that is more difficult to dispose of.
Recyclable materials need to be clean and separated from other waste in order for recycling
companies to be interested in them.
Remember it is very difficult to manage a pile of mixed waste! Separating waste at home means
everyone is helping out. Separating it at a waste management centre may require extra staff.
Strategies could include:
Different containers (for organics, plastics, metals) in each house, business or industry.
These may be color‐coded so everyone learns which is which.
Separation when delivering waste to the centre (by household or collection contractor?).
Collecting different types of waste from homes on different days (i.e. plastic on Monday,
organic waste on Tuesday, etc.).
At a waste management centre (by who?).
A number of islands have tried separating waste at the waste management centre. This is often
not very effective – it is much easier if waste is separated at the household before it gets to the
waste management centre. This is the preferred strategy in many parts of the world!
Where will recyclable materials go and how often?
Collecting metal, plastic or other recyclable materials is the easy part. Sorting them and finding a
market for them can be more of a challenge. The amount of space you need to store them may be
a factor (can this be reduced?). Coordinating with other islands on selling or transporting
materials to market is also something to think about.
Metal can often be sold if it is in a large enough quantity, clean and sorted (different types of
metal command different prices).
Certain plastics (containers) can also be sold, but it is more difficult to get large quantities of the
same kind together. Coordination with other islands may be the solution.
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In some cases glass and even paper can be recycled if there is enough and it is clean and ready to
transport. Find a market and find out what that market needs before collecting!
What markets are there for recyclable materials?
Does anyone buy these materials?
Will someone offer reduced cost to transport these materials off the island in order to sell
them in Male’ or a foreign port?
Where will you store recyclable materials?
How quickly will that area fill up (how often will you need to transport them somewhere
else)?
Can you reduce the volume of recyclable materials so you can store more of them and
make transport easier? Can‐crushers, shredders and bailers are options.
Can recycling strategies be coordinated with other islands to reduce transportation or
handling costs?
4. MOVING WASTE
How will waste and recyclables get to the waste management centre and to final disposal?
Waste does not usually move by itself (sometimes the wind or ocean helps), but we often don’t
think about how it will be moved and that can cause problems. If a waste management centre is
far from homes how will the waste get there? Who will be responsible for getting it there? Will
everybody agree to this?
Collection from homes and businesses should consider:
Distance to disposal or recycling centre
Wheelbarrows and buckets from households if nearby
Community dustbins for waste, recycle bins for metal and plastic
Regular pick up by contractor or community run truck
Collecting recyclables on different days to encourage separating
Collecting residuals only after recycling has been removed
Cost recovery for pick up, sorting and managing waste (who pays)
Transferring recycling and residuals from a waste management centre:
Frequency that material will need to be moved. Most WMC’s can only hold three (3)
months of materials. Emptying them should occur more frequently than that.
Distance to the lagoon or shore accessible to dhoni or landing craft.
Weight and volume of materials.
Packaging (sacks, bulk bags, boxes, bins) to carry the material to the boat.
Size of boat, dhoni, landing craft that can fit in the harbor.
Truck or other equipment needed to move material from the centre to the boat.
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Person responsible for organizing emptying the waste management centre or selling
recycling materials.
5. INFRASTRUCTURE REQUIRMENTS
Waste management centres don’t make waste disappear. They are places to sort and temporarily
store small amounts of materials. Typically a waste management centre can only hold about 3
months of a community’s waste – less as the population increases or if more waste is produced.
Building and operating a disposal site or a waste management centre takes time, organization and
resources.
What equipment is needed to implement this plan?
Equipment costs money to purchase, to operate and to maintain, but it may be essential to
making the Plan work properly. The community should consider if it needs and can afford:
A waste management centre: to sort and temporarily store recyclables and residuals, for
drying waste to burn, to compost organic materials, to act as a central area for all island
waste.
A pickup truck, pull cart (dhamaa gaadiyaa) or wheelbarrows: to collect waste and
recyclables.
Hand tools: to maintain the waste management centre and surrounding area.
A shredding machine: to reduce organic materials for mulch or easier composting.
A metal or glass crusher: to reduce the volume of cans and other containers.
A shredding machine to reduce the volume of plastic bottles.
A dhoni or landing craft: to take recyclables to market or waste to a regional landfill.
A generator to provide power to the waste management centre and to run machinery.
An incinerator to burn nappies and other sanitary wastes
A burning barrel or frame: for safe, clean burning of dry residuals.
When will this infrastructure be operated?
Planning the frequency of services will help control the costs of operation and ensure the
community has access to infrastructure. Considerations include:
Hours and days of operation
Days for collection or delivery of waste and/or recyclables
Frequency (weekly, monthly, bi‐monthly) to transfer waste or recyclables
Burning days during dry periods (daily, weekly, monthly)
Island clean up days (monthly, quarterly, annually)
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Who will be responsible for the equipment and/or infrastructure and its operation and
upkeep?
The whole community is ultimately responsible for making sure your island is clean and safe, but
certain tasks may need to be delegated. Options include:
Delegating oversight to the Island Council Office, the Community Based Organizations,
or the local Non-Government Organizations.
Forming a waste committee to provide oversight and be accountable to the community.
This may comprise members of the Island Council, the CBOs and the NGOs.
A staff person hired to coordinate waste transfer, ship recyclables or to manage the waste
management centre.
Hiring a private contractor to collect from houses, manage the centre and/or be
responsible for transferring recyclables or waste to disposal.
6. FUNDING OPTIONS
How will equipment and services be purchased, operated and maintained?
The level of service needed by the community will determine the cost. Volunteer services are
low cost, but require more diligence to maintain. Paid services cost more and require higher
levels of scrutiny to ensure the service being paid for are being provided. Costs can include
salaries, purchasing equipment (capital cost), operating equipment (operating cost), maintaining
equipment (maintenance costs) and replacing infrastructure (replacement cost).
You should determine how much it will cost to implement your waste management plan.
Funding options might include:
A one‐time levee or charge to each household for capital equipment
Accessing island funds
User‐pay fees (monthly) for collection and disposal services that will cover the operating,
maintenance and replacement cost.
A fee per bag of waste collected
A lower fee for clean sorted recyclable materials
A fixed monthly fee per household
A higher fee rate for businesses that produce more waste
Cooperative arrangements with neighboring industry(s) and islands
Start up or infrastructure opportunities through government or NGO’s
Voluntary service
One option is to determine different costs for different levels of services and then ask for
community feedback to decide what people are willing to pay to have a clean island. The costs of
waste management should be shared amongst all those people who produce the waste and the
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amount people pay should be linked to the amount of waste they produce and the level of
difficultly required in managing it.
An anonymous survey form could be used to gauge people’s willingness to pay for different
levels of service. Costs may vary between MRF 30 to 50(+) per household per month for the
management of household waste. Waste produced by industry and business may be charged at
around MRF 300 per m3 of waste produced. The community may also wish to discuss the cost of
managing street sweepings with the island councils. This cost may be around MRF 15 per
household. The project will also need to consider who will collect the money, who will keep it
safely, who will do the book keeping and who will make the decisions about how it will be spent.
Further considerations include how to address people who cannot pay or do not want to pay.
7. RAISING AWARENESS
How will we involve the community?
Education and awareness is an ongoing process. Changing attitudes about waste management,
reducing litter and increasing recycling require constant reminders to ensure success. One part of
the Plan, and a responsible group of people, should be dedicated to maintain an ongoing
awareness campaign. This may include:
Training by NGOs for individuals or groups in the community so they can teach others
Community meetings to discuss good waste management practice
Regular Island Clean‐up days where people are reminded of the consequences of poor
waste management
Notices, posters and announcements to regularly remind people of the island’s waste
management guidelines
Targeted discussion with individuals, schools and businesses
Inclusion of good waste management in school classes
Incentives at the household level for good waste management and disincentives for bad
waste management
How will the Island Waste Management Plan be communicated?
The Island Waste Management Plan will only work if everyone responsible, which is usually the
entire community, agrees to it. Some ideas for sharing and seeking feedback to the plan are:
A community meeting and community announcements
Notifications, posters or other awareness tools
Conducting information gathering surveys and providing feedback on the outcomes
during Plan development
Providing access to the draft Island Waste Management Plan
Discussion with neighboring islands, resorts and the atoll councils.
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8. SHARING IDEAS
Associations with other islands are an effective way to share ideas and reduce the cost of waste
management. A simple strategy is to organize an association for waste management, perhaps
including broader common environmental issues.
Create an island committee dedicated to waste management
Nominate one or more individuals to work with other islands
Establish monthly or quarterly telephone, internet or email conferences
Organize an annual forum, conference or seminar to discuss waste issues
Involve major businesses (fish processing, factories, resorts) – they produce waste
Invite guest speakers, ministry representatives and NGO’s to provide updates and new
ideas about waste management
Start slow, build trust, collect facts, identify solutions:
Share what you are doing with waste on your island
Identify common areas of concern
Explore ways to share tasks (organizing recycling collection)
Consider opportunities to assist the government to produce supportive legislation,
regulation or guidelines
Capitalize on good ideas to help communicate waste management issues (sadly garbage is not a
hot topic for most people, but a good solution might capture their attention and help your own
training program).
9. SIGNOFF AND REVISIONS
Who will sign off on this plan?
Formally adopting an Island Waste Management Plan brings clarity to the community about how
their waste will be managed in the future. Options for signing off on the plan include:
• A community vote
• Signatures from the Island Council
• Signatures from the Waste Management Committee
Once the plan is approved you should consider:
• Posting a copy which all community members can access
• Forwarding a copy to the Environmental protection Agency
• Forwarding a copy to the Atoll Council or National Office for the North Central Region
How will the Island Waste Management Plan be revised?
Some things in the Plan may need to change over time. The population of the island, the nature
of the waste produced, government policies supporting waste management, and cost of
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operations are all things which may vary, to name a few, and your plan may need to be modified
accordingly. You should also monitor how well the plan is working and be prepared to modify
the plan to address any challenges that arise. Establishing a fixed process and timeline will
provide clarity on how changes will be made. Things to consider are:
A fixed date or year for review (one year, two years, or five years)
A process for minor changes (agreement by committee, posted notices)
A process for major revision (notification, creation of a special committee)
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Annex 7 - Community Mobilization Work Plan
Community involvement in the planning and implementation of projects is complex. The EPA
has adopted and developed a community based approach to waste management in the Maldives.
The approach involves a community driven development processes for procurement of waste
management infrastructure, equipment and for waste management planning. The EPA has
advised that waste management committees should be established consisting of a representative
from the Island Council, CBOs, the NGOs and two members from the community to coordinate
community driven activities on the island. The role of the Government is essentially to provide
support to the community and the committee for waste management activities.
The benefits of community involvement include a clear idea of the possible community based
solutions to problems that have arisen follow the ARC/CRC program intervention, including
perspectives on willingness and ability and most importantly the possibility of getting
commitment from the community to take responsibility for waste management on the islands.
Proposed Community mobilization activities
The three approaches described below complement each other and mostly will be used together.
In all approaches the main focus will be given to:
• Establishing the Island Waste Management Committee (IWM Committee)
• Supporting the Committee to mobilize the wider community (see Diagram 1)
• Further developing/ evolving the IWMP
• Implementing and monitor the IWMP
Diagram 1 – Community based Waste Management Approaches
WASTE MANAGEMENT – the community perception
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Communities Awareness
1. Although many islands understand that waste management is a priority issue in their islands,
but this is not seen in action in daily life. Waste management actions include household
separation of waste and participation in waste management activities at the Island waste
management Centre (IWMC). Possible suggestions that can be tried, alone or in combination
to encourage behavior change are:
• Community awareness programs;
• Formal/ informal educational programs tailored to school children; and
• Incentives programs like awards schemes or opportunity to access equipment etc.
2. Another unbalancing equation is the willingness to participate in good waste management
practices and the expected outcomes from it. Many complaints are being forwarded to EPA
saying that WMC is full and is a breeding ground for mosquitoes, thereby spreading diseases.
During monitoring visits many householders complain about the location of the WMC saying
it is too far away which leads to communities going back to their old practices, i.e. dumping
everywhere. A way forward with these issues could be:
• Involve communities in the development and evolution of Island Waste Management
Plans to develop and resolve priority issues with waste management on the island.
3. Willingness to pay for waste collection or transfer is generally low among all communities.
Waste is put at the bottom of the list in paying for services, i.e. after electricity, water and
cable TV. Few people want to pay for waste. Strategies to promote communities willingness
to pay for waste service should be included. Communities could be familiarized with the
polluter pay principle which includes user pays for services and extended producer
responsibility:
• Surveys to find willingness and ability to pay – consider acceptable ways of payment
• Forecast the total amount to be generated through fee collection per month/
year/household – budget
• Estimate the true cost of providing waste services including IWMC operation, waste
transfer and recycling etc
• Look into innovative ways of raising additional revenue to support services such as social
fund raising activities or extended producer responsibility such as bottle deposit systems
funded from companies producing plastic bottles)
• Education through comparing costs and benefits to the community and environment from
improved waste services.
4. Possibly the top of the list should be the perception of responsibility; waste is generally seen
by communities as the problem of ‘others’. Many have identified “others” to be the
government (MHE) or Atoll Council or Island Council WMC supervisor. Is it the
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government who should take care of everyone’s waste? Or is it the Atoll council? Or the
Island council? Possible ways to reiterate community responsibility could include:
• Engage the community through the Island Waste Management Planning process about
roles and responsibilities throughout the life cycle of waste produced on the islands,
• Identify any consensus amongst community members about which waste streams and
which part of the waste cycle the community can influence and which part is beyond their
capacity.
• Working with the community undertake a capacity and needs assessment to determine the
skills and equipment needs of the community in relation to island based waste
management.
• Provide case studies that illustrate island role models or best practices islands
* It might be best to plan these solutions in conjunction with surveys for willingness and ability
to pay within community and other sources of funds. The general perception towards waste
management explained above maybe one way to classify communities as high priority
communities for community mobilization activities.
Institutional Strengthening communities
1. The effort and initiative taken by model communities and their best practices should not go
unnoticed. In addition to the practical island solutions found by these communities they need
follow- up support to sustain good waste management practices.
• Provide communities with working models of institutional arrangements for island waste
management Mobilize community leaders to form a WM Committee
• Work with the community through the Island Waste Management Planning process to
establish clear roles and responsibilities and a mandate for the WM committee.
• Guide communities towards national awards or explore means of recognizing effort and
initiative - sense of accomplishment and reward
2. Maintaining the drive in good waste management practices and monitoring the situation for
supplementary services. Would you choose composting over burning?
• Finalizing the IWMP make it public - bulletin boats, community meetings
• Ongoing activities for disseminating information – join forces with health posts and
schools
• Set community baseline targets and monitor achievements and identify areas for
improvements to set new targets.
Initial Steps for planning field trips
Through Island Councils, identify the community leaders and stakeholders in waste management
within the island communities. (In the past in this project, they were identified as Island Office,
WDC, IDC, Health post, Schools and community representatives). The intention here is not to
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redo the whole process again but to include those who participated before and more importantly
to engage and involve community based organizations.
1. Schedule field trips according to the time schedule of the community in consultation with
the Island Councils.
2. Identify through them the support required from their perspective and establish common
vision of what they want to achieve in their community
3. Facilitate the necessary community mobilization activity.
Checklist for visiting islands
• General island information sheet
• Summary of waste attitude in the island and possible approach to be used
• Island reports – actions and recommendations
• Status of preparation and implementation of IWMP’s
• Clear picture of government plans or proposed projects for the concerned region
• Necessary awareness materials
Field trip agenda
1. Pre meeting with president of the Island Council to check the progress of IWMP and
island waste situation
2. Visit island WMC and other dumping areas (standard form to check)
3. Consultation with IO, Committee members and CBO’s (separate training can be arranged
if a WM Committee is mobilized)
4. Meeting with active volunteers in waste management (separate meeting can be arranged
with women)
5. Agree action items in writing with WM Committee or IO.
a) Household Approach
To support households in playing their expected roles, it is important to recognize that within a
community, households may belong to a variety of groups (men/ women; children; youth)
• Community stakeholder appraisal which would help identify which group among the
community is more active and has ability to influence other householders
• Establish common vision for the islands
• Present ideas like roster for volunteers (rotating basis) to organize them more effectively
• Assess training materials and support required
• Facilitate community awareness sessions with volunteers from community
Important roles of households:
• Reduce waste as much as possible.
• Encourage more re-use of waste materials within the household.
• Encourage separation at household level
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• Make compost with organics or use as mulch after cleaning the streets.
• Burn separated organics and other combustibles at designated place.
• If a collection system is in place, set out the non-combustible waste at the agreed time
and place to be taken to WMC; if not check the days the WMC is open and take it there.
• Participate with neighbors in activities to keep the environment clean
b) Business Approach
Waste management as a profitable business entity might not be the most viable option in small
islands. But profit coupled with community responsibility could motivate private contractors to
handle waste collection transfer and other supporting functions. Meetings could be facilitated
between the following groups with the Island Councils and committees for further discussions.
• Shop owners
• Boat-builders
• Other profit making enterprises in the island
* Resorts could be part of this group depending on the agreed contribution
Important roles of Business:
• Facilitate coordination between this group and the IWM Committee to reflect a common
vision for island
• Facilitate the inclusion of roles and responsibility of the business community into the
IWMP
• Plan funding from each group
• If required liaise with Island Councils to make formal agreements with the private
contractor and provide advice and assistance in establishing institutional arrangements for
revenue collection.
c) CBO approach
This approach would most likely work in communities where there is a good relationship
between island councils, committees and the community. Also the level of support from
volunteers and initiative from the community could be critical. From the island reports it was
seen that WDCs were the most active committee in WM in most islands. Youth groups or NGOs
could be encouraged to join forces with WDC or work independently where WDC is not
functioning well.
Youth groups are actively showing interest and concerns for environmental issues and solid
waste management in their community. Taking examples from this, it would be beneficial for
WM Committees to coordinate efforts with CBO’s for effective community mobilization
activities.
