English as a Second LanguageB1 Threshold Lesson 5

Grammar – Comparatives and Superlatives

• Comparative adjectives compare one person or thing with another and enable us to say whether a person or thing has more or less of a particularquality:

• Josh is taller than his sister.• I’m more interested in music than sport.• Big cars that use a lot of petrol are less popular now than twenty years ago.

• Superlative adjectives describe one person or thing as having more of a quality than all other people or things in a group:

• The ‘Silver Arrow’ will be the fastest train in the world when it is built.• The most frightening film I’ve ever seen was Alfred Hitchcock’s ‘Psycho’.• What is the least expensive way of travelling in Japan?

Grammar – Comparative or Superlative?

• A comparative compares a person or thing with another person or thing. A superlative compares a person or thing with the whole groupof which that person or thing is a member:

• Joe’s older than Mike. (comparing one person with another)• Sheila is the youngest girl in the family. (comparing one person with the

whole group she belongs to)

• When there are just two members in a group, traditionally, we use the comparative. However, in informal situations people often use the superlative:

• Who is younger, Rowan or Tony? (traditional usage)• Jan and Barbara are both tall, but Jan’s the tallest. (more informal)

Grammar – Form

One-syllable adjectives (big, cold, hot, long, nice, old, tall)• To form the comparative, we use the -er suffix with adjectives of one

syllable:• It’s colder today than yesterday.• It was a longer holiday than the one we had last year.• Sasha is older than Mark.

To form the superlative, we use the -est suffix with adjectives of one syllable. We normally use the before a superlative adjective:

• I think that’s the biggest apple I’ve ever seen!• At one time, the Empire State building in New York was the tallest building in the

world.• They have three boys. Richard is the oldest and Simon is the youngest.

Grammar – Form

type of adjective comparative superlative

most adjectives add -er: cheaper, richer, smaller, youngeradd -est: cheapest, richest, smallest, youngest

adjectives ending in -e add -r: finer, nicer, rarer add -st: finest, nicest, rarest

adjectives with one vowel + one consonant:

double the final consonant and add -er: bigger, hotter, thinner

double the final consonant and add -est: biggest, hottest, thinnest

Spelling of comparatives and superlatives with one-syllable adjectives

Note the pronunciation of these comparatives and superlatives:

1.long /lɒŋ/ longer /lɒŋgə(r)/ longest /lɒŋgəst/

2.strong /strɒŋ/ stronger /strɒŋgə(r)/ strongest /strɒŋgəst/

3.young /jʌŋ/ younger /jʌŋgə(r)/ youngest /jʌŋgəst/

Grammar – Form

One-syllable adjectives which are irregular

Some one-syllable adjectives have irregular comparative and superlative forms:

bad, worse, worst

far, farther/further, farthest/furthest

good, better, best

old, older/elder, oldest/eldestThe morning flight is better than the afternoon one.

His elder sister works for the government.

Olivia is Denise’s best friend.

I think that was the worst film I’ve ever seen!

Pluto is the furthest planet from the sun in our solar system.

Warning:

We do not use more or most together with an -er or -est ending:

They emigrate because they are looking for a better life. Not: … a more better life

The beach at Marmaris is one of the biggest in Turkey. Not: … the most biggest …

Grammar - Form

busy, busier, busiest happy, happier, happiest

easy, easier, easiest funny, funnier, funniest

clever, cleverer, cleverest quiet, quieter, quietest

narrow, narrower, narrowest simple, simpler, simplest

Two-syllable adjectives ending in -y change y to i and take the -er and -est endings:

We were busier last week than this week.

Are you happier now that you’ve changed your job?

That was the easiest exam I’ve ever taken.

Some other two-syllable adjectives (especially those ending in an unstressed vowel sound) can also take the -er and

-est endings:

I’ve always thought that Donald was cleverer than his brother.

This new bed is narrower than the old one.

The guest bedroom is the quietest room in the house because it overlooks the garden.

Grammar - Form

• We don’t normally use the -er and -est endings with two-syllableadjectives ending in -ful. Instead, we use more and most/least:

This dictionary is more useful than the one we had before. Not: This dictionaryis usefuller …

You’ll have to try to be more careful in future.

The most useful tool in the kitchen is a good sharp knife. Not: The usefulest toolin the kitchen …

This is the least harmful chemical in terms of the environment.

Grammar - Form

Longer adjectives

• Adjectives of three or more syllables form the comparative with more/less and the superlative with most/least:

The second lecture was more interesting than the first. Not: The second lecturewas interestinger …

That way of calculating the figures seems less complicated to me.

London is the most popular tourist destination in England. Not: London is the popularest …

If you are going as a group, the least expensive option is to rent an apartmentor villa.

Grammar - FormComparative adjectives: using much, a lot, far, etc.

• We can strengthen or emphasise a comparative adjective using words suchas much, a lot, far, even or rather, or by using than ever after the adjective:

This food is much better than the food we had yesterday.

The town is a lot more crowded these days because of the new shopping centre.

Alex is far less intelligent than the other kids in the class.

We’ve been busier than ever at work this last month or so.

• We can soften a comparative adjective using a little or a bit. A bit is lessformal:

She feels a little more confident now that she’s given her first public performance.

or She feels a bit more confident … (less formal)

Grammar - FormComparative adjectives: using than• We use than when we mention the second person or thing in the

comparison. If the second person mentioned takes the form of a personal pronoun, we normally use the object form of the pronoun (me, you, him, her, us, them):

Could you carry this? You’re stronger than me. Not: You’re stronger than I.Why did you choose Robert? Marie is more experienced than him.

