English Grammar Exercises

ENGLISH GRAMMAR EXERCISES

ADRIAN CONSTANTINESCU

1. Supply correct prepositions in front of the gerunds and gerundial constructions:

1. We are interested ... improving our English. 2. We have already had the pleasure ... meeting each other. 3. Everything depends ... his coming in time. 4. Jane has always been fond ... buying very expensive luxuries. 5. We are surprised ... your refusing to see us off to the station.

Key: 1. in; 2. of; 3. on; 4. of; 5. at.

2. Fill in the blanks with IF or WHETHER

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1. The teacher asked us ... we had understood the lesson. 2. It depends on ... we have enough time (or not). 3. Please tell me ... or not you agree. 4. ... we can really help you, I don’t know yet. 5. Roger wanted to know ... I had seen that film.

Key: 1. if/whether; 2. whether; 3. whether; 4. whether; 5. if/whether.

3. Choose the correct version:

1. a. I won’t be able to attend at the meeting. b. I won’t be able to attend the meeting. 2. a. He managed to open the lid with a screwdriver. b. He managed to open the lid by a screwdriver. 3. a. The bomb caused extensive damage to the surrounding buildings. b. The bomb caused extensive damage of the surrounding buildings. 4. a. Everybody does not like studying when they are that age. b. Nobody likes studying when they are that age. 5. a. The child was caught stealing food. b. The child was

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caught stealing foods. 6. a. The inhabitants certainly know how to make money from tourists. b. The local inhabitants certainly know how to make money from tourists. 7. a. People in developed countries have a higher standard of living. b. People in developed countries have a higher level of living. 8. a. I sometimes meet friends in a near restaurant. b. I sometimes meet friends in a nearby restaurant. 9. a. A friend of you phoned and wants you to call her. b. A friend of yours phoned and wants you to call her. 10. a. The proposal to build a new motorway received little support. b. The proposal of building a new motorway received little support.

Key: 1. b; 2. a; 3. a; 4. b; 5. a; 6. b; 7. a; 8. b; 9. b; 10. a.

4. Fill in the blanks with the necessary adverbial particles or prepositions:

1. He helplessly mum-mummed, as he squeezed Janet’s hand and grinned ... her like a

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schoolboy. (J.M.) 2. Then drawing his arm through that of the obsequious Mr Crushton, Lord Mutanhed walked ... (C.D.) 3. Just at the very moment of their entrance, the Dowager Lady Snuphanuph and two other ladies of an ancient and whist-like appearance, were hovering ... an unoccupied cardtable; and they no sooner set eyes ... Mr Pickwick under the convoy of Angelo Bantam, that they exchanged glances with each other, seeing that he was precisely the very person they wanted, to make ... the rubber. (C.D.) 4. I watched her swish ... and come to a stop in a flurry of sand. (J.W.) 5. She simply radiated an emotion which blotted ... everything else with a great amorphous splodge. (J.W.) 6. Meanwhile the third man, who has been baling ... the boat, and who has spilled the water ... his sleeve, and has been cursing ... to himself steadily for the last ten minutes, wants to know what the thundering blazes you’re playing at, and why the blarmed tent isn’t up yet. (J.K.J.) 7. Miss Waterford was a good hostess, and seeing my embarrassment came ... to me. (W.S.M.) 8. He had observed him

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start ... on the afternoon’s round and has seen him lose a couple of balls in the lake at the second hole after taking seven strokes at the first. (P.G.W.) 9. Mac was an easy-going bloke, but he could be a bloody terror when he was angry, and the quickest way to find that ... was to ignore an order. (A.F.) 10. If the subject crops ... in the course of the chit-chat, I shall be delighted to spread myself with no little vim on the theme of your fine qualities. (P.G.W.) 11. He was weary of repeating things that he knew already and of hammering ... for the sake of a thick-witted fellow, at something that he understood from the beginning. (W.S.M.) 12. Lilian Portway sat ... on a high-backed chair and leaned her elbows on the table, she cupped her chin in her hands and raised her long swan neck towards her friend. (A.W.)

Key: 1. at; 2. away; 3. over, upon, up; 4. down; 5. out; 6. out, down, away; 7. up; 8. out; 9. out; 10. up; 11. away; 12. down.

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5. Supply of, under, about, on or in:

1. She doesn’t accuse him ... anything, but she suspects him ... having taken her ring. 2. It isn’t nice to boast ... your success. 3. You can never rely ... her to be punctual. 4. Why do you persist ... asking such useless questions? 5. I’m rather anxious ... my son’s health. 6. I went to an interesting lecture yesterday. It was ... “Exploring oil ... the sea”.

Key: 1. of, of; 2. on; 3. on; 4. in; 5. about; 6. on, under.

6. Insert to where necessary before the infinitive in brackets:

1. I’d like him (go) to a concert but I can’t (make) him (go). 2. You ought (go) now. It may (rain) at any minute. 3. He is said (be) the best astronomer in the country. 4. She is expected (arrive) in a few days.

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Key: 1. to go, make, go; 2. to go, rain; 3. to be; 4. to arrive.

7. Choose the correct word to complete each sentence:

1. (Exhausting, exhaustive) tests have proved that fluoride protects teeth. 2. We tried to (borrow, lend) money from friends, but this proved impracticable. 3. We have heard a lot about the threat of famine over the (past, passed) few months. 4. As a student he is still (dependent, dependant) on his parents. 5. One (distinct, distinctive) feature, however, is the option of a tutorial service by post. 6. The teacher (confidently, confidentially) expects his students to pass the examination. 7. An (appreciative, appreciable) number of drivers now take the law seriously. 8. The United Kingdom (consists, comprises) of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 9. In some streets parking is permitted on (alternate, alternative) weekdays. 10. I took a

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map with me, as I didn’t want to (loose, lose) my way on the journey.

Key: 1. exhaustive; 2. borrow; 3. past; 4. dependent; 5. distinctive; 6. confidently; 7. appreciable; 8. consists; 9. alternate; 10. lose.

8. Join the sentences by changing the second sentence of each pair into a defining relative clause:

1. Is the offer still open? You made the offer last week. 2. There is evidence that many men were in fact willing to accept the Company’s revised pay offer. These men went on strike. 3. The exhibition was not very interesting. My friend took me to see it. 4. Members of the local sub-aqua club came across a wreck. It had lain on the sea-bed for over 200 years. 5. The pools winner used a system. This system, he said, had won him several small amounts over the years.

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Key: 1. Is the offer you made last week still open? 2. There is evidence that many men who/that went on strike were in fact willing to accept the Company’s revised pay offer. 3. The exhibition my friend took me to see was not very interesting. 4. Members of the local sub-aqua club came across a wreck which/that had lain on the sea-bed for over 200 years. 5. The pools winner used a system which, he said, had won him several small amounts over the years.

9. Negate the finite verb in each of the following sentences and make other changes that then become necessary:

1. He has been away from home a very long time. 2. This applies to some of the people here already. 3. I can understand both of these two sentences. 4. There is someone doing research in this field.

Key: 1. He has not been away very long. 2. This does not apply to any of the people here yet.

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3. I cannot understand either of these two sentences. 4. There isn’t anyone doing research in this field.

10. Fill in the blanks by using one or several prepositional phrases:

1. In our country social reforms act ... the people. 2. A show was given ... orphan children all over the world. 3. It was not difficult to fix the meeting as we had been ... one another all the time. 4. We are called to solve this matter ... the needs of our theatre. 5. Our plans were ... being given up.

Key: 1. for the benefit of/for the good of; 2. in aid of; 3. in touch with/in contact with; 4. in compliance with/in accordance with; 5. in peril of/in danger of.

11. Join the sentences, using relative clauses and inserting the proper punctuation. Use contact clauses where possible:

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1. The woman left the city after a few weeks. He had been in love with her. 2. His house was a bungalow of unpainted wood. It stood almost eight kilometres from the main road. 3. Regent’s Park incorporates one of the finest zoos in the world. It was laid down by Nash. 4. Such people become far more aware of the real world. They work for a year between leaving school and going to the university. 5. She has lent me a fashion journal. I find it charming.

Key: 1. The woman he had been in love with left the city after a few weeks. 2. His house, which stood almost eight kilometres from the main road, was a bungalow of unpainted wood. 3. Regent’s Park, which was laid down by Nash, incorporates one of the finest zoos in the world. 4. Such people who work for a year between leaving school and going to the university become much more aware of the real world. 5. She has lent me a fashion journal which I find charming.

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12. Replace the sentences or co-ordinate clauses in italics by subordinate adverbial clauses of reason or concession, as appropriate, using the conjunctions because, as, since, although, even though, or while, and making any necessary omissions:

1. I agreed to follow his advice, but I did so with some misgivings. 2. I didn’t have any stamps. Therefore I couldn’t post the letter. 3. He didn’t understand, so he asked the teacher to explain. 4. He won’t listen to me, so you’d better try talking to him yourself.

Key: 1. Although I agreed to follow his advice, I did so with some misgivings. 2. As I didn’t have any stamps, I couldn’t post the letter. 3. As he didn’t understand, he asked the teacher to explain. 4. Since he won’t listen to me, you’d better try talking to him yourself.


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1. a. The government has reached agreement with the People’s Republic of China. b. The government has made an agreement with the People’s Republic of China. 2. a. Unfortunately, the beach is not white and sandy. On the other hand, it is seldom crowded and we can enjoy the sea. b. Unfortunately, the beach is not white and sandy. Anyway, it is seldom crowded and we can enjoy the sea. 3. a. It is not true that only businessmen are benefited by tourism. b. It is not true that only businessmen benefit from tourism. 4. a. The local residents would like to clean the neighbourhood. b. The local residents would like to clean up the neighbourhood. 5. a. The floods made a lot of damage. b. The floods did/caused a lot of damage. 6. a. In Argentina, Christmas celebrations are completely different from/to the ones in England. b. In Argentina, Christmas celebrations are completely different as the ones in England. 7. a. I hope that you will both write to each others. b. I hope that you will both write to each other. 8. a. This true story provides evidence of the power of advertising. b. This true story

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provides an evidence of the power of advertising. 9. a. She says that she feels trapped in the job. b. She says that she feels herself trapped in the job. 10. a. As for his new novel, I think it’s worth reading indeed. b. As for his new novel, I think it’s certainly worth reading.

Key: 1. a; 2. a; 3. b; 4. b; 5. b; 6. a; 7. b; 8. a; 9. a; 10. b.

14. Determine the kind of each of the adverbial clauses in the following sentences:

1. I still love her although she has done so much wrong to me. 2. In spring one can see dandelions wherever one goes in the countryside. 3. She cannot play tennis as well as she skates. 4. The better we work, the better we are paid. 5. I’m not going to see this picture as I have already seen it. 6. Nothing is so bad as you think it is.

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Key: 1. concession; 2. place; 3. comparison; 4. comparison; 5. reason; 6. comparison.

15. Combine each of the following pairs of sentences into one sentence using so as/in order where necessary:

1. He coughed. He wanted to warn them that he was coming. 2. I sent him out of the room. I wanted to discuss his progress with his headmaster. 3. I am learning Greek. I wish to read Homer. 4. Before the carpenter came she covered the floor with polythene sheeting. She wanted to protect the carpet. 5. He turned out the light. He didn’t want to waste electricity. 6. The workmen left red lights near the hole. They wanted to warn motorists.

Key: 1. to warn; 2. in order to discuss; 3. (in order) to read; 4. to protect; 5. so as not to waste; 6. to warn.

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16. Rephrase the following incorrect sentences into correct ones:

1. Some people constantly discuss politics. Without really knowing what they are talking about. (prepositional gerund phrase) 2. That night the river overflowed its banks. And flooded the lowlands. (verb phrase) 3. Winter having come early that year. The mountain passes were soon blocked by the snow. (absolute phrase) 4. Having worked in a garage for four years. John thinks he is an experienced mechanic. (participial phrase).

Key: 1. Some people constantly discuss politics without really knowing what they are talking about. 2. That night the river overflowed its banks and flooded the lowlands. 3. Winter having come early that year, the mountain passes were soon blocked by the snow./ Winter came early that year, and the mountain passes were soon blocked by the snow. 4. Having worked in a garage for four years, John thinks he is an experienced mechanic.

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17. Write the following sentences in an alternative form:

1. Having had his car serviced some days before, he was angry when it broke down. As... 2. I don’t know how many times I’ve told you to be careful. I’ve kept... 3. As soon as the sun had set, Tom and Huck set off for the graveyard. Hardly... 4. I don’t know how often he came to see you. He came... 5. The cars can’t move, and neither can the buses. The cars can’t move, and the buses...

Key: 1. As he had had his car serviced some days before, he was angry when it broke down. 2. I’ve kept telling you to be careful I don’t know how many times. 3. Hardly had the sun set when Tom and Huck set off for the graveyard. 4. He came to see you I don’t know how often. 5. The cars can’t move, and the buses can’t either.


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1. If Setter had been on an ordinary patrol MacGregor would have felt like nipping ... a bit closer (to the enemy) in the hope of finding a target for torpedoes. There might be a great, fat transport, lolloping ... the coast, just asking to be sunk. (A.F.) 2. Each was connected with a business in the metropolis; and often, before he left ... the links, Peters would go to the trouble and expense of ringing ... the office to say that he would not be coming that day. (P.G.W.) 3. He arrived, looked me ... with a smiling and impudent curiosity. (M.T.) 4. It is an old saying that “a little pot is soon hot” which was the case with William the Testy. Being a little man he was soon in a passion and once in a passion he soon boiled .... (W.I.) 5. Justice is a machine that, when some one has once given it the starting push, rolls ... of itself. (J.G.) 6. He turned ... to be an artful rogue, the shame of his people. 7. So one day you refuse to have an innocent animal butchered for your pleasure and the next you turn ... in horror from killing a fellow-man. (G.G.)

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8. She inquired ... their plans for the holidays just to keep the ball rolling. 9. The only thing he looked ... was the portico of a second-rate Roman temple. (A.H.) 10. She brought ... the topic of spending the week-end together. 11. Next morning, Charley turned ... at breakfast in his overalls as usual. (D.P.) 12. She thought they were all rather ghastly, most of them seemed pub or club pickups of Poll’s or people these pickups had brought ... with them. (A.W.) 13. He did not mind that a larger number of his lodgers were pretty crooks, drunkards, tricksters, and middle-class down-and-outs, indeed it was what he chiefly esteemed ... them, but he hardly knew how to support their untidiness, their dirtiness, and their extravagance with light and gas. (A.W.) 14. “He’s been out of his head or unconscious ever since we picked him ...,” the boatswain’s mate commanding the coast-guard cutter said. (E.H.)

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Key: 1. in, up; 2. for, up; 3. over; 4. over; 5. on; 6. out; 7. away; 8. after; 9. at; 10. up; 11. up; 12. along; 13. in; 14. up.


1. ... leaving for her office in the morning she always has a cup of coffee. 2. ... working in her office for eight hours a day, Linda also has a part-time job as a shorthand typist. 3. ... getting up in the morning I always take a shower. 4. He went away ... leaving any message. 5. ... making so much effort day by day she felt tired.

Key: 1. before; 2. besides; 3. after; 4. without; 5. through/by.


1. a. With reference to your letter of 6th September, I am pleased to confirm that the books have now arrived. b. In reference to your letter of 6th September, I am pleased to confirm

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that the books have now arrived. 2. a. Parents should spend more time to look after their children. b. Parents should spend more time looking after their children. 3. a. The language school is in Malibu Street. b. The language school is in the Malibu Street. 4. a. I thought it was just an ordinary parcel but then it began to move across the table. b. I thought it was just a usual parcel but then it began to move across the table. 5. a. He left the house at five in the morning, when the family was yet asleep. b. He left the house at five in the morning, when the family was still asleep. 6. a. I apologize for our mistake and will send you a full refund. b. I apologize for our fault and will send you a full refund. 7. a. I must tell you how I was pleased to receive a letter from you. b. I must tell you how pleased I was to receive a letter from you. 8. a. The rapid growth of the world’s population has produced serious social and economic problems. b. The rapid growth of the world’s inhabitants has produced serious social and economic problems. 9. a. Teachers today are less stricter than they used to

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be. b. Teachers today are less strict than they used to be. 10. a. If you can’t find her, she must hide somewhere. b. If you can’t find her, she must be hiding somewhere.

