l e d b y i m e c , E C N a n d T N O

Sunday 2016 – 2016-11-23

Solliance

Introduction

Thin Film PV Development• CIGS Program

• Perovskite based PV (PSC) Program

Application Development for Thin Film PV Integration Program

l e d b y i m e c , E C N a n d T N O

Sunday 2016 – 2016-11-23

Solliance

Introduction

Thin Film PV Development• CIGS Program

• Perovskite based PV (PSC) Program

Application Development for Thin Film PV Integration Program

Solliance Perovskite based PV program – EU PVSEC 2016 - 2016-06-22

▪ 3High Tech Campus

TNO – Holst Centre - ECN

Eindhoven

Solliance

Building

FZ JülichImec - Leuven

Solliance: Cross-border R&D collaboration

on thin film PV:

Netherlands - Belgium - Germany

Solliance – Sunday 2016 – 2016-11-23

▪ 4

Solliance research partners

Partners in research and industry

Solliance industry partners

Solliance – Sunday 2016 – 2016-11-23

▪ 5

Efficiency:

• Thin film PV

PSC, CdTe & CIGS

between

mc-Si and c-Si

Maturity:

• PSC << CIGS < CdTe

Cost targets (€/Wp):

• PSC < CIGS < CdTe < cSi

• PSC < 0,25 €/Wp)

2006

2011

20160%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

DSSC OPVtf-Si

mc-Si PSCCdTe

CIGSc-Si

21,3% 22,1% 22,1% 22,6%25,6%

Year

Re

cord

ce

ll Ef

fici

en

cy (

%)

PV Technology

2006

2011

2016

Hero Solar Cell efficiency evolution: 2006 - 2016

Multi-junction

Solliance – Sunday 2016 – 2016-11-23

▪ 6

Solliance Ambition

Develop low-cost production processes for flexible PV

modules with any shape and size

Demonstrate these unique features of thin film PV in public

infrastructure, buildings and vehicles

Solliance – Sunday 2016 – 2016-11-23

▪ 7

Solliance Organization

Solliance – Sunday 2016 – 2016-11-23

▪ 8

Solliance: Key infrastructure

S2S and R2R production tools

• Slot die coating

• Ink jet printing

• Rotary screen printing

• Spatial ALD

• PECVD

• Electro-chemical deposition

• …

New production tools developed by

Solliance and its partners

l e d b y i m e c , E C N a n d T N O

Sunday 2016 – 2016-11-23

Solliance

Introduction

Thin Film PV Development• CIGS Program

• Perovskite based PV (PSC) Program

Application Development for Thin Film PV Integration Program

Solliance – Sunday 2016 – 2016-11-23

▪ 10

CIGS (thin film) PV

CIGS = Cupper Indium Gallium Selenide/Sulfide

Main challenges

• Cost

• Toxic CdS

• Process control / layer homogeneity

• Closing efficiency gap: cell - module

• Reliability

Technology Substrate Capacity MWp/yr

Nationality Remarks

Solar Frontier Sputtering Glass >1GW Japan >90% of global CIGS production; expanded 2015

Stion Sputtering Glass >50MW United States Expanded 2015

Solibro Coevaporation Glass >50 MW Germany Owned by Hanergy

Miasole Sputtering Steel foil >40 MW United States Owned by Hanergy

Global Solar Coevaporation Steel foil >40 MW United States Owned by Hanergy

Avancis Sputtering Glass >100 MW Germany Owned by CNBM

Solopower Electrochemical Steel foil >10 MW United States

Manz/Wurth Coevaporation Glass >10 MW Germany Incidental production; turn key offer for factory

Ascent Solar Coevaporation Polyimide foil >10 MW United States

Flisom Coevaporation Polyimide foil >1 MW Switzerland Demo line; Link with Tata

Midsummer Sputtering Steel >1 MW Sweden Demo line; equipment builder

Arcelor Mittal Sputtering Steel < 1MW France/Belgium Demo line

Crystalsol Monograins Foil < 1MW Austria Start up

SIVA Coevaporation Steel foil United States Start up

Sunplugged Sputtering Steel foil < 1MW Austria Start up

Sunshine PV Sputtering Glass >10 MW Taiwan

Hulk Energy Sputtering Glass and flex >50 MW Taiwan 200 MW Expansion announced June 2015

AdPV Sputtering Glass < 1MW China 100 MW announced 2016

Nanoco Printing Glass < 1MW Great Britain Start up

Total thickness 3 – 4 µm

(cSi wafer thickness ≈ 150 µm)