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Possible roles of CBO’s:
• Act as partners in the dialogue between the island community and Island Councils
• Mobilize members for action in waste management; which would include but is not
limited to assigning a supervisor at WMC and setting rules and guidelines
• Mobilize members to carry out household surveys to find willingness to pay; if successful
which would lead to managing fee collection (method of payment)
• Arrange and conduct awareness programs - community competitions, clean-up days
• Coordinate with schools and health post to disseminate information
• Watchdog function - as a supervisor and performance monitor for the effectiveness of
waste management in the island
Awareness materials:
Irrespective of the island approach used, the following awareness materials need to compiled or
prepared, most of which have already been prepared by ARC/CRC, EPA and NGO’s.
- Presentation CD’s, leaflets, posters and other materials to support trainers; interactive and
practical training guides for trainers
- Community wide awareness program
- Support to volunteers who are actively involved in island waste management
- Design games and fun activities for teaching waste management in schools
- Materials from nationwide awareness programs when they are put in motion
4. OTHER FOLLOW-UP SUPPORT
Follow-up support for islands that have started with IWMP’s could even start before the field
trips for priority islands. Priority islands would come into the IWMP follow-up list after they
have started work on IWMP’s. It is expected that some level of planning would be done on each
community at the end of the field trip to that island. To make the follow- up procedure more
standard and effective, guidelines for reviewing IWMP’s needs to be prepared. This would in
essence be the IWMP guide in the form of a simpler checklist and guideline for reviewing. Once
the checklist for reviewing is in place any staff could make follow-up calls to the islands and
simply update the list. The key to an easier process would be identifying the focal contact to call
back within the island council or CBOs.
The next step would be updating the checklist that has been prepared to keep track of islands that
have sent IWMP’s that are complete or incomplete.
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Annex 8 – Environmental and Social Management Plans
The following sub-annexes provides the recent preliminary information collected for the five
participating islands, including the first island (Ukulhas) that will be ready to finalize the IWM
plan and commence activities of IWMC.
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Annex 8.1 AA. Ukulhas - Baseline information and preliminary consultation outputs
Background information on the Island
Population: 840; Males: 423, Females: 417; Children under age of 5: 138; Number of
houses: 66; Uninhabited houses/plots being developed: 53
3 cafes, 6 grocery shops, 1 school, 1 health centre, 7 tuna fishing dhonis (Yellow Fin
Tuna), 4 reef fishing dhonis, 4 trolling vessels, 18 Bokkuraas,
Livelihood is dependent on tuna and reef fishery
Island Waste Management Centre infrastructure in place.
Average total household waste generated is 672 kg/day. Estimated total household waste
generation per year is 245 tonnes
Current waste management practices:
The island council has assigned a council member to look after the Island Waste
Management Centre (IWMC). All households has signed an MOU with the Council, and
under this MOU, Island Council has to provide collection services daily from households
and carry out disposal and treatment in IWMC. The households are obliged to pay a
monthly fee of Maldivian Rufiyaa 100 and segregate kitchen waste and dry waste.
All organic wet waste, mainly kitchen waste is carried in a small boat to open sea daily,
and this waste is disposed off at sea.
All other waste is collected by 3 staff including a driver and brought to the IWMC
Plastics and Metals are recycled, but not shredded or compacted at the moment as there is
no power supply to the IWMC. However the council has allocated a fund to buy a diesel
generator, and requires a partial funding. Most garden wastes are combined with other
wastes such as disposable Nappies, and burned on a raised metal bench. The ash at the
bottom is then mixed with sand and placed in a shallow pit near the IWMC.
All recyclables are sold to a buyer who comes with his own boat, to collect it from the
IWMC.
The IWMC also has a concrete pad and which can be used to carry out Municipal Solid
Waste Composting.
Also 15 batch composters were given to the council to carry out small scale composting.
Lifting out of certain hazardous wastes and residuals is carried out once in a month by
paying a boat, which carries it to Thilafushi Island.
Main recommendations for Waste Management in the Island (based on consultations)
Train IWMC staff on Composting at the site and provide a learning tour to Island
Councils on good waste management practices including composting
Begin composting at the site
Provide power supply and Generator to operate metal crushers and plastic shredders
Provide a suitable technology to manage disposable nappies.
Carry out awareness on best practice of segregation at source by households
Place waste bins at public areas such as harbor front
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Provide a sustainable and affordable mechanism to lift out residuals from the Island on a
regular basis.
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Annex 8.2 Ukulhas IWMC Environmental and Social Management Plan
ENVIROMEMENTAL & SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN for Island Waste Management Services
North Ari (Alif Alif) Atoll
Ari Atoll Solid Waste Management Project
funded by Maldives Climate Change Trust Fund Ministry of Environment and Energy
Male’ – Republic of Maldives
Designed by: Gordon Ewers
Prepared by: Mohamed Shan Ahmed
& Ahmed Nizam (May 2012)
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ACRONYMS
CBO Community Based Organization CCD Community Centered Development CCTF Maldives Climate Change Trust Fund CND Construction and Demolition DPH Department of Public Health EA Environmental Assessment EMP Environmental Management Plan EPA Environmental Protection Agency ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework IEE Initial Environmental Evaluation IWMC Island Waste Management Center IWMP Island Waste Management Plan MEE Ministry of Environment and Energy NGO Non Governmental Organization PMU Project Management Unit RWMF Regional Waste Management Facility
LOCAL NAMES USED
Hirundhu Thespesia Populnea Magoo Scaevola Taccada Dhiggaa Hibiscus Tiliaceus Dhunburi Ochrosia Borbonica Kaani Cordia Subcordata Funa Calophyllum Inophyllum
Magoo Scaevola Taccada
67
BACKGROUND
The Project is classified under Safeguards Category “A”, primarily to reflect the risks involved in solid waste management both at the island
level and at the Thilafushi Island SWM facility. The Solid Waste Management program will involve community-level waste recycling and
resource recovery facilities in the islands, which will involve composting of the organic fraction of waste as well as disposal of residual waste at
the Thilafushi SWM facility.
As specific activities to be undertaken at the IWMCs are yet to be identified, activity specific environmental issues cannot be identified at this
stage. In such circumstances, the World Bank Operating Policy (OP/BP/GP 4.01) requires that arrangements be made whereby the project
implementing agency undertakes the functions of activity screening, Environmental Assessment, review and implementation of Action Plans or
EMPs, as determined appropriate.
During Project preparation it was not be possible to undertake a full category “A” environmental assessment in accordance with the World Bank
Operating Policy (OP/BP/GP 4.01) for the RWMF until the process (Best Practical Environmental Option at least cost) for selection of the
Regional waste management system had been undertaken. In lieu of a project specific EA, an Environmental and Social Management
Framework (the ESMF) was prepared which defines the scope and application environmental assessment processes to Project activities.
ISLAND WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS
In accordance with the ESMF, specific Island Waste Management Plans (IWMP) will be developed for each of the 5 target islands supported
by the project. The IWMP will detail the waste management activities to be undertaken at island level.
Island Waste Management Plan activities may include, but are not necessarily limited to; primary waste collection services, island waste
management center operation, waste transfer activities, composting, metal recovery, etc.
All activities included in the island waste management plans will be the subject of an environment and/or social review as the key management
tool for identifying and assessing risk of environmental and social impacts. An outcome of the above environmental and/or social reviews will in
most cases be an Action Plan or EMP that is activity specific. Most activities are expected to have generic environmental and/or social impacts
that are manageable through environmental management and impact mitigation measures.
While most island waste management activities are expected to have generic environmental and/or social impacts that are manageable through
Environmental Management Plans (EMP(s)) there may be some activities that may carry a higher risk of environmental and social impacts.
These activities may require a higher level of environmental and social impact assessment.
68
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF ISLAND WASTE MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES:
Initial Environmental Evaluation (IEE)
Initial Environmental Evaluation for island waste management activities is a requirement of the Maldives Environmental Impact Assessment
Regulation 2007. The screening process is the first step in the EA process. The objective of the IEE screening process is to rapidly identify
environmental and social aspects of the island environment which may be impacted upon by the proposed island waste management activities.
The IEE screening checklist is provided in Annex 1.
Environmental Management Screening
All island waste management activities proposed in the IWMP will be the subject of an environment and social screening as the key management
tool for identifying and assessing risk of environmental and social impact. An outcome of the above environmental and/or social reviews will, in
most cases, be the development of Environmental Management Plans. The EMP screening checklist is provided in Annex 2.
Where there are little or no environmental or social issues, the proposed activities may move to implementation.
Environmental Management Plans
For IWMP activities which may impact on environmental and social aspects of the island an EMP (or Action Plan) will be prepared.
The EMP will describe and prioritizes the actions needed to implement mitigation measures, corrective actions and monitoring measures
necessary to manage the impacts and risks identified in the screening assessment and on other relevant findings. The template for the EMP is
provided in Annex 3.
Measures and actions that address identified impacts and risks will favor the avoidance and prevention of impacts over minimization, mitigation
wherever technically and financially feasible. Where risks and impacts cannot be avoided or prevented, mitigation measures and actions will be
identified so that the IWM activities operates in compliance with applicable national laws and regulations etc., and meets the requirements of
relevant World Bank performance standards.
69
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS:
Roles and Responsibilities. The Maldives Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) will have overall responsibility for ensuring the EMP is;
(i) undertaken in accordance with the relevant environmental laws and regulations, (ii) conducted to a standard acceptable to the Government of
the Republic of Maldives, and (iii) periodically auditing compliance.
The CCTF PMU ESDD coordinator is responsible for: (i) coordinating the EMP process and activities on behalf of CCTF, including but not
limited to the IEE, EMP screening, EMP development and EMP audits, and (ii) preparing other standard EMP management documents such as
weekly inspection and reporting templates.
The Island Council will be responsible for (i) coordinating community input and consultation into the IWM EMP development process, (ii)
inspection of IWM activities, and (iii) implementing necessary corrective and preventive actions.
Institutional responsibility for mitigation. Operational activities covered under this EMP will be largely managed (incl. mitigation) through the
island Council. The island council has overall responsibility for waste management at island level. In some cases, the activities may be
undertaken on behalf of the Island Council by the Utilities Company. Where activities are undertaken with the use of project funds a clause will
be added to ensure responsibility for maintaining appropriate environmental standards and undertaking mitigation where identified by the Island
Council. Where activities funded by the project are under taken by private entities under contract to the island office, a similar clause will be
required.
All construction activities will be undertaken under contract irrespective of who issues the contract. Where this occurs, a clause requiring the
contractor to maintain appropriate environmental standards and undertake mitigation will be required.
EMP MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
EMP Database. The CCTF PMU ESDD coordinator will develop a database in Microsoft Access or Excel consisting of the EMP data
(screening and EMP). The database will have the facility to record outcomes of audits and inspections. Once completed, the database will be
handed over to the EPA who will be responsible for maintaining and up-dating the database on a quarterly basis.
EMP Monitoring, Reporting and Record Keeping. Procedures to monitor compliance with the EMPs will be mechanisms, such as inspections
and audits. The Island Council will assign an official to inspect IWM activities on a weekly basis. The EPA will review the inspection reports
and audit compliance of a sample number of EMPs on a quarterly basis.
70
The Island Council will prepare a weekly inspection report in a format acceptable to EPA and Department of Public Health (DPH). The report
will be maintained in the Council files for the EPA and DPH quarterly review.
COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT, CONSULTATION, DISCLOSURE AND GREIVANCE
Consultation. All reasonable efforts will be made to consult relevant stakeholders in the preparation of Island Waste Management Plans
(IWMPs). For people likely to be adversely impacted by the Island waste management activities, consultation will be iterative and their views
will feed into the EMP decision-making process.
Engagement. Where practicable and appropriate Community Centered Development (CCD) procurement procedures will be utilized which
further engage the community in the tendering, bid assessment, contracting, contractor oversight and monitoring of Island waste management
activities.
Disclosure. The EPA will publicly disclose all environmental management plan(s) for public review and comment in appropriate locations in the
Project area.
Grievance Mechanism. If the EPA anticipates ongoing adverse impacts on affected communities, the CCTF PMU will establish a grievance
mechanism to receive and facilitate resolution about the environmental and social performance.
The MEE website will enable the community opportunity to raise concerns electronically.
71
Annex 1
Initial Environmental Evaluation Checklist
Island name: Ukulhas
GPS location: Latitude 4° 12' 53" - Longitude 72° 51' 51"
Area: 21.2 hectare
Length (metres): 1000 m Width (metres): 200 m
Population: 916 registered / 1040 total (Island Registry 16 May 2012)
No. of households: 125
No. of abandoned houses: 14
Does the island have a land use plan detailing future land use development activities including waste management? No
Waste Management Practices
Amount of solid waste generated:
Calculated based on the Waste Audit and based on the reported population, it is about 1 tonne per day.
Waste composition:
[Note: based on waste audit data for the North Region]
Category % by weight % by volume
Paper/Cardboard 4% 10%
Organics 66% 46%
Glass 2% 1%
Plastics 5% 23%
Metals 2% 6%
Infectious 8% 5%
Other (inert, dust) 13% 9%
Current practice of waste management - collection/ treatment/disposal activities undertaken in the island by Utilities/Island Council:
Collection: Ukulhas Island Council offer waste collection service in the island through its hired staff. User fees are MVR 100 per month. 100%
of the households are covered the collection service provider. Some still take their waste to the IWMC on their own. In addition Madivaru
72
(nearby Resort) has agreed to hand plastic bottles, glass, tin/cans and cardboard boxes to Ukulhas Council for a fee of MVR 5000 per month as
an incentive under a 3 year contract.
Treatment: Council employs six staff to manage and look after the waste management site. They are paid a salary (laborers MVR 3000 and
driver MVR 4500 per month) and works from 6 to 4 AM every day. Segregation is done at the site and open burning on elevated grill is the only
treatment method currently utilised. A Scrap metal buyer visits Ukulhas every one to two months and buys all collected scrap metal. There are
hardly any metal dumped in the waste site. Glass and electronic waste remain untreated.
Council hopes to extend the waste site by 30ft to the rear end for compost pad to be laid. This will also create easier access for trucks for loading
and unloading. Council is also planning to utilize funding from Madivaru venture to hire 1 additional staff to clear the beaches where picnickers
and nearby islands waste is getting washed. Waste equipment including can crusher and 2 plastic shredders installed in site but is not used due to
lack of generator capacity. 3 phase connection has been provided to the site but STELCO rates are at MVR 7 per unit and not feasible for
operations.
Council awaits windrow compost bins to be provided under the RDP2 by the Government. EPA have also agreed to provide a generator suitable
for powering the existing SWM machinery through UNDP funding and requires one third funded by the council.
Disposal: The Site is being managed comparatively well nationally. However some of the waste categories such as electronic waste and glass
are getting stocked up. Remaining waste are carried to Thilafushi through boat hired by Council. Organic waste is dumped into the deep sea
using a small boat or burnt on a grill inside facility. No lifting of waste from the island to Thilafushi (the only designated waste facility in the
country) was undertaken recently.
Island waste Management undertaken directly/indirectly by community groups/ NGOs/Private parties:
Collection service is provided by the council through its staff only. No NGOs from the island are involved in island waste management but
participate in awareness raising campaigns.
Environmental issues arising from these practices:
The present IWMC is located on an area of extensive erosion. Although site was located 100ft from shoreline erosion has left only 20ft of land
from shore. The site risks waste dumped to the site getting washed away and floating into the lagoon. The awareness level and commitment of
the community to keep the island clean is evident and very few littering is noticed. Open burning is considered as an unsuitable method only
adopted due to lack of a viable alternative using existing resources.
Groundwater:
Describe the condition and use of Groundwater in the island:
[Note: Where water quality equipment is available, take indicative quality parameters: pH, EC. Salinity]
73
Ground water is contaminated having bad odor and murky color. Tests from 4 locations in the island by National Lab conclude that water
contains bacteria and other germs and is unsuitable for any use by humans. The island does not have a sewerage network and waste water is
being drained into the ground contaminating the freshwater lens. Rain water is used for drinking purposes but lack of treatment and proper
filtration has led to health issues. Almost all houses has a 2500 ltr polyethylene tank provided and installed through tsunami relief projects are
used for collecting rain water for drinking. Some of the newer houses do not have the household tanks. Community tanks of 25000 ltr capacity
total installed on various public buildings of the island.
Foreshore:
Describe the condition of the foreshore:
Erosion is a major issue in North and West parts of the island with heavy erosion noted both North West side of the island. Coastal protection
works carried out in 1995 have been destroyed by wave action over time. Thick patches of Coastal vegetation (magoo, kaani, dhiggaa etc.) is
observed all around the island except for the area on the side of the harbor. Main species include Magoo and Boa Kashikeyo. A number of
medium sized banyan trees are found on the island. No sea grass beds were observed.
Very few liter and CND dumping noted within the green belt of the island. CND waste is being dumped on erosion prone areas for coastal
protection.
Air quality:
List any point source air emissions: [Note: Powerhouses, Burning waste]
The Power House and open burning in the IWMC are the major point sources of emission. Recently developed ice plant also has in-built power
house generating smoke.
List any diffuse source air emissions: [Note: as well as motor vehicles etc. take into consideration home based commercial fish processing
etc]
There are about Motorcycles 80, 1 ambulance and 3 pickups in the island. There are about 7 large fishing vessels in addition to 15 small vessels.
Household fish processing is not undertaken except for refrigerating and dry salting for the resort market. A factory is being developed for fish
processing.
Noise amenity:
What are the major noise sources?
74
[Note: Where noise meter is available take 15 minute time weighted average dbA for maximum (top to L10 (top 10% of noise profile) and
minimum (L90 bottom 10% of noise profile]
Island is generally quiet with some vehicles and boats as the major noise emission sources. 2 power houses, one for Households and one in-built
to Ice plant on the route from Harbour to IWMC also contribute to ambient noise.
Vegetation:
Describe dominant vegetation species on the island [Note: Name species most present- local name will suffice if species not known]:
Coconut, Dhiggaa and Funa are dominant vegetation species found on the island. Coastal vegetation include magoo, boa kashikeyo and banyan
as major species. Households have assortment of fruiting and flowering trees with 25% of the land mass densely vegetated. Heavy erosion
observed near preschool and upto IWMC. Only 20ft from shoreline near pre-school. CND waste currently being dumped as a defense.
Revetment laid in 1995 has been destroyed by wave action.
Dhiggaa, boashi and magoo noted as dominant coastal vegetation on West side. A belt of about 20ft of natural coastal vegetation run down the
west side of the island. Coastal vegetation maintained comparatively clean.
