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10/13/2015 Cause and Effect Review — English Exercises & Practice | Grammar Quizzes
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Grammar-Quizzes › Connectives › Cause & Effect Overview
Cause & Effect OverviewExpress cause and effect relationships
Summary of Cause–Effect Words
SO + CLAUSE SO/SUCH…THAT + CLAUSE BECAUSE + CLAUSE CONSEQUENTLY + CLAUSE
So relates (is complemented by) a clause thatexpresses an effect (result) for the situationexpressed in the main clause. A commausually separates the clause from the mainclause.
So and such are intensifiers that combine withother modifiers to express a remarkablesituation, which is followed by that + clausethat expresses an effect. So (Adv) modifies anadjective or adverb in the cause-clause. Such(Adv) modifies an AdjP + NP in the cause-clause.
Because, as, since, though, and others arefollowed by an adjunct clause expressingreason/cause. The cause-clause may beplaced before or after the effect-clause.
Consequently and For this reason express arelationship between two clauses. The word(s)transition the reader or listener from the mainidea in one clause to the idea in the nextclause. The transition is a supplement to thesentence and is separated by a comma.
So is a connective adverb, also called acoordinating conjunction in other grammarsystems.
So and such are degree adverbs (intensifiers)followed by that, a subordinator, and a contentclause (also called an adverbial clause,subordinated clause, or that-clause).
Because and others are adjunct prepositions,also called an adverbial, a subordinatingconjunction, or along with its clause is called anadverbial clause.
Consequently is a connective adverb alsocalled a linking adverb, connective adjunct or aconjunctive adverb. For this reason is asupplemental prepositional phrase.
He saw starving children, so he helpedthem. [effect/result]
He helped, for he knew they couldsurvive. [cause/reason]
He raised so much money that hecould open a "food bank".
He raised such a large amount ofmoney that he could open a "foodbank".
He raised enough money that he couldopen a "food bank".
The children survived because theyreceived help.
Because they received help, thechildren survived.
The children survived because of thehelp. (noun phrase)
People helped. Consequently, thechildren survived.
People helped. For this reason, thechildren survived.
People helped; as a consequence, thechildren survived.
CAUSE
*for (reason or cause)
*rarely used, very formal
so… (emphasis on cause)such… (emphasis on cause)enough…thatsufficiently…that
because, since, now that, as, as longas, inasmuch as, because of, due to,owing to, on account of, despite , if onlybecause
For this reason, For all these reasons
EFFECT
so (result) …that (effect)…that (effect)
so that (purpose-result)in order (purpose-result)
Therefore, Consequently, As aconsequence, As a result, Thus
An adjunct is a word or structure that adds extra, non-essential information but is not required by the subject and predicate to complete the meaning of the clause.
A supplemental structure is extra information added on to the clause but not required by the clause.
starving (Adj) – suffering without food; not having food to eat
food bank (N) – a place that gives bags of food to the poor
Clauses
Noun Phrases
Verb Phrases
Adverbials
Connectors
More…
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survive (V) – to continue to live in difficult conditions (accident, war, illness)
Cause-Effect Relationship Terms
CAUSE EFFECT → NO CAUSE-EFFECT
REASON He's a great chef because he has worked hard and studied with the best master chefs.
The opinion or action is a logical response to the assertion or situation in other clause—cause-effect.
CONCESSION He's a great chef though he occasionally makes a dish that nobody likes.
Admitting to something that does not logically fit with the previous statement—an exception. See Concession.
CONTRARY REASONING
He's a great chef though he's never had formal training.
The opinion or action is a not a logical or an expected response to the assertion or situation in other clause—no cause-effect.(He's great for some other reason.) See Contrary Reasoning.
reasoning (N) — the process of forming conclusions, inferences or judgments from facts or propositions
Also see The reason is..., The main reason for this is... Causes / is caused by, Results in/ Results from
► Show Grammar Notes?
Why do students in the first year of college gain on average five pounds? Recent studies have followed freshman students through their first year in college. In thesestudies, health professionals measured students' food intake, analyzed their diet, and tracked their physical activity.
A number of things seem to affect student weight gain such as – college meal plans, buffet-style dining, unbalanced food choices, irregular eating habits, increasedalcohol consumption, stress, and less exercise. Health professionals are doing their best to educate students to make better choices and to start healthful habits.
are used to – are accustomed to
analyze / analyse (V) – examine the elements or parts in detail
avoid (V) – prevent
balanced meal – includes fruits, vegetables, grain, protein, and dairy myplate.gov
binge (V) – eat or drink a large quantity of food or alcohol, overeat, (e.g., binge eating, binge drinking)
burn calories – use up calories
Practice 1The Freshman Five
Read Context
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calorie – a quantity of food capable of producing a certain amount of energy
crave (V) – desire greatly such as sweets or affection
buffet style – self-serve food from tables offering 'all you can eat"
consumption (N) – eating or drinking, intake
easy access (N) – not needing much effort, easy to get.
food intake (N) – amount of food that a person eats
gain (V) – increase
health (N) –the general condition of the body or mind; wellness
health professional (N) – a doctor , scientist or other person who work to advance wellness
meal plan (N) – most students purchase a meal plan with a set number of meals per day
processed (Adj) – food that is changed to last longer on the shelf and be more appealing in the market
skip (V) – not have, omit, miss
1.
