ENG-Master Degree- Camino Ioana Despina- Resistence and Resilience Post Tsunami

8/13/2019 ENG-Master Degree- Camino Ioana Despina- Resistence and Resilience Post Tsunami

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University of Arhitecture and Urbanism Ion Mincu, BucharestFaculty of Urbanism, Urban Planning Master Degree

Master`s DegreePost Tsunami resistence and resilience

- Constitutin, Chile -

Urb. Camino Ioana Despina

September 2013


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Table of contents

Chapter 1.Problems. Question of research. The reasearch goal. Urban resilience. The relevance of the study. /pg. 5

Chapter 2.The tsunami from Chile, February 2010 / pg. 7

2.1. Chile- it`s global position and it`s position in South America / pg. 82.2. Constitutin, Chile/ pg. 9

2.2.1. Images after the disaster / pg. 102.2.2. Distinctive competences of the town / pg. 102.2.3. Altimetry / pg. 112.2.4. Qualities of the town/ pg. 111. Turistic / pg. 11

a. The beach zone / pg. 11b. River Maule`s shore / pg. 13c. Orrego Island / pg. 13d. The town center / pg. 13

2. Waterside (harbour) / pg. 143. Industrial / pg. 14

2.2.5. What happened to the harbour? / pg. 152.2.6. It`s role in the land area / pg. 162.2.7. Connectivity inside the land area / pg. 17

2.3. Post-tsunami masterplans/ pg. 182.3.1. Sustainable reconstruction of the town of Constitucin masterplan, winner project of Holcim

Awards Silver, 2011, Latin America / pg. 181. What do they propose? / pg. 182. Impact studies / pg. 183. Critical oppinion / pg. 212.3.2. Harbour project + floodable green zones / pg. 21Critical oppinion / pg. 21

Chapter 3.Solutions applied in similar cases / pg. 21

Chapter 4.Constitutin, Chile- existing situation / pg. 224.1. Existing situation / pg. 224.2. High zones / pg. 224.3. Green zones / pg. 234.4. Floodable zones (post Tsunami) / pg. 234.5. Functions / pg. 24

Chapter 5.Post-Tsunami programs / pg. 25

Chapter 6.Constitutin, Chile- scenario / pg. 266.1. Development scenario / pg. 266.2. Phase 1 a- Inshore protection / pg. 27

6.2.1. River Maule`s inshore protection / pg. 276.2.2. Orrego Island`s inshore protection / pg. 276.2.3. Cellulose Industry`s inshore protection / pg. 276.2.4. Possible tipologies of protection barriers / pg. 281. Hard flood-barriers / pg. 28Case study:The flood-barriers from Thames River, London / pg. 292. Soft barriers (floodable zones) / pg. 29a. Water Meadows / pg. 29Case study:Harnham, Salisbury, England / pg. 30b. Flood meadows / pg. 32c. Wet meadows / pg. 32Case study: Buhr Park Children`s Wet Meadow, Ann Arbor, Michigan / pg. 32Plants for wet meadow gardens / pg. 33

6.3. Phase 1 b- Reconstruction / pg. 33


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Reconstruction Standards of housing and social tipologies of the inhabitants / pg. 346.4. Phase 2- Refinement of the economic engines / pg. 256.5. Public spaces / pg. 356.6. Urban poles / pg. 36

Chapter 7.Proposal / pg. 37

7.1. Elements` library / pg. 377.2 Proposal site / pg. 387.3. Intervention zone / pg. 387.4. Non-flooding period / pg. 397.5. Maximum flooding period / pg. 407.6. Flooding backdown period / pg. 417.7. Non-flooding period / pg. 427.8. Interventions / pg. 437.9. Zonification / pg. 44

7.9.1. Green zones / pg. 447.9.2. Housing / pg. 447.9.3. Education / pg. 467.9.4. The trainstation / pg. 46

7.9.5. The industry / pg. 47

Chapter 8.Proposal ilustration / pg. 47

Chapter 9.Who`s money is involved? / pg. 48

Bibliography/ pg. 50


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Chapter 1. Problems. Question of research. The reasearch goal. Urban resilience. Therelevance of the study.