South East side has accreted sand banks with thick vegetation of Dhiggaa, Kaani and a number of banyan and boa kashikeyo trees. This side is
being use for picnickers and littering observed. Currents converge some debris and murky brown waters on this side.
Are there any large timber species on the island? [Where possible make reference to the island register of timer species. If island does not
have a register assume no time species or use observation and judgment]
Funa is common on the southern side of the island.
Reef ecosystem:
Describe the general condition of the near shore house reef: [Refer to litter flotsam, oils, nets, presence of dredging in reef area]
The near shore reef is disturbed from reclamation and dredging on the East side of the harbour. Coral on the reef encompassing the island is in
patches and seems severely disturbed. No sea grass observed in the house reef surrounding the island.
Ecologically important habitats:
Are there any ecologically sensitive habitats in or on the island (Note: sea grass beds, mangroves, wetlands other)?
75
The island has no sea grass beds, mangroves or wetlands.
Rare and endangered species:
Are there any known rare and endanger species on the islands? [Note: Include caged protected species or other protected species observed]
No reported cases of caged birds. Seasonal birds like gaadhooni, kirudhooni reported during inflow of kunbalha into the housereef. No reported
cases of birds nesting. Only native birds are crows. A number of fruit bats are found on the island.
Protected Areas:
Are there any protected areas in the near vicinity of the island? [Note include dive spots, caves, etc.. which have significant appeal to local
residences as well as resorts, and sites which have formal protection]
Ukulhas Thila and Gaagandu are nearby dive spots where large fish species such as whale shark and manta rays are spotted regularly.
Are there any cultural or historical sites that may historical or archaeological significance on the island? [Include sites or objects, trees etc..
which have specific relevance to local population as well as those which may be formally recorded]
There is an archaeologically significant gaagandu and a small old mosque located on the island but far from the IWMC location.
Economic activities:
What are the main income activities on the island (fishing, agriculture, tourism)?
90% of the islanders are engaged in fishery as their main economic activity. Small businesses, cafés and guest houses are slowly growing
industries.
Do tourists come to the island? [How many/ how often]
Tourists do not visit the island from resorts. Madivaru (Banyan Tree) is the closest resort. Backpackers are a slwly growing niche of tourists who
visit the island. Council has intended that the land use plan will have an allocation for a city hotel.
Water supply and Sewage:
76
Describe arrangements for water supply and Sewage disposal on the island. [Note include information about whether the system includes
treatment facilities and sewerage discharge – ie, is sewerage treated prior to disposal or direct discharge through-out fall, or local
discharge from houses to sea etc.]
No sewerage network in the island. Sewerage is drained into the land through household septic tanks. In 2011 a PPP/CSR investment for
sewerage network was secured but is pending government policy revisions on PPP/CSR.
Rain water is used for drinking. Water is harvested at household level and community level collected in household and community tanks. CCTF
assisted Rainwater Harvesting System with treatment facility and household connections is planned to be established in the island within the next
2 years.
Energy and Fuel supply:
Describe arrangements for power supply and fuel supply and storage on the island and mechanism in place in case of leakage (Note: include
observations about environmental protection mechanisms – bunding etc..)
Powerhouse currently caters a peak load of 120KW with maximum capacity of 160KW. The Powerhouse has its own tanks for 25000 liters of
fuel storage. No reported safety measures to address accidental leakage. There is 1 private distributor sells fuel (stored in santex tanks).
Powerhouse is managed by STELCO.
Transport:
Does the community have its own Dhoni for transport of people and goods?
No community vessel used for transport. Atoll transport network available on weekdays and Male’ ferry is operated through the National
Transport Network.
Is there an island based ferry service – to Male? To other?
Only ferry available for daily return is to Atoll Capital Rasdhoo.
Health Post:
Is there a health post on the island?
77
The island has a health post.
School:
What grade does the school teach up to?
There are 1 preschools, 1 primary/secondary school in the island. The highest grade available in the island is 12.
Community Groups:
What other community groups are there on the island?
Around 2 registered NGOs/clubs,
What are the principle activities of these groups: Sport, environment, etc..
These organizations are mainly involved in youth development, sports and entertainment activities. NGOS participate in all events at island level
78
Annex 2 Island Environmental Management Plan Screening Checklist
Impacts: S – Significant M – Medium L - Low
Project Type Social
Category
Env.
Category
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V X
PRIMARY COLLECTION OF SOLID WASTE
Primary collection of waste (storage) M L X X X X X X
Primary Collection of waste (loading/ unloading) L L X X X
Primary collection of waste (transport/vehicle) M L X
ISLAND WASTE MANAGEMENT CENTRE
Site Selection M M X X X X X X X
IWMC construction L L X X X
General waste storage L M X X X X X X X X
Hazardous waste storage L M X X X X X X
Composting (with putrescible/ sewage sludge) M M X X X X X X X X X
Composting (with putrescible waste only) M M X X X X X X X X
Incineration (clinical waste) M S X X X X
Incineration (general) M M X X X X
Open burning (organic/ general) S S X X X X X X X X
Metal recovery (can crushing/ storage) L L X X
PET recovery (PET shredding/storage) L L X X X
Glass crushing/ storage L L X X X
Paper & card compacting L L X
SECONDARY COLLECTION OF WASTE
Secondary transfer of waste to harbor (vehicle) X
Transfer to vessel (vehicle to vessel) X X X
NON- IWMC WASTE MANAGEMENT
ACTIVITIES
Landfilling S S X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Biogas (sewage sludge/ putrescible) M L X
Animal husbandry L L X X X
Fish feeding L M X
Waste oil recovery (oil/ water separation) L S X X X X X X X X
Septic tank sludge pumping L M X X
79
Code Impact Code Impact Code Impact
A Land acquisition I Raptor & vectors Q Noise
B Displacement/relocation J Urban Congestion R Odour
C Land Use K Aesthetic and Tranquility S Smoke
D Hydrology and drainage Pattern L Public Health T Disturbance to Other Services
E Water logging/ flooding M Work Place Health & Safety U Air Quality
F Surface Water Quality N Litter (wind-blown etc.) V Coastal processes
G Ground Water Quality O Flotsam (litter in water) X Marine pollution
H Destruction of Habitat/Flora Fauna P Fire hazard
Note: Impacts for landfill, land reclamation, waste oil recovery and open burning are considered as significant and would require a full EIA and cannot be covered
by this EMP process. Composting may attract a higher level of Environmental Assessment depending on the scale & extent and potential impacts.
Harbour waste management L L X X
Land reclamation S S X X X X X X X X X X X X X
OFF ISLAND WASTE MANAGEMENT
ACTIVITIES
Resort waste secondary collection (harbor) L L X X X
Resort beach cleaning L L X
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Annex 3
Environmental and Social Management Plan
*Note: Potential Significance is given in terms of potential impact of doing nothing VS potential impact of intervention
For the purpose of this EMP, all waste dump sites are referred to as IWMCs
IMPACT
Potential Significance* LOCATIO
N
Mitigation Measure
Recommended
Monitoring
Institutional Responsibility
No
Impact
Impact
Unknown
No Significant
Impact
Significant Implementing
Agency
Support
Agency L M H
Poor primary collections operations leading to:
Litter, odour, vector/
raptor nuisance to
nearby residences
All drop off
sites
Ensure (i) waste is
collected at least daily
(ii) Adequate bins with
closures are provided at
the drop off.
Weekly
inspections and
quarterly reviews
Island Council EPA and
Regional
Office
Work place health
and safety issues All drop off
sites
Ensure (i) employees are
equipped with boots,
gloves and coveralls
(ii) bins are fit for
purpose
Weekly
inspections and
quarterly reviews
Island Council EPA and
Regional
Office
Poor IWMC design leading to: N/A – already constructed as per approved design. Project to build composting slab.
Contamination of
groundwater and
surface waters
IWMC site Ensure (i) waste storage
areas are covered to
prevent contaminated
stormwater run- off
(ii) Hazardous waste
storage area is bunded.
(iii) Constructed with
concrete hardstand.
Approval of
IWMC Design and
routine
construction
monitoring
Island Council EPA &
Regional
Office
Marine pollution IWMC site. Ensure no marine outfall/
discharge from IWMC
Erosion near site needs to
be addressed outside
project scope.
Approval of
IWMC design and
routine
construction
monitoring
Island Council EPA and
Regional
Office
Poor siting of IWMC leading to:
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IMPACT
Potential Significance* LOCATIO
N
Mitigation Measure
Recommended
Monitoring
Institutional Responsibility
No
Impact
Impact
Unknown
No Significant
Impact
Significant Implementing
Agency
Support
Agency L M H Noise, vector/
raptor, odour
nuisance to nearby
residences.
Site is
already
located
according to
approved
criteria.
IWMC sites Ensure (i) for IWMCs
site selection criteria sets
a minimum distance to
residences for IWMC,
and (ii) Primary
collection from drop off
points occurs daily.
Sites/ locations
approved prior to
construction.
Island Council EPA and
Regional
Office
Aesthetics &
tranquillity, Urban
congestion, public
health
Site is
already
located
according to
approved
criteria.
IWM sited Ensure (i) adequate
screening, (ii) control of
operating hrs,
(iii)adequate buffers in
accordance to landuse
plan etc.
Sites/ locations
approved prior to
construction.
Island Council EPA and
Regional
Office
Destruction of
Habitat/Flora
Fauna
Site is already
located. Compost
slab may require
site extension.
IWMC sites Ensure site selection
criteria requires at least
one cleared site to be
nominated.
Site approved prior
to construction.
EPA and
Regional Office
of DHA
Island Council
Poor construction management leading to: N/A – Site already constructed as per approved design. Project to build composting slab. Noise nuisance to
nearby residences
IWM sites Ensure construction
activities occur between 8
am and 4 pm
Daily inspections
during construction
phase
Island Council/
Utilities/contracto
r
EPA and
Regional
Office
Dust nuisance to
nearby residences
IWM sites Complaint based
mitigation may include
screens or wetting of
source materials
Daily inspections
during construction
phase
Island Council/
Utilities/
contractor
EPA and
Regional
Office
Stockpiles of
Construction and
Demolition wastes
CND waste is
dumped in erosion
prone areas.
WMC sites Materials Ensure waste
materials are either
reused by
community,
segregated or
removed from
island at the end of
construction
phased activities
Island Council/
Utilities/contracto
r
EPA and
Regional
Office
Poor operation of waste facilities leading to: Noise nuisance to
nearby residences.
IWMC
activities
Ensure IWMC activities
occur between 8 am and 4
Weekly inspections
and quarterly
Island Council EPA and
Regional
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IMPACT
Potential Significance* LOCATIO
N
Mitigation Measure
Recommended
Monitoring
Institutional Responsibility
No
Impact
Impact
Unknown
No Significant
Impact
Significant Implementing
Agency
Support
Agency L M H pm
reviews Office
Vector breeding
raptor, litter, public
health
IWMC
activities
Ensure (i) organic wastes
are stored in covered
bins, (ii) cans are crushed
and stored undercover or
in covered bins
Weekly inspections
and quarterly
reviews
Island Council EPA, Ministry
of Health,
Regional
Office
Odour nuisance to
nearby residences.
IWMC
activities
Ensure (i) organic waste
is stored in covered bins
(ii) secondary collection
from IWMC occurs at
least weekly (iii) provide
composting training.
Weekly inspections
and quarterly
reviews
Island Council EPA and
Regional
Office
Workplace health
& safety
IWMC
activities
Ensure (i) employees are
equipped with boots,
gloves and coveralls (ii)
adequate training in use
of equipment (iii)
adequate training in
workplace health issues
relating to handling of
compost etc
Weekly inspections
and quarterly
reviews
Island Council EPA and
Regional
Office
Poor secondary collection operations Litter, flotsam
nuisance
Harbour Ensure (i) bins with
closures are provided
during vessel loading or
storage of materials at
harbour
Weekly
inspections and
quarterly reviews
Island Council EPA and
Regional
Office
Workplace health
and safety
Harbour Ensure (i) employees are
equipped with boots,
gloves and coveralls (ii)
bins are fit for purpose
Weekly
inspections and
quarterly reviews
Island Council EPA and
Regional
Office
Note: Existing IWMC site has been located and therefore checklist for site selection is omitted.
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Annex 8.3 Dhigurah IWMC Environmental and Social Management Plan
ENVIROMEMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN for Island Waste Management Services
South Ari (Alif Dhaal) Atoll
Ari Atoll Solid Waste Management Project
funded by Maldives Climate Change Trust Fund Ministry of Environment and Energy
Male’ – Republic of Maldives
Designed by: Gordon Ewers
Prepared by: Mohamed Shan Ahmed
& Ahmed Nizam (May 2012)
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ACRONYMS
CBO Community Based Organization CCD Community Centered Development CCTF Maldives Climate Change Trust Fund CND Construction and Demolition DPH Department of Public Health EA Environmental Assessment ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework EMP Environmental Management Plan EPA Environmental Protection Agency IEE Initial Environmental Evaluation IWMC Island Waste Management Center IWMP Island Waste Management Plan MEE Ministry of Environment and Energy NGO Non Governmental Organization PMU Project Management Unit RWMF Regional Waste Management Facility
LOCAL NAMES USED
Hirundhu Thespesia Populnea Magoo Scaevola Taccada Dhiggaa Hibiscus Tiliaceus Dhunburi Ochrosia Borbonica Kaani Cordia Subcordata Funa Calophyllum Inophyllum
Magoo Scaevola Taccada
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BACKGROUND
The Project is classified under Safeguards Category “A”, primarily to reflect the risks involved in solid waste management both at the island
level and at the Thilafushi Island SWM facility. The Solid Waste Management program will involve community-level waste recycling and
resource recovery facilities in the islands, which will involve composting of the organic fraction of waste as well as disposal of residual waste at
the Thilafushi SWM facility.
As specific activities to be undertaken at the IWMCs are yet to be identified, activity specific environmental issues cannot be identified at this
stage. In such circumstances, the World Bank Operating Policy (OP/BP/GP 4.01) requires that arrangements be made whereby the project
implementing agency undertakes the functions of activity screening, Environmental Assessment, review and implementation of Action Plans or
EMPs, as determined appropriate.
During Project preparation it was not be possible to undertake a full category “A” environmental assessment in accordance with the World Bank
Operating Policy (OP/BP/GP 4.01) for the RWMF until the process (Best Practical Environmental Option at least cost) for selection of the
Regional waste management system had been undertaken. In lieu of a project specific EA, an Environmental and Social Management
Framework (the ESMF) was prepared which defines the scope and application environmental assessment processes to Project activities.
ISLAND WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS
In accordance with the ESMF, specific Island Waste Management Plans (IWMP) will be developed for each of the 5 target islands supported
by the project. The IWMP will detail the waste management activities to be undertaken at island level.
Island Waste Management Plan activities may include, but are not necessarily limited to; primary waste collection services, island waste
management center operation, waste transfer activities, composting, metal recovery, etc.
All activities included in the island waste management plans will be the subject of an environment and/or social review as the key management
tool for identifying and assessing risk of environmental and social impacts. An outcome of the above environmental and/or social reviews will in
most cases be an Action Plan or EMP that is activity specific. Most activities are expected to have generic environmental and/or social impacts
that are manageable through environmental management and impact mitigation measures.
While most island waste management activities are expected to have generic environmental and/or social impacts that are manageable through
Environmental Management Plans (EMP(s)) there may be some activities that may carry a higher risk of environmental and social impacts.
These activities may require a higher level of environmental and social impact assessment.
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ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF ISLAND WASTE MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES:
Initial Environmental Evaluation (IEE): Initial Environmental Evaluation for island waste management activities is a requirement of the
Maldives Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation 2007. The screening process is the first step in the EA process. The objective of the
IEE screening process is to rapidly identify environmental and social aspects of the island environment which may be impacted upon by the
proposed island waste management activities. The IEE screening checklist is provided in Annex 1.
Environmental Management Screening: All island waste management activities proposed in the IWMP will be the subject of an environment
and social screening as the key management tool for identifying and assessing risk of environmental and social impact. An outcome of the above
environmental and/or social reviews will, in most cases, be the development of Environmental Management Plans. The EMP screening
checklist is provided in Annex 2.
Where there are little or no environmental or social issues, the proposed activities may move to implementation.
Environmental Management Plans:For IWMP activities which may impact on environmental and social aspects of the island an EMP (or
Action Plan) will be prepared.
The EMP will describe and prioritizes the actions needed to implement mitigation measures, corrective actions and monitoring measures
necessary to manage the impacts and risks identified in the screening assessment and on other relevant findings. The template for the EMP is
provided in Annex 3.
Measures and actions that address identified impacts and risks will favor the avoidance and prevention of impacts over minimization, mitigation
wherever technically and financially feasible. Where risks and impacts cannot be avoided or prevented, mitigation measures and actions will be
identified so that the IWM activities operates in compliance with applicable national laws and regulations etc., and meets the requirements of
relevant World Bank performance standards.
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS:
Roles and Responsibilities: The Maldives Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) will have overall responsibility for ensuring the EMP is;
(i) undertaken in accordance with the relevant environmental laws and regulations, (ii) conducted to a standard acceptable to the Government of
the Republic of Maldives, and (iii) periodically auditing compliance.
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The CCTF PMU ESDD coordinator is responsible for: (i) coordinating the EMP process and activities on behalf of CCTF, including but not
limited to the IEE, EMP screening, EMP development and EMP audits, and (ii) preparing other standard EMP management documents such as
weekly inspection and reporting templates.
The Island Council will be responsible for (i) coordinating community input and consultation into the IWM EMP development process, (ii)
inspection of IWM activities, and (iii) implementing necessary corrective and preventive actions.
Institutional responsibility for mitigation: Operational activities covered under this EMP will be largely managed (incl. mitigation) through the
island Council. The island council has overall responsibility for waste management at island level. In some cases, the activities may be
undertaken on behalf of the Island Council by the Utilities Company. Where activities are undertaken with the use of project funds a clause will
be added to ensure responsibility for maintaining appropriate environmental standards and undertaking mitigation where identified by the Island
Council. Where activities funded by the project are under taken by private entities under contract to the island office, a similar clause will be
required.
All construction activities will be undertaken under contract irrespective of who issues the contract. Where this occurs, a clause requiring the
contractor to maintain appropriate environmental standards and undertake mitigation will be required.