— students were gaining weight in their first year of college, health professionals decided
to study the problem of the "Freshman Five", also called the "Freshman Fifteen"!
Feedback 1
Cause & Effect
Check 1
2.
First, they saw that students had easy access to food — college meal plans.
Feedback 2
Cause & Effect
Check 2
3.
The cafeterias usually offer buffet style food with a wide variety of food, including junk food.
— students may make less healthful choices.
Feedback 3
Cause & Effect
Check 3
4.
— students are used to eating balanced meals prepared their parents, they don't know
Determine which cause or effect connector or expression is needed to complete the sentence.
1. Select the connector that best completes the sentence.
2. Compare your response to the feedback by clicking the "check" or "check 1-10" button.
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how to balance meals by themselves when they go away to college.
Feedback 4
Cause & Effect, The reason is
Check 4
5.
An irregular schedule will often cause a student to skip a meal. Then, the student will binge
— to satisfy his or her hunger.
Feedback 5
Purpose
Check 5
6.
Increased alcohol consumption is another problem. — there are a lot of calories in a
small drink, students don't realize how many calories they are drinking.
Feedback 6
Cause & Effect
Check 6
7.
Often students feel — they eat a lot of snack food.
Feedback 7
Check 7
8.
Finally, — students get less exercise, they don't burn enough calories.
Feedback 8
Cause & Effect
Check 8
9.
Students eat more and exercise less during their first year in college — they gain an
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average of 3.5 – 4 pounds (1.6 – 1.8 k) of weight.
Feedback 9
Cause & Effect
Check 9
10.
Health professionals at colleges and universities are helping to educate incoming students —
they will avoid the "freshman five ".
Feedback 10
Purpose
Check 10
Check 1-10 Reset
Holm-Denoma JM, et al. "The 'freshman fifteen' (the 'freshman five' actually): predictors and possible explanations.. NCBI http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18248103
Lloyd-Richardson, Elizabeth E. et al. "A Prospective Study of Weight Gain During the College Freshman and Sophomore Years", NIH,
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2696183/
11.
For one month, February to March 2004, Morgan decided to eat a junk-food diet in order he find out what it would do to his body and mind.
Practice 2The Effects of a Fast Food Diet
Correct or incorrect?
1. Select your response—correct or incorrect.
2. Compare your response to the feedback by clicking the "check" or "check 11-20" button.
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Correct Incorrect
Feedback 11
Check 11
12.
Morgan ate three meals and 5,000 calories per day at McD's restaurant, so he could find out the effects.
Correct Incorrect
Feedback 12
Check 12
13.
Morgan resulted by gaining twenty-four pounds.
Correct Incorrect
Feedback 13
Cause-effect
Check 13
14.
The affect on his mental state was moodiness and irritability.
Correct Incorrect
Feedback 14
Affect/ Effect
Check 14
15.
His liver was unhealthy due to collecting fat.
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Correct Incorrect
Feedback 15
Check 15
16.
In fact, Morgan gained so much weight that it took him fourteen months for lose the weight and get back to normal.
Correct Incorrect
Feedback 16
Check 16
17.
Later, Morgan made a documentary movie called, Super Size Me, because he showed the truth about junk food.
Correct Incorrect
Feedback 17
Check 17
18.
The reason for his movie was the increasing rise in obesity in the U.S., so he made the movie.
obesity (N) – people who are very much overweight
Correct Incorrect
Feedback 18
Check 18
19.
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Due to the increasing problem of obesity in the U.S, the government began to require fast food restaurants to use healthier ingredients (food) in their menus.
Correct Incorrect
Feedback 19
Check 19
20.
As a consequence, Morgan's experiment, people now have healthier choices on menus of fast-food restaurants.
Correct Incorrect
Feedback 20
Check 20
Check 11-20 Reset
Wikipedia contributors. "Super Size Me." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 28 Dec. 2011. Web. 30 Dec. 2011.
McDonald's announced that it will discontinue including toys in its Happy Meals because it wants to focus on its food and not its toys. Because multiple law suits,McDonald's came to this conclusion. Happy Meals were making parents unhappy on account of they are high in fat, calories, salt and sugar. As a result, kids weremore attracted to the toys than the food. A group called "Corporate Accountability" also wants McDonald's to retire its clown due to it is directed at getting children tobring their parents into the restaurant and not vice versa.
