Agenda:•Review: parts o speech

•Phrases•Using quotes•Peer Review:

Mini-Paper

English 155Meeting 3

Review• Sentence Challenge: make 10-word sentences!

– Each student has 2 words (noun & verb)– Combine w/ as many students as possible to create

sentences of 10 words OR MORE. • MUST use your own word in EACH sentence• Each sentence must use a DIFFERENT classmate’s

word (must meet with ALL classmates if possible!)– First person to reach 10 sentences WINS hw pass

Complete the Mad Libs – can use cheat sheets

Review game• Write down 5 words in EACH category

• NOUN PRONOUN VERB ADVERB • ADJECTIVE PREPOSITION CONJUNCTION

• During class today, I will ask you to stand up and give me one of these

• A group of words that contains a subject and a verb and also expresses a complete thought.

• Video on the Subject of the Sentence• http://ttosspon.wikispaces.com/Grammar+Rocks%21#Subject

Complete sentence

1. His family would be elated.

2. Someone was raking the leaves.

3. His father called out his name.

4. The old man tore open the envelope.

5. The message was brief.

Practice Identifying Subjects

Phrases

• A phrase is a group of words belonging together but lacking one or more of the three elements necessary for a sentence.

Phrases• Noun phrase – a noun with all of its modifiers

Prepositional phrase – a preposition+ its modifiers• Verb phrase – a main verb with its helping verbs/modifiers• Infinitive phrase – the word “to”+verb + other words completing the

phrase. • Participial Phrase – a present or past participle and the other words

that complete the phrase. • Gerund phrase – present participle and the other words that

complete the phrase

Phrases• Phrases formed with VERBS that don’t function as Verbs!

– Infinitive phrase (to + verb)– Participial phrase (verb+ as adjective)– Gerund phrase (noun formed from a verb -such as the `-ing' form

of an English verb when used as a noun)

• Prepositions tell where or how.

• The subject & verb are NEVER

found within the prepositional phrase.

Prepositions

Common Prepositions

about behind except onto toward into near

above below for out under of like

across beneath from outside into on within

after beside in over unlike at with

against between Inside Past until as to

• Identify the prepositional phrases below1. On Friday, January 27, 2006, Western Union sent its

last telegram.

2. With the ascendancy of modern technology, the telegram is no longer needed.

3. In 1851 in Rochester, New York, Western Union had its beginnings.

4. Most people thought Western Union had many uses to the public through its history.

Prep. Phrases

Phrases

• Infinitive phrases– Multiple words that function as a noun– To continue this argument would be useless.– She began to move gracefully.

Infinitive Phrase __________________________________

________________________ Infinitive Phrase

Infinitive or Prepositional?• An Infinitive is the basic form of a verb

– "To jump“ "To ask“• A prepositional phrase describes time,

location, possession (where, when, and whose)– "In“ "Around"

"Over“ "Beside"In front of a NOUN (or adj/noun combination)? It is a Prepositional Phrase

In front of a Verb(or adv/verb)? It is an INFINITIVE phrase

Practice1. To say goodbye to him was quite the

challenge.2. The trail of evidence led directly to him. 3. We were lucky to have discovered his

fraudulent activities. 4. The manager had forced him to tell the truth.5. His leaving will be a relief to the staff.

INF

PP

INF

INF

PP

Subj Verb

Subj

Subj

Subj

Subj

Verb

Verb

Verb

Verb

Participial Phrase

• Uses a participle (the –ing form of a verb) to perform the function of an adjective in a sentence

• Base verb + ing– Run + ing

Running• Running home, he cried to his mom!

Subject Verb

__ ____________ParticipialPhrase

Participial Phrase

• Running home, the worker lost her wallet.

• Looking very unhappy, she retraced her steps.

• Greatly disappointed, she could not find it.

• Told tearfully, the story saddened her.

Subject Verb

_____ ___________ Participial Phrase Subject Verb

___ ___________________ Participial Phrase

Subject Verb

___ _______________________ Participial Phrase

Subject Verb

____ _______________Participial Phrase

Gerund phrase

• Using the present participle (verb+ing) as a NOUN

• Long distance running is a strenuous exercise.

• I like long-distance running.

Verb

_____________ Gerund phrase as SUBJECT

Subj Verb

_ ________________ Gerund phrase as object.