The city is in a continual expansion, change, adaptation and development. It is a system in a continualantropisation, a life environment adapted to the human needs that become more and more different and complex.

As an antropised system, the city is frequently threatened by natural hazards: flooding, earthquakes,

earth flows, tsunamis etc- all of this natural phenomenons tending to happen again at different periods of time,because as a system, the city is dependent of it`s site, and, in most of the cases, it is vulnerable to the exteriorthreats.

The way how the cities of today answer to those threats and the way they adapt to those dependences tothe environment becomes a contemporan problems, a real challenge for planners and, in the same time, acontinuous research point.

Problems

This study analyses the problem of the tsunami hazard, a double-hazardin my oppinion: first it startswith an earthquake (far in the ocean) which ism ost of the times a murderous one, generating a water wavesbackdown, followed by a return of high waves which not only that flood all their way, but, with their force theydestroy the infrastructure, the constructions etc, carrying them away and hitting them away.

A tsunami hazard drop down a wretched town: affected infrastructure,destroyed houses,deaths ofpeople and, in the worst scenarios (still possible scenarios): unfunctional economic engines for differentterms of time.

If a city lives from a certain economic side, from a certain industry which is affected, the city risks toarrive to an economic break-downsituation (What helps the city survive? What does it produce? How does itsolve the temporar problem of unemployment, and, to all of this, adding the problem of the lack of houses forabig part of it`s population?). This is the point from where the economic crisisstarts.

As an example, we all know the case of Indonesia who`s tourism fell down, almost doomed after thedevastating tsunami from 26 December 2004, or the case of Japan (11 March 2011) which, affected by tsunami,went through a crisis situation after the ruination of the nuclear plant from Fuqushima (a real economic problemafter it`s temporar closing, but, in the same time, an environment problem/an echological problem due to thehigh radioactive risk).

Question of research

The question of research of this study is: How can we stop the loss of houses, the loss of human livesand, most of all, the economic loss caused by a tsunami hazard?

Starting from the notions of hazard, risk (the probability to produce a hazard) and urban vulnerability(the atribute of a habitation to have a predisposition tot hat risk- by it`s place in the theritory for example, by theabsence of any kinds of barriers of protection etc), we ask ourselvs the question: what actions are necessarily notto get to the situation of urban crisis? (situation of town colaps).

The first step in preventing the crisis situation is taking a decision: the decision meaning creating astrategy, whith which, by urban planning, to avoid even the most gloomy scenario (if not scenario- worstcase scenario), a scenario base don maximising the risks and the damages.

Practically, the urban planner will propose an intervention from which the city to be able to resist afuture hazard of the same ampleness or a greater gravity.

The mottowould be: if i cannot confront the force of the nature, I can help the city adapt to the naturalthreat and, as well, I can protect it in front of a repeatable phenomenon.


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Figure 1.1. From hazard to urban crisis

The research goal

In case of a tsunami hazard, the present study gives us answers about the way we can fiind the fastestand the best solutions of reconstruction, solutions of protecting the most vulnerable zones (hard or softsolutions) and, as well, solutions of re-launching the engines of economic developement of the city (what wewill do in the future to avoid the principal industry to be affected but as well to ressurect after the hazard)

Urban resilience

Urban resilience reffers to the capacity of a territory to adapt to the changes, to the natural or antropicdesasters and to have a durable developement. So, the urban resilience represents, first of all, an urbanadaptationthat drives the city to adurable developement.