Key: 1. a; 2. b; 3. a; 4. a; 5. b; 6. a; 7. b; 8. a; 9. b; 10. b.

21. Replace each group of words in italics by one adjective:

1. When questioned by the master about a theft from a cloakroom, the boy, with an open and innocent expression on his face, pretended to know nothing about it. 2. What a pity it is that some cheeses have such a thoroughly unpleasant smell that people are deterred from eating them! 3. Most teachers prefer a class that is fairly consistent in having pupils of the same level.

Key: 1. ingenuous; 2. an obnoxious; 3. homogeneous.

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1. The gales caused widespread damage. They swept across southern England last night. 2. The problem today is to build houses at a price. Young couples can afford to pay this price. 3. Paintings by Renoir realized record prices in the sale. The sale took place at Sotheby’s in London yesterday. 4. The pipeline has been severed. It carries the town’s water supplies. 5. In some areas of Britain, unemployment is a fact of life. People have grown accustomed to facing this fact.

Key: 1. The gales which/that swept across southern England last night caused widespread damage. 2. The problem today is to build houses at a price young couples can afford to pay. 3. Paintings by Renoir realized record prices in the sale which/that took place at Sotheby’s in London yesterday. 4. The pipeline that/which carries the

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town’s water supplies has been severed. 5. In some areas of Britain, unemployment is a fact of life people have grown accustomed to facing.


1. I am looking forward ... seeing you again. 2. There is no harm ... paying them another visit this week. 3. Please, excuse me ... being so late this morning. 4. Being a bachelor, he is used ... cooking his own meals. 5. He is very proud ... being invited to parties. 6. She is very fond ... reading historical novels.

Key: 1. to; 2. in; 3. for; 4. to; 5. of; 6. of.

24. Change the form of the phrases below so that the postmodifiers become premodifiers:

1. Cruelty such as we have never heard of before. 2. A boat with a flat bottom. 3. A house

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that has been built well. 4. A secret that has been kept closely.

Key: 1. unheard of (cruelty); 2. flat-bottomed (boat); 3. (a) well-built (house); 4. closely-kept (secret).

25. Combine each of the pairs of sentences below so as to form one sentence containing a nominal that-clause. Say in each case whether the subordinator that is optional or obligatory; and say what function the that-clause is fulfilling in the superordinate clause:

1. I am convinced we cannot stay here. The results will be disastrous if we do. 2. In view of the drought, there is only enough water for two days. That is our conclusion. 3. We have only enough water for two more days. I told you so. 4. We conclude that there is only enough for two days. Our conclusion has been reached after very careful checking.

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Key: 1. I am convinced that we cannot stay here and that the results will be disastrous if we do; that oblig. both times, that-clauses C of convinced; 2. Our conclusion is that, in view of the drought, there is only enough water for two days; that obligatory; 3. I told you we have only enough water for two more days; that optional, that-clause O of told; 4. Our conclusion, reached after careful checking, is that there is only enough for two days; that oblig.; that-clause C of S./Our conclusion that there is only enough for two days, has been reached after very careful checking; that oblig.; that-clause in non-restrictive opposition to S.

26. Make the sentences passive:

1. He hasn’t done it for years. 2. They’re building a house for their children. 3. Will they take the workers home by bus? 4. Mark Twain sold a stranger’s dog to a general. 5. They don’t speak to strangers in his town.

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Key: 1. It hasn’t been done for years. 2. A house is being built for their children. 3. Will the workers be taken home by bus? 4. A stranger’s dog was sold by Mark Twain to a general. 5. Strangers are not spoken to in his town.


1. a. Take care not to catch a cold. b. Take care of not catching a cold. 2. a. The country shares boundaries with Ruanda and Burundi. b. The country shares borders with Ruanda and Burundi. 3. a. Soon you’ll be my age. b. Soon you’ll be of my age. 4. a. Trying to avoid the sheep, he drove his car into a tree. b. Trying to avoid the sheep, he drove his car against a tree. 5. a. This problem affects each and everyone of us. b. This problem affects each and every one of us. 6. a. The life in the countryside is quiet and relaxed. b. Life in the countryside is quiet and relaxed. 7. a. Her only distinguishing feature is her long blond hair. b. Her only distinguishing mark is her long blond hair. 8. a. Late one

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evening, as I was getting into the bath, I suddenly heard a strange noise. b. Late one evening, as I was getting into the bath, suddenly I heard a strange noise. 9. a. Next July I’m going to the USA to continue my studies. b. Next July I’m going to the USA to continue my study. 10. a. The large size is very value. b. The large size is very good value. 11. a. I finally opened the can with using a screwdriver. b. I finally opened the can by using a screwdriver. 12. a. The college is a twenty-minute bus ride from my flat. b. The college is a twenty minutes bus ride from my flat. 13. a. We had to describe the pictures to each other. b. We had to describe the pictures each other. 14. a. He was born in a Catholic family. b. He was born into a Catholic family. 15. a. I love the sound of a classical guitar. b. I love the sound of a classic guitar. 16. a. I daren’t to ask her for any more money. b. I daren’t ask her for any more money. 17. a. Excuse me. I didn’t mean to hurt you. b. I’m sorry. I didn’t mean to hurt you. 18. a. The sunlight poured in through (the panes of) the bedroom window. b. The sunlight poured in

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through the glasses of the bedroom window. 19. a. After buying the food, he had not any money left. b. After buying the food, he didn’t have any money left. 20. a. The key to our success is that we all worked very hard. b. The key of our success is that we all worked very hard.

Key: 1. a; 2. b; 3. a; 4. a; 5. b; 6. b; 7. a; 8. a; 9. a; 10. b; 11. b; 12. a; 13. a; 14. b; 15. a; 16. b; 17. b; 18. a; 19. b; 20. a.

28. Translate into English:

1. Prietena mea merge la mare în fiecare an. 2. Nu înţeleg textul de pe tablă. 3. este lapte în paharul de pe masă, dar nu mai sunt prăjituri.

Key: 1. My friend goes to the seaside every year. 2. I don’t understand the text on the blackboard. 3. There is some milk in the glass on the table, but there are no more cakes.

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1. I speak French much better than I write it. 2. She didn’t join her friends on the trip to the Danube Delta because she cannot swim and is afraid of water. 3. All the field was covered with fresh green grass except the spots which had been burnt by fire. 4. Even if this is/be true, I’ve got to go and see them. 5. She met him when she was in the hospital. 6. He was so surprised that he could not utter a word.

Key: 1. comparison; 2. reason/cause; 3. exception-restriction; 4. concession; 5. time; 6. result.

30. Answer the following questions in indirect form. Begin each answer with the words given in parentheses:

1. Is their telephone out of order? (Can you tell me) 2. How many rooms are there in their apartment? (Ask her) 3. When will your brother

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return? (He wanted to know) 4. What is the date today? (I asked her)

Key: 1. Can you tell me if/whether their telephone is out of order? 2. Ask her how many rooms there are in their apartment. 3. He wanted to know when your brother would return. 4. I asked her what the date was that day.

31. Decide which verb is right. Explain why:

1. The kind of western movies that I see these days bores/bore me. 2. One of the most pleasant facts about the discussion is/are that everyone of them takes it seriously. 3. One of the main reasons for the rapid decline of Spain as a sea power was/were the series of naval defeats she suffered at the hands of the English. 4. This is one of the best jokes that has/have ever been told.

Key: 1. Bores. That special kind bores me. 2. Is. One very pleasant fact among many others.

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3. Was. One reason is the subject. 4. Have. There have been many jokes. This is one of the best.

32. Change the following from Direct to Indirect Speech:

1. I repeated, “I live in Bucharest”. 2. They said insistently, “We need to learn two foreign languages in school”. 3. I was answered, “The new theatre will have been completely finished by next autumn”. 4. The teacher asked me, “Which textbook do you find easier?” 5. I promised the librarian, “I will return you the review next week”. 6. The pupils always say, “We are never late”. 7. Father said, “And you may always count on my help”. 8. We asked the boy, “Who teaches you English?” 9. We promised, “We shall work harder and get better marks”. 10. She always says, “I’m very busy”.

Key: 1. I repeated (that) I lived in Bucharest. 2. They declared (that) they needed to learn two foreign languages in school. 3. I was

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answered (that) the new theatre would have been completely finished by the following autumn. 4. The teacher asked me which textbook I found easier. 5. I promised the librarian (that) I should return him the review the following week. 6. The pupils always say (that) they are never late. 7. Father assured me (that) I might always count on his help. 8. We asked the boy who taught him English? 9. We promised (that) we should work harder and get better marks. 10. She always says (that) she is very busy.

33. Indicate, by Cs, Od or Oi, the comparative element in the following sentences:

1. Yet are we really happier than our ancestors were? 2. Technology has given more people than ever the means of leading a comfortable and easy life. 3. Man has greater power over his environment than he has ever had before.

Key: 1. Cs; 2. Oi; 3. Od.

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1. The old museum is ... being demolished. 2. The Johnsons gave up the idea of building a new house ... money. 3. The trial found the officer ... a foreign power. 4. The two friends have always been ... all disputes. 5. The speaker found himself ... his audience.

Key: 1. in peril of/in danger of; 2. for want of/for lack of; 3. in the pay of/in the employ of; 4. in the thick of; 5. in opposition to.

35. Replace the object in each of the sentences by the corresponding pronoun; then give the whole new sentence:

1. You can take over my job. 2. Run in the race. 3. Turn down his proposal. 4. Get over the wall. 5. Back up the hill.

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Key: You can take it over. 2. Run in it. 3. Turn it down. 4. Get over it. 5. Back up it.

36. Supply a suitable subordinator:

1. They preferred to build houses of stone, ... using wood from such trees as there were. 2. ... they drew nearer to the coast, they found the land less barren, the air more humid. 3. ... you sow, ... you will reap.

Key: 1. rather than/instead of; 2. as; 3. as, so.

37. Put the transitive verbs into the passive voice. Do not mention the agent unless it seems necessary:

1. We kill and injure people on the roads every day. Can’t we do something about this? 2. He recommends fitting new tyres. 3. I’m afraid we have sold all our copies but we have ordered more. 4. In future, perhaps, they won’t bring

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letters to the houses, and we shall have to collect them from the Post Office. 5. The police shouldn’t allow people to park there. 6. A machine could do this much more easily. 7. They returned my keys to me; someone had picked them up in the street. 8. Nobody has used this room for ages.

Key: Many people are killed and injured on the roads every day. Can’t something be done about this? 2. He recommends that new tyres should be fitted. 3. I’m afraid all our copies have been sold but more have been ordered. 4. In future, perhaps, letters won’t be brought to the houses, they’ll have to be collected them from the Post Office. 5. People shouldn’t be allowed to park there. 6. This could be done much more easily by (a) machine. 7. My keys were returned to me; they had been picked up in the street. 8. This room hasn’t been used for ages.

38. Put the following into indirect speech:

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1. She said, ‘When you are a big boy you’ll have to tie your own shoes.’ 2. ‘I had to drive your pigs out of my garden,’ she said. 3. He said, ‘You must walk faster; you are far too slow.’ 4. Park notice: Dogs must be kept on a lead. 5. He said, ‘If what you say is true I must go to the police.’ 6. Railway regulations: Passengers must be in possession of a valid ticket before travelling.

Key: 1. She told him that when he was a big boy he would have to tie his own shoes. 2. She said that she had had to drive his pigs out of her garden. 3. He said that I must walk faster, I was far too slow. 4. The park notice said that dogs must be kept on a lead. 5. He said that if what she said was true he would have to go/must go to the police. 6. The railway regulations said passengers must be in possession of a valid ticket before travelling.

39. Replace the words or phrases in bold type by phrasal verbs. Some of the sentences may sound awkward as they stand:

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1. Whenever you are in Paris, do go and visit my sister. 2. You are not allowed to offer yourself for election to Parliament if you are under eighteen, a lunatic, or a bankrupt. 3. The chairman brought his speech to an end by thanking the staff for their hard work. 4. Be careful! The tree’s going to fall! 5. The village is so small that we are always meeting our friends accidentally.

Key: 1. look up my sister/look my sister up; 2. to stand for; 3. wound up; 4. look out; 5. running into.

40. Turn the sentences below into hypothetical statements:

1. They didn’t offer him a reasonable salary and so he didn’t take the job. 2. You encouraged Tom to come and here he is. 3. We bought a flat last week, that’s why we are so short of money now. 4. We made inquiries, that’s why we are so

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well-informed on the matter. 5. This is thought to be an important issue, so we can’t avoid discussing it.

Key: 1. If they had offered him a reasonable salary, he would have taken the job. 2. If you hadn’t encouraged Tom to come, he wouldn’t be here. 3. If we hadn’t bought a flat last week, we shouldn’t be so short of money now. 4. If we hadn’t made inquiries, we shouldn’t be so well-informed on the matter. 5. If this weren’t thought to be an important issue, we could avoid discussing it.

41. Make an inversion in the conditional clauses in the following sentences:

1. If they were to reconsider our suggestion, I am sure we could do a good job together. 2. If Paul had taken my advice, he wouldn’t be in a narrow corner now. 3. If he should happen to ask where I am, tell him to contact me at this number.

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Key: 1. Were they to reconsider our suggestion, I am sure we could do a good job together. 2. Had Paul taken my advice, he wouldn’t be in a narrow corner now. 3. Should he happen to ask where I am, tell him to contact me at this number.


1. a. Those students who pass are given an intermediate certificate. However, the examination is far from easy. b. Those students who pass are given an intermediate certificate. Anyhow, the examination is far from easy. 2. a. He put his hand over my mouth to avoid me to scream. b. He put his hand over my mouth to prevent me from screaming. 3. a. At the beginning of the century people travelled from Britain to Egypt by sea. b. In the beginning of the century people travelled from Britain to Egypt by sea. 4. a. Some women stay at home to take care after the children. b. Some women stay at home

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to take care of the children. 5. a. The house was consisting of three bedrooms, a kitchen, and a bathroom. b. The house consisted of three bedrooms, a kitchen, and a bathroom. 6. a. The original inhabitants of the region/area were probably Chinese. b. The original inhabitants of the district were probably Chinese. 7. a. I think I have caught a flu. b. I think I have caught (the) flu. 8. a. I was on holiday with my parents on the island Capri. b. I was on holiday with my parents on the island of Capri. 9. a. He didn’t enjoy life in the army at all. b. He didn’t enjoy the life in the army at all. 10. a. We don’t need to hire that much employees. b. We don’t need to hire that many employees.

Key: 1. a; 2. b; 3. a; 4. b; 5. b; 6. a; 7. b; 8. b; 9. a; 10. b.

43. Replace the that-clause in each of the following sentences by a prepositional phrase without changing the original meaning:

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1. No one is sorry that Lawler has resigned. 2. No one told me that there were these problems. 3. The brothers were determined they would have their revenge. 4. I am not aware that I gave you permission to leave. 5. The young man convinced everyone that he was innocent.

Key: 1. No one is sorry about Lawler’s resignation. 2. No one told me of these problems. 3. The brothers were determined on having their revenge. 4. I am not aware of giving you permission to leave. 5. The young man convinced everyone of his innocence.

44. Place the adverbs in the following sentences correctly:

1. Do you go to the skating-rink (every Sunday)? 2. My brother plays tennis (four times a week). 3. She left for Craiova (a few months ago). 4. My cousin plays in “Pygmalion” (twice a month).