EMP MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
EMP Database: The CCTF PMU ESDD coordinator will develop a database in Microsoft Access or Excel consisting of the EMP data
(screening and EMP). The database will have the facility to record outcomes of audits and inspections. Once completed, the database will be
handed over to the EPA who will be responsible for maintaining and up-dating the database on a quarterly basis.
EMP Monitoring, Reporting and Record Keeping: Procedures to monitor compliance with the EMPs will be mechanisms, such as inspections
and audits. The Island Council will assign an official to inspect IWM activities on a weekly basis. The EPA will review the inspection reports
and audit compliance of a sample number of EMPs on a quarterly basis.
The Island Council will prepare a weekly inspection report in a format acceptable to EPA and Department of Public Health (DPH). The report
will be maintained in the Council files for the EPA and DPH quarterly review.
COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT, CONSULTATION, DISCLOSURE AND GREIVANCE
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Consultation: All reasonable efforts will be made to consult relevant stakeholders in the preparation of Island Waste Management Plans
(IWMPs).
For people likely to be adversely impacted by the Island waste management activities, consultation will be iterative and their views will feed into
the EMP decision-making process.
Engagement: Where practicable and appropriate Community Centered Development (CCD) procurement procedures will be utilized which
further engage the community in the tendering, bid assessment, contracting, contractor oversight and monitoring of Island waste management
activities.
Disclosure: The EPA will publicly disclose all environmental management plan(s) for public review and comment in appropriate locations in the
Project area.
Grievance Mechanism: If the EPA anticipates ongoing adverse impacts on affected communities, the CCTF PMU will establish a grievance
mechanism to receive and facilitate resolution about the environmental and social performance.
The MEE website will enable the community opportunity to raise concerns electronically.
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Annex 1
Initial Environmental Evaluation Checklist
Island name: Dhigurah
GPS location: Latitude 3° 31' 36"- Longitude 72° 55' 26"
Area: 45 hectare
Length (metres): 2.5 km Width (metres): 300 m
Population: 597 (Island Registry 16 May 2012)
No. of households: 114
No. of abandoned houses: 102
Does the island have a land use plan detailing future land use development activities including waste management?
Waste Management Practices
Amount of solid waste generated:
Calculated based on the Waste Audit and based on the reported population, it is about 500 kilogram per day.
Waste composition:
[Note: based on waste audit data for the North Region]
Category % by weight % by volume
Paper/Cardboard 4% 10%
Organics 66% 46%
Glass 2% 1%
Plastics 5% 23%
Metals 2% 6%
Infectious 8% 5%
Other (inert, dust) 13% 9%
Current practice of waste management - collection/ treatment/disposal activities undertaken in the island by Utilities/Island Council:
Collection:
Island has 3 separate sites for waste dumping; 2 bins for kitchen waste, 2 organic waste sites and 1 island Waste Management Center for other
types. Daily kitchen waste is collected in bins kept on both sides of the inhabited zone of the island. Households take garden waste to the site
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once a week on average by themselves. There are 3 pickup service providers on the island collecting waste from the island between MVR 20-35
per trip taking electronic waste, bottles and can to the IWMC. IWMC is used only to store non-combustible waste such as tins, glass, plastic and
e-waste.
Treatment:
Council staff takes hands on approach in managing the sites. They dump kitchen waste into the deep sea on a daily basis using local boats.
Households are allotted 5ft diameter pits in the ground to dump their garden waste and burnt on the ground by themselves.
Managing the IWMC has been a burden as un-segregated waste is dumped from over the fence by pickups passing by. Council staff do frequent
cleanup and segregation inside the site.
Disposal:
Households burn waste in allocated pits and kitchen waste is dumped into the sea. Metals are sold by council about 4 times annually. In the past
a local NGO managed the site and got revenue from scrap metal sales.
Island waste Management undertaken directly/indirectly by community groups/ NGOs/Private parties:
An NGO managed the site in the past but now done be council staff. No NGOs are currently involved in island waste management but
participate in awareness raising campaigns.
Environmental issues arising from these practices:
IWMC is located en route to the waste burning site allocated for garden waste. Pickups are unloading waste incombustible waste into the IWMC
over the fence making it difficult to manage the site. The system although has been adhered by most households requires extremely high level of
commitment from the community. The council reports that the biggest issue is nappies which do not burn easily but is considered as hazardous.
The awareness level and commitment of the community to keep the island clean is evident and very few littering was observed. Open burning is
considered as an unsuitable method only adopted due to lack of a viable alternative using existing resources.
Groundwater:
Describe the condition and use of Groundwater in the island:
[Note: Where water quality equipment is available, take indicative quality parameters: pH, EC. Salinity]
Ground water is generally good in most areas but contains odor in some areas. No sewerage network in place on the island but HH have
sewerage pipes to the sea. Very few HH drain sewerage into the land.
There are 11 community tanks for rainwater harvesting and HH collect water from these tanks in small containers. Almost all houses have 2500
ltr polyethylene tank provided and installed through tsunami relief projects are used for collecting rain water for drinking. Additional tanks
installation currently in progress.
Foreshore:
Describe the condition of the foreshore:
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Foreshore observation was limited by nightfall. Areas visited were generally clean and very few areas where greenbelt had litter. Sand bank
where accretion occurs used for picnic is heavily littered. Council reported that lot of safaris dump waste in this area.
CND dumping noted within the green belt of the island reportedly on erosion prone areas.
Air quality:
List any point source air emissions: [Note: Powerhouses, Burning waste]
The Power House and 2 sites for open burning are the major point sources of emission.
List any diffuse source air emissions: [Note: as well as motor vehicles etc. take into consideration home based commercial fish processing
etc] There are about Motorcycles 24, 1 ambulance and 4 pickups in the island. There are about 28 large fishing vessels in addition to 19 small vessels
and 7 small dinghies. Household fish processing is not undertaken.
Noise amenity:
What are the major noise sources?
[Note: Where noise meter is available take 15 minute time weighted average dbA for maximum (top to L10 (top 10% of noise profile) and
minimum (L90 bottom 10% of noise profile]
Island is generally quiet with some vehicles and boats as the major noise emission sources. A power house contribute to ambient noise.
Vegetation:
Describe dominant vegetation species on the island [Note: Name species most present- local name will suffice if species not known]:
Coconut and Dhiggaa are dominant vegetation species found on the island. Coastal vegetation include Magoo, Hirundhu and Funa. Households
have assortment of fruiting and flowering trees with 20-25% of the land mass allocated for agricultural fields.
A belt of about 10ft of natural coastal vegetation run around the island. Coastal vegetation maintained comparatively clean.
Are there any large timber species on the island? [Where possible make reference to the island register of timer species. If island does not
have a register assume no time species or use observation and judgment]
Funa is common in the island but no longer used for timber.
Reef ecosystem:
Describe the general condition of the near shore house reef: [Refer to litter flotsam, oils, nets, presence of dredging in reef area]
The near shore reef is disturbed from reclamation and dredging on both sides of the harbour. Sea grass beds on west side of the harbor.
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Ecologically important habitats:
Are there any ecologically sensitive habitats in or on the island (Note: sea grass beds, mangroves, wetlands other)?
The island has some sea grass beds. No mangroves or wetlands.
Rare and endangered species:
Are there any known rare and endanger species on the islands? [Note: Include caged protected species or other protected species observed]
Some heron and Raabondhi nesting. Lots of bats in the island.
Protected Areas:
Are there any protected areas in the near vicinity of the island? [Note include dive spots, caves, etc.. which have significant appeal to local
residences as well as resorts, and sites which have formal protection] Reef is protected for watching large fish. Mushima migili Thila is close to the island.
Are there any cultural or historical sites that may historical or archaeological significance on the island? [Include sites or objects, trees etc..
which have specific relevance to local population as well as those which may be formally recorded]
There is no archaeologically significant place reported the IWMC location.
Economic activities:
What are the main income activities on the island (fishing, agriculture, tourism)?
Most of the islanders are engaged in resort jobs. Small businesses, cafés and guest houses are slowly growing industries.
Do tourists come to the island? [How many/ how often]
Tourists visit the island from resorts. Backpackers are a slowly growing niche of tourists who visit the island. Council has intended that the land
use plan will have an allocation for a city hotel.
Water supply and Sewage:
Describe arrangements for water supply and Sewage disposal on the island. [Note include information about whether the system includes
treatment facilities and sewerage discharge – ie, is sewerage treated prior to disposal or direct discharge through-out fall, or local
discharge from houses to sea etc.]
No sewerage network in the island. Sewerage is connected to sea by HH piping. Very few drain into the land.
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Rain water is used for drinking. Water is harvested at household level and community level collected in household and community tanks. CCTF
assisted Rainwater Harvesting System with treatment facility and household connections is planned to be established in the island within the next
2 years.
Energy and Fuel supply:
Describe arrangements for power supply and fuel supply and storage on the island and mechanism in place in case of leakage (Note: include
observations about environmental protection mechanisms – bunding etc..)
Powerhouse currently caters a peak load of 120KW. The Powerhouse has its own tanks for 7000 liters of fuel storage. No reported safety
measures to address accidental leakage. Powerhouse is managed by a community based organization.
Transport:
Does the community have its own Dhoni for transport of people and goods?
No community vessel used for transport. Atoll transport network available on weekdays and Ferry operates to Maamigili twice weekly. Two
supply dhonis are operated locally.
Is there an island based ferry service – to Male? To other?
MTCC ferries to Male’ thrice weekly.
Health Post:
Is there a health post on the island?
The island has a health Center of 7 beds and maternity ward.
School:
What grade does the school teach up to?
There are 1 preschools, 1 primary/secondary school in the island. The highest grade available in the island is 10 started in 2007.
Community Groups:
What other community groups are there on the island?
Around 2 registered NGOs/clubs,
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What are the principle activities of these groups: Sport, environment, etc..
These organizations are mainly involved in social activities and traditional music.
Annex 2 Island Environmental Management Plan Screening Checklist
Impacts: S – Significant M – Medium L - Low
Project Type Social
Category
Env.
Category
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V X
PRIMARY COLLECTION OF SOLID WASTE
Primary collection of waste (storage) M L X X X X X X
Primary Collection of waste (loading/ unloading) L L X X X
Primary collection of waste (transport/vehicle) M L X
ISLAND WASTE MANAGEMENT CENTRE
Site Selection M M X X X X X X X
IWMC construction L L X X X
General waste storage L M X X X X X X X X
Hazardous waste storage L M X X X X X X
Composting (with putrescible/ sewage sludge) M M X X X X X X X X X
Composting (with putrescible waste only) M M X X X X X X X X
Incineration (clinical waste) M S X X X X
Incineration (general) M M X X X X
Open burning (organic/ general) S S X X X X X X X X
Metal recovery (can crushing/ storage) L L X X
PET recovery (PET shredding/storage) L L X X X
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Code Impact Code Impact Code Impact
A Land acquisition I Raptor & vectors Q Noise
B Displacement/relocation J Urban Congestion R Odour
C Land Use K Aesthetic and Tranquility S Smoke
D Hydrology and drainage Pattern L Public Health T Disturbance to Other Services
E Water logging/ flooding M Work Place Health & Safety U Air Quality
F Surface Water Quality N Litter (wind-blown etc.) V Coastal processes
G Ground Water Quality O Flotsam (litter in water) X Marine pollution
H Destruction of Habitat/Flora Fauna P Fire hazard
Note: Impacts for landfill, land reclamation, waste oil recovery and open burning are considered as significant and would require a full EIA and cannot be covered
by this EMP process. Composting may attract a higher level of Environmental Assessment depending on the scale & extent and potential impacts.
Glass crushing/ storage L L X X X
Paper & card compacting L L X
SECONDARY COLLECTION OF WASTE
Secondary transfer of waste to harbor (vehicle) X
Transfer to vessel (vehicle to vessel) X X X
NON- IWMC WASTE MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES
Landfilling S S X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Biogas (sewage sludge/ putrescible) M L X
Animal husbandry L L X X X
Fish feeding L M X
Waste oil recovery (oil/ water separation) L S X X X X X X X X
Septic tank sludge pumping L M X X
Harbour waste management L L X X
Land reclamation S S X X X X X X X X X X X X X
OFF ISLAND WASTE MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES
Resort waste secondary collection (harbor) L L X X X
Resort beach cleaning L L X
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Annex 3 Environmental and Social Management Plan
*Note: Potential Significance is given in terms of potential impact of doing nothing VS potential impact of intervention
For the purpose of this EMP, all waste dump sites are referred to as IWMCs
IMPACT
Potential Significance* LOCATIO
N
Mitigation Measure
Recommended
Monitoring
Institutional Responsibility
No
Impact
Impact
Unknown
No Significant
Impact
Significant Implementing
Agency
Support
Agency L M H
Poor primary collections operations leading to:
Litter, odour, vector/
raptor nuisance to
nearby residences
All drop off
sites
Ensure (i) waste is
collected at least daily
(ii) Adequate bins with
closures are provided at
the drop off.
Weekly
inspections and
quarterly reviews
Island Council EPA and
Regional
Office
Work place health
and safety issues All drop off
sites
Ensure (i) employees are
equipped with boots,
gloves and coveralls
(ii) bins are fit for
purpose
Weekly
inspections and
quarterly reviews
Island Council EPA and
Regional
Office
Poor IWMC design leading to: N/A – already constructed as per approved design. Project to build composting slab.
Contamination of
groundwater and
surface waters
IWMC site Ensure (i) waste storage
areas are covered to
prevent contaminated
stormwater run- off
(ii) Hazardous waste
storage area is bunded.
(iii) Constructed with
concrete hardstand.
Approval of
IWMC Design and
routine
construction
monitoring
Island Council EPA &
Regional
Office
Marine pollution IWMC site. Ensure no marine outfall/
discharge from IWMC
Erosion near site needs to
be addressed outside
project scope.
Approval of
IWMC design and
routine
construction
monitoring
Island Council EPA and
Regional
Office
Poor siting of IWMC leading to:
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IMPACT
Potential Significance* LOCATIO
N
Mitigation Measure
Recommended
Monitoring
Institutional Responsibility
No
Impact
Impact
Unknown
No Significant
Impact
Significant Implementing
Agency
Support
Agency L M H Noise, vector/
raptor, odour
nuisance to nearby
residences.
Site is
already
located
according to
approved
criteria.
IWMC sites Ensure (i) for IWMCs
site selection criteria sets
a minimum distance to
residences for IWMC,
and (ii) Primary
collection from drop off
points occurs daily.
Sites/ locations
approved prior to
construction.
Island Council EPA and
Regional
Office
Aesthetics &
tranquillity, Urban
congestion, public
health
Site is
already
located
according to
approved
criteria.
IWM sited Ensure (i) adequate
screening, (ii) control of
operating hrs,
(iii)adequate buffers in
accordance to landuse
plan etc.
Sites/ locations
approved prior to
construction.
Island Council EPA and
Regional
Office
Destruction of
Habitat/Flora
Fauna
Site is already
located. Compost
slab may require
site extension.
IWMC sites Ensure site selection
criteria requires at least
one cleared site to be
nominated.
Site approved prior
to construction.
EPA and
Regional Office
of DHA
Island Council
Poor construction management leading to: N/A – Site already constructed as per approved design. Project to build composting slab. Noise nuisance to
nearby residences
IWM sites Ensure construction
activities occur between 8
am and 4 pm
Daily inspections
during construction
phase
Island Council/
Utilities/contracto
r
EPA and
Regional
Office
Dust nuisance to
nearby residences
IWM sites Complaint based
mitigation may include
screens or wetting of
source materials
Daily inspections
during construction
phase
Island Council/
Utilities/
contractor
EPA and
Regional
Office
Stockpiles of
Construction and
Demolition wastes
CND waste is
dumped in erosion
prone areas.
WMC sites Materials Ensure waste
materials are either
reused by
community,
segregated or
removed from
island at the end of
construction
phased activities
Island Council/
Utilities/contracto
r
EPA and
Regional
Office
Poor operation of waste facilities leading to: Noise nuisance to
nearby residences.
IWMC
activities
Ensure IWMC activities
occur between 8 am and 4
pm
Weekly inspections
and quarterly
reviews
Island Council EPA and
Regional
Office
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IMPACT
Potential Significance* LOCATIO
N
Mitigation Measure
Recommended
Monitoring
Institutional Responsibility
No
Impact
Impact
Unknown
No Significant
Impact
Significant Implementing
Agency
Support
Agency L M H
Vector breeding
raptor, litter, public
health
IWMC
activities
Ensure (i) organic wastes
are stored in covered
bins, (ii) cans are crushed
and stored undercover or
in covered bins
Weekly inspections
and quarterly
reviews
Island Council EPA, Ministry
of Health,
Regional
Office
Odour nuisance to
nearby residences.
IWMC
activities
Ensure (i) organic waste
is stored in covered bins
(ii) secondary collection
from IWMC occurs at
least weekly (iii) provide
composting training.
Weekly inspections
and quarterly
reviews
Island Council EPA and
Regional
Office
Workplace health
& safety
IWMC
activities
Ensure (i) employees are
equipped with boots,
gloves and coveralls (ii)
adequate training in use
of equipment (iii)
adequate training in
workplace health issues
relating to handling of
compost etc
Weekly inspections
and quarterly
reviews
Island Council EPA and
Regional
Office
Poor secondary collection operations Litter, flotsam
nuisance
Harbour Ensure (i) bins with
closures are provided
during vessel loading or
storage of materials at
harbour
Weekly
inspections and
quarterly reviews
Island Council EPA and
Regional
Office
Workplace health
and safety
Harbour Ensure (i) employees are
equipped with boots,
gloves and coveralls (ii)
bins are fit for purpose
Weekly
inspections and
quarterly reviews
Island Council EPA and
Regional
Office
Existing IWMC site has been located and therefore checklist for site selection is omitted.