• In more formal situations, instead of than + object pronoun, we can use than + subject pronoun + be:

You managed to answer the ten questions correctly? Well, you’re definitely cleverer thanI am!I preferred Henrietta to Dennis. She was always more sociable than he was.

Grammar - FormComparative adjectives: -er and -er, more and more

• To talk about how a person or thing is changing and gaining more of a particularquality, we can use two -er form adjectives connected by and, or we can use more and more before an adjective. We don’t follow such comparisons with than:

The weather is getting hotter and hotter.I’m getting more and more interested in conservation these days.

Comparative adjectives: the -er, the -er and the more …, the more …

• If a person or things gains more of a particular quality and this causes a parallelincrease of another quality, we can repeat the + a comparative adjective:

The colder it is, the hungrier I get. (as the weather gets colder, I get hungrier)The more generous you are towards others, the more generous they are likely to be towardsyou.

Grammar - FormReduced forms after comparatives

• After than, we often don’t repeat subject pronouns with impersonal subjects, or auxiliaryverbs with passive voice verbs:

The exam results were better than predicted. (preferred to … better than people predicted.)Temperatures that summer were higher than previously recorded. (preferred to … than werepreviously recorded.)

Less and not as/not so with comparatives

• We use less with longer adjectives (interesting, beautiful, complicated), but we don’tnormally use less with short adjectives of one syllable (big, good, high, small). Instead weuse not as … as …, or not so … as … Not as is more common than not so:

The second method was less complicated than the first one.This new laptop is not as fast as my old one. I’m sorry I bought it now. (preferred to is less fast thanmy old one.)

Grammar - FormPrepositions after superlative adjectives

• We don’t normally use of before a singular name of a place or group after a superlative adjective:

The castle is the oldest building in the city. Not: The castle is the oldest building of the city …She’s the youngest musician in the orchestra.

• However, we can use of with a plural word referring to a group: All the sisters are pretty, but Sarah’s the prettiest of them all.

The with superlative adjectives

• When a superlative adjective is followed by a noun, we normally use the:This is the best meal I’ve had for a long time. Not: This is best meal …

• In informal situations, we can often omit the after a linking verb (be, seem) or a verb of the senses (look, taste) if there is no noun:

[talking about sweaters in a shop] They’ve got them in red, green or grey. Which looks best?If you want to get a message to Peter, email is quickest. He never answers the phone.

Grammar - FormOther determiners with superlative adjectives

• Before a superlative adjective, we can use a possessive determiner (my, his, their), or the + a number (two, three, first, second), or a possessive determiner + a number:

My worst score ever in an exam was zero. I just couldn’t answer any of the questions.Birmingham is the second biggest city in England.His two best friends organised a surprise party for him on his fortieth birthday.

Emphasising superlative adjectives

• We can make a superlative adjective stronger with by far, easily or of all:The Beatles were by far the most successful rock band of the 1960s.This method is by far the least complicated.She’s easily the best dancer in the group. No one is as elegant as her.There were a number of excellent poems entered for the competition, but the best poem of all waswritten by a ten-year-old boy.

• In more formal situations, we can use quite:This is quite the most irresponsible behaviour I have ever seen.

Grammar - Form• To-infinitives after superlative adjectives

• We can use a to-infinitive after a superlative adjective, with a meaning similar to a relative clause with who, which or that:

Who was the oldest person to compete in the London Marathon of 2008? (Who was the oldestperson who competed …?)The Golden Swan was the largest sailing-ship ever to be used in battle.

Comparative adjectives: typical errors

• A comparative adjective is followed by than, not that or as:The next hotel we tried was more expensive than the first one. Not: … more expensive that the first one … or …more expensive as the first one …

• After a superlative adjective, we don’t normally use of before a singular name of a placeor group:

She was the tallest girl in the team. Not: She was the tallest girl of the team.

• We use the superlative, not the comparative, when we compare more than two people or things:

Which is the city’s biggest hotel? Not: … bigger hotel

Grammar - Form• To-infinitives after superlative adjectives

• We can use a to-infinitive after a superlative adjective, with a meaning similar to a relative clause with who, which or that:

Who was the oldest person to compete in the London Marathon of 2008? (Who was the oldestperson who competed …?)The Golden Swan was the largest sailing-ship ever to be used in battle.

Comparative adjectives: typical errors

• A comparative adjective is followed by than, not that or as:The next hotel we tried was more expensive than the first one. Not: … more expensive that the first one … or …more expensive as the first one …

• After a superlative adjective, we don’t normally use of before a singular name of a placeor group:

She was the tallest girl in the team. Not: She was the tallest girl of the team.

• We use the superlative, not the comparative, when we compare more than two people or things:

Which is the city’s biggest hotel? Not: … bigger hotel

Grammar – Exercises - Comparatives

Grammar – Exercises - Comparatives

colder

more important

heavier

more expensive

thinner

more crowded

higher

easier

worse

more dangerous

more difficult

quieter

more convenient

healthier

cheaper

better

Grammar – Exercises - Superlatives

Grammar – Exercises - Superlatives

the coldest

the worst

the most deliciousthe smartest

the funniest

the largestthe longest

the luckiest

the most boring

the highest

the most valuable

the richest

the easiestthe dirtiest

the cheapest

scariest

Grammar – Exercises – Comparative or Superlative?

Grammar – Exercises – Comparative or Superlative?

Vocabulary - Travel

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