Resilience= ADAPTATION

to resist in front of the risks

to protect the engines of development, the urban tissueand to minimise the economic loss(to avoid letting the hazard generate economic colaps of the city)

The relevance of the study

The tsunami (the term comes from Japaneese and it means harbour wave) represents a naturalphenomenom generated by earth quakes that take place in the middle of the sea/the ocean generating at first abackdown of the water followed up by a reflux characterised by gigant water waves that flood all the territory.The tsunami wave propagates different than a common water wave, having a very high speed in the offshore(from 300 to 700 km/h) and, differenced by the common waves they propagate in all the surface of the water, notonly on the surface line.

The height might varry from a few centimeters to some meters. Arrived to the shore, this manifests as awall of water, water`s force is so strong that the effect is devastating.

The shores typologieshave a major influence in the impact of the waves. To minimise the effect of atsunami wave i tis necessarly that the shore to be hilly, but, as abrupt the acclivous is, the tsunami waves have amore destructive potential. A shore with an easy going acclivious decreases the impact of the tsunami wave.


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Figura 1.2. The process of the Tsunami phenomenom( Source: http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami )

Figure 1.3. The tsunami wave and it`s force depending of the shores` typology( Source: http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami )

The tsunami phenomenoms exist from the ancient times, the Greek and Roman historics described themsince the ancient times. In the last years, the phenomenom was intensely made public, the cases of Indonesia, SriLanka, Japan, Haiti and Chile being well known.

TSUNAMI= an earth quake in the offshore of the ocean-> water backdown-> shore flooding+ devastation (the water brings trees, materials from destroyed constructions, ships etc to the shore)

Therefore, the cities situated in sites that are accident sensitive to tsunami phenomenoms need a specialresearch and, as well, special and different strategies and modalities of urban planning.

Chapter 2.The tsunami from Chile, February 2010

In the north-est of the Pacific Ocean, in February 2010, at 3:34 AM local hour, the Maule region fromChile has been shaked by an earthquake that had 8.8 graded on Richter scale magnitude, as an effect of themovement of the tectonic plate between Nazca and South America, in the middle of the ocean. The surface of therupture extended to 60 miles depth and 300 miles lenght across the coast of Chile.

The 8.8 grades on Richter scale earthquake has been followed by 21 replications having magnitudesover 6 grades on Richter scale, all of this affecting at the whole state level a population of aproximatively 2milion people (500 dead people, 200.000 destroyed houses and 30 milion dollars material loss- the Chilegovernment made a memoir conclusing that 1/8 from the state`s population has been affected by the tsunami).

The major activities from the region- fishing, navigation, mining, rafinery, the forest production andwood processing, as well as the agriculture were stopped by the hazard, generating themselves economic loss.

Antecedents

Chile has suffered the experience of an earthquake followed by a tsunami in 1960 as well (a 9.6 degreesRichter earthquake that left the inhabitants with the fear of this phenomenom).

Hazard maps and evacuation plans have been made for the urban coast, this plans helping lives in 2010because most of the people have evacuated the hazard zones in time.

The coast zone of Chile (especially the Maule region) is frequently affected by earthquakes, most ofthem followed by tsunamis.


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Figures 2.1, 2.2. The risk map for Chile (high tsunami vulnerability in the Maule region, on the Pacific Oceancoast- the cities Conceptin, Constitutin, Talca etc )( Sursce: U.S. AID, March 14, 2010 )

Constitutin (town placed in the Maule region, on the Pacific coast) has registered the most victimsafter the tsunami from 2010 (350 dead people, the waves were almost 15 m high, houndreds of houses have beendestroyed, after the tsunami the town has problems in recovering the electricity).

2.1. Chile- it`s global position and it`s position in South America

Chile is placed on the south-west coast of South America, having a large exit at the Pacific Ocean. It isbordered by Peru (north), Bolivia (north-est), Argentina (est), the Pacific Ocean (south and west).

Economic developement

The Republic of Chile is a rich state when it comes to natural resources and diversified economy. It hasa strong mine industry: copper (the third mondial producer- 898.000 tones), iron minerals, gold, silver, molibden(4th place on the globe in molibden- 4,8 milion tones), Chile salpetru (the biggest mondial producer- 828.000tones).