Practice1. Standing totally still, the child hoped

the bee would fly away. 2. Playing the violin is not easy. 3. The athlete will try deep-sea diving.4. Waiting patiently, we ordered

something to drink.5. Edited slowly and carefully,

the essay was much improved

P

G

G

P

P

Subj Verb

SubjVerb

Subj Verb

Subj Verb

Subj Verb

Practice

1. In the past, play was usually unsupervised. 2. Parents seldom made “play dates” for

their children.3. Playing on the street or in a vacant lot was

the norm. 4. Expecting to be entertained, children

today often complain about being bored

Prepos.

Verb phrase

Gerund

Participial phrase

SubjVerb

Subj Verb

Subj Verb

Subj

Verb

Practice (cont.)5. They depend on video games to structure

their time. 6. Parents are spending money on too many

movies and video games. 7. What is wrong with boredom?8. Blessed with restless energy, children could

find more creative ways to play

infinitive

Verb phr

Prep

Participial phrase

Subj Verb

Subj Verb

Subj

Verb

Subj Verb

Verb

Present Participle: 3 Functions

When can I use –ing?1. Verb!1. The student was taking an exam.

2. Participial Phrase!1. Taking an exam, the student felt stressed.

3. Gerund Phrase!1. Taking an exam can be stressful.

Subject Verb

___________ _____

Subject Verb

_____ ___

Subject Verb

___ _____

Common Fragment Types

PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE• I hope to complete the requirements for my major.

By the end of next semester.

• I hope to complete the requirements for my major by the end of next semester.

FRAGMENT

Correct

Common Fragment TypesINCOMPLETE VERBS: past or present participles

without the helping verb• The student sleeping in the back row.

• The student was sleeping in the back row.

FRAGMENTCorrect

Common Fragment TypesDependent Clause: Group of words that contains a

subject and verb but doesn’t express a complete thought because of the beginning word.

• I kept working on my essay. Although I was tired.

• I kept working on my essay, although I was tired.

FRAGMENT

Correct

Practice

1. Early morning a time of peace in my neighborhood.

2. The gray mist covering up all but the

1. Early morning is a time of peace in my neighborhood.

2. The gray mist is covering up all but the faint outlines of nearby houses.

Practice3. The shapes of cars in the streets and

driveways

4. To sit and look out the window

3. I can barely make out the shapes of cars in the streets and driveways

4. Often if I have the time, I sit and look out the window.

TestThat afternoon the street was full of children. Taking

a shower in the rain. Soaping themselves and rushing out into the storm. To wash off the suds. In a few minutes it was all over. Including the rubdown. The younger children took their showers naked. Teetering on the tips of their toes and squealing at one another. The stately coconut palm in one corner of the patio. Thrashed its high branches.

Using QuotesPart of the Joy of Research Papers

Using Quotes/Paraphrases• Your quote can’t make your point for you. YOU must

make your point.

• Use a quote,tell the reader WHAT it shows and why.

Quoting

• Quotations must be identical to the original (unless you use … or []), using a narrow segment of the source. They must match the source document word for word and must be attributed to the original author.– Direct quotation. The young author states, “I had

been granted unusual freedom and responsibility at an early age” (Krakauer, 148).

Paraphrasing

• Paraphrasing involves putting a passage from source material into your own words. A paraphrase must also be attributed to the original source. Paraphrased material is usually shorter than the original passage, taking a somewhat broader segment of the source and condensing it slightly.

– Paraphrase. In Chapter 11 of Into the Wild, Walt, McCandless’s father, remembers an early hike with twelve-year-old Chris. They made it to 13,000 feet before turning back from the 14,256-foot summit in Colorado. Chris did not want to quit, and complained all the way down (Krakauer, 109).

Summarizing• Summarizing involves putting the main idea(s) into your own words, including

only the main point(s). Once again, it is necessary to attribute summarized ideas to the original source. Summaries are significantly shorter than the original and take a broad overview of the source material.

Summary. In Into the Wild, Krakauer seems to be working out his own past and his relationship with his father as well as telling the sad story of Chris McCandless. Because Krakauer, too, is a man of the outdoors, he understands something about the call of the wild.

Signal the Use of a Source

Read & highlight the handout• Introduce your sources

– Dialogue Tags– Phrases– Sentences

• Divide your sources• Use Key Phrases

Try it on YOUR quote(s)

• Fill out a paragraph organizer for YOUR main points/quotes

Quotation Punctuation• Period goes AFTER the quote

Citation: use 1st thing in the Works Cited page (usually author’s last name or

article title)

Works Cited• Use www.easybib.com• Make sure ALL information is correct• Works Cited goes on its OWN PAGE

– Do NOT trust Microsoft! It uses incorrect MLA yr.

Peer RevisionMini-Research Paper