enlightenment etc.ppt

8/21/2019 enlightenment etc.ppt

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NEOCLASSICISMcharacteristic world-view or value-system of this 'Age of Reaso'! deotig a "referece for ratioality!clarity! restrait! order! ad decorum

I literature# a sigificat ifluece o Eglish writig! es"ecially from c. $%%& to c. $(& --- "rici"leaccordig to which the writig ) criticism of "oetry ad drama were to *e guided *y rules ad "recedetsderived from the *est aciet +ree, ad Roma authors

Showig ha*itual deferece to +ree, ad Roma models i literary theory ad "ractice! eoclassicismemerged from the rediscovery of Aristotle's Poetics *y Italia scholars i the $%th cetury! ota*ly *y . C.

Scaliger! whose dogmatic iter"retatio of the dramatic uities i his Poetica /$0%$1 would "rofoudlyaffect the course of drama

Alog with Aristotle's theory of "oetry as imitatio ad his classificatio of geres! the "rici"les of theRoma "oet 2orace as e3"ouded i his Ars Poetica /c.4& 5CE1 domiated the eoclassical or eoclassicview of literature

these icluded the "rici"le of decorum *y which the style must suit the su*6ect-matter! ad the *elief thatart must *oth delight ad istruct.

cetral assum"tio - the aciet authors had already attaied "erfectio! so that the moder author's chieftas, was to imitate them7the imitatio of Nature ad the imitatio of the aciets amoutig to the same

thigAccordigly! the a""roved geres of classical literature ---- e"ic! tragedy! comedy! elegy! ode! e"istle!e"igram! fa*le ) satire7were ado"ted as the favoured forms i this "eriod. 8he "eriod $%%&-$(& iEglad 9 the 'NEOCLASSICAL :ERIO;'! /oe very im"ortat develo"met i this "eriod7theemergece of the ovel7falls outside the realm of eoclassicism1

I Eglad! eoclassicism reached its height i the Augusta Age - I Eglish literary history! the term isusually a""lied to the "eriod from the accessio of <uee Ae /$&41 to the deaths of :o"e ad Swift/$==-01 - 8he Augustas! led *y :o"e ad Swift! wrote i coscious emulatio of the Romas! ado"ted theirliterary forms /ota*ly the e"istle ad the satire1! ad aimed to create a similarly so"histicated ur*a

literary milieu# Coscious "arallel with the gradeur of Im"erial Rome - characteristic "referece iAugusta literature! ecouraged *y the "eriodicals of Addiso ad Steele! was for writig devoted to the"u*lic affairs ad coffee-house gossi" of the im"erial ca"ital! Lodo



8he ENLI+28ENMEN8 A+Egeeral term a""lied to the movemet of itellectual li*eratio that develo"ed i >esterEuro"e from the late $th cetury to the late $(th /the "eriod ofte called the 'Age of Reaso'1.

itellectual movemet which *ega i Eglad i the seveteeth cetury /Loc,e ad thedeists1! ad develo"ed i ?race i the eighteeth cetury /5ayle! @oltaire! ;iderot! ad otherEcyclo"aedists1 ad also /es"ecially uder the im"etus of the ratioalist "hiloso"hy ofChristia >olff 1 i +ermay /Medelssoh! Lessig1. 5ut virtually every Euro"ea coutry!ad every s"here of life ad thought! was affected *y it. 8he age i which the movemet

"redomiated is ,ow as the Age of Elightemet or the Age of Reaso. 8he Elightemetculmiated with the writigs of ea-acues Rousseau ad the Ecyclo"edists! the "hiloso"hyof Immauel Bat! ad the "olitical ideals of the America ad ?rech Revolutios! while itsforeruers i sciece ad "hiloso"hy icluded 5aco! ;escartes! Newto! ad Loc,e.

cotrasts with the dar,ess of irratioality ad su"erstitio that su""osedly characteried theMiddle Ages! *ut it is ot easy to defie i a geeral way

IMMANDEL BAN8 - essay etitled >AS IS8 AD?BLARDN+FG />hat is theElightemetFG1 H ?or Bat# E 9 ma,ids fial comig of age! the emaci"atio of thehuma cosciousess from a immature state of igorace ad error. Bat *elieved that this

"rocess of metal li*eratio was actively at wor, i his ow time ad would etail theadvacemet of ,owledge /uderstadig of ature J self-uderstadig o less1 H would"ro"el this great lea" forward