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Key: 1. Do you go to the skating-rink every Sunday? 2. My brother plays tennis four times a week. 3. She left for Craiova a few months ago. 4. My cousin plays in “Pygmalion” twice a month.

45. Add adverbial clauses to the following main clauses, as indicated in parentheses:

1. So happy we were about the good news (result) 2. He behaved (comparison) 3. Such was his parents’ anxiety (result) 4. She didn’t take her umbrella (concession) 5. ..., she is a very modest girl (concession).

Key: 1. that; 2. as (if); 3. that; 4. although; 5. (Al)though.

46. Place the adverbs in the following sentences correctly:

1. They go to concerts (seldom). 2. The driver stopped to look at the map (ever so often). 3. Did you see my cousin in “Pygmalion” (last

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month)? 4. We arrived at the chalet exhausted (late in the evening).

Key: 1. They seldom go to concerts. 2. The driver ever so often stopped to look at the map. 3. Did you see my cousin in “Pygmalion” last month? 4. We arrived at the chalet exhausted late in the evening.

47. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Perfect or the Past Tense, depending on the given alternatives:

1. We (live) here (for three years, three years ago). 2. He (complete) his work (yesterday, this morning, for a long time now). 3. They (try) to speak only English (lately, last night). 4. The weather (change) (since this morning, as I left the house).

Key: 1. have lived, lived; 2. completed, has completed/completed, has completed; 3. have tried, tried; 4. has changed, changed.

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48. Choose the correct word:

1. It rains (heavy, heavily). 2. When did you (last, lastly) see him? 3. Mr. Jones held it (tight, tightly). 4. I hate taking medicine. It tastes (bitter, bitterly). 5. (last, lastly) I must account for my sister’s behaviour.

Key: 1. heavily; 2. last; 3. tight/tightly; 4. bitter; 5. lastly.

49. Leave out that wherever possible:

1. You may not go to the movies because of the medicine that you have to take for your cold. 2. It is something that makes one’s hair stand on end. 3. Is that the book that she spoke to me about? 4. These are the glasses that I was looking for.

Key: 1. –; 2. that; 3. –; 4. –.

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1. a. I enjoy to speak foreign languages. b. I enjoy speaking foreign languages. 2. a. I was just about to enter the station when someone grabbed me by the shoulders and threw me to the ground. b. I was just about to enter the station when someone grabbed me by the shoulders and threw me to the floor. 3. a. Could you describe what the driver looks like? b. Could you describe how the driver looks like? 4. a. You are very kindly to spare me so much of your time. b. You are very kind to spare me so much of your time. 5. a. Then I looked the person sitting next to her. b. Then I looked at the person sitting next to her. 6. a. The green jacket doesn’t match the trousers. b. The green jacket doesn’t match to the trousers. 7. a. People are not as careful as they should be and drop their litter in the streets. b. People are not as careful as they must be and drop their litter in the streets. 8. a. Her parents have offered me to go on holiday with them. b. Her parents have invited me to go on holiday with

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them. 9. a. It may be a good chance for you to have a rest. b. Perhaps it will be a good chance for you to have a rest. 10. a. The government does not provide enough food for the population. b. The government does not provide enough food to the population.

Key: 1. b; 2. a; 3. a; 4. b; 5. b; 6. a; 7. a; 8. b; 9. a; 10. a.

51. Fill in the blanks with the necessary adverbial particle or prepositions:

1. They were prepared to slog it ... to the end of time. 2. And after that, I’ll have to think it ... 3. Unless you can sneak ... without paying, which is dashed difficult to do with these cashiers watching the door like weasels, tea even at an ABC shop punches the pocket-book pretty hard, and at the moment I’m down to the scrapings. (P.G.W.) 4. Both Marie Hélène and Kay were intent on steering the conversation ... from l’affaire Pelican; but to John and Robin, it seemed

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one of the most potentially succulent of all the many bones over which they had snarled and snapped since boyhood. (A.W.). 5. The third time he did this a collective quiver of mirth ran ... the front row of girls, then spread to the back rows. (M.S.) 6. The port seemed tiny compared ... the vast wrinkled wasteland behind, the dry uninhabited mountains, like the broken backbone of an ancient beast excavated from the clay stretching ... the haze towards Cap Haitien. (G.G.) 7. The man decided to let the matter go and avoid stirring ... trouble. 8. I rushed ... the passage in search of my mother. I burst ... the lighted sitting-room. There she was, I cried ... with perfect relief. (C.P.S.) 9. The plan was carried ... 10. It was a spontaneous exhibition that had served its purpose on many different occasions. Sir Edgar, however, disliked it even more than his earlier performance. He fell ... on the old English courtesy that he has consciously perfected to combat the increasing irritability that came with old age and arthritis. (A.W.) 11. At other times the reality became an infamy again and the

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unchangeable, an imposture, and he gave himself ... to his angry restlessness. (H.J.) 12. Matt came home, wolfed ... his supper, and went ... to the local. (J.L.) 13. At a businesslike pace, still beaming, he headed ... the ‘up’ escalator. (A.H.) 14. A kind of pseudo-legal jargon mixed ... with glibly used technical terms. (J.L.) 15. She went ... the list of fancy-named cocktails. (A.W.) 16. Deliberately, he could see, she reverted to old patterns, to those times when, in moods of sudden closeness, they had set ... to liven ... some living-dead party of their mother’s. (A.W.) 17. The programme is got ... in an attractive style. 18. ‘She’s fine,’ he said, ‘fine. She’s down there in the cabin getting ... her French grammar.’ (G.G.)

Key: 1. out; 2. over; 3. out; 4. away; 5. along; 6. with, into; 7. up. 8. through, into, out; 9. out; 10. back; 11. up; 12. down, off; 13. for; 14. up; 15. through; 16. out, up; 17. up; 18. up.

52. Isolate and label the dependent clause or clauses in each of the sentences below, using

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the symbols S (= subject), O (= object), C (= complement), A (= adjunct):

1. Standing here all day is extremely tiring. 2. You can do it if you try. 3. Leaving the room, he tripped over the mat. 4. Since I have been especially invited to speak, for you now to tell me I cannot do so is quite unpardonable. 5. My greatest pleasure is to listen to chamber music. 6. That you could do it I always knew.

Key: 1. Standing here all day, non-finite, -ing participle clause acting as S; 2. if you try, finite clause acting as A; 3. Leaving the room, non-finite, -ing participle clause, acting as A in the superordinate clause; 4. Since I have been especially invited, finite clause, A; for you now to tell me, non-finite, infinitive clause, S; I cannot do so, finite clause, O; 5. to listen to chamber music, non-finite infinitive clause, acting as C; 6. That you could do it, finite clause acting as O.


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1. a. Having received news of his death, the police stopped looking after him. b. Having received news of his death, the police stopped looking for him. 2. a. I doubt whether it will have an impact on the readers. b. I doubt whether it will cause an impact on the readers. 3. a. I don’t have any serious problems. b. I don’t have any grave problems. 4. a. I asked my friend to borrow me some money. b. I asked my friend to lend me some money. 5. a. All of us didn’t want to go to bed. b. None of us wanted to go to bed. 6. a. Since I was small, I’ve always wanted to go abroad. b. Since I was small, I’ve always wanted to go to abroad. 7. a. I recently stayed an overnight at your hotel. b. I recently stayed overnight at your hotel. 8. a. I think governments should ban the advertising of tobacco. b. I think governments should ban the publicity of tobacco. 9. a. I find this lifestyle very attractive. b. I find this living style very attractive. 10. a. He was reading a short story by Saki titled ‘The Open

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Window’. b. He was reading a short story by Saki called ‘The Open Window’.

Key: 1. b; 2. a; 3. a; 4. b; 5. b; 6. a; 7. b; 8. a; 9. a; 10. b.

54. Write the following sentences in an alternative form:

1. Pressed by the others, he confessed it to be likely that the truth would come to light later on. Pressed by the others, he confessed that ... 2. It has been announced that the new satellite has been set on orbit. The new satellite ... 3. I knew that the bad news would upset John and so I held it back from him. Knowing ... 4. Shall we go to the cinema tomorrow instead of today? Shall we postpone ... 5. What he’s hoping for is none of their business. It’s ...

Key: 1. Pressed by the others, he confessed that the truth was likely to come to light later on. 2. The new satellite has been

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announced to have been set on orbit. 3. Knowing that the bad news would upset John, I held it back from him. 4. Shall we postpone going to the cinema until tomorrow? 5. It’s none of their business what he’s hoping for.

55. Negate the finite verb in each of the following sentences and make other changes that then become necessary:

1. We must go a long way to find someone as good as this. 2. There are a lot of people in the auditorium already. 3. Tar from cigarette tobacco, painted onto the skin of mice, produced skin cancer on some of them. 4. We have enough evidence already.

Key: 1. We need not/don’t have to go far to find anyone as good as this. 2. There are not many people in the auditorium yet. 3. Tar from cigarette tobacco, painted onto the skin of mice, did not produce skin cancer on any of them. 4. We haven’t enough evidence yet.

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56. Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence printed before it:

1. It is said that those dangerous criminals have been arrested. Those dangerous criminals ... 2. Is it absolutely necessary to repair the roof this week? Does the roof ... 3. He usually drives carelessly. He usually drives in ... 4. The policeman started shouting and was immediately hooted at. No sooner ... 5. Unfortunately, our beloved teacher will leave next year. If only ... 6. When the rain started, the children were watching a cartoon. A cartoon ... 7. The beauty of the scenery in the Carpathians is the most likely reason why so many tourists come here. So many tourists must ... 8. They say that Mr. Strawback, the English teacher, is a good fisherman. Mr. Strawback, the English teacher, ... .

Key: 1. Those dangerous criminals are said to have been arrested. 2. Does the roof have to

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be repaired this week? 3. He usually drives in a careless way. 4. No sooner had the policeman started shouting than he was immediately hooted at. 5. If only our beloved teacher wouldn’t leave next year. 6. A cartoon was being watched by the children when the rain started. 7. So many tourists must come here on account of the beauty of the scenery in the Carpathians. 8. Mr. Strawback, the English teacher, is supposed to be a good fisherman.


1. ... coming here I dined out with Ethel. 2. ... having another cup of hot tea I felt much better. 3. I tried to improve my English ... reading books in the original. 4. I have raised the money ... saving every dollar for many years.

Key: 1. before; 2. after; 3. by; 4. by.


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1. a. Only small numbers of students will be admitted. b. Only small amounts of students will be admitted. 2. a. Under the table there were some empty wine bottles. b. Below the table there were some empty wine bottles. 3. a. During the protests, some students were killed and others were seriously damaged. b. During the protests, some students were killed and others were seriously injured/wounded. 4. a. We must all work together to protect the earth. b. We must all work together to protect the planet. 5. a. Most females want to continue their careers after marriage. b. Most women want to continue their careers after marriage. 6. a. Only very wealthy tourists can afford to stay at the Imperial Hotel. b. Only very wealthy tourists can afford to stay at Imperial Hotel. 7. a. It is one of the most popular touristic resorts in Spain. b. It is one of the most popular tourist resorts in Spain. 8. a. Why do we have to learn words that are of no use? b. Why do we have to learn useless words? 9. a. Everything was well until somebody came and sat in the seat

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next to mine. b. Everything was fine until somebody came and sat in the seat next to mine. 10. a. I’ve only been here two weeks and everything is still strange. b. I’ve only been here two weeks and everything is strange yet.

Key: 1. a; 2. a; 3. b; 4. b; 5. b; 6. a; 7. b; 8. a; 9. b; 10. a.

59. Change the following sentences to present-unreal conditions:

1. If he doesn’t have to learn, he will go to the cinema. 2. If we are in Bucharest, we shall accept the invitation. 3. If I have a spare afternoon this week, I shall go to the swimming-pool. 4. If mother is at home, she can cook dinner for us.

Key: 1. If he didn’t have to learn, he would go to the cinema. 2. If we were in Bucharest, we should accept the invitation. 3. If I had a spare afternoon this week, I should go to the swimming-

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pool. 4. If mother were at home, she could cook dinner for us.

60. Rewrite the sentences below using the adverb only in its correct place(s):

1. The liberty of the press that the eastern countries boast of is a freedom that the ruling classes enjoy (only). 2. He made Jackson answer in a way that damaged the case (only). 3. You do not say that a child is inferior to a man. He is younger than an adult (only).

Key: 1. The liberty of the press that the eastern countries boast of is a freedom that (only) the ruling classes enjoy (only). 2. He made Jackson answer in a way that only damaged the case. 3. You do not say that a child is inferior to a man. He is only younger than an adult.

61. Turn the sentences below into hypothetical statements:

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1. John will only come if you send for him. 2. Since she doesn’t love him, she won’t marry him. 3. As Susan didn’t take my advice, she is in a difficult position now. 4. As I haven’t seen the play, I can’t tell you whether the acting was good or not. 5. Since they know the area so well, they can travel without a map.

Key: 1. John won’t come unless you send for him. 2. If she loved him, she would marry him. 3. If Susan had taken my advice, she wouldn’t be in a difficult position now. 4. If I had seen the play, I could tell you whether the acting was good or not. 5. If they didn’t know the area so well, they couldn’t travel without a map.

62. Supply the appropriate word:

1. a ... of ships. 2. a ... of people. 3. a ... of medicine. 4. a ... of ants. 5. a ... of robbers. 6. a ... of thunder. 7. a ... of fish. 8. a ... of whales.

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Key: 1. fleet; 2. crowd; 3. dose; 4. nest; 5. gang; 6. peal, row; 7. shoal; 8. school.

63. Select an appropriate alternative, noting that more than one may be acceptable:

1. We have received your estimate for the alterations you propose but have decided that it/they would be too high/unnecessary. 2. You have always been such a good friend/good friends. 3. The Committee will insist on its/their rights.

Key: 1. it ... too high or they ... unnecessary. 2. a good friend or good friends. 3. its or their.

64. Rephrase each of the following sentences using the pattern (subject) + verb + direct object + prepositional phrase, but only when such rephrasing is admissible:

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1. An uncle left her a small fortune. 2. We have caused you so much trouble. 3. We booked you a double room with bath. 4. Someone has just handed me this message. 5. Throw me that towel, will you?

Key: 1. An uncle left a small fortune to/for her. 2. We have caused so much trouble for you. 3. We booked a double room with bath for you. 4. Someone has just handed this message to me. 5. Throw that towel to me, will you?

65. Identify (a) the subject, and (b) the theme, of each of the sentences below. Say whether the theme occurs as S, Cs, Od, Co, C prep. (prepositional complement), P (predication) or V (verb):

1. Break his bloody neck, I will. 2. A scandal I call it. 3. My husband will carry your suitcase. 4. Suddenly, there was a loud knock at the door.

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Key: 1. a. I; b. break his bloody neck, P; 2. a. I; b. a scandal, Co; 3. a & b. my husband, S; 4. a. there; b. suddenly, conjunct.

66. Express the same ideas by using passive constructions:

1. They will give him a prize. 2. They will consider everything. 3. They will change nothing.

Key: 1. He will be given a prize. 2. Everything will be considered. 3. Nothing will be changed.


1. a. The police are in favour of stricter punishments. b. The police are in favour of harsher punishments. 2. a. When I took the two oranges out of the bag, I discovered that one of them was bad. b. When I took the two oranges out of the sack, I discovered that one of them was bad. 3. a. I wonder if you could possibly correct

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my mistakes. b. I wonder if you would kindly correct my mistakes. 4. a. I went near to the girl and told her my name b. I went up to the girl and told her my name. 5. a. She was listening outside of the door. b. She was listening outside the door. 6. a. I now regret not having worked harder at school. b. I now regret not to have worked harder at school. 7. a. To live in Britain you need a lot of money. London especially is very expensive. b. To live in Britain you need a lot of money. Specially London is very expensive. 8. a. There is always controversy when a treasure is discovered. b. There is always controversy when treasure is discovered. 9. a. If a developing country will become a developed country, it has to attract foreign investors. b. If a developing country is to become a developed country, it has to attract foreign investors. 10. a. Another thing that education has changed is industry. b. Another thing that education has changed is the industry.

