ENGLISH LITERATURE MODULE

NARRATIVE TEXT

Grade XI – Semester 2

Academic Year 2016 - 2017

Conceptual Map

Nar

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Generic Structure

Language Features

Past tense

Nouns

Noun phrases

Time connectives & conjunctions

Adjectives

Adverbs

Action verbs

Saying verbs, thinking verbs, feeling verbs, verbs of senses

Direct speech & indirect speech

NARRATIVE TEXT

A. Understanding

A piece of writing that tells a story

1. Communicative Purpose

To tell a story about something or someone.

To amuse or entertain the readers/ listeners

2. Examples

short stories, folktales, legends, myths, fables, novels,

cartoon strips, picture books

3. Text Organization

Orientation

Introducing the participants and informing the time and the

place

Complication

Describing the rising crises which the participants have to do

with

Resolution

Showing the way of participant to solve the crises, better or

worse

Re-orientation (Optional)

Closing statement in the end of story.

Example:

Once upon a time, there was a young girl named Cinderella. She lived with

her step mother and two step sisters.

The step mother and sisters were conceited and bad tempered. They treated

Cinderella very badly. Her step mother made Cinderella do the hardest works in

the house; such as scrubbing the floor, cleaning the pot and pan and preparing the

food for the family. The two step sisters, on the other hand, did not work about the

house. Their mother gave them many handsome dresses to wear.

One day, the two step sister received an invitation to the ball that the

king’s son was going to give at the palace. They were excited about this and spent

so much time choosing the dresses they would wear. At last, the day of the ball

came, and away went the sisters to it. Cinderella could not help crying after they

had left.

“Why are crying, Cinderella?” a voice asked. She looked up and saw her fairy

godmother standing beside her, “because I want so much to go to the ball” said

Cinderella. “Well” said the godmother,”you’ve been such a cheerful, hardworking,

uncomplaining girl that I am going to see that you do go to the ball”.

Magically, the fairy godmother changed a pumpkin into a fine coach and

mice into a coachman and two footmen. Her godmot`her tapped Cinderella’s raged

dress with her wand, and it became a beautiful ball gown. Then she gave her a pair

of pretty glass slippers. “Now, Cinderella”, she said; “You must leave before

midnight”. Then away she drove in her beautiful coach.

Cinderella was having a wonderfully good time. She danced again and again with

the king’s son. Suddenly the clock began to strike twelve, she ran toward the door

as quickly as she could. In her hurry, one of her glass slipper was left behind.

A few days later, the king’ son proclaimed that he would marry the girl

whose feet fitted the glass slipper. Her step sisters tried on the slipper but it was

too small for them, no matter how hard they squeezed their toes into it. In the end,

the king’s page let Cinderella try on the slipper. She stuck out her foot and the

page slipped the slipper on. It fitted perfectly.

Finally, she was driven to the palace. The king’s son was overjoyed to see

her again. They were married and live happily ever after.

B. Language Feature

1. Past tense

SIMPLE PAST

Function: Began and ended in the past-a completed action-and no relation with present.

Duration is not important. - The steamer sailed yesterday.

- I received his letter a week ago. - She left school last year.

The Simple Past is also used for past habits/past schedule. - He studied many hours a day. - She always carried an umbrella. - I studied English every Tuesday and Thursday.

To introduce quotations - The president said, ‘We must work hard to develop this country.’

Pattern: S + V2 + (O)

- He injured his arm in an accident. S + did not + V1 + (O)

- He did not injure his arm in an accident. Did + S + V1 + (O)

- Did He injure his arm in the accident?

Adverb of Time: - yesterday - last ………… - this morning - ……… ago - just now

- frequency: often, sometimes, always;

- a definite point in time:

last week, when I was a child, yesterday, six weeks ago. - an indefinite point in time:

the other day, ages ago, a long time ago etc.

PAST PROGRESSIVE

Function: Was in progress at certain time in the past

- She was listening to the radi o all evening.

- I was speaking on the telephone at eight o’clock.

Was in progress when another action happened - She was cooking when she heard a knock at the door.

- We were not sleeping when they arrived.

To show two actions taking place at the same time

- Eve was mixing the drinks while we were eating our sandwiches. - My sister was lying in bed while I was talking to her.

To indicate a continuous action within a certain period

- He was working between eight and five o’clock. - What were you doing all last week?

To express a change of mind - I was going to spend the day at the beach but I’ve decided to go on an excursion

instead.

Pattern: S + was/were + Ving + (O)

- He was talking in his sleep. S + was/were not + Ving + (O)

- He was not talking in his sleep. Was/Were + S + Ving + (O)?

- Was he talking in his sleep?

Adverb of Time: - when - while - as

- at … o’clock yesterday

PAST PERFECT

Function: Result at the second action in the past / used to make it clear that one event

happened before another in the past. - When he arrived, the party had been in progress for an hour. - The doctor gave some medicine after he had examined me.

- I had gone to bed when the phone rang. Pattern: S + had + V3 + (O)

- She had dressed before they arrived. S + had not + V3 + (O)

- She had not dressed before they arrived. Had + S + V3 + (O)?