The industry that concentrates 1/3 of the active population (including the constructions field) andcontributes with around 40% at Chile`s NRP (national raw product) works in primary refinement of metals (atthe extraction places or in harbours), especially the copper refinement (Chuquicamata, Antofagasta, El Tenienteetc).

From the commercial relationships point of view, Chile exports 68% copper, iron minerals, salpetru,carbon, chimical products (around 2.179 milions $ U.S.A).1

More than that, Chile is the principal exporter of raw materialfor The European Union, USA, SouthCoreea and China (fruits, vegetables, pisciculture- leader in salmon export, exceling Norway in 2005, besideother species of fish, clams and captured whales).

It is admirable that the state of Chile reduced the poverty level 2 times in the last 15 years, being in thismoment the second state from Latin Americaafter Mexic from the economic point of view.

Chile has 6 principal harbours: Huasco (4,2 milon tones), Valparaso (4,0 milion tones), Coquibo (1,3milion tones), Caldera (1,3 milion tones), Tocopilla (1 milion tonse), Chaaral (0,5 milion tones) and 3 principalairports: Santago (Los Cerillos, Pudahuel), Antofagasta, Puerto Montt.

As international relationships, Chile has diplomatic relationships with 68 states and it is a member ofONU, UNESCO and other 64 international governamental organisations.1

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Horia C. Matei, Silviu Negut, Ion Nicolae, Nicolae Steflea- Statele lumii- mica enciclopedie (editia a II-arevizuita si adaugita), coordinator stiintific: Mircea Malita, Editura stiintifica si enciclopedica, Bucuresti, 1976(pg. 120-124)


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Touristic

In touristicstatistics, 2.500.000 touristscome to visit Chile every year, most of the tourist being fromthe neighbour countries but Europe as well (414.000 in 2007), Chile having as touristic objectives the incaarchitecture, The Andes Mountains for winter sports, Higland Lake, The Moon Walley, Easter Island, as well asthe towns from the Pacific Ocean seaside.

Chile has distinct natural conditions with very variate relief formes. It is constituted by a long andnarrow land (4.180 km length from the Arica Bay, narby the fronteer with Bolivia, to the Cape Horn in Tierra delFuego, the medium width being 175 kilometers and the maximum being 435 kilometers) which enlarges fromnorth to south on the south-american coast of the Pacific Ocean. The inshores measure around 10.000 km lenght.

It`s relief modifies from north to south, creating 3 paralel bands:1. a mountain beach catena (Cordilerra de la Costa), with plateau aspect and altitudes between 1000-

2000 m in north, with a lot of islands;2. a central depressionoccupied in north by aride pampas, in the central part by less droughty basins,

separated between them by mountains and a rich vegetation field, the most productive and populatedzone from the country.

3. the occidental side of Andesin the est, exceeding frequently 6000 m on the chilian theritory (26 picksover 6000 m), in their nordic part being a large field surface named Puna de Atacama, placed at morethan 3000 m altitude, being one of the most arid deserts from the globe- dominated by vulcanic origin

picks (Tacora 5890 m). At higher altitudes, we can find clues of the cuaternar ice age, as well as lakeswith the same origin, in the south part of Andes, in the place where the coast is fallen, the oceanformes fiords.The Easter Islandbelongs to Chile as well, it is placed 3760 km west from the Pacific coast and on its

surface there can be seen many extincted vulcanic chimneys.1Extended on a such big lenght of the coas of Pacific from South America, the clime, the vegetation and

the fauna of the country are very diversified, this determining very different human activities, spectacular anddistinct landscapes (even special urban landscapes having different characteristics). The clime variates fromdesert climate in the north, with low temperatures and aridity (Arica- the global aridity pole), subtropical climatein the center, oceanic climate in south, reaching cold climate with subantarctic influences in the south extremity(the zone we study is in the oceanic clime of Chile).1

2.2. Constitutin, Chile

Inside the town of Constitutin, the industrial zonefrom the coast of Pacific (the cellulose factory) andthe shore of Maule Riverhave been flooded after the tsunami, suffering major damages.