Key: 1. b; 2. a; 3. a; 4. b; 5. b; 6. a; 7. a; 8. b; 9. b; 10. a.

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68. Build meaningful sentences that start with the words given below:

1. We drove slowly for fear ... 2. They slowed down for John ... 3. Tom wishes he ... 4. You came as soon as she ... 5. If Tony wrote to Jane, he ...

Key: 1. We drove slowly for fear we might/could/should ...; 2. They slowed down for John + infinitive; 3. Tom wishes he + Past Tense/Past Perfect; 4. You came as soon as she + Past Tense; 5. If Tony wrote to Jane + second Conditional.

69. Reformulate the sentences below:

1. It’s a pity you don’t marry George. 2. I regret you don’t remember his name. 3. It’s a pity Mary does not understand French. 4. I regret he doesn’t love and respect me.

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Key: 1. I wish you married George. 2. I wish you remembered his name. 3. I wish Mary understood French. 4. I wish he loved and respected me.

70. Complete the sentences, using the gerund of a suitable verb. To functions as a preposition in every case. Note that the ‘perfect’ form is required in some sentences:

1. The committee could see no alternative to ... the plan in its original form. 2. He said he wasn’t used to ... in public. 3. He should be accustomed by now to ... English food.

Key: 1. following; 2. speaking; 3. eating.


1. Ziua cea mai lungă a anului este 22

iunie. 2. Au fost în stare să facă o casă nouă. 3. Ai citit această carte ? Este foarte interesantă. 4. Cât costă o pereche de pantofi?

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Key: 1. The longest day of the year is June 22nd. 2. They were able to build a new house. 3. Have you read this book? 4. How much is a pair of shoes?


1. a. The country’s small food supply is not proportion about the size of the population. b. The country’s small food supply is small in proportion to the size of the population. 2. a. I think the microphone or the recording mechanism is broken. b. I think the microphone or the recording mechanism are broken. 3. a. She was a very happy person, and very intelligent. b. She was a very glad person, and very intelligent. 4. a. Why did you get engaged with Paul if you don’t want to marry him? b. Why did you get engaged to Paul if you don’t want to marry him? 5. a. My criticism of this type of journalism is that it is totally irresponsible. b. My criticism on this type of journalism is that it is totally irresponsible.

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6. a. Both the husband and the wife aren’t reliable. b. Neither the husband nor the wife is reliable. 7. a. I’ve come here to obtain a Master’s degree in International Journalism. b. I’ve come here to do a Master’s degree in International Journalism. 8. a. With regard to accommodation, there are several excellent hotels. b. With regards to accommodation, there are several excellent hotels. 9. a. On the other hand, I can understand why she feels disappointed. b. On the other side, I can understand why she feels disappointed. 10. a. People are not allowed to vote more than one candidate. b. People are not allowed to vote for more than one candidate.

Key: 1. b; 2. a; 3. a; 4. b; 5. a; 6. b; 7. b; 8. a; 9. a; 10. b.

73. Answer the following questions in indirect form. Begin each answer with the words given in parentheses:

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1. Did they play football yesterday? (I don’t know) 2. Where does John’s family live? (Find out) 3. What time do you begin classes each day? (I didn’t know) 4. Where did Mother go? (I want to know).

Key: 1. I don’t know if/whether they played football yesterday. 2. Find out where John’s family lives. 3. I didn’t know what time you begin classes each day. 4. I want to know where mother went.

74. Finish these sentences:

1. We will fulfil our plan so that our country ... 2. My sister offered to help me with my spring cleaning so that we ... 3. Mother took me to the cinema so that I ... 4. She didn’t tell him anything lest he ... 5. They worked hard in order that they ...

Key: 1. may prosper; 2. might finish it as soon as possible; 3. might see ‘Gone with the

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Wind’; 4. should be angry with her; 5. might have a day off on New Year’s Eve.

75. Which of the dependent clauses below express (a) purpose, and which express (b) result?

1. We watered the garden thoroughly, so that it smelt fresh when the guests arrived. 2. So that everyone could hear, they used a loud-hailer. 3. The police used a loud-hailer so that everyone in the building heard them.

Key: 1. b; 2. a; 3. b.

76. Punctuate the following:

1. Whatever he had to do with it he was not the ringleader. 2. An image in some way resembles the thing it stands for whereas a symbol is not like it but represents it arbitrarily. 3. Robert Burns Scotland’s national poet was born in

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1759. 4. The monkeys were under the table perching on chairs swinging on light-fittings.

Key: 1. Whatever he had to do with it, he was not the ringleader. 2. An image in some way resembles the thing it stands for, whereas a symbol is not like it but represents it arbitrarily. 3. Robert Burns, Scotland national poet, was born in 1759. 4. The monkeys were under the table, perching on chairs, swinging on light-fittings.

77. Say which of the dependent clauses below are unacceptable, and rephrase each sentence concerned:

1. Grazing by the river, we suddenly came across a fine herd of cattle. 2. Considering the weather is so uncertain, the reception will be held indoors. 3. When fully grown, these trees are a magnificent sight. 4. Speaking clearly, everyone at the back of the hall could hear what I was saying.

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Key: 1. Put the -ing clause at the end; 2. –; 3 –; 4. Since I spoke clearly, everyone at the back of the hall could hear what I was saying./Speaking clearly, I made myself heard by everyone at the back of the hall.

78. Write the sentences in Reported Speech, using the most suitable reporting verb, or said with an adverb of manner.

1. Don’t forget to send Mary a letter as soon as you arrive in Egypt. 2. Surely you don’t think you can take her word for it! 3. It was my fault. I shouldn’t have come. 4. Please don’t remonstrate with him, for my sake!

Key: 1. I reminded him to send Mary a letter as soon as he arrived in Egypt. 2. He was surprised that I should think I could take her word for it. 3. He admitted that it had been his fault and that he shouldn’t have come. 4. She begged her mother not to remonstrate with her boyfriend, for her sake.

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79. Complete the sentences, using gerunds:

1. Who is responsible for ...? 2. On ..., he took off his hat. 3. The public were warned of the dangers of ... . 4. The judge was accused of not ... . 5. By ..., the student improved his chances of ... .

Key: 1. locking the building at night; 2. entering my house; 3. walking unaccompanied in the park at night; 4. giving the jury clear directions; 5. taking fewer subjects/getting a good result in the examination.


1. a. You should try to keep the car in good condition. b. You should try to keep the car in a good condition. 2. a. His mother thinks that somebody must have dared him to steal the bicycle. b. His mother thinks that somebody must have dared him steal the bicycle. 3. a. If ever you

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have any kind of doubt, come and see me or one of the other teachers. b. If ever you are in any doubt about anything, come and see me or one of the other teachers. 4. a. The medicine proved very efficient. b. The medicine proved very effective. 5. a. I’m looking forward to your visit and hope that you will be writing soon with the details. b. I expect your visit and hope that you will be writing soon with the details. 6. a. On my birthday I had a good fun with my friends. b. On my birthday I had some good fun with my friends. 7. a. What do you think of the hotel? b. How do you think of the hotel? 8. a. Solutions to the country’s internal problems are still a long way away. b. Solutions to the country’s interior problems are still a long way away. 9. a. The volume of the radio should be kept in a low level. b. The volume of the radio should be kept at a low level. 10. a. There are as many disadvantages as advantages. b. There are as much disadvantages as advantages.

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Key: 1. a; 2. a; 3. b; 4. b; 5. a; 6. b; 7. a; 8. a; 9. b; 10. a.

81. Complete the sentences with a noun formed by a suitable combination of the words in brackets, using plural forms where necessary:

1. Britain made the ... to decimal coinage in 1971 (change over) 2. Since last March, there has been an encouraging ... in the volume of our exports. (turn up) 3. As the ... of answers to the questionnaire shows, there was rarely a full response to every question. (break down) 4. Our company’s ... of this chain of stores will increase the number of our retail ... to 250. (take over, let out) 5. After being out of favour with investors for several years, the shares are now staging a ... . (come back)

Key: 1. change-over; 2. up-turn; 3. breakdown; 4. take-over/outlets; 5. come-back.

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82. Rewrite the following sentences omitting whatever can be ellipted without change of meaning:

1. Fat is used for cooking in northern Europe, but oil is used for cooking in China. 2. Many people have been suffering from influenza, and many people still are suffering from influenza. 3. The young animal is protected from danger by its parents, or is protected from danger by some mechanism built into its nervous system from the start. 4. The Cantonese have developed an astonishing variety in their cooking and they have brought the preparation of sharksfin to an exceedingly fine art.

Key: 1. the second is used for cooking; 2. the first from influenza, and the second people; 3. the second is protected from danger; 4. they have.

83. Fill the gaps in the following sentences by either (a) until or (b) by the time that:

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1. The water was boiling ... the electricity failed. 2. ... I come back, I want you to be on your way. 3. They did not arrive ... it was dark.

Key: 1. b or a; 2. b; 3. a or b.

84. Point out what noun phrases are in apposition to each other in the following sentences; and indicate, by the symbols A to Bc, whether the apposition is: A Restrictive, B Non-restrictive (a equivalent, b attributive, c inclusive):

1. An enquiry was held at Plymouth, the port where the ship docked. 2. Captain McKay was on the quarter-deck, that part of the deck which is reserved for officers. 3. Your cousin Robert has just arrived. 4. All the men swore they saw a sea serpent, a dark-brown monster with a mane like that of a horse.

Key: 1. B, a; 2. B, a; 3. A; 4. B, a.

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85. Convert each of the phrases below by using the pattern head + postmodifying phrase:

1. fish protein production; 2. storage capacity; 3. the volume change; 4. the cupboard door; 5. ground-water possibilities; 6. peak power.

Key: 1. production of protein derived from fish; 2. capacity for storing; 3. change in volume; 4. the door of the cupboard; 5. possibilities of obtaining water from the ground; 6. (electric) power required at the peak (=busiest) hours.


1. a. Meno Park in Central Tokyo is very huge. b. Meno Park in Central Tokyo is (absolutely) huge. 2. a. Lots of kings chose to live here because of the beautiful landscape. b. Lots of kings chose to live here because of the beautiful scenery. 3. a. I was woken up by a loud noise outside the room. b. I was woken up by a

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big noise outside the room. 4. a. I was so excited that I forgot to ask them to check that the camera was working properly. b. I was so excited that I forgot to order them to check that the camera was working properly. 5. a. The shop assistant was very rude with me. b. The shop assistant was very rude to me. 6. a. Our new neighbours are not very social. b. Our new neighbours are not very sociable. 7. a. During your visit you’ll be able to try some of the local Catalan specialities. b. During your visit you’ll be able to taste some of the local Catalan specialities. 8. a. The present government doesn’t care enough about the poorer sections of out society. Businessmen are encouraged to exploit workers and make huge profits. In spite of all this, I believe in the principles of free enterprise. b. The present government doesn’t care enough about the poorer sections of out society. Businessmen are encouraged to exploit workers and make huge profits. In spite of all these, I believe in the principles of free enterprise. 9. a. More houses are built yearly. b. More houses are built every

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year. 10. a. Two minutes later it started pouring with rain. b. Two minutes later it started pouring rain.

Key: 1. b; 2. b; 3. a; 4. a; 5. b; 6. b; 7. a; 8. a; 9. b; 10. a.

87. Fill in the blanks with adverbial particles or prepositions:

1. Mary couldn’t make a cake for us because she was/had run ... ... sugar. 2. Though they had invited him, he didn’t show ... . 3. They had promised to bring ... his booklet of verse in a year but they were already ... the term. 4. I felt the tears well ... ... my eyes and made terrible efforts to hold them ... . 5. I’ve had enough of them, they go ... each other every time they meet. 6. The dish I really wanted to have is ... so I’ll take the same with you. 7. Her nerves have broken ... so badly that she needs someone to stand ... her. 8. He has never called ... us again since we told him we disliked early callers. 9. He

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was run ... by a car before he had made ... a will, so all his property went to his wife. 10. He said he was not born yesterday and he could look ... himself. 11. Come ..., muster ... a little courage, can’t you? 12. She likes to put ... dresses that show ... the figure. 13. He is angry with me for meddling ... what he calls his personal problems. 14. The hungry boys fell ... before everyone sat down. 15. I crossed ... the mistakes and wrote the sentences again.

Key: 1. out of; 2. up; 3. out, behind; 4. up to, back; 5. for; 6. off; 7. down, by; 8. on; 9. over, out; 10. after; 11 on, up; 12. on, off; 13. in; 14. to; 15. out.

88. Change the sentences in such a way as to make compound adjectives out of the underlined words.:

1. The film was about a marshal who was always happy to pull the trigger. 2. His wife, who looks spectacular, is actually quite dumb. 3. The

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witness for the defence gave evidence that opened everybody’s eyes. 4. The heroes of Hollywood westerns inevitably place their guns in the service of citizens who abide by the law.

Key: 1. a trigger-happy marshal; 2. a spectacular-looking wife; eye-opening evidence; 4. law-abiding citizens.

89. Classify the function of the dependent clauses in the sentences below:

1. He strongly disapproved of what I had been doing. 2. The truth is that I really liked him. 3. Walking along from St. Mary’s, you come to a high wall. 4. I was terrified, to tell you the truth.

Key: 1. prepositional complement; 2. subject complement; 3. adjunct; 4. disjunct.

90. Say whether the items underlined in the following sentences are grammatically obligatory or optional:

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1. Please answer this letter by return of post. 2. That made me very annoyed. 3. He convinced us of his innocence. 4. Let me give you a drink.

Key: 1. opt.; 2. obl.; 3. obl.; 4. obl.

91. Fill in the blanks with hung or hanged as required by the context:

1. He ... his head in the grief. 2. Two pictures ... on the wall. 3. “Your sentence is to be taken from here to the place whence you came and from there to the place of execution and there to be ... by the neck until you are dead.” 4. The monkeys ... by their tails.

Key: 1. hung; 2. hung; 3. hanged; 4. hung.

92. Isolate and label the dependent clause or clauses in each of the sentences below, using

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the symbols S (=subject), O (=object), C (=complement), A (=adjunct):

1. The long journey over, we relaxed in the warm sunshine. 2. What I wanted to say was, as I didn’t know whether you were going to say that you could come or you couldn’t, could you make it the following Saturday? 3. I think you can do it. 4. Standing here all day, I see many strange faces. 5. That you can do it is still uncertain.

Key: 1. The long journey over, non-finite, verbless clause, acting as A; 2. What I wanted to say, finite clause, S; as I didn’t know, finite, A; whether you were going to say, finite, O; that you could come or you couldn’t, finite, O; 3. You can do it, finite clause acting as O in the superordinate clause; 4. Standing here all day, non-finite, -ing participle clause acting as A; 5. That you can do it, finite clause acting as S.


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1. a. He felt refused by the man he admired most. b. He felt rejected by the man he admired most. 2. a. As far as I remember, you both take/are both the same size. b. As far as I remember, you both have the same size. 3. a. He’s thinking to make another trip to Italy next month. b. He’s thinking about making another trip to Italy next month. 4. a. The new tunnel means that we can drive (all the way) to London. b. The new tunnel means that we can drive until London. 5. a. My examinations are within two weeks’ time. b. My examinations are in two weeks’ time. 6. a. One of the men walked over to me and held my bag. b. One of the men walked over to me and took hold of my bag. 7. a. The South has fewer industrial areas. b. The South has fewer industrious areas. 8. a. One of the curtains caught fire. b. One of the curtains became on fire. 9. a. Simon gave me the ring when we got engaged. b. Simon gave me the ring when we engaged. 10. a. There was few people at the funeral. b. There were few people at the funeral.