The group was complaining as a result of McDonald's use of clowns and toys to sell unhealthful food to impressionable children. McDonald's responded saying that itsmarketing practices are responsible, and that its food is high quality. This is a big issue for lower-income and communities of color for the reason of they "often havelimited access to grocery stores and increased access to fast food stores," says the group's spokesperson (speaker). For now, everyone is happy since parents canfocus on helping their children make healthful food choices, and because McDonald's can focus on their food rather than law suits.
Practice 3Settling Issues (disagreements)
Read for Errors
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access (N) — ability to find or use something easily
announce (V) — to officially tell people about something, especially about a plan or a decision
attracted to (expr.) — interested in
clown (N) — someone who wears funny clothes, a red nose, bright make-up on their face, and does silly things to make people laugh ("Ronald McDonald")
community (N) — a neighborhood; the people who live in an area
complain (V) — mention negative or bad parts of something; express unhappiness
corporate accountability (.) — the moral and social responsibility of a business
focus (V) — give special attention to one particular person or thing
impressionable (Adj) — someone who is impressionable is easily influenced, especially because they are young
income (N) — the money a person receives from working
law suit (N) — a problem or complaint that a person or company brings to a court of law to be settled
limited (Adj) — not very great in amount, number, ability; restricted
marketing (N) — the activity of deciding how to advertise a product
multiple (Adj) — several; more than one
retire (N) — stop working (usually after reaching a specific age ~65)
spokesperson (N) — a person who is chosen to speak officially for a group, organization, or government
use (N) — usage
vice versa (N) — the opposite or reverse order stated
21.
McDonald's announced that it will discontinue including toys in its "Happy Meals" because it wants tofocus on its food and not its toys. Because multiple law suits, McDonald's came to this conclusion.
Edit 21 McDonald's announced that it will discontinue including toys in its "Happy Meals" because it wants to focus on its food and not its toys. Because multiple law suits, McDonald's came to this conclusion.
Feedback 21
Because of / Despite Because of / By
Check 21
22.
Happy Meals were making parents unhappy on account of they are high in fat, calories, salt andsugar. As a result, kids were more attracted to the toys than the food.
Edit 22 Happy Meals were making parents unhappy on account of they are high in fat, calories, salt and sugar. As a result, kids were more attracted to the toys than the food.
Feedback 22
Because of / Despite And / In addition
Check 22
23.
A group called "Corporate Accountability" also wants McDonald's to retire its clown due to it is directedat getting children to bring their parents into the restaurant and not vice versa.
Edit the cause-effect connector so that it is used correctly.
1. Edit the text in the text box
2. Compare your response to the feedback by clicking the "check" or "check 21-26" button.
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Edit 23 A group called "Corporate Accountability" also wants McDonald's to retire its clown due to it is directed at getting children to bring their parents into the restaurant and not vice versa.
Feedback 23
Because of / Despite
Check 23
24.
The group was complaining as a result of McDonald's use of clowns and toys to sell unhealthful foodto impressionable children. McDonald's responded saying that its marketing practices are responsible,and that its food is high quality.
Edit 24 The group was complaining as a result of McDonald's use of clowns and toys to sell unhealthful food to impressionable children. McDonald's responded saying that its marketing practices are responsible, and that its food is high quality.
Feedback 24
Cause / Effect
Check 24
25.
This is a big issue for lower-income and communities of color for the reason of they "often havelimited access to grocery stores and increased access to fast food stores," says the group'sspokesperson (speaker).
Edit 25 This is a big issue for lower-income and communities of color for the reason of they "often have limited access to grocery stores and increased access to fast food stores," says the group's spokesperson (speaker).
Feedback 25
Cause / Effect
Check 25
26.
For now, everyone is happy since parents can focus on helping their children make healthful foodchoices, and because McDonald's can focus on their food rather than law suits.
Edit 26 For now, everyone is happy since parents can focus on helping their children make healthful food choices, and because McDonald's can focus on their food rather than law suits.
Feedback 26
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Check 26
Check 21-26 Reset
Katz, Nell. "McDonald's and Toy Lawsuit: Are "Happy Meals" Tricking Kids?" CBS News. Web http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-504763_162-20008571-10391704.html
Index Grammar-Quizzes | Previous Because/ Though | Next Because
Related Pages: Cause & Effect | Because of / In spite | Confusing words: Affect / Effect | Connector Review
Julie Sevastopoulos — ESL / EFL / TEFL — English Grammar Reference / Resource — Practices & Exercises — Palo Alto, California USA — 19 Sep 2015