The total flooded surface by the tsunami waves in the coastal zone and on the Maule river`s shore (andmost of the surface of the islands from this river- including The Orrega Island) is around 130 hectares(around43 ha from the industrial zone).

Figure 2. 3. Constitutin- flooding post Tsunami( Source: http://www.pnsn.org/outreach/earthquakehazards/eq-hazard-maps/tsunami-hm )


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Figura 2. 4. Constitutin- flooding post Tsunami (Source: http://ramirez-jorquera.blogspot.ro/2011/01/chile-constitucion-anecumene.html)

2.2.1. Images after the desaster

Around 3 lines of urban islands from the shore of Maule have been flooded after the tsunami, including

houses most of all, but commercial and loisir zones as well (recreative navigation on the river), the town`strainstation and an university unit (Politehnic Institute from Constitutin).

The Cellulose Factory from the shore of the Pacific has been covered by water in a percentage of 100%.

Figures 2.5- 2.8. Post hazard images( Source: http://www.panoramio.com )

2.2.2. Distinctive competences of the town

Constitutin is a town from the Talca province, from the region VII Maule (the capital of the Mauleregion is the town Talca) having a poplation of 59.914 inhabitants.

The town is placed betweem the Pacific Ocean and the place where the river Maule flows in it (in th est)and it represents a seaside town at the Pacific Ocean, an industrial town(paper and cellulose) and a smallharbour (for fishing).

Talking about it`s natural context, the town has a hilly relief, characterised by rocky cliffs on thebeaches(caused by the movements of the tectonic plate of Nazca and by the vulcanic activity from 300 milionyears ago whch generated rocky cliffs and fossil beaches). In some pleaces on the beach but getting aut of theocean as well, we can see cliffs of around 100 meters high sculpted by milion years by the force of the wavesof the ocean and by the wind.

Almost half of the town is represented by high, hilly lands: 400-800 feets (130-250 meters altitude),having abrupt declivities, on which, housing extended from place to place, but also natural, unurbanised forestzones remained untouched, being splendid belvedere zones having special views to the beaches of the ocean.


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The town has a lot of large beaches (the town is surrounded at north and west by beaches, like:Callabocilos beach, El Carbon beach, Los Gringos beach, Poterillos beach, Desde los Molos beach etc), flat onesbut with abrupt bluff zones (the Pacific Ocean coast). The cliffy zones from the beaches have different heightsbut all of them are gigant, from those we mention the titans: Callabocilos, Piedra de la Iglesia, Piedra de LasVentanas, Piedra del Leon etc.

2.2.3. Altimetry

The townhas high lands with forest zone son almost a half of it`s surface, large beaches with cliffy relief(ensemble of cliffs), offering special distinct landscapes.

The relief is almost plane to the shore of Maule river and in the central and central-est zones of the townfrom which its expansion started, starting from an urban grid tissue, specific to American towns.

The relief is higher (cliffy) in the south of the town (Mutrn hill)- a forest hilly zone, and in the estzone.

The beaches have high abrupt and cliffy bluffs (special belvedere zones).

Figure 2.9. Localisation on the phisic map of Chile( Source: http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile)

HISTORY

The chilian theritory has been occupied by atacameos, diaguitas, changos and araucans amerindansfrom the precolumbian era; in the 15th century the north part and the central part become part of the IncaImperium. Fernando Magellan is the first one who gets through the strait that since 1520 when he first arrivedthere, untill today has his name.

The actual town (Constitutin) existed before the spanish colonisations, being a fishing villadom, after

the spanish colonisations (the 16th century) it becomes a commercial harbour(during the spanish dominationtill 12.02.1818 when Chile becomes an independent republic, the actual Chile is part of the Peru Viceregat and ofthe Capitania General Chile-1778).