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Annex 8.4 Dhangethi IWMC Environmental and Social Management Plan
ENVIROMEMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN for Island Waste Management Services
South Ari (Alif Dhaal) Atoll
Ari Atoll Solid Waste Management Project
funded by Maldives Climate Change Trust Fund Ministry of Housing and Environment
Male’ – Republic of Maldives
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ACRONYMS
CBO Community Based Organization CCD Community Centered Development CCTF Maldives Climate Change Trust Fund CND Construction and Demolition DPH Department of Public Health EA Environmental Assessment EMP Environmental Management Plan EPA Environmental Protection Agency ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework HH Household IEE Initial Environmental Evaluation IWMC Island Waste Management Center IWMP Island Waste Management Plan MEE Ministry of Environment and Energy NGO Non Governmental Organization PMU Project Management Unit RWMF Regional Waste Management Facility
LOCAL NAMES USED
Hirundhu Thespesia Populnea Magoo Scaevola Taccada Dhiggaa Hibiscus Tiliaceus Dhunburi Ochrosia Borbonica Kaani Cordia Subcordata Funa Calophyllum Inophyllum
Magoo Scaevola Taccada
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BACKGROUND
The Project is classified under Safeguards Category “A”, primarily to reflect the risks involved in solid waste management both at the island
level and at the Thilafushi Island SWM facility. The Solid Waste Management program will involve community-level waste recycling and
resource recovery facilities in the islands, which will involve composting of the organic fraction of waste as well as disposal of residual waste at
the Thilafushi SWM facility.
As specific activities to be undertaken at the IWMCs are yet to be identified, activity specific environmental issues cannot be identified at this
stage. In such circumstances, the World Bank Operating Policy (OP/BP/GP 4.01) requires that arrangements be made whereby the project
implementing agency undertakes the functions of activity screening, Environmental Assessment, review and implementation of Action Plans or
EMPs, as determined appropriate.
During Project preparation it was not be possible to undertake a full category “A” environmental assessment in accordance with the World Bank Operating Policy (OP/BP/GP 4.01) for the RWMF until the process (Best Practical Environmental Option at least cost) for selection of the Regional waste management system had been undertaken. In lieu of a project specific EA, an Environmental and Social Management Framework (the ESMF) was prepared which defines the scope and application environmental assessment processes to Project activities. ISLAND WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS
In accordance with the ESMF, specific Island Waste Management Plans (IWMP) will be developed for each of the 5 target islands supported by the project. The IWMP will detail the waste management activities to be undertaken at island level. Island Waste Management Plan activities may include, but are not necessarily limited to; primary waste collection services, island waste management center operation, waste transfer activities, composting, metal recovery, etc. All activities included in the island waste management plans will be the subject of an environment and/or social review as the key management
tool for identifying and assessing risk of environmental and social impacts. An outcome of the above environmental and/or social reviews will in
most cases be an Action Plan or EMP that is activity specific. Most activities are expected to have generic environmental and/or social impacts
that are manageable through environmental management and impact mitigation measures.
102
While most island waste management activities are expected to have generic environmental and/or social impacts that are manageable through Environmental Management Plans (EMP(s)) there may be some activities that may carry a higher risk of environmental and social impacts. These activities may require a higher level of environmental and social impact assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF ISLAND WASTE MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES:
Initial Environmental Evaluation (IEE) Initial Environmental Evaluation for island waste management activities is a requirement of the Maldives Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation 2007. The screening process is the first step in the EA process. The objective of the IEE screening process is to rapidly identify environmental and social aspects of the island environment which may be impacted upon by the proposed island waste management activities. The IEE screening checklist is provided in Annex 1. As many of the island waste management activities supported under the CCTF/SWM will be located around the Island Waste Management Center a separate site specific screen checklist for this facility has been provided in Annex 3. Environmental Management Screening All island waste management activities proposed in the IWMP will be the subject of an environment and social screening as the key management tool for identifying and assessing risk of environmental and social impact. An outcome of the above environmental and/or social reviews will, in most cases, be the development of Environmental Management Plans. The EMP screening checklist is provided in Annex 2. Where there are little or no environmental or social issues, the proposed activities may move to implementation. Environmental Management Plans For IWMP activities which may impact on environmental and social aspects of the island an EMP (or Action Plan) will be prepared. The EMP will describe and prioritizes the actions needed to implement mitigation measures, corrective actions and monitoring measures necessary to manage the impacts and risks identified in the screening assessment and on other relevant findings. The template for the EMP is provided in Annex 4.
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Measures and actions that address identified impacts and risks will favor the avoidance and prevention of impacts over minimization, mitigation wherever technically and financially feasible. Where risks and impacts cannot be avoided or prevented, mitigation measures and actions will be identified so that the IWM activities operates in compliance with applicable national laws and regulations etc., and meets the requirements of relevant World Bank performance standards. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS: Roles and Responsibilities The Maldives Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) will have overall responsibility for ensuring the EMP is; (i) undertaken in accordance with the relevant environmental laws and regulations, (ii) conducted to a standard acceptable to the Government of the Republic of Maldives, and (iii) periodically auditing compliance. The CCTF PMU ESDD coordinator is responsible for: (i) coordinating the EMP process and activities on behalf of CCTF, including but not limited to the IEE, EMP screening, EMP development and EMP audits, and (ii) preparing other standard EMP management documents such as weekly inspection and reporting templates. The Island Council will be responsible for (i) coordinating community input and consultation into the IWM EMP development process, (ii) inspection of IWM activities, and (iii) implementing necessary corrective and preventive actions. Institutional responsibility for mitigation Operational activities covered under this EMP will be largely managed (incl. mitigation) through the island Council. The island council has overall responsibility for waste management at island level. In some cases, the activities may be undertaken on behalf of the Island Council by the Utilities Company. Where activities are undertaken with the use of project funds a clause will be added to ensure responsibility for maintaining appropriate environmental standards and undertaking mitigation where identified by the Island Council. Where activities funded by the project are under taken by private entities under contract to the island office, a similar clause will be required.
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All construction activities will be undertaken under contract irrespective of who issues the contract. Where this occurs, a clause requiring the contractor to maintain appropriate environmental standards and undertake mitigation will be required. EMP MANAGEMENT SYSTEM EMP Database The CCTF PMU ESDD coordinator will develop a database in Microsoft Access or Excel consisting of the EMP data (screening and EMP). The database will have the facility to record outcomes of audits and inspections. Once completed, the database will be handed over to the EPA who will be responsible for maintaining and up-dating the database on a quarterly basis. EMP Monitoring, Reporting and Record Keeping Procedures to monitor compliance with the EMPs will be mechanisms, such as inspections and audits. The Island Council will assign an official to inspect IWM activities on a weekly basis. The EPA will review the inspection reports and audit compliance of a sample number of EMPs on a quarterly basis. The Island Council will prepare a weekly inspection report in a format acceptable to EPA and Department of Public Health (DPH). The report will be maintained in the Council files for the EPA and DPH quarterly review. COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT, CONSULTATION, DISCLOSURE AND GREIVANCE Consultation All reasonable efforts will be made to consult relevant stakeholders in the preparation of Island Waste Management Plans (IWMPs). For people likely to be adversely impacted by the Island waste management activities, consultation will be iterative and their views will feed into the EMP decision-making process. Engagement Where practicable and appropriate Community Centered Development (CCD) procurement procedures will be utilized which further engage the community in the tendering, bid assessment, contracting, contractor oversight and monitoring of Island waste management activities.
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Disclosure The EPA will publicly disclose all environmental management plan(s) for public review and comment in appropriate locations in the Project area. Grievance Mechanism If the EPA anticipates ongoing adverse impacts on affected communities, the CCTF PMU will establish a grievance mechanism to receive and facilitate resolution about the environmental and social performance. The MEE website will enable the community opportunity to raise concerns electronically.
Annex 1 Initial Environmental Evaluation Checklist
Island name: Dhangethi
GPS location: Latitude 3° 36' 24" - Longitude 72° 57' 19"
Area: 22 hectare
Length (metres): N/A Width (metres): N/A
Population: 967 registered
No. of households: 156
No. of abandoned houses: N/A
Does the island have a land use plan detailing future land use development activities including waste management?
Waste Management Practices
Amount of solid waste generated: Calculated based on the Waste Audit and based on the reported population, it is about 2 tonnes per day.
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Waste composition: [Note: based on waste audit data for the North Region]
Category % by weight % by volume
Paper/Cardboard 4% 10%
Organics 66% 46%
Glass 2% 1%
Plastics 5% 23%
Metals 2% 6%
Infectious 8% 5%
Other (inert, dust) 13% 9%
Current practice of waste management - collection/ treatment/disposal activities undertaken in the island by Utilities/Island Council:
Collection:
Households take waste to the IWMC and dumpsite by themselves using wheel barrows and buckets. There are 3 pickup operators providing
garden waste carriage for MVR 30 per trip. Pickup provided by EPA under Tsunami project is being used to clear public areas. Waste site is
open 2 days a week on Fridays and Mondays between 9 – 12am and 2-6pm. Most households comply with the regulations according to council.
Some black bags were observed on the burning site reportedly being dumped by nearby resorts on small dinghies.
Treatment:
An IWMC was constructed in Dhangethi under Tsunami projects. However the location of the IWMC is prone to heavy erosion and the IWMC
is currently flooded during high tides.
IWMC stores tins, glass and bottles segregated. Dumpsite adjacent to IWMC is used for all combustible waste including a large portion of
plastics which are openly burnt on the ground next to the foreshore. Dhangethi council has assigned management of IWMC and dumpsite to the
Powerhouse operated by a CBO. Powerhouse has a staff allocated for burning the waste and looking after the IWMC.
Disposal:
Waste is burnt at the dumpsite. Near shore waters are slightly blackened by leachate. Site is located at an area prone to heavy erosion and IWMC
has been damaged by wave action. Metal and glass are carried to Thilafushi once a year by hiring a vessel. Metal was sold once but does not
have a regular collection arrangement.
Island waste Management undertaken directly/indirectly by community groups/ NGOs/Private parties:
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No NGOs from the island are currently involved in island waste management. Under UNDP assistance some activities were undertaken by
NGOs earlier but mainly in awareness raising campaigns.
Environmental issues arising from these practices:
Erosion is the main issue faced by the island on almost all sides.
IWMC and burning site is located away from inhabited zones. Thus burning does not affect HH but causes disturbance to Telecomms Company,
Dhiraagu site. Littering observed on the green belt around the island which council is trying to resolve.
Groundwater:
Describe the condition and use of Groundwater in the island: [Note: Where water quality equipment is available, take indicative quality parameters: pH, EC. Salinity]
Groundwater is used for washing and showers only. Water is contaminated having bad odor and is brown/white color. Oxygen pumps are
connected to HH wells at their own expense. No sewerage network on the island but HH connections to the sea through their own expense.
Foreshore:
Describe the condition of the foreshore:
Erosion is a major issue all around the island. CND waste being dumped in some areas as a simple mitigation measure. However CND waste is
limited as it is being reused for upcoming buildings.
Air quality:
List any point source air emissions: [Note: Powerhouses, Burning waste]
The Power House and open burning in the site are the only point sources of emission.
List any diffuse source air emissions: [Note: as well as motor vehicles etc. take into consideration home based commercial fish processing
etc]
There are about 40 motorcycles, 1 ambulance 1 excavator and 4 pickups in the island. Household fish processing is not undertaken.
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Noise amenity:
What are the major noise sources? [Note: Where noise meter is available take 15 minute time weighted average dbA for maximum (top to L10 (top 10% of noise profile) and minimum (L90 bottom 10% of noise profile].
Ambient noise is from 3 carpentries, powerhouse area and near jetty from vessels.
Vegetation:
Describe dominant vegetation species on the island [Note: Name species most present- local name will suffice if species not known]:
Island is heavily eroded on North West side from jetty to the houses and public buildings. Public buildings such as water tanks and IWMC
damaged by erosion.
There are still some densely vegetated areas of Coconut, Dhiggaa, Hirundhu and Magoo on the coastal vegetation belt surrounding the island.
Households grow large fruit trees such as breadfruit and mangoes. Households also have betelnut and betel leaves in abundance. About 8 large
banyan trees on the island.
Are there any large timber species on the island? [Where possible make reference to the island register of timer species. If island does not
have a register assume no time species or use observation and judgment]
No reported timber species. Timber is no longer extracted as fuel on the island.
Reef ecosystem:
Describe the general condition of the near shore house reef: [Refer to litter flotsam, oils, nets, presence of dredging in reef area].
The near shore reef is disturbed from reclamation and dredging on the Jetty area. No disturbances to the coral in the reef encompassing the island
observed in other sides. Sea grass was observed in the house reef near the harbor.
Ecologically important habitats:
Are there any ecologically sensitive habitats in or on the island (Note: sea grass beds, mangroves, wetlands other)?
Large patches of sea grass in the island reef.
Rare and endangered species:
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Are there any known rare and endanger species on the islands? [Note: Include caged protected species or other protected species observed]
There are 2 large banyan trees on the island. No reported cases of caged birds. No reported cases of nesting birds. Very few crows and bats on
the island.
Pest infestations of rats, crows and bats reported.
Protected Areas:
Are there any protected areas in the near vicinity of the island? [Note include dive spots, caves, etc.. which have significant appeal to local
residences as well as resorts, and sites which have formal protection]
Kudarah Thila and nearby resorts reefs are protected. Fenfushi Kanduolhi noted for spotting large fish species.
Are there any cultural or historical sites that may historical or archaeological significance on the island? [Include sites or objects, trees etc.. which have specific relevance to local population as well as those which may be formally recorded] There is a small mosque and 2 large banyan trees on the island. There was a cultural center making local craftwork but no longer operational.
Economic activities:
What are the main income activities on the island (fishing, agriculture, tourism)?
Most of the working population is engaged in resort jobs. Boat and guest shop operations are a large portion of economic activities. Some
fisheries and some construction works.
Do tourists come to the island? [How many/ how often]
Frequent visits by tourists.
Water supply and Sewage:
Describe arrangements for water supply and Sewage disposal on the island. [Note include information about whether the system includes treatment facilities and sewerage discharge – ie, is sewerage treated prior to disposal or direct discharge through-out fall, or local discharge from houses to sea etc.]
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No sewerage network in the island. Most HH have connections to the sea at their own expense but some drained into the land through household
septic tanks. Rain water is used for drinking. Water is harvested at household level and community level collected in household and community
tanks.
Energy and Fuel supply:
Describe arrangements for power supply and fuel supply and storage on the island and mechanism in place in case of leakage (Note: include observations about environmental protection mechanisms – bunding etc..)
Powerhouse currently cater load of 100KW. The Powerhouse has its own tanks for 10,000 liters of fuel storage. No reported safety measures to
address accidental leakage. There are no fuel suppliers on the island. Powerhouses are managed by a CBO.
Transport:
Does the community have its own Dhoni for transport of people and goods? No community vessel used for transport. There are some supply vessels and launches providing services mainly to the resorts.
Is there an island based ferry service – to Male? To other?
Island is connected to the Atoll ferry system. Frequent supply boats between Dhangethi and Male’.
Health Post:
Is there a health post on the island? The island has a Health Center with 6 beds.
School:
What grade does the school teach up to? There is 1 preschool and 1 primary/secondary school in the island. The highest grade available in the island is 10.
Community Groups:
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What other community groups are there on the island? Around 5 registered NGOs/clubs.
What are the principle activities of these groups: Sport, environment, etc.. These organizations are mainly involved in youth development, sports and entertainment activities. NGOS are also engaged in awareness,
education and cable TV services.
Annex 2
Island Environmental Management Plan Screening Checklist
Impacts: S – Significant M – Medium L - Low
Project Type Social
Category
Env.
Category
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V X
PRIMARY COLLECTION OF SOLID WASTE
Primary collection of waste (storage) M L X X X X X X
Primary Collection of waste (loading/ unloading) L L X X X
Primary collection of waste (transport/vehicle) M L X
ISLAND WASTE MANAGEMENT CENTRE
Site Selection M M X X X X X X X
IWMC construction L L X X X
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Code Impact Code Impact Code Impact
A Land acquisition I Raptor & vectors Q Noise
B Displacement/relocation J Urban Congestion R Odour
C Land Use K Aesthetic and Tranquility S Smoke
D Hydrology and drainage Pattern L Public Health T Disturbance to Other Services
E Water logging/ flooding M Work Place Health & Safety U Air Quality
F Surface Water Quality N Litter (wind-blown etc.) V Coastal processes
General waste storage L M X X X X X X X X
Hazardous waste storage L M X X X X X X
Composting (with putrescible/ sewage sludge) M M X X X X X X X X X
Composting (with putrescible waste only) M M X X X X X X X X
Incineration (clinical waste) M S X X X X
Incineration (general) M M X X X X
Open burning (organic/ general) S S X X X X X X X X
Metal recovery (can crushing/ storage) L L X X
PET recovery (PET shredding/storage) L L X X X
Glass crushing/ storage L L X X X
Paper & card compacting L L X
SECONDARY COLLECTION OF WASTE
Secondary transfer of waste to harbor (vehicle) X
Transfer to vessel (vehicle to vessel) X X X
NON- IWMC WASTE MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES
Landfilling S S X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Biogas (sewage sludge/ putrescible) M L X
Animal husbandry L L X X X
Fish feeding L M X
Waste oil recovery (oil/ water separation) L S X X X X X X X X
Septic tank sludge pumping L M X X
Harbour waste management L L X X
Land reclamation S S X X X X X X X X X X X X X
OFF ISLAND WASTE MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES
Resort waste secondary collection (harbor) L L X X X
Resort beach cleaning L L X
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G Ground Water Quality O Flotsam (litter in water) X Marine pollution
H Destruction of Habitat/Flora Fauna P Fire hazard
Note: Impacts for landfill, land reclamation, waste oil recovery and open burning are considered as significant and would require a full EIA and cannot be covered
by this EMP process. Composting may attract a higher level of Environmental Assessment depending on the scale & extent and potential impacts.
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Annex 3: Island Waste management Center Location Checklist
Atoll Island Population Island Area (ha): Preferred/ Alternative Location (circle one) Checklist compiled by: Location Description (mark on attached map): ASSESSMENT CRITERIA CRITERIA MET CRITERIA NOT MET Space ...................................................................................................... a) Minimum space is available on dry land for:
Population/Area (m2) (circle one):
500/204 1000/280 1500/360 2500/532
Accessibility ............................................................................................ a) Island is accessible by landing craft/barge/cargo dhoni ...................
b) Site is accessible via roadway from harbour ..................................... Protection of Ground Water Resources .................................................. a) Site is not a wetland ...........................................................................
b) Site is 30m away from a groundwater well ........................................ Landscape & Wind Direction .................................................................... a) Site is above the highest seasonal high tide elevation .......................
b) Site is selected with consideration to wind direction in both easterly
and westerly monsoons .....................................................................
c) Site is flat ............................................................................................
d) Site is 15m inland from tidal zone ......................................................
e) Coastal vegetation within 15m will be affected .................................
f) Site is not in a lagoon ..........................................................................
g) Site is not in an erosion prone area ....................................................