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Key: 1. b; 2. a; 3. b; 4. a; 5. b; 6. b; 7. a; 8. a; 9. a; 10. b.

94. Use an intensifier to fill the gaps below:

1. We ... agree with your proposal. 2. I am sure she must have been ... shaken. 3. I can see what you mean. I am not ... blind. 4. The result of the elections is now ... confirmed.

Key: 1. fully; 2. badly; 3. totally, 4. definitely.

95. Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence printed before it:

1. This is the craziest thing I have ever heard. I ... 2. There are more books on the bottom shelf than on the top one. There are not ... 3. Eighteen-year-old young people can get a driving licence. 4. Young people can get ... 4. We would like the prisoner to get this statement down. We

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would like the prisoners to make ... 5. Walking on the grass is not allowed. You are ... 6. She admitted having lost her key. She admitted that ... 7. I advise you to teach him a lesson. It’s time ... 8. Our master insists that we should give him the essays tomorrow. He insists on ... 9. There’s no reason for you to complain. I don’t see why ... 10. The box was so heavy that the boy couldn’t carry it. The box was ... 11. She always uses a sharp knife to cut up meat. She always cuts up meat by ... 12. I will give you a rise provided you work on Saturday, too. Unless ... 13. But for the money, I would change this car any day. If it ... 14. Please talk to her whenever you meet her. No ... 15. The prisoner claimed that he had not murdered the old woman. The prisoner denied ... 16. His parents hope he’ll make a good doctor. They’d like ... 17. He didn’t drown because that young man reached him in time. If ... 18. Was it necessary for her to get up so early? Did ... 19. Her daughter had an operation yesterday. Her daughter was ... 20. It is not necessary for them to give us so many details. They don’t ... 21. They

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missed the train because they got up late. If ... 22. It would be silly of you to ask him this question now. Your ... 23. I regret attending that boring lecture. I wish ... 24. Bob had his car fixed. Bob arranged ... 25. She couldn’t walk to the station on account of the rain. The rain ... 26. Emily little thought that she would find such a good job. Little ... 27. He should have told me this from the very beginning. It would ... 28. The child was listening to me silently. The child was listening to me without ... 29. With a lot of luck, you may win the scholarship. If you ... 30. He left home because he didn’t expect them to come that evening. If ... 31. It takes twenty minutes to walk to school. It’s ... 32. Jimmy is still doing his homework. Jimmy hasn’t ... 33. She didn’t know about that house until she read the advertisement. It was not ... 34. Is this the only way to the railway station? Isn’t there ... 35. Both you and your friends disapprove of his talking like that. Neither ... .

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Key: 1. I have never heard such a crazy thing. 2. There are not so many books on the top shelf as on the bottom one. 3. Young people can get a driving licence when they are eighteen/at eighteen. 4. We would like the prisoner to make a note of this statement. 5. You are not allowed to walk on the grass. 6. She admitted that she had lost her key. 7. It’s time you taught him a lesson. 8. He insists on us/our giving him the essays tomorrow. 9. I don’t see why you should complain. 10. The box was too heavy for the boy to carry. 11. She always cuts up meat by using a sharp knife. 12. Unless you work on Saturday, I won’t give you a rise. 13. If it weren’t for the money, I would change this car any day. 14. No matter when you meet her, please talk to her. 15. The prisoner denied murdering/having murdered the old woman. 16. They’d like him to make a good doctor. 17. If that young man hadn’t reached him in time, he would have drowned. 18. Did she have to get up so early? 19. Her daughter was operated on yesterday. 20. They don’t have to give us so many details. 21. If they hadn’t got

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up late, they would not have missed the train./If they had got up earlier, they would have caught the train. 22. Your asking him this question now would be silly. 23. I wish I hadn’t attended that boring lecture. 24. Bob arranged to have his car fixed/for his car to be fixed. 25. The rain prevented her from walking to the station. 26. Little did Emily think that she would find such a good job. 27. It would have been better for him to have told me this from the very beginning. 28. The child was listening to me without uttering a word/saying anything. 29. If you are lucky, you may win the scholarship. 30. If he had expected them to arrive that evening, he wouldn’t have left home. 31. It’s a twenty-minute walk to school./It’s twenty minutes on foot from here to school. 32. Jimmy hasn’t done/finished his homework yet. 33. It was not until she read the advertisement that she learnt about that house. 34. Isn’t there any other way to the railway station? 35. Neither you nor your friends approve of his talking like that.

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1. Mother asked me, “Where did you put my gloves?” 2. The tourists asked, “When did Stephen the Great build this monastery?” 3. They said, “We had never seen that play before.” 4. The teacher asked the pupils, “Did you buy the dictionary recommended to you?” 5. They repeated, “We had been working the whole time before leaving for the cinema.”

Key: 1. Mother asked me where I had put her gloves. 2. The tourists asked when Stephen the Great had built that monastery. 3. They said (that) they had never seen that play before. 4. The teacher asked the pupils if they had bought the dictionary recommended to them. 5. They repeated that they had been working the whole time before leaving for the cinema.

97. Choose the correct form of the verbs and pronouns given in parentheses:

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1. Every five pages (has, have) (his, their) metaphors, and pieces of irony. 2. (Has, Have) anyone else slackened (his, their) pace? 3. Since Peter is not one of those men who (boasts, boast) of (his, their) achievements, few people know what a good locksmith he is. 4. At the end of each class everyone (gets, get) up and (takes, take) (his, their) things to move to another room.

Key: 1. have, their; 2. has, his; 3. boast, their; 4. gets, takes, his.

98. Supply of, about, on or in:

1. You cannot always depend ... people. 2. What, me? Jump from an aeroplane? I wouldn’t dream ... it! 3. We suppose we can count ... your help ... this matter. 4. It’s no use complaining ... the heat. 5. Can you advise me ... the subject? The serial was based ... a novel by Galsworthy.

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Key: 1. on; 2. of; 3. on, in; 4. about; 5. on; 6. on.

99. Put the following into direct speech with the appropriate punctuation:

1. He said that he thought my electric iron was unsafe and advised me to have it seen to. 2. The clerk in the booking office inquired if I wanted a single or return ticket. I asked if a return was any cheaper. He said it made no difference. 3. He said that if I found the front door locked I was to go round to the back. 4. They said that while they were bathing they saw someone examining their clothes.

Key: 1. ‘I think your electric iron is unsafe. I advise you to have it seen to,’ he said to me. 2. ‘Do you want a single or a return ticket?’ asked the clerk in the booking office. ‘Is a return any cheaper?’ I asked. ‘It makes no difference’, he said. 3. ‘If you find the front door locked, go round to the back,’ he said to me. 4. ‘While we were

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bathing,’ they said, ‘we saw someone examining our clothes.’


1. M-am gândit să mă duc la un muzeu după-amiază. 2. Îţi mulţumesc că m-ai ajutat. 3. Copiii au continuat să vorbească în timpul concertului. 4. Mă interesează să învăţ franceza. 5. Este de dorit să fiţi prezenţi la conferinţă.

Key: 1. I thought of going to a museum in the afternoon. 2. Thank you for helping me. 3. The children went on talking during the concert. 4. I am interested in learning French. 5. It is desirable that you should be present at the conference.


1. a. In spite of the film’s many faults, in the overall it’s worth seeing. b. In spite of the film’s many faults, on the whole it’s worth seeing. 2. a. My job provides me with the opportunity to

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meet new people every day. b. My job provides me the opportunity to meet new people every day. 3. a. In our next class we’re going to say about pollution. b. In our next class we’re going to talk about pollution. 4. a. They never complain because they are afraid or something like that. b. They never complain because they are afraid or something. 5. a. He’d left all his tennis stuff at home. b. He’d left all his tennis stuffs at home. 6. a. Sitting next to me was an old lady, who seemed to be sound asleep. b. Sitting next to me was an old lady, that seemed to be sound asleep. 7. a. Could you let us know your decision until the end of October. b. Could you let us know your decision by the end of October. 8. a. He wishes he can drive a car; taxis are so expensive. b. He wishes he could drive a car; taxis are so expensive. 9. a. Harsher punishments will not reduce the number of crimes/the amount of crime. b. Harsher punishments will not reduce the number of crime. 10. a. This phenomena is called ‘culture shock’. b. This phenomenon is called ‘culture shock’.

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Key: 1. b; 2. a; 3. b; 4. b; 5. a; 6. a; 7. b; 8. b; 9. a; 10. b.

102. Finish these sentences:

1. The poor woman sewed night after night so that her little boy ... 2. He didn’t dare ski lest he ... 3. I wrote to him a long letter so that he ... 4. I shall give John your telephone number so that he ... 5. She always cooks on Saturdays so that she ...

Key: (Possible solutions) 1. might get oranges for his thirst; 2. should fall and break his legs; 3. might understand my position; 4. may ring you up and make it up with you; 5. may be free on Sunday.

103. Rewrite the following sentences omitting whatever can be ellipted without change of meaning:

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1. People who pride themselves on needing little sleep may imagine themselves more efficient than others, but in fact they often prove to be less efficient than others. 2. During an epidemic many people seem to escape infection but they do not really escape infection. 3. European marriages are often celebrated with champagne, Chinese marriages are often celebrated with a meal of at least a dozen courses. 4. Some people require eight hours’ sleep a night, others are satisfied with six hours’ sleep a night or less.

Key: 1. the last three words; 2. wither the first infection or the second escape infection; 3. the second (marriages) are often celebrated; 4. the second hours’ sleep a night.

104. Fill in the blanks with prepositions and adverbs where necessary:

1. The nerves ... his victim lagged ... reporting the pain, and ... the time the distant

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head ... the diplodocus was notified, the wound would have healed. 2. I think that was foolish ... her. 3. She met Lord Byron ... the steps ... the Acropolis ... Athens. 4. Her unmanageable funny black hair was all ... end. 5. He wished ... God now they had a couple … children she could take it ... ... . 6. She held ... ... the chair ... one hand. 7. Rosemary took her hands ... ... her long gloves. 8. That has nothing to do ... it; nothing ... all.

Key: 1. of, in, by, of; 2. of; 3. on, of, in; 4. on; 5. to, of, out on; 6. on to, with; 7. out of; 8. with, at.

105. Say which of the wh-clauses below are wh-interrogative clauses, and which are nominal relative clauses:

1. Home is where your friends and family are. 2. We never discovered what caused the fire. 3. What we all need is a spell of warm sunshine.

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Key: 1. nominal relative; 2. could be either; 3. nominal relative.


1. A moment later she was turning wide unfledged eyes ... to the boy, with a look of the deepest admiration. (G.G.) 2. I’ll put them ... for the night but since I’m doing so at such short notice they’ll have to put ... with the discomforts. 3. It is a nice question whether the resumption of trade talks with Japan comes at the 11th hour, just in time to head ... the Mills anti-trade bill, or at the “13th hour”, too late to do any good. (I.H.T.) 4. We dreamed ... through glades in a mist of green light that got its tint from the un-drenched roof of leaves overhead, and by our feet the clearest and coldest of runlets went frisking and gossiping over its roofs and making a sort of whispering music comfortable to hear. (M.T.) 5. We were ... at the villa betimes next morning. (A.C.) 6. By the time he’d splashed the aching

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sleep ... of his eyes and run ... on deck, the Niagara was nosing her way slowly ... the greengray glinting bay. (D.P.) 7. A pair of very round, wide-open grey eyes looked ... from under the hair. (A.H.) 8. She cocked her cigarette ... towards her nose in a jaunty errand-boy sort of way. (A.W.) 9. A large crowd went to the airport to send him ... . 10. When one has business on hand it is hard to get ... from home. 11. But Philip thought ... all that the headmaster had said and presently, his mind taken ... entirely with the ceremony that was before him, a mystical rapture seized him. (W.S.W.) 12. He tore ... the ad and let the rest of the paper go with the wind. (J.D.P.) 13. ‘Aren’t you a professor?’ he asked, and, when Gerald assented, both he and his wife put ... a pious church-going face in reverence for higher education. (A.W.) 14. “And if I ventured to say a word, Mrs. Welman was ready to bite my head ..., though I’d been with her nearly twenty years.” (A.C.) 15. “So rich and varied. But you turn ... your nose and find it all vapid and empty.” (A.H.) 16. Do you at least keep ... to date in a theoretical

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way? Do you study the political scene? (I.M.) 17. The boy didn’t like what I told him; I sent him ... with a flea in his ear. 18. They all gave him a leg ... when they saw he was in trouble. 19. It was with an effort that he stopped himself from speaking ... of the side of his month. (J.W.) 20. He had succeeded during the day in bringing ... fruition, a scheme... A plan, carried at last in the teeth of great difficulties. (J.G.)

Key: 1. back; 2. up, up; 3. off; 4. along; 5. up. 6. out, up, across; 7. out; 8. up; 9. off; 10. away; 11. over, up; 12. out; 13. on; 14. off; 15. up; 16. up; 17. away; 18. up; 19. out; 20. to.


1. Immigration is an issue. This issue raises strong emotions. 2. I know the very person. He will do the job quickly. 3. The aims are very laudable. The society is pursuing these aims. 4.

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British shipyards are now quoting prices. These prices compare favourably with foreign competitors. 5. One of the chief things is to save money, manpower, and time. A computer can do this thing. 6. Only by exporting enough can we pay for the goods. We buy these goods from abroad.

Key: 1. Immigration is an issue which/that raises strong emotions. 2. I know the very person who will do the job quickly. 3. The aims the society is pursuing are very laudable. 4. British shipyards are now quoting prices which/that compare favourably with foreign competitors. 5. One of the chief things a computer can do is to save money, manpower, and time. 6. Only by exporting enough can we pay for the goods we buy from abroad.

108. Put the following into direct speech with the appropriate punctuation:

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1. The AA man told the woman that if her wheels had gone a couple of inches nearer the edge, the car would have plunged into the ravine. 2. He asked what the weather had been like during my holiday and I said that it had been awful. 3. She said that she was surprised to see that the grandfather clock had stopped and asked if anyone had been fiddling with it. 4. He suggested giving her a bottle of wine.

Key: 1. ‘If your wheels had gone a couple of inches nearer the edge madam,’ said the AA man, ‘the car would have plunged into the ravine.’ 2. ‘What was the weather like during your holiday?’ he asked. ‘It was awful,’ I answered. 3. ‘I am surprised to see that the grandfather clock has stopped. Has anyone been fiddling with it?’ she asked. 4. ‘What about giving her a bottle of wine?’ he said.

109. Rewrite these sentences, using a noun phrase with infinitive clause as post-modifier:

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1. Meanwhile, we were not disturbed when the enemy threatened to attack us. 2. We thought the idea that we should create a diversion upstream was a good one. 3. We felt they were cowardly to hesitate to come to our aid.

Key: 1. Meanwhile, we were not disturbed by the enemy’s threat to attack us. 2. We thought the idea to create a diversion upstream was a good one. 3. We felt their hesitation to come to our aid was cowardly.


1. Carrie surprised them all ... leaving all of a sudden ... saying good bye. 2. ... seeing her, she has changed a lot. 3. You will get nothing ... asking her to be nicer and more understanding. 4. Brian Was fined ... having driven too fast.

Key: 1. by, without; 2. since; 3. by; 4. for.

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111. Find the examples of discourse reference in the sentences below, and say whether each example is of anaphoric or cataphoric reference:

1. When I reached home, I found that the whole house had been ransacked. This convinced me that I had enemies somewhere. 2. This is part of a transcript of a recorded interview: ‘You said in your last broadcast that, if there were fewer cars in our cities, the buses would be able to give better service. But isn’t that hypothesis quite unrealistic?’ 3. The chief came to New York when he was well past sixty. He flew over here, rocketed, as it were, in a matter of hours. 4. You want to know where we stand. This is the position. We are surrounded on all sides, but have ammunition to withstand any attack.