Solliance – Sunday 2016 – 2016-11-23

▪ 11

Main targets CIGS program

Decrease manufacturing costs by:

• Low cost processes:

Ambient electro-deposition of CIGS

in stead of vacuum sputtering or co-evaporation

S2S R2R

Solliance – Sunday 2016 – 2016-11-23

▪ 12

Main targets CIGS program

Increase performance by:

• Spatial ALD deposited ZnO:S buffer layer

as replacement of CdS:

Non-toxic and

Higher performance

• On glass with S2S sALD: + 0,5% absolute

• On flex (PI) with R2R sALD: + 1% absolute

• Spatial ALD for front window: electrode + barrier layer

Solliance – Sunday 2016 – 2016-11-23

▪ 13

Technology to make modules in any size & shape

After deposition of full PV stack:

unique back-end customization: S2S or R2R

Can be done on- or off-line and at low cost

Smaller dead area potential: efficiency gain

Solliance – Sunday 2016 – 2016-11-23

▪ 14

In the classical process cleaning ( ) and alignment ( ) steps are needed

Classic in-process vs Back-end (for any TF-PV)

Solliance – Sunday 2016 – 2016-11-23

▪ 15

2. Technology to make modules in any size & shape

Any shape, size and IV characteristic

Fully digital process (laser + ink jet)

No alignment needed

Semi-transparent on glassFree form on glass

l e d b y i m e c , E C N a n d T N O

Sunday 2016 – 2016-11-23

Solliance

Introduction

Thin Film PV Development• CIGS Program

• Perovskite based PV (PSC) Program

Application Development for Thin Film PV Integration Program

Solliance – Sunday 2016 – 2016-11-23

▪ 17

High potential for Perovskite based PV (PSC)

perovskite:

CH3NH3PbI3

[PbI6]4−

octahedron

CH3NH3(+)

Potential:

• High efficiency (> 22%)

• Low cost: very thin, low cost materials & processes

Compare cSi wafer: 150 µm, CIGS layer 2,5 µm, Perovskite layer ≤ 0,5 µm

Main challenges:

• Scale-ability: demonstrate low-cost and large scale industrial production

Materials

Processes

Sheet-to-Sheet (S2S) Roll-to-Roll (R2R)

• Reliability: improving stability whilst maintaining high performance

• Toxicity: assessment of potential toxicity (Pb) and alternative materials

• Tandem application: > 31,5% efficiency potential in combination with cSi

Solliance – Sunday 2016 – 2016-11-23

▪ 18

Stable lab scale PSC baseline development: small cells (0,15 cm2)

Lab baseline V1.0:

• 5 layers (i.s.o. 6) and low temperature

R2R compatible

• Dual Perovskite precursor

Pb(Ac)2/PbCl2:

2 hrs annealing 10 min annealing

MAPbI3

• Glass: 14,5%

• PET or PEN/barrier: 12,5%

Solliance – Sunday 2016 – 2016-11-23

▪ 19

Stable lab scale PSC baseline development: small cells (0,15 cm2)

Lab baseline V1.0:

• 5 layers (i.s.o. 6) and low temperature

R2R compatible

• Dual Perovskite precursor

Pb(Ac)2/PbCl2:

2 hrs annealing 10 min annealing

MAPbI3

• Glass: 14,5%

• PET or PEN/barrier: 12,5%

Introduce scale-able

industrial processes

Solliance – Sunday 2016 – 2016-11-23

▪ 20

Introducing up-scaling processes: S2S Keeping lab scale performances @ ≥ 95%

Vacuum e-beam TiO2

Ambient S2S sALD TiO2

TiO2 deposition Efficiency

e-Beam TiO2

(reference)15%

ALD TiO2

(setting 1)2%

ALD TiO2

(setting 2) 14.1%

sALD TiO2

(setting 3) 9.5%

sALD TiO2

(setting 4) 14.9%

Small area spin coating

Large area S2S slot die coating

Solliance – Sunday 2016 – 2016-11-23

▪ 21

Up-scaled 6x6 inch2 PSC module on glass

Combining up-scaling processes

• S2S Slot Die coated layers

• S2S sALD layer

• S2S Laser scribed interconnections

• S2S Packaged with laminated flexible barrier

Main goals 2018:

• S2S glass:

15x15 cm² : 17%

30x30 cm² : 12%

• R2R foil:

15x15 cm² : 12%

30x30 cm² : 10%

Glass based PSC: tandem applications

Aperture

Area

Sub

cellsVoc Isc FF

Aperture

Efficiency

168 cm2

GFF ≥ 95%25

21.2 V

848 mV/cell

116 mA

17.3 mA/cm267.9% 10.0 %

World record (March 2016)

Solliance – Sunday 2016 – 2016-11-23

▪ 22

Semitransparent

16 cm2 PSC module (10%)

4 cm

Tandem = cSi cell AND semi-transparent Perovskite cell

• Potential: cSi efficiency (20 – 25%) > 31%

Solliance works on semi-transparent perovskite stack optimization

• Example: First-ever fully integrated 64 cm2 4T tandem module (March 2016):

Development of tandem application

PSCcSi

light

4 4x4 cm2

MWT cSi cells

integrated on

back sheet at

the bottom

Solliance – Sunday 2016 – 2016-11-23

▪ 23

Semi-transparent PSC

Triple cation perovskite for tandem with c-Si cells

Absolute efficiency increase of 2.4% compared to standalone c-Si cell with an efficiency of 18.6%

Semi-transparent

perovskite top cell

c-Si bottom cell

14.7%

+

6.3%

=

21% (November 2016)

Solliance – Sunday 2016 – 2016-11-23

▪ 24

Toxicity – Environmental issues

PSC contains lead (Pb)

Potential Pb “escape”:

• Manufacturing: can be secured

• During operation:

PV panels can break or burn

Toxicity depends on Pb-concentration and

Pb-compound

E.g. is replacing Pb by Sn a solution?

Solliance develops a complete picture

Aslihan Babayigit et al., Nature Mater. 2016, 15, 247

Solliance – Sunday 2016 – 2016-11-23

▪ 25

Stability of Perovskite based PV: target > 20 years

Humidity stability

• Intrinsic

• Extrinsic:

Flexible R2R produced water barrier foil

• WVTR tune-able:

10-4 ≤ 10-6 g/day.m2

RH↑

Baseline V1.0, no Al2O3 Additional ALD Al2O3 on PER

RH↑

Solliance – Sunday 2016 – 2016-11-23

▪ 26

Stability of Perovskite based PV: target > 20 years

Temperature stability

Introducing improvements:

• Hinder escape of small MA cation:

Dense (sALD) inorganic (inter)layers

85⁰C

Solliance – Sunday 2016 – 2016-11-23

▪ 27

Stability of Perovskite based PV: target > 20 years

Temperature stability

Introducing improvements:

• Hinder escape of small MA cation:

Dense (sALD) inorganic (inter)layers

• Larger cation/Smaller anion:

Formamidinium/Bromide

Lab baseline V2.0:

• Planar and low temperature

R2R compatible

• Introducing Formamidinium & Bromide

Two step process

FA1-xMAxPbI3-xBrx

More stable and …

• Glass: 19%

• PET: 16,5% World record

(August 2016)

Next step towards R2R

on dedicated infrastructure

& know-how

Up

-

sc

ale

Solliance – Sunday 2016 – 2016-11-23

▪ 28

Towards R2R processed PSC

Substrate: PET + ITO

Step 1:

• sALD TiO2 S2S R2R

Solliance – Sunday 2016 – 2016-11-23

▪ 29

Towards R2R processed PSC

Substrate: PET + ITO

Step 1:

• sALD TiO2 S2S R2R

Step 2:

• Slot Die PER S2S R2R

l e d b y i m e c , E C N a n d T N O

Sunday 2016 – 2016-11-23

Solliance

Introduction

Thin Film PV Development• CIGS Program

• Perovskite based PV (PSC) Program

Application Development for Thin Film PV Integration Program

Solliance – Sunday 2016 – 2016-11-23

▪ 31

Aesthetics

What’s new?