Alif Dhaal Dhangethi
967 22 Hectares
2
0
2
7
0
0
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Distance from residences or community areas ....................................... a) Minimum distance of 30 m from site to nearest house .....................
b) Minimum distance of 40 m from site to nearest community area ...
If less than 30/40 m, distance from site to nearest house/ community area is:
Site vacancy .............................................................................................. a) Site is vacant …………………………………………………………………………………..
b) Site requires removal of ………………………………………………………………….
(Accepted by Island Council)
Site history ............................................................................................... a) Site is/was used for waste management ………………………………………..
Government designated site ................................................................... a) Site is designated as a waste management area by the GOM (landuse plan attached)
Signature Designation Date
Approved by Island Council: Approved by National Office: Approved by MHE:
2
0
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Annex 4 Environmental and Social Management Plan
*Note: Potential Significance is given in terms of potential impact of doing nothing VS potential impact of intervention
For the purpose of this EMP, all waste dump sites are referred to as IWMCs
IMPACT
Potential Significance* LOCATIO
N
Mitigation Measure
Recommended
Monitoring
Institutional Responsibility
No
Impact
Impact
Unknown
No Significant
Impact
Significant Implementing
Agency
Support
Agency L M H
Poor primary collections operations leading to:
Litter, odour, vector/
raptor nuisance to
nearby residences
All drop off
sites
Ensure (i) waste is
collected at least daily
(ii) Adequate bins with
closures are provided at
the drop off.
Weekly
inspections and
quarterly reviews
Island Council EPA and
Regional
Office
Work place health
and safety issues All drop off
sites
Ensure (i) employees are
equipped with boots,
gloves and coveralls
(ii) bins are fit for
purpose
Weekly
inspections and
quarterly reviews
Island Council EPA and
Regional
Office
Poor IWMC design leading to:
Contamination of
groundwater and
surface waters
IWMC site Ensure (i) waste storage
areas are covered to
prevent contaminated
stormwater run- off
(ii) Hazardous waste
storage area is bunded.
(iii) Constructed with
concrete hardstand.
Approval of
IWMC Design and
routine
construction
monitoring
Island Council EPA &
Regional
Office
Marine pollution IWMC site. Ensure no marine outfall/
discharge from IWMC
Erosion near site needs to
be addressed outside
project scope.
Approval of
IWMC design and
routine
construction
monitoring
Island Council EPA and
Regional
Office
Poor siting of IWMC leading to:
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IMPACT
Potential Significance* LOCATIO
N
Mitigation Measure
Recommended
Monitoring
Institutional Responsibility
No
Impact
Impact
Unknown
No Significant
Impact
Significant Implementing
Agency
Support
Agency L M H Noise, vector/
raptor, odour
nuisance to nearby
residences.
IWMC sites Ensure (i) for IWMCs
site selection criteria sets
a minimum distance to
residences for IWMC,
and (ii) Primary
collection from drop off
points occurs daily.
Sites/ locations
approved prior to
construction.
Island Council EPA and
Regional
Office
Aesthetics &
tranquillity, Urban
congestion, public
health
IWM sited Ensure (i) adequate
screening, (ii) control of
operating hrs,
(iii)adequate buffers in
accordance to landuse
plan etc.
Sites/ locations
approved prior to
construction.
Island Council EPA and
Regional
Office
Destruction of
Habitat/Flora
Fauna
IWMC sites Ensure site selection
criteria requires at least
one cleared site to be
nominated.
Site approved prior
to construction.
EPA and
Regional Office
of DHA
Island Council
Poor construction management leading to: Noise nuisance to
nearby residences
IWM sites Ensure construction
activities occur between 8
am and 4 pm
Daily inspections
during construction
phase
Island Council/
Utilities/contracto
r
EPA and
Regional
Office
Dust nuisance to
nearby residences
IWM sites Complaint based
mitigation may include
screens or wetting of
source materials
Daily inspections
during construction
phase
Island Council/
Utilities/
contractor
EPA and
Regional
Office
Stockpiles of
Construction and
Demolition wastes
CND waste is
dumped in erosion
prone areas.
WMC sites Materials Ensure waste
materials are either
reused by
community,
segregated or
removed from
island at the end of
construction
phased activities
Island Council/
Utilities/contracto
r
EPA and
Regional
Office
Poor operation of waste facilities leading to: Noise nuisance to
nearby residences.
IWMC
activities
Ensure IWMC activities
occur between 8 am and 4
pm
Weekly inspections
and quarterly
reviews
Island Council EPA and
Regional
Office
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IMPACT
Potential Significance* LOCATIO
N
Mitigation Measure
Recommended
Monitoring
Institutional Responsibility
No
Impact
Impact
Unknown
No Significant
Impact
Significant Implementing
Agency
Support
Agency L M H
Vector breeding
raptor, litter, public
health
IWMC
activities
Ensure (i) organic wastes
are stored in covered
bins, (ii) cans are crushed
and stored undercover or
in covered bins
Weekly inspections
and quarterly
reviews
Island Council EPA, Ministry
of Health,
Regional
Office
Odour nuisance to
nearby residences.
IWMC
activities
Ensure (i) organic waste
is stored in covered bins
(ii) secondary collection
from IWMC occurs at
least weekly (iii) provide
composting training.
Weekly inspections
and quarterly
reviews
Island Council EPA and
Regional
Office
Workplace health
& safety
IWMC
activities
Ensure (i) employees are
equipped with boots,
gloves and coveralls (ii)
adequate training in use
of equipment (iii)
adequate training in
workplace health issues
relating to handling of
compost etc
Weekly inspections
and quarterly
reviews
Island Council EPA and
Regional
Office
Poor secondary collection operations Litter, flotsam
nuisance
Harbour Ensure (i) bins with
closures are provided
during vessel loading or
storage of materials at
harbour
Weekly
inspections and
quarterly reviews
Island Council EPA and
Regional
Office
Workplace health
and safety
Harbour Ensure (i) employees are
equipped with boots,
gloves and coveralls (ii)
bins are fit for purpose
Weekly
inspections and
quarterly reviews
Island Council EPA and
Regional
Office
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Annex 8.5 Fenfushi IWMC Environmental and Social Management Plan
ENVIROMEMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN for Island Waste Management Services
South Ari (Alif Dhaal) Atoll
Ari Atoll Solid Waste Management Project
funded by Maldives Climate Change Trust Fund Ministry of Environment and Energy
Male’ – Republic of Maldives
Designed by: Gordon Ewers
Prepared by: Mohamed Shan Ahmed
& Ahmed Nizam (May 2012)
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ACRONYMS
CCTF Maldives Climate Change Trust Fund EA Environmental Assessment RWMF Regional Waste Management Facility ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework IWMP Island Waste Management Plan EMP Environmental Management Plan IEE Initial Environmental Evaluation IWM Island Waste Management EPA Environmental Protection Agency PMU Project Management Unit DPH Department of Public Health CCD Community Centered Development MEE Ministry of Environment and Energy NGO Non Governmental Organization IWMC Island Waste Management Center CBO Community Based Organization CND Construction and Demolition
LOCAL NAMES USED
Hirundhu Thespesia Populnea Magoo Scaevola Taccada Dhiggaa Hibiscus Tiliaceus Dhunburi Ochrosia Borbonica Kaani Cordia Subcordata Funa Calophyllum Inophyllum
Magoo Scaevola Taccada
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BACKGROUND
The Project is classified under Safeguards Category “A”, primarily to reflect the risks involved in solid waste management both at the island
level and at the Thilafushi Island SWM facility. The Solid Waste Management program will involve community-level waste recycling and
resource recovery facilities in the islands, which will involve composting of the organic fraction of waste as well as disposal of residual waste at
the Thilafushi SWM facility.
As specific activities to be undertaken at the IWMCs are yet to be identified, activity specific environmental issues cannot be identified at this
stage. In such circumstances, the World Bank Operating Policy (OP/BP/GP 4.01) requires that arrangements be made whereby the project
implementing agency undertakes the functions of activity screening, Environmental Assessment, review and implementation of Action Plans or
EMPs, as determined appropriate.
During Project preparation it was not be possible to undertake a full category “A” environmental assessment in accordance with the World Bank Operating Policy (OP/BP/GP 4.01) for the RWMF until the process (Best Practical Environmental Option at least cost) for selection of the Regional waste management system had been undertaken. In lieu of a project specific EA, an Environmental and Social Management Framework (the ESMF) was prepared which defines the scope and application environmental assessment processes to Project activities. ISLAND WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS
In accordance with the ESMF, specific Island Waste Management Plans (IWMP) will be developed for each of the 5 target islands supported by the project. The IWMP will detail the waste management activities to be undertaken at island level. Island Waste Management Plan activities may include, but are not necessarily limited to; primary waste collection services, island waste management center operation, waste transfer activities, composting, metal recovery, etc. All activities included in the island waste management plans will be the subject of an environment and/or social review as the key management
tool for identifying and assessing risk of environmental and social impacts. An outcome of the above environmental and/or social reviews will in
most cases be an Action Plan or EMP that is activity specific. Most activities are expected to have generic environmental and/or social impacts
that are manageable through environmental management and impact mitigation measures.
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While most island waste management activities are expected to have generic environmental and/or social impacts that are manageable through Environmental Management Plans (EMP(s)) there may be some activities that may carry a higher risk of environmental and social impacts. These activities may require a higher level of environmental and social impact assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF ISLAND WASTE MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES:
Initial Environmental Evaluation (IEE) Initial Environmental Evaluation for island waste management activities is a requirement of the Maldives Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation 2007. The screening process is the first step in the EA process. The objective of the IEE screening process is to rapidly identify environmental and social aspects of the island environment which may be impacted upon by the proposed island waste management activities. The IEE screening checklist is provided in Annex 1. Environmental Management Screening All island waste management activities proposed in the IWMP will be the subject of an environment and social screening as the key management tool for identifying and assessing risk of environmental and social impact. An outcome of the above environmental and/or social reviews will, in most cases, be the development of Environmental Management Plans. The EMP screening checklist is provided in Annex 2. Where there are little or no environmental or social issues, the proposed activities may move to implementation. Environmental Management Plans For IWMP activities which may impact on environmental and social aspects of the island an EMP (or Action Plan) will be prepared. The EMP will describe and prioritizes the actions needed to implement mitigation measures, corrective actions and monitoring measures necessary to manage the impacts and risks identified in the screening assessment and on other relevant findings. The template for the EMP is provided in Annex 3.
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Measures and actions that address identified impacts and risks will favor the avoidance and prevention of impacts over minimization, mitigation wherever technically and financially feasible. Where risks and impacts cannot be avoided or prevented, mitigation measures and actions will be identified so that the IWM activities operates in compliance with applicable national laws and regulations etc., and meets the requirements of relevant World Bank performance standards. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS: Roles and Responsibilities The Maldives Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) will have overall responsibility for ensuring the EMP is; (i) undertaken in accordance with the relevant environmental laws and regulations, (ii) conducted to a standard acceptable to the Government of the Republic of Maldives, and (iii) periodically auditing compliance. The CCTF PMU ESDD coordinator is responsible for: (i) coordinating the EMP process and activities on behalf of CCTF, including but not limited to the IEE, EMP screening, EMP development and EMP audits, and (ii) preparing other standard EMP management documents such as weekly inspection and reporting templates. The Island Council will be responsible for (i) coordinating community input and consultation into the IWM EMP development process, (ii) inspection of IWM activities, and (iii) implementing necessary corrective and preventive actions. Institutional responsibility for mitigation Operational activities covered under this EMP will be largely managed (incl. mitigation) through the island Council. The island council has overall responsibility for waste management at island level. In some cases, the activities may be undertaken on behalf of the Island Council by the Utilities Company. Where activities are undertaken with the use of project funds a clause will be added to ensure responsibility for
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maintaining appropriate environmental standards and undertaking mitigation where identified by the Island Council. Where activities funded by the project are under taken by private entities under contract to the island office, a similar clause will be required. All construction activities will be undertaken under contract irrespective of who issues the contract. Where this occurs, a clause requiring the contractor to maintain appropriate environmental standards and undertake mitigation will be required. EMP MANAGEMENT SYSTEM EMP Database The CCTF PMU ESDD coordinator will develop a database in Microsoft Access or Excel consisting of the EMP data (screening and EMP). The database will have the facility to record outcomes of audits and inspections. Once completed, the database will be handed over to the EPA who will be responsible for maintaining and up-dating the database on a quarterly basis. EMP Monitoring, Reporting and Record Keeping Procedures to monitor compliance with the EMPs will be mechanisms, such as inspections and audits. The Island Council will assign an official to inspect IWM activities on a weekly basis. The EPA will review the inspection reports and audit compliance of a sample number of EMPs on a quarterly basis. The Island Council will prepare a weekly inspection report in a format acceptable to EPA and Department of Public Health (DPH). The report will be maintained in the Council files for the EPA and DPH quarterly review. COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT, CONSULTATION, DISCLOSURE AND GREIVANCE Consultation All reasonable efforts will be made to consult relevant stakeholders in the preparation of Island Waste Management Plans (IWMPs). For people likely to be adversely impacted by the Island waste management activities, consultation will be iterative and their views will feed into the EMP decision-making process.
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Engagement Where practicable and appropriate Community Centered Development (CCD) procurement procedures will be utilized which further engage the community in the tendering, bid assessment, contracting, contractor oversight and monitoring of Island waste management activities. Disclosure The EPA will publicly disclose all environmental management plan(s) for public review and comment in appropriate locations in the Project area. Grievance Mechanism If the EPA anticipates ongoing adverse impacts on affected communities, the CCTF PMU will establish a grievance mechanism to receive and facilitate resolution about the environmental and social performance. The MEE website will enable the community opportunity to raise concerns electronically.
Annex 1 Initial Environmental Evaluation Checklist
Island name: Fenfushi
GPS location: Latitude 3° 29' 21"- Longitude 72° 46' 58"
Area: 24 hectare
Length (metres): 3000ft Width (metres): 1000ft
Population: 926 registered
No. of households: 125
No. of abandoned houses: 20
Does the island have a land use plan detailing future land use development activities including waste management?
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Waste Management Practices
Amount of solid waste generated: Calculated based on the Waste Audit and based on the reported population, it is about 2 tonnes per day. Waste composition: [Note: based on waste audit data for the North Region]
Category % by weight % by volume
Paper/Cardboard 4% 10%
Organics 66% 46%
Glass 2% 1%
Plastics 5% 23%
Metals 2% 6%
Infectious 8% 5%
Other (inert, dust) 13% 9%
Current practice of waste management - collection/ treatment/disposal activities undertaken in the island by Utilities/Island Council:
Collection:
Households take waste to the dumpsite by themselves. Both sides of the Harbor is being reclaimed by dumping waste. Resorts nearby also pay
the council to dump waste in the lagoon fenced for dumping waste. Dumping on 3 days Friday, Monday and Wednesday between 1430 – 1730.
Treatment:
Although IWMC was built under tsunami projects the IWMC was never utilized. Equipment received under South Ari Project including can
crusher, plastic shredder, pickup and 4.5kW genset with Council ready for installation. IWMC located about 1000ft from nearest power junction.
Site is being maintained clean and cleared from vegetation by 2 staff at MVR 1000 per month.
Waste is being dumped into lagoon adjacent harbor as reclamation.
Disposal:
No other disposal arrangements.
Island waste Management undertaken directly/indirectly by community groups/ NGOs/Private parties:
No NGOs from the island are involved in island waste management but council is having meetings.
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Environmental issues arising from these practices:
Reclamation is not being undertaken in an environmentally hazardous manner. Resort waste being dumped include liquor which is being picked
up by juveniles.
Groundwater:
Describe the condition and use of Groundwater in the island: [Note: Where water quality equipment is available, take indicative quality parameters: pH, EC. Salinity]
Groundwater is used for washing and showers. Some areas are affected by septic drainage. Reportedly 80% of HH drain sewerage into the
ground. There are private pipes on 3 main roads connecting HH sewerage to the sea. Some HH still use groundwater for drinking during the dry
season. Most HH have the black tanks but rainwater does not last throughout the year. 37,500 liters of rainwater collection capacity in public
tanks.
Foreshore:
Describe the condition of the foreshore:
Regular seasonal erosion on south west side. Foreshore is littered with large quantities of plastic bottles being washed from the sea reportedly
from the resorts. East side of the island was reclaimed by waste dumping and currently inhabited on reclaimed land.
Air quality:
List any point source air emissions: [Note: Powerhouses, Burning waste]
The Power House is the only point sources of emission. Fields are also burnt for clearance for about 2 weeks every year.
List any diffuse source air emissions: [Note: as well as motor vehicles etc. take into consideration home based commercial fish processing
etc]
There are about 10 motorcycles, 1 ambulance (currently out of operation) and 2 pickups in the island. There are about 5 large fishing vessels in
addition to 30 small vessels. Households undertake dry salting for the resort market.
Noise amenity:
What are the major noise sources?
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[Note: Where noise meter is available take 15 minute time weighted average dbA for maximum (top to L10 (top 10% of noise profile) and minimum (L90 bottom 10% of noise profile].
Powerhouse and harbor are the point sources.
Vegetation:
Describe dominant vegetation species on the island [Note: Name species most present- local name will suffice if species not known]:
Kaani mostly on the eastside on reclaimed area. West side of the island has dense vegetation of Coconuts, Dhiggaa and Hirundhu as main
species. Costal species also include Boakashikeyo and Magoo on South side. City hotel planned near Telecomms Company Wataniya site.
Huvani infestation is common during dry season.
Are there any large timber species on the island? [Where possible make reference to the island register of timer species. If island does not
have a register assume no time species or use observation and judgment]
No reported timber species. Timber is no longer extracted as fuel on the island.
Reef ecosystem:
Describe the general condition of the near shore house reef: [Refer to litter flotsam, oils, nets, presence of dredging in reef area].