- Had she dressed before they arrived? Adverb of Time: - before

- by (the time) - after - Past Perfect before/by Simple Past - Simple Past after Past Perfect

Note:

Joe discovered that Leslie had lied to her. Past ____________|_______________|______________|__

Leslie l ied Joe discovered Now Notice the difference: - When he stopped laughing everyone left. (They left after he stopped laughing)

- When he stopped laughing everyone had left. (They left before he stopped laughing)

In these examples, Event A is the first or earliest event, Event B is the second or latest event:

a. John had gone out when I arrived in the office.

Event A Event B

b. I had saved my document before the computer crashed.

Event A Event B

c. When they arrived we had already started cooking.

Event B Event A

d. He was very tired because he hadn't slept well.

Event B Event A

PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

Function: Began in the past, continued to the second action also in the past.

At that time he had been writing a novel for two months. When I came to the school last year, Mr. Heru had been teaching there for ten years.

Pattern: S1 + had + been +Ving + (O)

- Tony had been writing for an hour when the phone rang.

S1 + had not + been + Ving + (O)

- Tony had not been writing for an hour when the phone rang.

Had + S1 + been + Ving + (O)?

- Had Tony been writing for an hour when the phone rang?

Adverb of Time: for … before + Simple Past

Notice the difference: - Bil l had been saving since Christmas to buy a new bike. (Continuity)

Bil l had saved enough money to buy the bike he wanted. (Completion)

- I’d been working hard, so I felt that I deserved a holiday. (Emphasizes the act ivity)

I had worked hard, and the report was now finished. (Emphasizes the result)

- When we met Simon and Pat, they had been riding. (We met after they had finished)

When we met Simon and Pat, they were riding. (We met when they were riding)

- When I got home, water had been leaking through the roof. (It was no longer leaking when I got there) When I got home, water was leaking through the roof. (It was leaking when I got there)

2. Nouns

Example: stepmother, household

3. Time connectives & conjunctions

Example: after, before, soon, then, after that.

4. Adjectives

Example: shy, angry, beautiful.

5. Adverbs

Example: in the jungle, in an old village

6. Action verbs

Example: stayed, killed.

7. Saying verbs, Thinking verbs, feeling verbs, verbs of senses

Example: said, told, promised, thought, understood.

8. Direct speech & indirect speech

The changing of tenses from Direct to Indirect speech in a short

story

When we report someone’s words we can do it in two ways. We can

use direct speech with quotation marks (“I work in a bank”), or we can use reported speech (He said he worked in a bank.) In reported speech the tenses, word-order and pronouns may be different from those in the original sentence.

DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH She said, “I watch TV every day.” She said (that) she watched TV every

day.

She said, “ I’m watching TV.” She said that she was watching TV. She said, “I watched TV.” She said that she had watched TV.

She said, “I have watched TV.” She said that she had watched TV. She said, “I will watch TV.” She said that she would watch TV.

She said, “I am going to watch TV.” She said that she was going to watch TV.

She said, “I can watch TV.” She said that she could watch TV.

She said, “I should watch TV’. She said that she should watch TV. She said, “I must watch TV”. She said that she had to watch TV.

She said, watch TV.” She told me to watch TV.

She said, “Do you watch TV?” She asked me if I watched TV.

Present simple and present continuous tenses

Direct speech: “I travel a lot in my job” Reported speech: He said that he travelled a lot in his job.

The present simple tense (I travel) usually changes to the past simple (he travelled) in reported speech.

Direct speech: “Be quiet. The baby’s sleeping.” Reported speech: She told me to be quiet because the baby was sleeping.

The present continuous usually changes to the past continuous. NB:

“I work in Italy” Reported speech: He told me that he works in Italy.

It isn’t always necessary to change the tense. If something is still true now – he still works in Italy – we can use the present simple in the reported sentence. Past simple and past continuous tenses

Direct speech: “We lived in China for 5 years.” Reported speech: She

told me they had lived in China for 5 years.

The past simple tense (we lived) usually changes to the past perfect (they had lived) in reported speech.

Direct speech: “I was walking down the road when I saw the accident.” Reported speech: He told me he’d been walking down the road when he’d seen the accident.

The past continuous usually changes to the past perfect continuous. Perfect tenses

Direct speech: “They’ve always been very kind to me”. Reported speech: She said they’d always been very kind to her.

The present perfect tense (have always been) usually changes to the past perfect tense (had always been).

Direct speech: “They had already eaten when I arrived” Reported speech: He said they’d already eaten when he’d arrived.

The past perfect tense does not change in reported speech.

Remember that in reported speech we usually change the tense of the direct statement. The present simple tense changes to the past simple, the past simple changes to the past perfect and so on.

Here are some other points to consider. ‘Can’ and ‘will’

Direct speech: “I can’t remember his name.” Reported speech: She

said she couldn’t remember his name.

‘Can’ and ‘can’t’ in direct speech change to ‘could’ and ‘couldn’t’ in reported speech.