Same functionality

1980 2016

Solliance – Sunday 2016 – 2016-11-23

▪ 32

Solliance’s vision

2015

2030

Seamless Integration of PV

2015

Solliance – Sunday 2016 – 2016-11-23

▪ 33

Customizing and integration of thin film PV

PV customizing technologies

1. Technology to make modules flexible R2R

2. Technology to make modules in any size/shape

3. Technology to make modules with any color

4. Technology to make modules transparent

PV integration

• Public infrastructure integration (IIPV)

• Building integration (BIPV)

• Vehicle integration (VIPV)

Seamless PV

integration

Solliance – Sunday 2016 – 2016-11-23

▪ 34

3. Technology to make modules with any color

• Direct on Si wafer or TF-PV • Solliance: multi-layer on cover glass

Glass/glass cSi or TF-PV module

8% relative efficiency loss with color

• Next steps:

Avoid angle dependency and reflectance

Any color and hiding PV patterns

Transfer glass flexible foil

Solliance – Sunday 2016 – 2016-11-23

▪ 35

4. Technology to make modules transparent

Creating invisible easy-to-integrate

(flexible) translucent PV modules

• Remove 20 – 80% of the active area with

• Linear effect on efficiency

• Colorless translucency (grey)

• Only one transparent electrode: standard PV stack

© SunPartner Technologies

Translucent OPV: 50% - 20µm pitch

Solliance – Sunday 2016 – 2016-11-23

▪ 36

Examples of applications Solliance works at

Towards realization of our vision …

• Public infrastructure integration (IIPV)

• Building integration (BIPV)

• Vehicle integration (VIPV)

Solliance – Sunday 2016 – 2016-11-23

▪ 37

Infrastructure Integrated PV: SolaRoad

Existing bicycle road

First generation

• Semi-transparent tarmac/asphalt

• Expensive batch-wise cSi PV integration

Solliance – Sunday 2016 – 2016-11-23

▪ 38

SolaRoad SolaRoll

Next step: feasibility of low-cost R2R thin film

PV integration: flexible CIGS

• Gluing on Road

• Covering with semi-transparent tarmac/asphalt

• Safe and convenient energy collection

Potential for NL (35.000 km bicycle road)

• 15 TWh/yr

or

• 5.000.000 EVs*

*Average consumption EV

(15.000 km/yr)

= 3.000 kWh/yr

Batch-wise glass based Si PV Our vision …

Solliance – Sunday 2016 – 2016-11-23

▪ 39

SolaRoad SolaRoll

Next step: feasibility of low-cost R2R thin film

PV integration: flexible CIGS

• Gluing on Road

• Covering with semi-transparent tarmac/asphalt

• Safe and convenient energy collection

Potential for NL (35.000 km bicycle road)

• 15 TWh/yr

or

• 5.000.000 EVs*

*Average consumption EV

(15.000 km/yr)

= 3.000 kWh/yr

First ever flexible CIGS in a road

Batch-wise glass based Si PV Our vision …

Solliance – Sunday 2016 – 2016-11-23

▪ 40Building Integrated PV

Solliance – Sunday 2016 – 2016-11-23

▪ 41

BIPV: Light-weight roof-elements

Development large demonstrator:

• Agriculture buildings with asbestos roofs:

> 80 Mm2 in the Netherlands

• To be removed in the Netherlands before

2024: 16 Mm2 = 1,7 TWh/yr

• Subsidy if replaced with PV

Business case:

• Reinforcement of

construction + glass Si

PV panels or

• Thin film PV integration

on roof elements

KWh/Wp.year:

• Corrugated tilted =

Flat roof top

Topics:

• Integration PV + roof

element

• Electric system

integration

• Easy installation

Industrial partners:

• HyET (PV), Eternit (BE)

▪

41

Solliance – Sunday 2016 – 2016-11-23

▪ 42

Building Integrated PV: Façades

Needed technologies:

• Flexible PV (light weight)

• Any form & shape (full area coverage)

• Color (aestetics)

• Technology for electrically safe and easy-to-mount BIPV systems

Wireless power transfer

Shading compensation

Potential for NL (4,5 Mm2 opaque facades/year)

• Each year additional ≥ 0,4 TWh/yr

Source: Oskomera SPS

Solliance – Sunday 2016 – 2016-11-23

▪ 43

Building Integrated PV: Windows

PV direct on glass or laminated translucent PV foil

Windows:

• Transparency depends on application

Housing (> 60%)

Utility (30 – 60%)

• Wiring can be in the window frames

Potential for NL (4,5 Mm2 windows/year)

• Each year additional ≥ 0,3 TWh/yr

Translucent PV: 50% - 20µm pitch

Solliance – Sunday 2016 – 2016-11-23

▪ 44

General conclusion

With low-cost and customizable

thin-film PV,

a sustainable and beautiful world

can be realized,

with a delocalized but very high

electricity production potential.

2030

l e d b y i m e c , E C N a n d T N O

Thank you for your attention

Ronn Andriessen

Program Director

+31 6 13 02 81 62

ronn.andriessen@solliance.eu