Constitutin becomes a town in1791with the name of Nueva Bilbao, name that was changed with itsactual name in 1828 in honor of the Constitution adopted then. In 1830 it becomes the residence of Constitutindepartment from the region of Talca.

2.2.4. Qualities of the town

1. TOURISTIC

a. The beach zoneThe town has a valuable natural context: a hilly zone (Mutrn hill), large beaches, cliffy relief on the

beaches- an ensamble of cliffs creating a special landscape: The stone of the Church (Piedra de la Iglesia), theRock of Calabocillos,The Rock of Enamored, TheRock with Elephant.


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More, the town is named as well the pearl of the Maule region.2The beaches of the town have campings and are the favourite zones for the surf lovers that use the high

waves of the ocean as much as they can.

Figure 2.10. The rock of Callabocillos( Source: http://www.panoramio.com )

Figure 2.11. Cliffy landscape: CallabocillosFigure 2.12. Los Titanes Cliffs

( Source: http://www.panoramio.com )

Figure 2.13. The rock of the Church (Piedra de la Iglesia)( Source: http://www.panoramio.com )

Figure 2.14. The rock De las VentanasFigure 2.15. The rock of Leon

( Source: http://www.panoramio.com )

2 http://lasazucenashotel.com/la-perla-del-maule/


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Figure 2.16. Urban image- cliffy zone( Source: http://www.panoramio.com )

b. River Maule`s shore

River Maule`s shore has high fishing and recreation potential (its confluence is animated by small ships-fishing ships but as well small boats for recreative navigation).

c. Orrego Island

OrregoIsland, from Maule river is an important green quasinatural zone from the town. It has a bridgerealising the acces from the Maule shore to it.

Figures 2.17- 2.19. Images from the shore of Maule river

( Source: http://www.panoramio.com )d. The town center

The town center is characterised by simplity and picturesque.It has the atmosphere of a small town center, including the town hall, commercial functions , a central

park and a church (San Jose).As location in the town plan, the town center occupies the center of the urban grid tissue.


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Figures 2.20- 2.24. Images from the town center( Source: http://www.panoramio.com )

2. WATERSIDE (HARBOUR)

In its early begginings, Constitutin had an important role in ships construction, in the 19th centurybecoming an important harbour of the country. After building the highroad to Talca, it becomes anagricultural harbour.

The river Maule is navigablefor small boats, the blockage of the place where it flows into the oceanand the fact that this river has very variable depths during its confluence makes the using of the river by biggerships impossible.

Nowadays the town has no harbour, after the 19

th

century the river Maule beeing used by small ships-fishing ships and touristic ferries.

Figures 2.25, 2.26. Images harbour for small ships( Source: http://www.panoramio.com )

3. INDUSTRIAL

At the beggining of the 20th century, the pines and eucalipts plantations from the center determined theexecution of the Cellulose Factory, today Constitutin is the third productor of paper from Chile.


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Figures 2.27- 2.29. Industrial zone- The Cellulose Factory( Source: http://www.panoramio.com, http://www.bing.com/maps/ )

2.2.5. What happened to the harbour?

The idea of ressurecting the harbour has been put into view from a few years and it has been highlydebated by designers, engineers and those who take care of the environment problems. There has been set aconcept of project by which they want the transformation of the town in a harbour town and the transformationof the river Maule into a navigable confluence even for big ships.

More than that, the project assumes the construction of a canal lock, of a reservoir and a zone ofextraction of the agregates from the river.

The project has two phases with major influences in the developement of the whole town.

The first phase

1. The stabilisation of the river`s shores by walls, by creating a long barrage paralel with the shore atthe place where the river flows into the ocean for protecting the entering and the exit of the ships andmaking it more safe

2. Bringing sediments on some sectors and creating a beach isle as well as transforming the OrregoIsland in a public park. The operation cannotes the transformation of the north zone into an industrialarea.