Direct speech: “I’ll be there for 3 weeks.” Reported speech: He told

me he’d be there for 3 weeks.

‘Will’ and ‘won’t’ in direct speech change to ‘would’ and ‘wouldn’t’ in reported speech.

Other modal verbs

Direct speech: “You could be right.” Reported speech: I said that he could be right.

Direct speech: “You must call me.” Reported speech: She said that I must call her.

Other modal verbs don’t change in reported speech.

Reporting orders, requests and advice

Direct speech: “Sit down and shut up!” Reported speech: The teacher told me to sit down and shut up.

Direct speech: “Can you hold this for me please?” Reported speech: He asked me to hold it.

Direct speech: “You should do more exercise.” Reported speech: He advised me to do more exercise.

Orders, request and advice can be reported using an infinitive. Reporting verbs There are a number of verbs that we use to report statements. These can make your speech and writing more interesting than simply reporting every word of the direct speech.

Direct speech: “It wasn’t me who broke the window.” > He denied

breaking the window.

Direct speech: “I’ll help you if you want” > She offered to help.

There are a number of verbs that can be used to report. They include: promise, claim, suggest, advise, refuse, argue, confirm and others.

Reported questions

When we report what people say, we usually change the tense of the verbs to reflect that we are reporting – not giving direct speech. This pattern is followed when we report questions and there are also other important changes between direct questions and reported questions. Yes/no questions

Direct question: “Do you like working in teams?” Reported

question: He asked if I like working in teams.

When we report yes/no questions we use ‘if’ or ‘whether’.

Direct question: “Did you enjoy the party?” Reported question: She asked me whether I’d enjoyed the party.

The tense of the verb changes as it does in reported speech but we don’t use auxiliary verbs. The word order is the same as in an affirmative sentence.

Questions with a question word

Direct question: “What time does the train leave?”

Reported question: He asked what time the train left.

When there is a question word (what, where, why, who, when, how) we use that question word in the reported question but there is no auxiliary verb and the word order is like an affirmative sentence (‘what time the train left’ not He asked me what time did the train leave.)

Look at some more examples:

Direct question: “Who did you see?”

Reported question: She asked me who I’d seen.

Direct question: “Where did you go to school?”

Reported question: He asked me where I’d gone to school.

Direct question: “Why are you crying?”

Reported question: She asked him why he was crying.

Notice that the reported questions do not have a question mark at the end. Indirect questions Similar to reported questions are indirect questions.

Can you tell me what time the train leaves? NOT Can you tell me

what time does the train leave?

I’d love to know what he said to her. NOT I’d love to know what did he say to her.

Exercises

A. Match the word in the appropriate sentence.

Knew - Heard - Understood - Held - Paid - Built - Won - Cost - Left - Went - Gave - Wrote - Thought - Wrote - Took - Met - Spoke - Drove

B. Complete the sentence using past simple or past perfect

1. He (work) in a supermarket before he (work) as a postman.

2. She (feed) the dog as soon as she (do) her homework.

3. My s ister (live) in England before she (move) to Belgium.

4. After he (eat) all the sandwiches, he (drink) some orange juice.

5. We (be) ti red because we (work) all day.

6. As I (miss) the bus, I (walk) home again.

7. After they (install) the file, they (can) go on working.

8. He (just s tart) to watch TV when the mobile phone (ring).

9. Before she (go) to bed, she (l isten) to her favourite CD.

10. After he (lose) all his money, he (be) poor as a church mouse.

11. She (have) a cup of coffee before she (write) the letter.

12. My s ister (eat) all the jam before our parents (come) home.

13. Tom (be) very angry because Ann (shout) at him.

14. She (go) home again as soon as she (do) her shopping.

15. They (go) to a sightseeing tour after the bus (arrive).

C. Correct and wri te these sentences on the l ine below.

1. He said her that he loved her.

................................................................................................................

2. She said she knows the answer.

................................................................................................................

3. Ryan said had bought the tickets.

................................................................................................

4. She told me don't speak in the library.

................................................................................................................

5. Sara asked if had he finished.

................................................................................................................

6. She asked me where was my s ister.

................................................................................................................

7. They asked me come back later.

................................................................................................................

8. She asked did I spoke French.

................................................................................................................

D. Write the bold sentence in reported speech.

1. 'I feel ill.'

Sandra said

______________________________

2.'I'm going into town.'

Mark sa id

______________________________

3.'I s tudied music for five years.'

Alex said

______________________________

4.'I've been to Shanghai.'

She said

______________________________

5.'We can help you.'

Wi l l said

______________________________

6.'It will rain on Tuesday.'

The weather forecast said

______________________________ on Tuesday.

7.'What’s your name?'

The police officer asked me

______________________________.

8.'Are you over eighteen?'

The teacher asked Amy

______________________________.

References

Indirect Quiz http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/flatmates/episode46/

languagepoint.html (retrieved on July 22, 2016)

Puchta, et al. 2013. English in mind. 4th ed. Cambridge: University press.

Quick Grammar http://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/quick-

grammar/reported-questions (retrieved on July 21, 2016)