South reef undisturbed with patches of corals observed.
Ecologically important habitats:
Are there any ecologically sensitive habitats in or on the island (Note: sea grass beds, mangroves, wetlands other)?
No wetlands on the island. Sea grass was observed on south side and harbor area.
Rare and endangered species:
Are there any known rare and endanger species on the islands? [Note: Include caged protected species or other protected species observed]
Some Gaadhooni and Ainumatheedhooni nesting reported on west of harbor.
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Protected Areas:
Are there any protected areas in the near vicinity of the island? [Note include dive spots, caves, etc.. which have significant appeal to local
residences as well as resorts, and sites which have formal protection]
Reef encompassing Fenfushi, Maamigili and Huruelhi are protected.
Are there any cultural or historical sites that may historical or archaeological significance on the island? [Include sites or objects, trees etc.. which have specific relevance to local population as well as those which may be formally recorded] Friday mosque with graveyard and Tharaagandu are ancient ruins.
Economic activities:
What are the main income activities on the island (fishing, agriculture, tourism)?
The main economic activities on the island are tourism sector, agriculture and fisheries with about 60% of the land area allotted for agricultural
plots.
Do tourists come to the island? [How many/ how often]
Frequent tourists visit the island. Sun island and Holiday island are the closest resorts.
Water supply and Sewage:
Describe arrangements for water supply and Sewage disposal on the island. [Note include information about whether the system includes treatment facilities and sewerage discharge – ie, is sewerage treated prior to disposal or direct discharge through-out fall, or local discharge from houses to sea etc.]
No sewerage network in the island. Sewerage is drained into the land through household septic tanks. Rain water is used for drinking. Water is
harvested at household level and community level collected in household and community tanks.
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Energy and Fuel supply:
Describe arrangements for power supply and fuel supply and storage on the island and mechanism in place in case of leakage (Note: include observations about environmental protection mechanisms – bunding etc..)
2 Powerhouses currently cater load of 100KW. The Powerhouse has its own tanks for 9,000 liters of fuel storage. No reported safety measures to
address accidental leakage. There are no fuel distributors on the island.
Transport:
Does the community have its own Dhoni for transport of people and goods? Small dinghies used to travel between Fenfushi and Maamigili. Nearby Airport in Maamigili with regular sea transports to Male’. Atoll transport
service available.
Is there an island based ferry service – to Male? To other?
Ferries to Male’ include Resort launches and a private ferry.
Health Post:
Is there a health post on the island? The island has a Health Center with 4 beds.
School:
What grade does the school teach up to? There is 1 preschool and 1 primary/secondary school in the island. The highest grade available in the island is 10.
Community Groups:
What other community groups are there on the island? Around 2 registered NGOs/clubs.
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What are the principle activities of these groups: Sport, environment, etc.. These organizations are mainly involved in youth development, sports and entertainment activities. NGOS are also engaged in awareness,
education and running pre-school and cable TV.
Annex 2 Island Environmental Management Plan Screening Checklist
Impacts: S – Significant M – Medium L - Low
Project Type Social
Category
Env.
Category
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V X
PRIMARY COLLECTION OF SOLID WASTE
Primary collection of waste (storage) M L X X X X X X
Primary Collection of waste (loading/ unloading) L L X X X
Primary collection of waste (transport/vehicle) M L X
ISLAND WASTE MANAGEMENT CENTRE
Site Selection M M X X X X X X X
IWMC construction L L X X X
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Code Impact Code Impact Code Impact
A Land acquisition I Raptor & vectors Q Noise
B Displacement/relocation J Urban Congestion R Odour
C Land Use K Aesthetic and Tranquility S Smoke
D Hydrology and drainage Pattern L Public Health T Disturbance to Other Services
E Water logging/ flooding M Work Place Health & Safety U Air Quality
F Surface Water Quality N Litter (wind-blown etc.) V Coastal processes
G Ground Water Quality O Flotsam (litter in water) X Marine pollution
General waste storage L M X X X X X X X X
Hazardous waste storage L M X X X X X X
Composting (with putrescible/ sewage sludge) M M X X X X X X X X X
Composting (with putrescible waste only) M M X X X X X X X X
Incineration (clinical waste) M S X X X X
Incineration (general) M M X X X X
Open burning (organic/ general) S S X X X X X X X X
Metal recovery (can crushing/ storage) L L X X
PET recovery (PET shredding/storage) L L X X X
Glass crushing/ storage L L X X X
Paper & card compacting L L X
SECONDARY COLLECTION OF WASTE
Secondary transfer of waste to harbor (vehicle) X
Transfer to vessel (vehicle to vessel) X X X
NON- IWMC WASTE MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES
Landfilling S S X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Biogas (sewage sludge/ putrescible) M L X
Animal husbandry L L X X X
Fish feeding L M X
Waste oil recovery (oil/ water separation) L S X X X X X X X X
Septic tank sludge pumping L M X X
Harbour waste management L L X X
Land reclamation S S X X X X X X X X X X X X X
OFF ISLAND WASTE MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES
Resort waste secondary collection (harbor) L L X X X
Resort beach cleaning L L X
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H Destruction of Habitat/Flora Fauna P Fire hazard
Note: Impacts for landfill, land reclamation, waste oil recovery and open burning are considered as significant and would require a full EIA and cannot be covered
by this EMP process. Composting may attract a higher level of Environmental Assessment depending on the scale & extent and potential impacts.
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Annex 3 Environmental and Social Management Plan
*Note: Potential Significance is given in terms of potential impact of doing nothing VS potential impact of intervention
For the purpose of this EMP, all waste dump sites are referred to as IWMCs
IMPACT
Potential Significance* LOCATIO
N
Mitigation Measure
Recommended
Monitoring
Institutional Responsibility
No
Impact
Impact
Unknown
No Significant
Impact
Significant Implementing
Agency
Support
Agency L M H
Poor primary collections operations leading to:
Litter, odour, vector/
raptor nuisance to
nearby residences
All drop off
sites
Ensure (i) waste is
collected at least daily
(ii) Adequate bins with
closures are provided at
the drop off.
Weekly
inspections and
quarterly reviews
Island Council EPA and
Regional
Office
Work place health
and safety issues All drop off
sites
Ensure (i) employees are
equipped with boots,
gloves and coveralls
(ii) bins are fit for
purpose
Weekly
inspections and
quarterly reviews
Island Council EPA and
Regional
Office
Poor IWMC design leading to: N/A – already constructed as per approved design. Project to build composting slab.
Contamination of
groundwater and
surface waters
IWMC site Ensure (i) waste storage
areas are covered to
prevent contaminated
stormwater run- off
(ii) Hazardous waste
storage area is bunded.
(iii) Constructed with
concrete hardstand.
Approval of
IWMC Design and
routine
construction
monitoring
Island Council EPA &
Regional
Office
Marine pollution IWMC site. Ensure no marine outfall/
discharge from IWMC
Erosion near site needs to
be addressed outside
project scope.
Approval of
IWMC design and
routine
construction
monitoring
Island Council EPA and
Regional
Office
Poor siting of IWMC leading to:
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IMPACT
Potential Significance* LOCATIO
N
Mitigation Measure
Recommended
Monitoring
Institutional Responsibility
No
Impact
Impact
Unknown
No Significant
Impact
Significant Implementing
Agency
Support
Agency L M H Noise, vector/
raptor, odour
nuisance to nearby
residences.
Site is
already
located
according to
approved
criteria.
IWMC sites Ensure (i) for IWMCs
site selection criteria sets
a minimum distance to
residences for IWMC,
and (ii) Primary
collection from drop off
points occurs daily.
Sites/ locations
approved prior to
construction.
Island Council EPA and
Regional
Office
Aesthetics &
tranquillity, Urban
congestion, public
health
Site is
already
located
according to
approved
criteria.
IWM sited Ensure (i) adequate
screening, (ii) control of
operating hrs,
(iii)adequate buffers in
accordance to landuse
plan etc.
Sites/ locations
approved prior to
construction.
Island Council EPA and
Regional
Office
Destruction of
Habitat/Flora
Fauna
Site is already
located. Compost
slab may require
site extension.
IWMC sites Ensure site selection
criteria requires at least
one cleared site to be
nominated.
Site approved prior
to construction.
EPA and
Regional Office
of DHA
Island Council
Poor construction management leading to: N/A – Site already constructed as per approved design. Project to build composting slab. Noise nuisance to
nearby residences
IWM sites Ensure construction
activities occur between 8
am and 4 pm
Daily inspections
during construction
phase
Island Council/
Utilities/contracto
r
EPA and
Regional
Office
Dust nuisance to
nearby residences
IWM sites Complaint based
mitigation may include
screens or wetting of
source materials
Daily inspections
during construction
phase
Island Council/
Utilities/
contractor
EPA and
Regional
Office
Stockpiles of
Construction and
Demolition wastes
CND waste is
dumped in erosion
prone areas.
WMC sites Materials Ensure waste
materials are either
reused by
community,
segregated or
removed from
island at the end of
construction
phased activities
Island Council/
Utilities/contracto
r
EPA and
Regional
Office
Poor operation of waste facilities leading to: Noise nuisance to
nearby residences.
IWMC
activities
Ensure IWMC activities
occur between 8 am and 4
pm
Weekly inspections
and quarterly
reviews
Island Council EPA and
Regional
Office
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IMPACT
Potential Significance* LOCATIO
N
Mitigation Measure
Recommended
Monitoring
Institutional Responsibility
No
Impact
Impact
Unknown
No Significant
Impact
Significant Implementing
Agency
Support
Agency L M H
Vector breeding
raptor, litter, public
health
IWMC
activities
Ensure (i) organic wastes
are stored in covered
bins, (ii) cans are crushed
and stored undercover or
in covered bins
Weekly inspections
and quarterly
reviews
Island Council EPA, Ministry
of Health,
Regional
Office
Odour nuisance to
nearby residences.
IWMC
activities
Ensure (i) organic waste
is stored in covered bins
(ii) secondary collection
from IWMC occurs at
least weekly (iii) provide
composting training.
Weekly inspections
and quarterly
reviews
Island Council EPA and
Regional
Office
Workplace health
& safety
IWMC
activities
Ensure (i) employees are
equipped with boots,
gloves and coveralls (ii)
adequate training in use
of equipment (iii)
adequate training in
workplace health issues
relating to handling of
compost etc
Weekly inspections
and quarterly
reviews
Island Council EPA and
Regional
Office
Poor secondary collection operations Litter, flotsam
nuisance
Harbour Ensure (i) bins with
closures are provided
during vessel loading or
storage of materials at
harbour
Weekly
inspections and
quarterly reviews
Island Council EPA and
Regional
Office
Workplace health
and safety
Harbour Ensure (i) employees are
equipped with boots,
gloves and coveralls (ii)
bins are fit for purpose
Weekly
inspections and
quarterly reviews
Island Council EPA and
Regional
Office
Existing IWMC site has been located and therefore checklist for site selection is omitted.
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Annex 8.6 Thoddoo IWMC Environmental and Social Management Plan
ENVIROMEMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN for Island Waste Management Services
North Ari (Alif Alif) Atoll
Ari Atoll Solid Waste Management Project
funded by Maldives Climate Change Trust Fund Ministry of Environment and Energy
Male’ – Republic of Maldives
Designed by: Gordon Ewers
Prepared by: Mohamed Shan Ahmed
& Ahmed Nizam (May 2012)
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ACRONYMS
CBO Community Based Organization CCD Community Centered Development CCTF Maldives Climate Change Trust Fund CND Construction and Demolition DPH Department of Public Health EA Environmental Assessment EMP Environmental Management Plan EPA Environmental Protection Agency ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework IEE Initial Environmental Evaluation IWMC Island Waste Management Center IWMP Island Waste Management Plan MEE Ministry of Environment and Energy NGO Non Governmental Organization PMU Project Management Unit RWMF Regional Waste Management Facility
LOCAL NAMES USED
Hirundhu Thespesia Populnea Magoo Scaevola Taccada Dhiggaa Hibiscus Tiliaceus Dhunburi Ochrosia Borbonica Kaani Cordia Subcordata Funa Calophyllum Inophyllum
Magoo Scaevola Taccada
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BACKGROUND
The Project is classified under Safeguards Category “A”, primarily to reflect the risks involved in solid waste management both at the island
level and at the Thilafushi Island SWM facility. The Solid Waste Management program will involve community-level waste recycling and
resource recovery facilities in the islands, which will involve composting of the organic fraction of waste as well as disposal of residual waste at
the Thilafushi SWM facility.
As specific activities to be undertaken at the IWMCs are yet to be identified, activity specific environmental issues cannot be identified at this
stage. In such circumstances, the World Bank Operating Policy (OP/BP/GP 4.01) requires that arrangements be made whereby the project
implementing agency undertakes the functions of activity screening, Environmental Assessment, review and implementation of Action Plans or
EMPs, as determined appropriate.
During Project preparation it was not be possible to undertake a full category “A” environmental assessment in accordance with the World Bank Operating Policy (OP/BP/GP 4.01) for the RWMF until the process (Best Practical Environmental Option at least cost) for selection of the Regional waste management system had been undertaken. In lieu of a project specific EA, an Environmental and Social Management Framework (the ESMF) was prepared which defines the scope and application environmental assessment processes to Project activities. ISLAND WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS
In accordance with the ESMF, specific Island Waste Management Plans (IWMP) will be developed for each of the 5 target islands supported by the project. The IWMP will detail the waste management activities to be undertaken at island level. Island Waste Management Plan activities may include, but are not necessarily limited to; primary waste collection services, island waste management center operation, waste transfer activities, composting, metal recovery, etc. All activities included in the island waste management plans will be the subject of an environment and/or social review as the key management
tool for identifying and assessing risk of environmental and social impacts. An outcome of the above environmental and/or social reviews will in
most cases be an Action Plan or EMP that is activity specific. Most activities are expected to have generic environmental and/or social impacts
that are manageable through environmental management and impact mitigation measures.
While most island waste management activities are expected to have generic environmental and/or social impacts that are manageable through Environmental Management Plans (EMP(s)) there may be some activities that may carry a higher risk of environmental and social impacts. These activities may require a higher level of environmental and social impact assessment.
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ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF ISLAND WASTE MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES:
Initial Environmental Evaluation (IEE) Initial Environmental Evaluation for island waste management activities is a requirement of the Maldives Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation 2007. The screening process is the first step in the EA process. The objective of the IEE screening process is to rapidly identify environmental and social aspects of the island environment which may be impacted upon by the proposed island waste management activities. The IEE screening checklist is provided in Annex 1. As many of the island waste management activities supported under the CCTF/SWM will be located around the Island Waste Management Center a separate site specific screen checklist for this facility has been provided in Annex 3. Environmental Management Screening All island waste management activities proposed in the IWMP will be the subject of an environment and social screening as the key management tool for identifying and assessing risk of environmental and social impact. An outcome of the above environmental and/or social reviews will, in most cases, be the development of Environmental Management Plans. The EMP screening checklist is provided in Annex 2. Where there are little or no environmental or social issues, the proposed activities may move to implementation. Environmental Management Plans For IWMP activities which may impact on environmental and social aspects of the island an EMP (or Action Plan) will be prepared. The EMP will describe and prioritizes the actions needed to implement mitigation measures, corrective actions and monitoring measures necessary to manage the impacts and risks identified in the screening assessment and on other relevant findings. The template for the EMP is provided in Annex 4.
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Measures and actions that address identified impacts and risks will favor the avoidance and prevention of impacts over minimization, mitigation wherever technically and financially feasible. Where risks and impacts cannot be avoided or prevented, mitigation measures and actions will be identified so that the IWM activities operates in compliance with applicable national laws and regulations etc., and meets the requirements of relevant World Bank performance standards. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS: Roles and Responsibilities The Maldives Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) will have overall responsibility for ensuring the EMP is; (i) undertaken in accordance with the relevant environmental laws and regulations, (ii) conducted to a standard acceptable to the Government of the Republic of Maldives, and (iii) periodically auditing compliance. The CCTF PMU ESDD coordinator is responsible for: (i) coordinating the EMP process and activities on behalf of CCTF, including but not limited to the IEE, EMP screening, EMP development and EMP audits, and (ii) preparing other standard EMP management documents such as weekly inspection and reporting templates. The Island Council will be responsible for (i) coordinating community input and consultation into the IWM EMP development process, (ii) inspection of IWM activities, and (iii) implementing necessary corrective and preventive actions. Institutional responsibility for mitigation Operational activities covered under this EMP will be largely managed (incl. mitigation) through the island Council. The island council has overall responsibility for waste management at island level. In some cases, the activities may be undertaken on behalf of the Island Council by the Utilities Company. Where activities are undertaken with the use of project funds a clause will be added to ensure responsibility for maintaining appropriate environmental standards and undertaking mitigation where identified by the Island Council. Where activities funded by the project are under taken by private entities under contract to the island office, a similar clause will be required. All construction activities will be undertaken under contract irrespective of who issues the contract. Where this occurs, a clause requiring the contractor to maintain appropriate environmental standards and undertake mitigation will be required.
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EMP MANAGEMENT SYSTEM EMP Database The CCTF PMU ESDD coordinator will develop a database in Microsoft Access or Excel consisting of the EMP data (screening and EMP). The database will have the facility to record outcomes of audits and inspections. Once completed, the database will be handed over to the EPA who will be responsible for maintaining and up-dating the database on a quarterly basis. EMP Monitoring, Reporting and Record Keeping Procedures to monitor compliance with the EMPs will be mechanisms, such as inspections and audits. The Island Council will assign an official to inspect IWM activities on a weekly basis. The EPA will review the inspection reports and audit compliance of a sample number of EMPs on a quarterly basis. The Island Council will prepare a weekly inspection report in a format acceptable to EPA and Department of Public Health (DPH). The report will be maintained in the Council files for the EPA and DPH quarterly review. COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT, CONSULTATION, DISCLOSURE AND GREIVANCE Consultation All reasonable efforts will be made to consult relevant stakeholders in the preparation of Island Waste Management Plans (IWMPs). For people likely to be adversely impacted by the Island waste management activities, consultation will be iterative and their views will feed into the EMP decision-making process. Engagement Where practicable and appropriate Community Centered Development (CCD) procurement procedures will be utilized which further engage the community in the tendering, bid assessment, contracting, contractor oversight and monitoring of Island waste management activities.