Key: 1. this, ana.; 2. that hypothesis, ana.; 3. here, ana.; 4. this, cata.

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112. Replace each group of words in italics by one adjective:

1. At certain ages, many children are very difficult to please or very particular about the food they eat and the clothes they wear. 2. It was regarded as an event of great importance and consequence when man first stepped on to the moon. 3. Nobody could agree with the speaker because all his arguments and ideas sprang from assumptions that were based on error.

Key: 1. fastidious; 2. a momentous event; 3. fallacious.

113. Point out what noun phrases are in apposition to each other in the following sentences; and indicate, by the symbols A to Bc, whether the apposition is: A Restrictive, B Non-restrictive (a equivalent, b attributive, c inclusive):

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1. The court room, an eighteenth century building, was crowded with excited people. 2. Another officer and a midshipman, John Sartoris, were keeping watch from the bridge. 3. The truth, that what they had seen was really a wave, began to dawn on them at last. 4. My Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, the senior officials of the navy, were highly skeptical.

Key: 1. B, b; 2. B, a; 3. B, a; 4. B, a.

114. Rewrite the sentences in Direct Speech. Note that there is an implied dialogue in the examples below:

1. He looked worried when he said he was feeling awful. I advised him to take a rest. 2. When I told Jim that we should go for an outing the following Saturday, he accepted my suggestion unreservedly. 3. I asked him why he said I’d better write his address down, and he answered that one never know, I might want to write him a letter.

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Key: 1. ‘God, I feel awful,’ he complained. ‘You should take a rest.’ I recommended. 2. ‘We should go for an outing next Saturday,’ I suggested to Jim. ‘Why not?,’ Jim answered. 3. ‘Why did you say I’d better write your address down,’ I asked. ‘Well, you never know. You might want to write me a letter,’ he answered.

115. Complete the sentences with adjectives ending in -able, -ible, or -uble, derived from the verbs given in brackets. Note that in some cases the negative form of the adjective is required if the sentence is to make good sense:

1. You won’t persuade him to change his mind. His decision is (revoke). 2. The engineers engaged on tunnel construction had to blast away tons of (penetrate) rock. 3. When shown the music of Tchaikovsky’s violin concerto, the violinist for whom it was written declared it to be (play). 4. Floods having carried away the bridge, the river was (pass). 5. Britain has many miles of

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(navigate) waterways. 6. We spent a very (enjoy) evening talking about old times.

Key: 1. irrevocable; 2. impenetrable; 3. unplayable; 4. impassable; 5. navigable; 6. enjoyable.


1. This irreducible point was ... some sense her mind: the focus ... the minimal interest she brought to play .. the incohate and edible green world flowing all ... her. 2. Like many other young American girls ... that day and this, my grandmother went ... Europe. 3. She screamed ... laughter. 4. If she had had any reason to believe he was going to fix the sashes ... this summer she would have left the hammer and nails right where he put them. 5. I still love to walk ... Fifth Avenue ... three o’clock ... the east side ... the street ... Fiftieth and Fifty-seventh Streets. 6. I haven’t been there ... three years. 7. She heard

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herself saying afterwards ... the amazement of her friends, “I simply took her ... home ... me.” 8. It isn’t often that I step ... the threshold.

Key: 1. in, of, upon, about; 2. of, to; 3. with; 4. –; 5. along, at, on, of, between; 6. in; 7. to, –, with; 8. over.

117. Combine each of the following pairs of sentences so as to form one sentence containing either a wh-clause or the fact + a that-clause, and retaining the words underlined:

1. You want to go to Peru. I am interested. 2. All the men were heavy smokers. The disease was clearly related to that. 3. His salary has been increased? I was not aware of it. 4. What started the fire? I am not sure about it.

Key: 1. I am interested (in the fact) that you want to go to Peru. 2. The disease was clearly related to the fact that all the men were heavy smokers. 3. I was not aware of the fact that his

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salary has been increased. 4. I am not sure about what started the fire.

118. Replace the words in italics by an infinitive construction:

1. I vowed that I would never follow his advice again. 2. He claimed that he was an expert in such matters. 3. They couldn’t, however, guarantee that they would meet all the men’s demands. 4. The police hope that they will solve the crime soon.

Key: 1. never to follow; 2. to be; 3. to meet; 4. to solve.


1. a. I shall never forget the place where I brought up. b. I shall never forget the place where I was brought up. 2. a. When he reached the point in his story when his friends were arrested and tortured, he began to cry. b. When

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he reached the point in his story when his friends were arrested and tortured, he began to weep. 3. a. London is different from/to Hong Kong. b. London is different of Hong Kong. 4. a. The old lady never spoke to anyone except when/unless someone came to visit her. b. The old lady never spoke to anyone except someone came to visit her. 5. a. The eight o’clock train is usually filled with office workers. b. The eight o’clock train is usually full of office workers. 6. a. We hope that you will like this school and be happy here. b. We hope that you will like this school and be glad here. 7. a. Nowadays young people want to be independent from their parents. b. Nowadays young people want to be independent of their parents. 8. a. I wonder if you would be so kind as to send me further details and an application form. b. I wonder if you would be so kind to send me further details and an application form. 9. a. We have a lot of rain lately. b. We’ve had a lot of rain lately. 10. a. She claimed that the jumper was made of wool. b. She claimed that the jumper was made from wool.

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Key: 1. b; 2. b; 3. a; 4. a; 5. b; 6. a; 7. b; 8. a; 9. b; 10. a.


1. There was George, throwing ... in hideous sloth the inestimable gift of time. (J.K.J.) 2. Another Sunday was drawing to a close and Mr. Mulliner had come into the bar-parlour of the Anglers’ Rest wearing ... his head, in place of the seedy old wideawake which usually adorned it, a glistening top hat. (P.G.W.) 3. They must pull themselves ... of this awkward stalemate by their own bootstraps. 4. A few seconds later it apparently passed over some points and shivered briskly ... its whole length. (P.G.W.) 5. He swivelled ..., all the way, his feet moving in a blind and practical manner around the rim of the periscope well. (A.F.) 6. I suppose you’re living ... the fat of the land. (P.G.W.) 7. Michael threw himself ... that like a pail of water. (J.W.) 8. The

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sun was almost vertically above us: splinters of light darted here and there from the glass of the hearse. The driver turned ... his engine and we could hear the sudden silence extending a long way to where a dog whined ... the fringes of the capital. (G.G.) 9. A young girl at the side was elbowing ... her, saying to her lad: “We got to get along.” (J.L.) 10. It’s terrible the way people let you ...! 11. She was evidently put ... by his words and looked ... him angrily. She felt hurt and turned ... all his attempts at making ... . 12. And take care that those little kids don’t get caught in a stampede and get shoved ... to the ground. (E.C.) 13. The next day, 600 more guardsmen arrived and an 8 p.m. to 6.30 a.m. curfew clamped ... the campus. But fitful skirmishing continued ... the day and ... the night. (...) While cops and guardsmen pulled ..., 250 green-ribboned faculty members and 50 student marshals wearing yellow arm bands moved ... the Oval, exhorting friends and demonstrators to “cool it.” (N.) 14. Clouds all streaming ... like ghost fish under ice. (J.C.) 15. But this evening has was not putting ... a story to

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an untried audience ... . For Frank he was defiant, the boy who was blazing a trial through life, his cheeks aflame, his blue eyes glowing ... the future before him. (A.W.) 16. It was simpler for the airport to do what the ex-owner would not, pay for the car to be taken ... and junked. (A.H.)

Key: 1. away; 2. on; 3. out; 4. down; 5. round; 6. off; 7. on; 8. off, on; 9. at; 10. down; 11. out, at, down, up; 12. off; 13. on, through, into, back, onto; 14. away; 15. over, at; 16. away.

121. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense, present perfect simple or present perfect continuous:

1. She (practise) reversing for the last week and I think she (get) a bit better at it. 2. They are throwing crockery at each other in the next flat. This (happen) before? 3. We (mend) sheets all morning but we only (do) three, and now the sewing machine (break) down so we’ll be even slower with the next one. 4. Why you (not bring)

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me the letters for signature? You (not type) them yet? 5. That man (stand) at the bus stop for the last half hour. Shall I tell him that the last bus already (go)?

Key: 1. has been practising, has got; 2. has this happened; 3. have been mending/have mended, have only done, has broken down; 4. haven’t you brought, haven’t you typed; 5. has been standing, has already gone.


1. He said, “Nobody came to see me at the hospital”. 2. The young man said, “I’m sure I shall be met by my friends at the airport”. 3. Doesn’t she always say, “I’d like you to speak English to me?” 4. We said, “We are anxious that you should attend the performance at our school”. 5. The young girl said to her mother, “I have often played tennis with Dana”. 7. The teacher asked me, “Will you have finished reading this novel by

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next Thursday?” 8. I often hear you say, “I work very hard”. 9. The old man said, “Good Gracious! I never expected to hear such a thing!” 10. The boy is saying, “I can’t play baseball.”

Key: 1. He said (that) nobody had come to see him at the hospital. 2. The young man said (that) he was sure he would be met by his friends at the airport. 3. Doesn’t she always say (that) she’d like you to speak English to her? 4. We said (that) we were anxious that they should attend the performance at our school. 5. The young girl told her mother (that) she had often played tennis with Dana. 7. The teacher asked me if I should have finished reading that novel by the following Thursday. 8. I often hear you say (that) you work very hard. 9. The old man exclaimed (that) he had never expected to hear such a thing. 10. The boy is saying (that) he can’t play baseball.

123. Complete the sentences with compound nouns:

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1. There was a sudden ... of violence among students, following a period of relative calm. 2. The British company is an ... of a much larger American concern. 3. Only one prisoner remains at large, following yesterday’s ... by six men from Dartmoor prison. 4. British hopes of a gold medal in the Olympic Games suffered a sharp ... yesterday, when Smith failed to qualify during the preliminary heats.

Key: 1. outbreak; 2. offshoot; 3. break-out; 4. set-back.

124. In the sentences below, replace each prepositional phrase by a prepositional adverb if one is available. If one is not available, put a dash:

1. Get inside the car. 2. I am going with Jack. 3. We’re leaving for Rome. 4. Stand at the back. 5. We come from Italy.

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Key: 1. inside; 2. –; 3. –; 4. –; 5. –.

125. Fill the spaces in the following sentences by inserting a verb + down, away or over combinations:

1. When the first act ... ... we had a drink in the theatre bar. 2. I ... ... the accounts several times but couldn’t find the mistake. 3. The new idea is that young delinquents should gather together in groups and ... ... their problems with social workers. 4. After the blizzard, it took a long time to ... ... the snow from the main streets. 5. He doesn’t think much of contemporary authors; he is always ...... their work.

Key: 1. was over; 2. went over/through; 3. talk over; 4. clear away; 5. running down.


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1. You’ll be judged according to what you do. 2. If you don’t bring that book in time you will not get another one. 3. You may do it how/as you like. 4. The pupils wrote the composition as their teacher had explained them. 5. He borrowed all the books he needed for the seminar in English literature in order that he might read them until the examination. 6. I will not go unless you come, too.

Key: 1. quantity; 2. condition; 3. manner; 4. manner; 5. purpose; 6. condition.

127. Indicate the way the verb phrase in each of the sentences below can be analysed:

1. Don’t give up. 2. It has passed over safely. 2. I rushed out of the house. 4. He flew across the Atlantic. 5. Don’t give me away.

Key: 1. verb + particle; 2. verb + prepositional adverb; 3. verb + prepositional

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phrase; 4. verb + prepositional phrase; 5. transitive phrasal verb + object.

128. Indicate the way the verb phrase in each of the sentences below can be analysed:

1. Will you come up for a cup of tea? 2. They all trooped off. 3. I went into the dining room. 4. Has anyone rung me up? 5. Go onto the platform.

Key: 1. verb + prep. adv. + prep. phrase; 2. verb + particle; 3. verb + prepositional phrase ; 4. transitive phrasal verb + object ; 5. verb + prepositional phrase.

129. Change the verb phrase in the dependent finite clause so as to use the subjunctive:

1. Suppose every word of this was true, what action would the Committee wish to take? 2. If this report was more accurate, it would be an

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invaluable document. 3. I propose, Mr. Chairman, that the Committee should adjourn and should meet again tomorrow.

Key: 1. Suppose every word of this were true, what action would the Committee wish to take? 2. If this report were more accurate, it would be an invaluable document. 3. I propose, Mr. Chairman, that the Committee adjourn and meet again tomorrow.

130. Turn the following into the Active Voice. Provide the doer when necessary:

1. Money is wrongly assumed to bring happiness. 2. The door must be kept shut. 3. The Danube was swum across in the wee hours of the morning and the manoeuvre was not observed. 4. A more careful reading of this essay is recommended.

Key: 1. People wrongly assume money to bring happiness. 2. You must keep the door shut.

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3. They swam across the Danube in the wee hours of the morning and the enemy did not observe the manoeuvre. 4. The teacher recommends a more careful reading of this essay.


1. Minutes elapsed as stimuli and reactions travelled ... and ... ... his length. 2. The old woman withdraws gradually ... the curtain. 3. She walked ... him ... one hand hooked ... his leather belt. 4. They might very well cook the meat ... the same time they cooked the eggs and then warm ... the meat ... tomorrow. 5. I got all this stuff accumulated ... me because I’ve been thinking ... it ... ten years and now you’ve asked ... it and here it is. 6. “Come and sit down,” she cried, dragging her big chair ... ... the fire, “... this comfy chair.” 7. The girl put her fingers ... her lips. 8. Let him go ... home ... the rain.

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Key: 1. back, forth across; 2. behind; 3. beside, with, into; 4. at, up, for; 5. in, about, for, for; 6. up to, in; 7. to; 8. –, in.

132. Insert the given adverbs in the correct place:

1. My brothers and my husband will be (soon, home) from the shooting. 2. Tom, Huck and Joe decided to run away (at daybreak, from home). 3. Jim was to recite his poem (that very morning, in the centre of the examination hall).

Key: 1. My brothers and my husband will be home soon from the shooting. 2. Tom, Huck and Joe decided to run away from home at daybreak. 3. Jim was to recite his poem in the centre of the examination hall that very morning.

133. State whether the preposition underlined indicates (a) position (b) orientation (c) passage or (d) resultative state:

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1. A monkey was sitting on the edge of the bath. 2. They were still dancing around the house. 3. Out of the house, I felt calmer. 4. My best friend lived down the road.

Key: 1. a; 2. c; 3. d; 4. b.

134. Complete the sentences, using a gerund construction:

1. Why don’t you stop ... if you so dislike ...? 2. It’s no good ... . You know how he detests ... . 3. My wife suggested ... for a holiday, but I favoured ... instead. 4. Forgive my ..., but don’t you miss ... now that you’re living in England?

Key: 1. buying your things there/waiting in queues; 2. inviting him to the party/meeting lots of strangers; 3. going to Scotland/visiting Wales; 4. mentioning it/having friends of your own nationality.

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135. Put the following sentences into reported speech, introducing them with a verb in the past tense:

1. Cowards die many times before their deaths. 2. I bought this book yesterday. 3. I think that pushing the car from behind will start it; the engine should keep going once it’s started. 4. Mike is ill. 5. I like the idea very much.

Key: 1. They all stated that cowards die many times before their deaths. 2. He announced that he had bought that book the day before. 3. The driver said that pushing the car from behind would start it; the engine should keep going once it was started. 4. She announced that Mike was ill. 5. He said that he liked the idea very much.