The second phase

The second phase talks about creating a barrage at 10 km in a crack of the river that will have areservoir of a medium high of 40 m, in the interior of the barrage existing a little hydropower plant and an

extraction zone for the agregations from the river.The project would have included the relationing of the industry with the railway.

REASONS OF UNEXECUTION:

The problemConstitutin, harbour town (including the ample hydrotechincal project from the river)was intensely debated at local level, the NGO-S, the local autorities and the population participated indiscussions with pro and against arguments. The existence of a harbour corelated with the industrial zone fromthe north would have been an advantage for the town, but the project for river Maule sounds quite utopic.

The main reasons of unexecution of the idea of the project could be:- the very high costsfor canal locks and barrages;- the project is considered as an artificial intervention, when it comes to its impact to the environment (toomany barriers);

- the transformation of Maule into a navigable river for bigger ships would need interventions on all itsconfluence, which would have been an expensive intervention.


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Figures 2.30, 2.31. Proposal- transforming the river Maule into a navigable river( Source: http://www.plataformaurbana.cl/archive/2009/06/17/un-nuevo-puerto-para-chile-constitucion-20/ )

2.2.6. Its role in the land areaIn the Maule region, Constitutin is distinguishable with:

- its importance in silviculture (around half of the town is represented by hilly surfaces with forests);- sportive importance (Enrique Don Muller stadium);- as a multsectorial town (fishing town, cellulose industry, tourism etc).

Figure 2.32. The role of the town in the Maule region- multsectorial town (fishing town, cellulose industry,tourism etc).

(Source: http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regi%C3%B3n_del_Maule )

As a matter of the accesibility in theritory, Constitutin is place dat around an hour and a half from thecapital of the Maule region (the town Talca) an dat four hours and a half from the capital of the state (Santiago deChile), the distance to Talca being 113 km and from the capital being 361 km.

The distance between Constitucin and Santiago361 km (4 ore 30 min)


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The distance between Constitucin and Talca113 km (1 ora 30 min)

Figure 2.33. Localisation in theritory( Source: http://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Constituci%C3%B3n,_Chile )

2.2.7. Connectivity inside the land area

From Constitutin there are 3 important roads of connection in theritory:K-24-M in north to Curic and from there to the capital, to Santiago, M 304 in south to Talcahuano andConceptin and L-30-M in est to Talca.

Also, Constitutin has an urban trainstation and a railway connection (for passengers) to Talca, in thesouth-est part of the town.

Figure 2.34. Road connectivity in theritory( Source: http://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Constituci%C3%B3n,_Chile )


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Figure 2.35. Railway connectivity in theritory( Source: http://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Constituci%C3%B3n,_Chile )

Figure 2.36. Image of the trainstation- a train( Source: http://www.panoramio.com )

2.3. Post-tsunami masterplans

2.3.1. Sustainable reconstruction of the town of Constitucin masterplan, winner project of Holcim Awards

Silver, 2011, Latin America

1. What do they propose?

Winner of the Holcim Awards Silver 2011 from Latin America, the masterplan has been made after theearthquake and the tsunami from 2010 that affected the town Constitutin.

The masterplan proposes a strategy that would fiind a solution to the geographic threats induced bythe risk of an earhquake followed by a tsunami.

Instead of proposing strong interdictions in constructing or creating hard phisical barriers in the riskzones, the project proposes to create green declivity zonesas some artificials bluffs to break the waves, andmore, the project proposed as well, some severe restrictions when it comes to the land utilisation.

This two kinds of interventions came along with evacuation plans as the third protection element. Thepurpose is the long term protection of the town most of all in relationship with the historic position of the town,

near the flow-end of the estuary- an economic strategic position of the town.The complementary concept is to create open public spaces across the shores of the river which to

compensate the absence of loisir spaces from the center of the town, and, in the same time, to dissipate thepluvial waters to reduce the risk of some future floodings.

2. Impact studies

Commonly the tsunami waves flooded the shore and continued to extend in the constructed zone overminimum 5 buildings.