Bat - elightemet is the Kemergece of ma from his self-im"osed ifacy. Ifacy is theia*ility to use oes reaso without the guidace of aother. It is self-im"osed! whe itde"eds o a deficiecy! ot of reaso! *ut of the resolve ad courage to use it without e3teralguidace. 8hus the watchword of elightemet is# Sapere aude! 2ave the courage to use oesow reaso

elightemet (die Aufklarung) as ma's emaci"atio from his self-icurred immaturity

Sa"ere audeG /dare to ,ow1 H Bats watchword H ta,e from 2orace



Elightemet thi,ig ecouraged ratioal scietificiuiry /su"reme faith i ratioality! sought to discover) to act u"o uiversally valid "rici"les goverighumaity! ature! ) society1! humaitaria tolerace!ad the idea of uiversal huma rights

I religio! it usually ivolved the sce"tical re6ectio ofsu"erstitio! dogma! ad revelatio i favour of';eism'7a *elief cofied to those uiversal doctriessu""osed to *e commo to all religios! such as thee3istece of a veera*le Su"reme 5eig as creator

8he advocates of elightemet teded to "lace theirfaith i huma "rogress ad "erfecti*ility --- *roughta*out *y the gradual "ro"agatio of ratioal "rici"les.Elightemet "ro"oets variously attac,eddogmatism! itolerace! cesorshi"! ) ecoomic ) social

restraits



4&th c critiue of the Elightemet#

Dialectics of Enlightenment: MA 2ORB2EIMER ) 82EO;ORA;ORNO# argued# o accidet that reaso ofte wet had i hadwith a*solutism# reaso ) sciece /far from "romotig li*erty1 Hecourage a a*solutist cast of mid H assume a*solute distictio

*etwee 8rue ) ?alse! Right ) >rog /rather tha "luralistdiversity of values1

MIC2EL ?ODCADL8 / Madness and Ciilisation "he #irth of theClinic)# Elightemet "rici"les ) a*solutist "olicy 9 fused /iame of ratioal admiistratio1 to "romote cruel social "olicies He.g. various ,ids of social misfits /*eggars! the sic,! "etty crimials!

madme1 9 ta,e off the streets H social residue! cofied H loc,ed u"i istitutios ------- what "ur"orted to *e Kelighteed actio wasKre"ressive

------ "ostmoderist thi,ers /Lese, Bola,ows,i! Modernit$ on Endless "rial 1 H have accused the Elightemet of "romotig thea*solutism of im"erialist reaso! while masueradig as tolerat ad"luralist



EN+LAN;Already undergoing – before 18th c – those trasformatios i "oliticsreligio"ersoalfreedom for which ?rech ) other radicals had to clamour! usuccessfully! all the cetury

‘+lorious Revolutio $%(( H England had achieved the guaratee of "arliametaryre"resetatio ) costitutioal govermet! idividual li*erty /ha%eas corpus1! su*statialreligious toleratio! freedom of e3"ressio ) "u*lishig

Loc,e /"he Second "reatise of Ciil &oernment 1 + his followers – produced blueprints for theelighteed society: a li*eral regime *ased u"o idividual rights ) atural law – "riorityof society over govermet H ratioal Christiaity H sactity of "ro"erty /li*eral ecoomic"olicy1 H faith i educatio H *old em"iricist attitude twds advacemet of ,owledge/cham"ioed huma ca"acity for "rogress through e3"eriece1

Grand "ro*lem facing English intellectuals – 18th century: ≠ criticise an old regie !defendtheir polity "for of governent of a nation# state# church# or organi$ation% & a'e it wor' –(ould a large easure of individual liberty prove copatible with socio)political stability* r

would liited constitutional governent collapse into either anarchy or despotis*English state ! constitutional polity: the (rown operated in a cople, peranent partnershipwith the - .ouses of /arliaent – liitation of central power – encourage civil society "erchants# craftsen# artisans% – self)sustaining econoic & cultural growth

0ensions – did not reach brea'ing point because the state had already conceded liberty ofe,pression + plenty of scope for the developent of civil society & the econoy – independentwriterspropagandistscritics – no real threat to the state – English intellectuals & artists – oftenvocally anti)'ing & anti)inistry – profoundly identified theselves with the cause of the nation

at large



2elected 2ources:

Adorno# 03 43 and 53 .or'heier# Dialectic of the Enlightenment # tr3 63

(uing "7ew or'# 19-%3(assirer# E3# The Philosophy of the

Enlightenment "/rinceton# 76# 19;1%3

Gay# /3 63# The Enlightenment: An Interpretation# - vols3 "<ondon# 19=%3

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enlightenment etc.ppt