136. Join these pairs of sentences. Use the joining words in brackets:

1. Then he spoke slowly. I could not understand him. (but) 2. The thief gave back the

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money. He paid for the window he had broken. (not only ... but also) 3. I repeated the question several times. At last he understood. (and)

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Key: 1. Then he spoke slowly, but I couldn’t understand him. 2. John not only gave back the money, but he also paid for the window he had broken. 3. I repeated the question several times and at last he understood.

137. Complete the sentences with the gerund or the infinitive of the verbs in brackets, using the correct form of any pronouns that are included:

1. They began (drive) at six in the morning, and were still on the road ten hours later. 2. I vaguely remember (he, say) something like that. 3. If the Government’s policy is to succeed, they must (keep) prices in check. 4. A membership card authorizes (the holder, use) the club’s facilities for a period of twelve months. 5. The reporter asked many questions which the freed men declined (answer).

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Key: 1. driving; 2. him or his saying (or having said); 3. to keep; 4. the holder to use (or the holder’s using); 5. to answer.

138. Rewrite the following using a wish construction (phrases in brackets should be omitted):

1. I’d like him to cut his hair (but I don’t suppose he will). 2. I’m sorry we accepted the invitation. 2. I’m sorry I called him a liar. 4. I’m sorry I didn’t bring a map. 5. I’m sorry you aren’t coming with us. 6. It’s a pity you are going tonight.

Key: 1. I wish he would cut his hair. 2. I wish we hadn’t accepted the invitation. 2. I wish I hadn’t called him a liar. 4. I wished I had brought a map. 5. I wish you were coming with us. 6. I wish you weren’t going tonight.

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139. Put the transitive verbs into the passive voice. Do not mention the agent unless it seems necessary:

1. Dogs guard the warehouse. The other day a thief tried to get in and a dog saw him and chased him. 2. The postman clears this box three times a day. He last cleared it at 2.30. 3. We will prosecute trespassers. 4. Men with slide rules used to do these calculations; now a computer does them. 5. You mustn’t move this man; he is too ill. You’ll have to leave him here. 6. We cannot exchange articles which customers have bought during the sale. 7. We had to give the books back; they did not allow us to take them home. 8. Candidates may not use dictionaries.

Key: 1. The warehouse is guarded by dogs. A thief who tried to get in was seen by a dog and chased. 2. This box is cleared three times a day. It was last cleared at 2.30. 3. Trespassers will be prosecuted. 4. These calculations used to be done by men; now they are done by a computer. 5.

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This man mustn’t be moved; he is too ill. He will have to be left here. 6. Articles (which have been) bought during the sale cannot be exchanged. 7. The books had to be given back; we were not allowed to take them home. 8. Dictionaries may not be used.

140. Rewrite the sentences in an alternative form, using the words in brackets:

1. The man was afraid he would be dismissed. (of) The man ... 2. If only I hadn’t behaved like a fool last night! (be sorry) I’m ... 3. John almost won a silver medal in the Olympics. (come close to) John ... 4. If she hadn’t eaten so many sweets, she wouldn’t be overweight. (because) She is ...

Key: 1. The man was afraid of being dismissed. 2. I’m sorry I behaved like a fool last night! 3. John came close to winning a silver medal in the Olympics. 4. She is overweight because she has eaten too many sweets.

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141. For each of the following sentences, write another sentence as similar as possible in meaning, using the verb in brackets together with a preposition and a gerund:

1. Visitors to the zoo are not allowed to feed the animals. (prohibit) 2. The solicitor talked his client out of taking legal action. (dissuade) 3. The customer said that the cashier had tried to overcharge her. (accuse) 4. The student said he was sorry that he had missed the previous lesson. (apologize)

Key: 1. Visitors to the zoo are prohibited from feeding the animals. 2. The solicitor dissuaded his client from taking legal action. 3. The customer accused the cashier of trying to overcharge her. 4. The student apologized for missing/having missed the previous lesson.

142. Turn the following into the Active Voice. Provide the doer when necessary:

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1. Nothing in your room has been moved since you were taken away. 2. Leningrad was being shelled by the Wehrmacht from a distance of several miles. 3. I was greatly amused to see that she had been taken in by his ruse. 4. The inscriptions were made by unidentified authors in the tenth century A.D.

Key: 1. We haven’t moved anything in your room since they took you away. 2. The Wehrmacht was shelling Leningrad from a distance of several miles. 3. It amused me greatly to see that his ruse had taken her in. 4. Unidentified authors made these inscriptions in the tenth century A.D.

143. Choose the correct verb from those given in brackets:

1. We ... about home. (reminisced, reminded) 2. I’ll ... you in case you forget. (remember, remind) 3. Try to ... yourself before

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you speak. (recall, recollect) 4. I don’t ... his name. (remember, reminisce) 5. Please ... me to your parents. (remember, remind)

Key: 1. reminisced; 2. remind; 3. recollect; 4. remember; 5. remember.


1. a. Whenever there is a strike, we have to go to work by foot. b. Whenever there is a strike, we have to go to work on foot. 2. a. Once one has acquired the habit, smoking is very difficult to give up. b. Once one has taken the habit, smoking is very difficult to give up. 3. a. Secondary students are under great pressure indeed. b. Secondary students are under very great pressure indeed. 4. a. I don’t know much about it. b. I don’t have much knowledge about it. 5. a. In art we discover the beauty of the human imagination. b. In art we discover the beauty of mankind’s imagination. 6. a. He was a good boy and obeyed to his parents all the time. b. He was

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a good boy and obeyed his parents all the time. 7. a. She suddenly stood up and ran out of the room. b. She suddenly stood up and ran out from the room. 8. a. He is a man of strong personality who will fight for what is right. b. He is a man of strong character who will fight for what is right. 9. a. England is okay on the whole, although some places are very dirty. b. England is okay on the overall, although some places are very dirty. 10. a. As soon as I came in I noticed your note on the table. b. As soon as I came in I remarked your note on the table. 11. a. These vitamin pills are always available at the chemist. b. These vitamin pills are always available at the chemist’s. 12. a. You will be able to sightsee the volcanoes. b. You will be able to see/visit the volcanoes. 13. a. Let’s go somewhere different for a change. b. Let’s go to somewhere different for a change. 14. a. He said he felt worried because of all the recent air disasters. Naturally I became worried too. b. He said he felt worried because of all the recent air disasters. Surely I became worried too. 15. a. One of the children wanted to go to toilet. b. One of

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the children wanted to go to the toilet. 16. a. She tried to get him to listen but in vain. b. She tried to get him to listen but to no avail/but it was all in vain. /She tried in vain to get him to listen.

Key: 1. b; 2. a; 3. b; 4. a; 5. a; 6. b; 7. a; 8. b; 9. a; 10. a; 11. b; 12. b; 13. a; 14. a; 15. b; 16. b.


1. The University imposes no penalties for absences, you are, however, expected to make up all work that you miss. 2. The next day he departed for Atlanta this city is the capital of Georgia.

Key: 1. The University imposes no penalties for absences; you are, however, expected to make up all work that you miss. /Although the University imposes no penalties for absences, you are expected to make up all work

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that you miss. 2. The next day he departed for Atlanta, the capital of Georgia.

146. Turn the following statements into indirect speech:

1. “I didn’t know you were here!” 2. “I would do it if I knew I was totally right.” 3. “I know you can’t change your mind at this late moment.” 4. “There are a lot of things to be learned from this story.” 5. “Skirts have been much longer for the last two seasons.” 6. “He never forgets to remind me of my promise.”

Key: 1. He maintained that he hadn’t known that you were there/had been there. 2. She argued that she would have done it if she had known that she had been totally right. 3. He argued that he knew I couldn’t change my mind at that late moment. 4. He admitted that there were a lot of things to be learned from that story. 5. She maintained that skirts had been much longer for the previous two seasons. 6. She told

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us that he never forgot to remind her of her promise.

147. Finish each of the sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the one printed before it:

1. Follow the instructions carefully and you won’t have any problems. As long as ... 2. Without proper lessons, you could pick up a lot of bad habits. If you ... 3. It’s my opinion that you should take more exercise. If I ... 4. Given favourable weather, all the yachts should have reached the half-way stage by the weekend. Provided that ... 5. But for his presence of mind there might have been a serious accident. If it ...

Key: 1. As long as you follow the instructions you won’t have any problems. If you don’t/didn’t have proper lessons you could pick up a lot of bad habits. 3. If I were you, I’d take more exercise. 4. Provided that the weather is favourable, all the yachts should have reached

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the half-way stage by the weekend. 5. If it hadn’t been for his presence of mind there might have been a serious accident.


1. There will be a meeting of the Science Club on Friday evening, several important matters are to be discussed. 2. I had sprained my ankle was the reason I could not go to the dance.

Key: 1. There will be a meeting of the Science Club on Friday. Several important matters are to be discussed. 2. The reason I could not go to the dance was that I had sprained my ankle.

149. Indicate whether the dash in each of the sentences below can be replaced by each or every. If either word is acceptable, give them both:

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1. The players received ₤100 ... . 2. ... one of the two men was six feet tall. 3. ... man in the crowd raised his hand. 4. They were ... looking anxiously at the referee. 5. ... received a medal, too.

Key: 1. each; 2. Each; 3. Every, Each; 4. each; 5. Each.

150. Supply an appropriate question tag for each of the sentences below:

1. We’d set out tomorrow if we could. 2. You saw what happened. 3. He has enough money. 4. I’m coming with you. 5. You’d be more comfortable here.

Key: 1. wouldn’t we? 2. didn’t you? 3. hasn’t he? or doesn’t he? 4. aren’t I? 5. wouldn’t you?

151. Say which of the underlined items can be replaced by the genitive variant:

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1. I often find myself repeating it. 2. How can I stop you biting your nails? 3. The police caught Wilson climbing the wall. 4. We object to them being given preferential treatment. 5. Do you mind me opening the window?

Key: 1. –; 2. –; 3. –; 4.their being given; 5. my.

152. Each of the following is ambiguous by itself. Paraphrase each sentence, in two different ways, so as to show the difference in possible interpretations:

1. You must be very quick. 2. You may be out late this evening. 3. Henry can drive my car now. 4. Shall we see him this evening? 5. They should be home now.

Key: 1. are obliged to be or undoubtedly are; 2. perhaps you will or have permission to; 3. He is able to or has permission to; 4. Will we be

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seeing him or I suggest we see him; 5. ought to be or probably are.

153. Make the right concord between subject and verb by selecting one member of each of the pairs of verbs in the following sentences:

1. The acoustics of the hall is/are excellent. 2. The youth is/are more serious than my generation was. 3. The police has/have an unenviable task. 4. There is/are people waiting to see you. 5. Do/Does people always believe what you say?

Key: 1. are; 2. are; 3. have; 4. are; 5. do.

154. Complete the sentences, following any correct sequence of tenses:

1. When ..., supposing we left immediately? 2. How ..., if you didn’t know my address? 3. If you really have been studying English for so long, it’s

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about time you ... 4. If ..., tell him I’m out. 5. If you knew the answer, why ...?

Key: 1. ... would we be likely to arrive, ...? 2. ... on earth did you find me, ...? 3. ... were able to write your letter in English. 4. ... my bank manager calls, ... 5. ..., why didn’t you write it down?

155. Write either the simple or the progressive form, as appropriate. Use only the past tense, non-perfective aspect:

1. I’m afraid there’s no more bread. We (eat) it all last night. In any case, it (go) stale. 2. A young lady (leave) this note for you ten minutes ago. As you (have) breakfast, I (not disturb) you at the time. 3. She’s alive! She (drown) but that handsome young man (dive) in and (save) her, just in time. 4. At school, we (study) two foreign languages.

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Key: 1. ate, was going; 2. left, were having, did not disturb; 3. was drowning, dived, saved; 4. studied.


1. Go south until you come to the corner of State and Madison streets, this is one of the busiest intersections in the world. 2. The automobile ran smoothly the train was rough.

Key: 1. Go South until you come to the corner of State and Madison streets, which intersection is one of the busiest in the world./Go south until you come to the corner of State and Madison streets, one of the busiest intersections in the world. 2. The automobile ran smoothly. The train was rough./The automobile ran smoothly; the train was rough.

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157. Replace the words in italics, using the verb to go with an appropriate adverbial particle, making any necessary changes in word order:

1. He left for the States last week. 2. He is not the man to break his promise. 3. He will have to sit for six exams this session. 4. I don’t want to enter into details now. 5. Shall I continue or do you want me to stop telling you the story?

Key: 1. went away; 2. to go back (up)on; 3. to go in for; 4. go; 5. go on.

158. Supply the appropriate word chosen from those given in brackets:

1. The kitchen was heavy with the (smell, odour, stench) of fried fish. 2. This wine has a peculiar (fragrance, smell, odour, aroma), quite its own. 3. The (odour, fragrance, aroma) of Havana cigars is world-famous.

Key: 1. odour, smell; 2. aroma; 3. aroma.

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159. Respond to the following:

1. Mother has given all my clothes away! 2. Cut the string! 3. He’s married at last! 4. I’ve just received a big parcel. 5. Play with me! (at) 6. Take it away! (to)

Key: 1. What with/for? 2. What with? 3. Who to? 4. Who from? 5. What at? 6. Where to?

160. Supply an appropriate question tag for each of the sentences below:

1. You’ll be quite all right. 2. He’s doing his best. 3. You’d set out too late and missed the train. 4. You can see what is happening. 5. You’d been up since five o’clock.

Key: 1. won’t you? 2. isn’t he? 3. hadn’t you? 4. can’t you? 5. hadn’t you?

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161. Give the affirmative counterparts of the following negative sentences:

1. Not a cheer came from the crowd. 2. No one must smoke in the child’s room. 3. She is no fool. 4. Not anyone can swim across the river.

Key: 1. Cheers came from the crowd. 2. Anyone can/may smoke in the child’s room. 3. She is some fool. 4. Anyone can swim across the river.


1. We had taken a wrong turning near Northville, thus we found ourselves travelling miles out of our way. 2. His only fault is he has a bad temper.

Key: 1. Having taken a wrong turning near Northville, we found ourselves travelling miles out

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of our way. 2. His only fault is that he has a bad temper.

163. Say which of the underlined items can be replaced by the genitive variant:

1. Don’t let me find you opening this door again. 2. You won’t keep us waiting, will you? 3. I remember John telling me that story. 4. I don’t approve of you climbing cliffs. 5. Do you ever remember that happening to you?

Key: 1. –; 2. –; 3. John’s telling; 4. your; 5. –

164. Give the affirmative counterparts of the following negative sentences:

1. Scarcely anybody expected him to get there until midnight. 2. She couldn’t have been gone long. 3. I haven’t got much spare time. 4. No man will ever make Snoopy a good wife.

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Key: 1. Almost everybody expected him to get there before midnight. 2. She must have been gone (for) a long time. 3. I have got a lot of spare time. 4. One day some man will make Snoopy a good wife.

165. Distinguish among: personal subject (a), indefinite personal subject (b), demonstrative subject (c), negative subject (d), interrogative subject (e), impersonal subject (f):

1. One’s religion is whatever he is most interested in, and yours is success. (J.M.B.) 2. People like Jimmy, anyway. (J.O.) 3. I suppose one ought to consider oneself fortunate that one can. (S.M.) 4. I have an appointment tomorrow in Birmingham, about a job. They’ve just sent me a script. It’s rather important, and I don’t want to miss it. 5. “What’s that?” asked Jennie (T.D.).

Key: 1. religion (a), he (a); 2. people (b); 3. I (a), one (f), one (f); 4. I (a), they (b), it (f), I (a); 5. what (e), Jennie (a).