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Disclosure The EPA will publicly disclose all environmental management plan(s) for public review and comment in appropriate locations in the Project area. Grievance Mechanism If the EPA anticipates ongoing adverse impacts on affected communities, the CCTF PMU will establish a grievance mechanism to receive and facilitate resolution about the environmental and social performance. The MEE website will enable the community opportunity to raise concerns electronically.
Annex 1 Initial Environmental Evaluation Checklist
Island name: Thoddoo
GPS location: Latitude 4° 26' 14" - Longitude 72° 56' 44"
Area: 173.8 hectare
Length (metres): 1.7km Width (metres): 1.3km
Population: 1713 registered (Island Registry 16 May 2012)
No. of households: 307
No. of abandoned houses: N/A
Does the island have a land use plan detailing future land use development activities including waste management?
Waste Management Practices
Amount of solid waste generated: Calculated based on the Waste Audit and based on the reported population, it is about 2 tonnes per day.
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Waste composition: [Note: based on waste audit data for the North Region]
Category % by weight % by volume
Paper/Cardboard 4% 10%
Organics 66% 46%
Glass 2% 1%
Plastics 5% 23%
Metals 2% 6%
Infectious 8% 5%
Other (inert, dust) 13% 9%
Current practice of waste management - collection/ treatment/disposal activities undertaken in the island by Utilities/Island Council:
Collection:
Households take waste to the dumpsite by themselves. Few foreign laborers provide waste collection for a fee but most households have foreign
laborers working on the fields who take household waste to the dumpsite. Existing site being located far from inhabited areas while avoiding
social disturbance causes accessibility issues.
Treatment:
There is no IWMC built on the island but a site adjacent to shoreline on the South East side demarcated by trees and fabric netting used for
fencing agricultural fields where dredged sand from harbor construction was deposited. Site is located close to farming fields. A field has been
allotted in exchange for managing the dumpsite to a local farmer who works from 6-7. Single person manages the site and segregates metals for
sale to metal buyers who operate a collector vessel (Fariva Boat). Waste site is open for dumping on Saturday, Monday and Thursday mornings
7-11 and afternoon 2-6. Powerhouse run by Bright Club has a junction around 700ft from the waste site. Current 3phase electricity rate is at
MVR15 per unit. A separate site adjacent to the jetty has been allocated for CND waste.
The island imports a lot of manure and agricultural chemicals. Council intends to undertake composting with manure to cater for the agriculture
industry. Council expressed interest in obtaining garden waste grinder and mixers to compound manure and compost.
Disposal:
Waste is burnt at the dumpsite. Garden waste and kitchen waste are buried using working excavators near the site. Near shore waters are slightly
blackened by leachate.
Island waste Management undertaken directly/indirectly by community groups/ NGOs/Private parties:
145
No NGOs from the island are involved in island waste management but participate in awareness raising campaigns.
Environmental issues arising from these practices:
The present waste site is located on the shoreline. The site location raises heavy risks of waste being dumped to the site getting washed away and
floating into the lagoon. The awareness level and commitment of the community to keep the island clean is evident and very few littering is
noticed. Open burning and land filling is considered as an unsuitable method only adopted due to lack of a viable alternative using existing
resources.
Groundwater:
Describe the condition and use of Groundwater in the island: [Note: Where water quality equipment is available, take indicative quality parameters: pH, EC. Salinity]
Groundwater is used for washing and showers. Water is generally odorless but contains impurities. An area near the fields has started getting
salty up to 100ft from shoreline due to heavy pumping for irrigation.
Foreshore:
Describe the condition of the foreshore:
Piles of Ice boxes and plastic baskets used for fish catch and harvest delivery observed near the harbor. Building works ongoing on 2 mosques.
Healthy patches of vegetation consisting of Dhiggaa, Hirundhu and Coconut palms located close to harbor area. Medium sized banyan trees
located on the island.
Air quality:
List any point source air emissions: [Note: Powerhouses, Burning waste]
The Power House and open burning in the IWMC are the major point sources of emission. Fields are also burnt for clearance for about 2 weeks
every year.
List any diffuse source air emissions: [Note: as well as motor vehicles etc. take into consideration home based commercial fish processing
etc]
There are about 80 motorcycles, 1 ambulance and 3 pickups in the island. There are about 7 large fishing vessels in addition to 15 small vessels.
Household fish processing is not undertaken except for refrigerating and dry salting for the resort market. A factory is being developed for fish
processing.
146
Noise amenity:
What are the major noise sources? [Note: Where noise meter is available take 15 minute time weighted average dbA for maximum (top to L10 (top 10% of noise profile) and minimum (L90 bottom 10% of noise profile].
Water pump in the agricultural fields is ambient. Noise pollution noted near the 2 power houses and some small scale goat farming near the
fields.
Vegetation:
Describe dominant vegetation species on the island [Note: Name species most present- local name will suffice if species not known]:
About 60% of the island allocated for agriculture. Waste awareness is evident in discussions with community members and relatively less litter
in the coastal vegetation areas. The land is much richer compared to the other islands in the region as observed in the strong and healthy growth
of flora and fauna. There are still some densely vegetated areas of Coconut, Dhiggaa, HIrundhu and Magoo on the coastal vegetation belt
surrounding the island. Households grow large fruit trees such as breadfruit and mangoes. Households also have betelnut and betel leaves in
abundance. About 8 large banyan trees on the island.
Are there any large timber species on the island? [Where possible make reference to the island register of timer species. If island does not
have a register assume no time species or use observation and judgment]
No reported timber species. Timber is no longer extracted as fuel on the island.
Reef ecosystem:
Describe the general condition of the near shore house reef: [Refer to litter flotsam, oils, nets, presence of dredging in reef area].
The near shore reef is disturbed from reclamation and dredging on the Jetty area. No disturbances to the coral in the reef encompassing the island
observed in other sides. Sea grass was observed in the house reef near the harbor.
Ecologically important habitats:
147
Are there any ecologically sensitive habitats in or on the island (Note: sea grass beds, mangroves, wetlands other)?
There is a small marshy area on the island.
Rare and endangered species:
Are there any known rare and endanger species on the islands? [Note: Include caged protected species or other protected species observed]
No reported cases of caged birds. There were reported cases of birds nesting in the fields and herons nests in the taller Coconut trees. Very few
crows and bats on the island.
Protected Areas:
Are there any protected areas in the near vicinity of the island? [Note include dive spots, caves, etc.. which have significant appeal to local
residences as well as resorts, and sites which have formal protection]
No sites within close vicinity of the island.
Are there any cultural or historical sites that may historical or archaeological significance on the island? [Include sites or objects, trees etc.. which have specific relevance to local population as well as those which may be formally recorded] There is an archaeologically significant “Gaagandu” located on the island but about 300m away from the IWMC location.
Economic activities:
What are the main income activities on the island (fishing, agriculture, tourism)?
The main economic activities on the island are agriculture and fisheries with about 60% of the land area allotted for agricultural plots.
Do tourists come to the island? [How many/ how often]
Tourists do not visit the island as there are no resorts within close vicinity.
Water supply and Sewage:
148
Describe arrangements for water supply and Sewage disposal on the island. [Note include information about whether the system includes treatment facilities and sewerage discharge – ie, is sewerage treated prior to disposal or direct discharge through-out fall, or local discharge from houses to sea etc.]
No sewerage network in the island. Sewerage is drained into the land through household septic tanks. Rain water is used for drinking. Water is
harvested at household level and community level collected in household and community tanks.
Energy and Fuel supply:
Describe arrangements for power supply and fuel supply and storage on the island and mechanism in place in case of leakage (Note: include observations about environmental protection mechanisms – bunding etc..)
2 Powerhouses currently cater load of 120KW. The Powerhouse has its own tanks for 30,000 liters of fuel storage. No reported safety measures
to address accidental leakage. There was 1 private distributor with a pump near harbor but is currently not operational. Powerhouses are
managed by 2 CBOs.
Transport:
Does the community have its own Dhoni for transport of people and goods? No community vessel used for transport. There are some fishing vessels.
Is there an island based ferry service – to Male? To other?
There is a ferry available to Atoll Capital Rasdhoo. Frequent supply boats between Thoddoo and Male’.
Health Post:
Is there a health post on the island? The island has a Health Center.
School:
149
What grade does the school teach up to? There is 1 preschool and 1 primary/secondary school in the island. The highest grade available in the island is 10.
Community Groups:
What other community groups are there on the island? Around 2 registered NGOs/clubs.
What are the principle activities of these groups: Sport, environment, etc.. These organizations are mainly involved in youth development, sports and entertainment activities. NGOS are also engaged in awareness,
education and running environment club.
Annex 2 Island Environmental Management Plan Screening Checklist
Impacts: S – Significant M – Medium L - Low
Project Type Social
Category
Env.
Category
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V X
150
PRIMARY COLLECTION OF SOLID WASTE
Primary collection of waste (storage) M L X X X X X X
Primary Collection of waste (loading/ unloading) L L X X X
Primary collection of waste (transport/vehicle) M L X
ISLAND WASTE MANAGEMENT CENTRE
Site Selection M M X X X X X X X
IWMC construction L L X X X
General waste storage L M X X X X X X X X
Hazardous waste storage L M X X X X X X
Composting (with putrescible/ sewage sludge) M M X X X X X X X X X
Composting (with putrescible waste only) M M X X X X X X X X
Incineration (clinical waste) M S X X X X
Incineration (general) M M X X X X
Open burning (organic/ general) S S X X X X X X X X
Metal recovery (can crushing/ storage) L L X X
PET recovery (PET shredding/storage) L L X X X
Glass crushing/ storage L L X X X
Paper & card compacting L L X
SECONDARY COLLECTION OF WASTE
Secondary transfer of waste to harbor (vehicle) X
Transfer to vessel (vehicle to vessel) X X X
NON- IWMC WASTE MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES
Landfilling S S X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Biogas (sewage sludge/ putrescible) M L X
Animal husbandry L L X X X
Fish feeding L M X
Waste oil recovery (oil/ water separation) L S X X X X X X X X
Septic tank sludge pumping L M X X
Harbour waste management L L X X
Land reclamation S S X X X X X X X X X X X X X
OFF ISLAND WASTE MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES
Resort waste secondary collection (harbor) L L X X X
Resort beach cleaning L L X
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Code Impact Code Impact Code Impact
A Land acquisition I Raptor & vectors Q Noise
B Displacement/relocation J Urban Congestion R Odour
C Land Use K Aesthetic and Tranquility S Smoke
D Hydrology and drainage Pattern L Public Health T Disturbance to Other Services
E Water logging/ flooding M Work Place Health & Safety U Air Quality
F Surface Water Quality N Litter (wind-blown etc.) V Coastal processes
G Ground Water Quality O Flotsam (litter in water) X Marine pollution
H Destruction of Habitat/Flora Fauna P Fire hazard
Note: Impacts for landfill, land reclamation, waste oil recovery and open burning are considered as significant and would require a full EIA and cannot be covered
by this EMP process. Composting may attract a higher level of Environmental Assessment depending on the scale & extent and potential impacts.
152
Annex 3: Island Waste management Center Location Checklist
Atoll Island Population Island Area (ha): Preferred/ Alternative Location (circle one) Checklist compiled by: Location Description (mark on attached map): ASSESSMENT CRITERIA CRITERIA MET CRITERIA NOT MET Space ...................................................................................................... b) Minimum space is available on dry land for:
Population/Area (m2) (circle one):
500/204 1000/280 1500/360 2500/532
Accessibility ............................................................................................ c) Island is accessible by landing craft/barge/cargo dhoni ...................
d) Site is accessible via roadway from harbour ..................................... Protection of Ground Water Resources .................................................. c) Site is not a wetland ...........................................................................
d) Site is 30m away from a groundwater well ........................................ No houses but some farms have wells at about 20m
Landscape & Wind Direction .................................................................... h) Site is above the highest seasonal high tide elevation .......................
i) Site is selected with consideration to wind direction in both easterly
and westerly monsoons .....................................................................
j) Site is flat ............................................................................................
k) Site is 15m inland from tidal zone ......................................................
l) Coastal vegetation within 15m will be affected .................................
m) Site is not in a lagoon ..........................................................................
Alif Alif Thoddoo
1713 Hectares
2
0
1
7
1
0
153
n) Site is not in an erosion prone area ....................................................
Distance from residences or community areas ....................................... c) Minimum distance of 30 m from site to nearest house .....................
d) Minimum distance of 40 m from site to nearest community area ...
If less than 30/40 m, distance from site to nearest house/ community area is:
Site vacancy .............................................................................................. c) Site is vacant …………………………………………………………………………………..
d) Site requires removal of ………………………………………………………………….
(Accepted by Island Council)
Site history ............................................................................................... b) Site is/was used for waste management ………………………………………..
Government designated site ................................................................... b) Site is designated as a waste management area by the GOM (landuse plan attached)
Signature Designation Date
Approved by Island Council: Approved by National Office: Approved by MHE:
2
2
1
0
0
0
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Annex 4 Environmental and Social Management Plan
*Note: Potential Significance is given in terms of potential impact of doing nothing VS potential impact of intervention
For the purpose of this EMP, all waste dump sites are referred to as IWMCs
IMPACT
Potential Significance* LOCATIO
N
Mitigation Measure
Recommended
Monitoring
Institutional Responsibility
No
Impact
Impact
Unknown
No Significant
Impact
Significant Implementing
Agency
Support
Agency L M H
Poor primary collections operations leading to:
Litter, odour, vector/
raptor nuisance to
nearby residences
All drop off
sites
Ensure (i) waste is
collected at least daily
(ii) Adequate bins with
closures are provided at
the drop off.
Weekly
inspections and
quarterly reviews
Island Council EPA and
Regional
Office
Work place health
and safety issues All drop off
sites
Ensure (i) employees are
equipped with boots,
gloves and coveralls
(ii) bins are fit for
purpose
Weekly
inspections and
quarterly reviews
Island Council EPA and
Regional
Office
Poor IWMC design leading to:
Contamination of
groundwater and
surface waters
IWMC site Ensure (i) waste storage
areas are covered to
prevent contaminated
stormwater run- off
(ii) Hazardous waste
storage area is bunded.
(iii) Constructed with
concrete hardstand.
Approval of
IWMC Design and
routine
construction
monitoring
Island Council EPA &
Regional
Office
Marine pollution IWMC site. Ensure no marine outfall/
discharge from IWMC
Erosion near site needs to
be addressed outside
project scope.
Approval of
IWMC design and
routine
construction
monitoring
Island Council EPA and
Regional
Office
Poor siting of IWMC leading to:
155
IMPACT
Potential Significance* LOCATIO
N
Mitigation Measure
Recommended
Monitoring
Institutional Responsibility
No
Impact
Impact
Unknown
No Significant
Impact
Significant Implementing
Agency
Support
Agency L M H Noise, vector/
raptor, odour
nuisance to nearby
residences.
IWMC sites Ensure (i) for IWMCs
site selection criteria sets
a minimum distance to
residences for IWMC,
and (ii) Primary
collection from drop off
points occurs daily.
Sites/ locations
approved prior to
construction.
Island Council EPA and
Regional
Office
Aesthetics &
tranquillity, Urban
congestion, public
health
IWM sited Ensure (i) adequate
screening, (ii) control of
operating hrs,
(iii)adequate buffers in
accordance to landuse
plan etc.
Sites/ locations
approved prior to
construction.
Island Council EPA and
Regional
Office
Destruction of
Habitat/Flora
Fauna
IWMC sites Ensure site selection
criteria requires at least
one cleared site to be
nominated.
Site approved prior
to construction.
EPA and
Regional Office
of DHA
Island Council
Poor construction management leading to: Noise nuisance to
nearby residences
IWM sites Ensure construction
activities occur between 8
am and 4 pm
Daily inspections
during construction
phase
Island Council/
Utilities/contracto
r
EPA and
Regional
Office
Dust nuisance to
nearby residences
IWM sites Complaint based
mitigation may include
screens or wetting of
source materials
Daily inspections
during construction
phase
Island Council/
Utilities/
contractor
EPA and
Regional
Office
Stockpiles of
Construction and
Demolition wastes
CND waste is
dumped in erosion
prone areas.
WMC sites Materials Ensure waste
materials are either
reused by
community,
segregated or
removed from
island at the end of
construction
phased activities
Island Council/
Utilities/contracto
r
EPA and
Regional
Office
Poor operation of waste facilities leading to: Noise nuisance to
nearby residences.
IWMC
activities
Ensure IWMC activities
occur between 8 am and 4
pm
Weekly inspections
and quarterly
reviews
Island Council EPA and
Regional
Office
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IMPACT
Potential Significance* LOCATIO
N
Mitigation Measure
Recommended
Monitoring
Institutional Responsibility
No
Impact
Impact
Unknown
No Significant
Impact
Significant Implementing
Agency
Support
Agency L M H
Vector breeding
raptor, litter, public
health
IWMC
activities
Ensure (i) organic wastes
are stored in covered
bins, (ii) cans are crushed
and stored undercover or
in covered bins
Weekly inspections
and quarterly
reviews
Island Council EPA, Ministry
of Health,
Regional
Office
Odour nuisance to
nearby residences.
IWMC
activities
Ensure (i) organic waste
is stored in covered bins
(ii) secondary collection
from IWMC occurs at
least weekly (iii) provide
composting training.
Weekly inspections
and quarterly
reviews
Island Council EPA and
Regional
Office
Workplace health
& safety
IWMC
activities
Ensure (i) employees are
equipped with boots,
gloves and coveralls (ii)
adequate training in use
of equipment (iii)
adequate training in
workplace health issues
relating to handling of
compost etc
Weekly inspections
and quarterly
reviews
Island Council EPA and
Regional
Office
Poor secondary collection operations Litter, flotsam
nuisance
Harbour Ensure (i) bins with
closures are provided
during vessel loading or
storage of materials at
harbour
Weekly
inspections and
quarterly reviews
Island Council EPA and
Regional
Office
Workplace health
and safety
Harbour Ensure (i) employees are
equipped with boots,
gloves and coveralls (ii)
bins are fit for purpose
Weekly
inspections and
quarterly reviews
Island Council EPA and
Regional
Office
Existing IWMC site has been located and therefore checklist for site selection is omitted.
157