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1. a. I haven’t seen any good films in this year. b. I haven’t seen any good films this year. 2. a. After a while he stopped running and lay down on the ground. b. After a while he stopped running and lied down on the ground. 3. a. Both girls are clever, but Edna is the most intelligent. b. Both girls are clever, but Edna is (the) more intelligent. 4. a. The old man then offered the little boy something to eat. b. The old man then offered something to eat to the little boy. 5. a. I’m sorry, but I was very busy and couldn’t spare the time. b. I beg your pardon, but I was very busy and couldn’t spare the time. 6. a. I reject the idea that men and women are psychologically different. b. I refuse the idea that men and women are psychologically different. 7. a. I slept at ten o’clock last night. b. I went to bed at ten o’clock last night. 8. a. On my first day at the school, I had to make a test. b. On my first day at the school, I had to take a test. 9. a. To tell you

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the truth, it’s the most unsatisfying job I’ve ever had. b. To tell you the truth, it’s the most unsatisfactory job I’ve ever had. 10. a. If there is a gas leak, the house could go on fire. b. If there is a gas leak, the house could catch fire.

Key: 1. b; 2. a; 3. b; 4. a; 5. a; 6. a; 7. b; 8. b; 9. a; 10. b.

167. Translate into Romanian:

1. Have you ever visited a foreign country? 2. She did not see the car coming and so she had an accident. 3. Why didn’t you phone mother from Bucharest?

Key: 1. Aţi vizitat vreodată o ţară străină? 2. Ea nu a văzut maşina venind şi astfel a a avut un accident. 3. De ce nu ai telefonat mamei din Bucureşti?

168. Rewrite the following sentences beginning each with anticipatory it:

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1. He is quite likely to let you down. 2. Yes, I happen to have had some nasty experiences in dealing with him. 3. This question is very easy to answer.

Key: 1. It is quite likely that he will let you down. 2. Yes, it happens that I have had some nasty experiences in dealing with him. 3. It is very easy to answer this question.

169. Reply in the affirmative to each of the questions below, using a pro-form for the part of the sentence underlined:

1. Is this the same soup that they gave us yesterday? 2. I have your ticket. Do you have my ticket? 3. Have you answered all of these questions? 4. Do you have any stamps? 5. Were all the other tickets sold?

Key: 1. the same (soup); 2. yours; 3. all (of them); 4. some; 5. the others.

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170. Decide whether to is functioning as a preposition or as part of an infinitive, and then complete the sentences with the gerund or the infinitive of the verbs in brackets:

1. Jones came very close to (win) a gold medal for Britain in the Olympics. 2. Hard work is the key to (pass) examinations. 3. Since the introduction of new services, many businessmen have taken to (travel) by train for journeys between 100–200 miles. 4. He used to (dislike) London, but he now seems resigned to (live) there.

Key: 1. winning; 2. passing; 3. travelling; 4. dislike/living.


1. a. In my opinion, this is too traditional an approach. b. In my opinion, this is a too traditional approach. 2. a. As usually, he arrived

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five minutes late. b. As usual, he arrived five minutes late. 3. a. It’s also worth visiting the north of England if you have time. b. It’s also worth to visit the north of England if you have time. 4. a. There’s no good putting a very young child in a kindergarten. b. It’s no good putting a very young child in a kindergarten. 5. a. There has been an increase of the number of cars. b. There has been an increase in the number of cars. 6. a. I got out of the car and waited for someone to stop and help me. b. I went out of the car and waited for someone to stop and help me. 7. a. You shouldn’t judge people by their appearance. b. You shouldn’t judge people for their appearance. 8. a. The cold water made me shivering. b. The cold water made me shiver. 9. a. Nowadays, there are far more criminals than policemen. b. Nowadays, there are much more criminals than policemen. 10. a. His idea of a good time included the sun, the sea, jokes, laughter, and overall friendship. b. His idea of a good time included the sun, the sea, jokes, laughter, and above all friendship.

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Key: 1. a; 2. b; 3. a; 4. b; 5. b; 6. a; 7. a; 8. b; 9. a; 10. b.

172. Say which of the dependent clauses below are unacceptable, and rephrase each sentence concerned:

1. Before retiring, take two of these pills with a little water. 2. When fully grown, the men cut off all the lower branches. 3. Speaking frankly, the situation is worse than we feared. 4. Shouting slogans, the streets were thronged with indignant workmen.

Key: 1. –; 2. When the trees are fully grown, the men cut off all the lower branches; 3. –; 4. Put the -ing clause at the end.

173. Supply equivalents for the italicized phrasal verbs:

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1. He tried to force her by refusing to support her and turning her out of the house. 2. I was just strolling along to my cottage to put on a dinner jacket. 3. I don’t know what you are aiming to catch him with, so I can’t say how to go about it, but I sure don’t advise shooting him with a gun. 4. I’ll turn the light out so it won’t hurt his eyes. 5. Hughie, do you think Arnold takes after me or after his father?

Key: 1. evicting from the house; 2. walking leisurely, dress for dinner; 3. deal with it; 4. extinguish; 5. resembles.

174. Identify (a) the subject, and (b) the theme, of each of the sentences below. Say whether the theme occurs as S, Cs, Od, Co, C prep. (prepositional complement), P (predication) or V (verb):

1. That shelf, he probably put it on. 2. Not one girl in ten can a young man trust these days. 3. Die is the last thing I shall do, doctor.

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Key: 1. a. he; b. that shelf, C prep.; 2. a. a young man; b. not one girl in ten, Od.; 3. a. I; b. die, V.

175. Leave out that wherever possible:

1. This is the car of the boy that won the race. 2. I am thinking of the kind of people that make you laugh all the time. 3. She is suffering from a disease that is quite uncommon with us. 4. It is advisable that you should work harder for your exams.

Key: 1. that; 2. that; 3. that; 4. that.

176. Supply the appropriate verb:

1. Birds ... 2. Bees ... 3. Bulls ... 4. Rattlesnakes ... 5. Lions ... 6. Robins ... 7. Geese and hens ... .

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Key: 1. chirp, twitter; 2. hum, drone; 3. bellow; 4. rattle; 5. roar; 6. warble, sing; 7. cackle.

177. Give the correct form of the verb in brackets:

1. It was vital that she (to get married) to John. 2. It is imperative that they (to send) the goods immediately. 3. It is necessary that you (to be) here on time.

Key: 1. It was vital that she get married to John. 2. It is imperative that they send the goods immediately. 3. It is necessary that you be here on time.

178. State whether the preposition underlined indicates (a) passage (b) position (c) destination or (d) pervasive motion:

1. I shouted, and we dived under the bed. 2. If you can get past his dog, you’ll be perfectly

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safe. 3. It was squeezing toothpaste all over its chest. 4. Down the road was an old temple.

Key: 1. c; 2. a; 3. d; 4. b.

179. Complete the sentences with a noun formed by a suitable combination of the verbs in brackets with one of the following particles: back, out, by.

1. Despite its many ..., the plan has much to commend it. (draw) 2. No one can yet predict what the ... of the talks is likely to be. (come) 3. We always keep a spare gallon of petrol in the car as a ... . (stand) 4. There was yet another ... yesterday at the factory over the question of tea-breaks. (walk)

Key: 1. drawbacks; 2. outcome; 3. stand-by; 4. walk-out.

180. Fill in each blank with to or from:

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1. He escaped ... the woods. 2. He has retired ... the army. 3. She learnt English ... books. 4. They saved him ... drowning.

Key: 1. to; 2. from; 3. from; 4. from.

181. Combine each of the pairs of sentences below so as to form one sentence containing a wh-clause. Say what function the wh-clause is fulfilling in the superordinate clause:

1. How much will all this cost? I am concerned about that. 2. When did the fever begin? I am not quite sure. 3. What caused the explosion? No one ever discovered.

Key: 1. I am concerned about how much all this will cost, C. of prep., about; 2. I am not quite sure when the fever began, C. of adj. sure; 3. No one ever discovered what caused the explosion, O.


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1. a. My sister is very good at squash. b. My sister is very good in squash. 2. a. If I drink coffee, I get headache. b. If I drink coffee, I get a headache. 3. a. I’m afraid that I won’t be able to come to your wedding. As it happens, I’m giving a lecture on that day. b. I’m afraid that I won’t be able to come to your wedding. Indeed, I’m giving a lecture on that day. 4. a. When a woman goes out to work, she knows other people. b. When a woman goes out to work, she gets to know other people. 5. a. In Italy we have made a great deal to prevent pollution. b. In Italy we have done a great deal to prevent pollution. 6. a. A lot of new doctors emigrate to America where they can earn more money. b. A lot of new doctors migrate to America where they can earn more money. 7. a. She said some of the rudest things I have ever heard in all my life. b. She said some of the rudest things I have never heard in all my life. 8. a. She phoned to the hospital to ask about her husband. b. She phoned the hospital to ask about her husband. 9. a. Tennis has become popular in

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Germany in the recent years. b. Tennis has become popular in Germany in recent years. 10. a. Most of these drugs come from what is called the Golden Triangle. b. Most of these drugs come from the so-called Golden Triangle.

Key: 1. a; 2. b; 3. a; 4. b; 5. b; 6. a; 7. a; 8. b; 9. b; 10.a.

183. Give passive equivalents to the following sentences:

1. Someone had written something on the book. 2. The sight of the body has upset her. 3. One makes such mistakes sometimes. 4. Had you made all the necessary arrangements? 5. Somebody would have told her, if it had been necessary. 6. You found the door shut.

Key: 1. Something had been written on the book. 2. She has been upset by the sight of the body. 3. Such mistakes are made sometimes. 4. Had all the necessary arrangements been made?

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5. She would have been told if it had been necessary. 6. The door was found shut.

184. Say which of the underlined noun modifiers are (a) restrictive, (b) non-restrictive:

1. The theatre to which we were taken was the oldest one in Paris. 2. The demonstrators, whose names had already been taken by the police, refused to move. 3. Her devoted elder daughter takes care of her. 4. Cuzco is still a thriving city, its Inca buildings merged into the buildings of the Spaniard.

Key: 1. to which we were taken, a; oldest, a; 2. whose names had already been taken by the police, b; 3. devoted, b; elder, a; 4. Cuzco, a; thriving, a; Inca, a; of the Spaniard, a.


1. Marele umanist englez William Shakespeare s-a născut la 23 aprilie 1564. 2.

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Opera sa poate fi împărţită în trei perioade. 3. Shakespeare a creat lumea în şapte zile. 4. În prima zi, a făcut cerul, munţii şi prăpăstiile sufleteşti.

Key: 1. The great English humanist William Shakespeare was born on the 23rd of April 1564. 2. His work can be divided into three periods. 3. Shakespeare created the world in seven days. 4. On the first day, he made the sky, the mountains and the soul abysses.

186. Decide which verb is right. Explain why:

1. John is the only one of those men who knows/know how to hand the problem. 2. There is not one of them who wants/want to walk so far. 3. I decided to go and see how one of these new cars is/are put together. 4. He is not one of those Americans who is/are capable of melancholy. 5. The kind of manners they all strive for is/are irreproachable.

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Key: 1. Knows. Who refers to one: John is the only one who knows. 2. Wants. Who refers to one: there is not one person who wants to walk so far. 3. Is. One stands for a new car. 4. Are. Who refers to Americans. 5. Is. Kind remains the subject.

187. Supply the appropriate word:

1. a ... of swine. 2. a ... of china. 3. a. ... of flowers. 4. a ... of hay. 5. a ... of quails. 6. a ... of teeth. 7. a ... of relics and curios. 8. a ... of bees. 9. a ... of keys. 10. a ... of partridges.

Key: 1. herd; 2. set; 3. bunch; 4. stack; 5. bevy; 6. set, row; 7. collection; 8. swarm; 9. bunch; 10. covey.

188. Which of the sentences below contain nominal that-clauses?

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1. You’ve had some trouble with your telephone, I understand. 2. My opinion, that no action need be taken yet, is shared by most of us here. 3. Everyone tends to think that he is not sufficiently appreciated.

Key: 1. Sentences 2, 3.

189. Reduce the finite time clauses to non-finite or verbless time clauses whenever such reduction would be acceptable without change of voice:

1. Before he served in the army, he was much too fat. 2. Once your book is published, it will sell very rapidly. 3. When you lived in Washington, did you ever meet Tom?

Key: 1. Before serving in the army, he was much too fat. 2. Once published, your book will sell very rapidly. 3. When living in Washington, did you ever meet Tom?

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190. Supply the correct tense of the verbs in parentheses:

1. He has got to do it whether he (to like) it or not. 2. She (to read) for five hours when I (to come) to visit her. 3. If we (to go) to the pictures, we shall see them. 4. He came in the room on tip-toe lest he (to wake up) the children, who (to be) fast asleep for more than two hours.

Key: 1. likes; 2. had been reading, came; 3. go; 4. should wake up, had been.

191. Combine each of the pairs of sentences below so as to form a single sentence containing a conditional or a concessive clause:

1. I am sure that never really happened. Otherwise, we would all be dead by now. 2. You can tell me or not. But in any case I will find out the truth. 3. You could have the best binoculars in the world. But still you wouldn’t be able to see anything more. 4. All you had to do was

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telephone me. Then I would have come round at once. 5. Stand up here. That is the only way you can see anything.

Key: 1. If that had really happened, we would all have been dead by then. 2. Whether you tell me or not, I will find out the truth. 3. Even if/though you had the best binoculars in the world, you wouldn’t be able to see anything more. 4. If only you had telephoned me, I would have come round at once. 5. You won’t see anything unless you stand up here.


1. This is a new reason ... my proposal. 2. ... your letter of October 10th, I have the pleasure of acknowledging the receipt of the book. 3. He avoided any discussion ... his new job. 4. He is guilty ... the court. 5. The scenery was ... the atmosphere of the play.

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Key: 1. in support of; 2. in (with) regard to/in (with) reference to; 3. in (with) respect to/in (with) reference to; 4. in the sight of/in the eyes of; 5. out of keeping with.

193. Combine these sentences by using the appropriate preposition with the –ing form of the verb:

1. Susan was upset. She had missed the train. 2. Mike was sorry. He wasn’t included in the tennis team. 3. He is ashamed. He hardly ever helps his little brother.

Key: 1. Susan was upset at/over having missed the train. 2. Mike was sorry for not being included in the tennis team. 3. He is ashamed of never helping his little brother.

194. Change the following sentences to indirect speech:

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1. The teacher asked the little boy, “With what does a man see?” 2. I asked him, “What’s wrong with you?” 3. She asked me, “When did you get here?” 4. He asked everybody, “Whose money is this?”

Key: 1. The teacher asked the little boy what a man sees with. 2. I asked him what was wrong with him. 3. She asked me when I had got there. 4. He asked everybody whose money that was.

195. Select the correct form of the verbs given in brackets:

1. We guess father (hasn’t heard, hadn’t heard) this news yet. 2. I am sure that Thomas (will come, would come) here when he (feels, will feel) better. 3. When I (leave, will leave) school next year, I (will learn, will have learnt) here for seven years. 4. John didn’t remember what he (told, had told) me the day before.

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Key: 1. hasn’t heard; 2. will come, feels; 3. leave, will have learnt; 4. had told.

196. Choose an acceptable verb, giving two answers if necessary:

1. War and peace is/are alternatives between which man must constantly choose. 2. Neither John nor Mary has/have replied to my letter. 3. What are often regarded as poisonous fungi is/are sometimes safely edible. 4. The seven wonders of the world was/were well-known in ancient times.

Key: 1. are; 2. has; 3. are; 4. were.

197. State whether the verbs in brackets ought to be made use of (with or without to) and point out the cases in which a present participle could be used instead of an infinitive:

1. Did you forget (ask) Tom (pay back) the money he owes us? 2. He tried (make) us

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(believe) that he was a specialist in electronics. 3. It is up to you (pass) your exams successfully. 4. That is far too difficult for a beginner (solve); let me (help) you.

Key: 1. to ask, to pay back; 2. to make, believe; 3. to pass; 4. to solve, help.

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English Grammar Exercises