By the project of greening the buffer, the waves` speed decreases from 2.81 m/s to 1.42 m/s after itsimpact with the forrest barrier. The water doesn`t flood the shore that much, but, it hardly arrives to the thirdblock. Also, the constructions are protected by the existence of some free ground floors.


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The planners thought that a green barrier like a forest would decrease the impact of the tsunami with40%.3

Figures 2.37-2.40. Image of the actual situation vs. the project( Source: http://www.holcimfoundation.org/T1359/A11LAsiCL.htm )

3http://www.holcimfoundation.org/T1359/A11LAsiCL.htm


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Figures 2.41-2.43. Images of the project( Source: http://www.holcimfoundation.org/T1359/A11LAsiCL.htm )

Figure 2.44. Images of the actual situation (harta de risc- cutremur si inundabilitate post Tsunami vs. proiect( Source: http://www.holcimfoundation.org/T1359/A11LAsiCL.htm )


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3. CRITICAL OPPINION:

The winner masterplan presents, in my oppinion, a superficial/incomplete solution because:

- it protects the bluff zones, creates public spaces but the risk of flooding the constructions nearby doesn`tdissapear completely(they are the ones saying in their impact studies that with this project, the waves would not

reach the fifth construction, they would maximum reach the third protected block with free ground floors, whichsolves the problem only in a superficial way);- the masterplan doens`t propose the protection of the industrial zonefrom the bluff (the economic engine ofthe town);- the masterplan doesn`t chase the development of the town, it is rather a landscae architecture project of quasi-adaptation to the tsunami (we ask ourselvs if by this project the town would be prepared to resist a new tsunamiphenomenom as devastating as the ones before with no damages).

2.3.2. Harbour project + floodable green zones

The project assumes creating some green shores, Maule`s shore being proposed as a floodable greenzone. A few canals get through the town drainaging the waters (flooded ones) from the river to the south of thetown (to a seconday harbour).

CRITICAL OPPINION:

Creating a new harbour and the operation of introducting canals into town seem to be a very expensiveproject.

Figure 2.45. Harbour project + floodable green zones( Source: http://www.plataformaurbana.cl )

Chapter 3.Solutions applied in similar cases

Indonesia

On 26 December 2004, the coast zone of the indonesian island Sumatra was crushed by a 9.1 degreesRichter earthquake followed by a tsunami, the balance sheet of the hazard beeing 1500 km of destroyed coast,166.000 dead people.

In January 2005, a reconstruction post-tsunami plan named the Blueprint has been made.By its proposings, the town has been divisioned in several zones, from which around 2 km from the

coastal line (Buffer Zone) were restrictioned to any construction (restriction that has been ignored in the

reconstruction JICA plan from May 2005). Also, a forest coast barrier has been proposed to reduce the powerof the tsunami waves an escape emergency roadshave been created.


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Figure 3.1- 3.2. Post Tsunami reconstruction plan in Indonesia( Source: IATSS Research Volume 36, Issue 1, July 2012, pg. 1119 )

Chapter 4.Constitutin, Chile- existing situation

4.1. Existing situaton

Constitutin is a town placed at the shore of the Pacific, at the place where the river Maule flows into theocean, it has large beaches with cliffy bluffs. Almost half of the town is occupied by high relief- cliffs covered byforests (in south and west).

The town has a good accesibility into the theritory (3 road connections in the region) and a railway.The main activities in the town are the industry (the north zone is the industrial zone of the town- the

cellulose factory) and fishing (the river Maule). To those, we can add thetouristicaspect of the town.

There are 5 main zonesof the town: the beach zone- touristic value, the industrial zone in the north, thecenter of the town, the urban grid tissue (with housing and connex functions) and the recreational green zones (thepark from the south, from the base of the high zone, including the stadium of the town) and the hilly quasi-naturalislands from Maule.

Figure 4.1. Existing situation

4.2. High zones

The town center is represented by an urban grid tissue, afterwards the town has extended and developedadaptating to the relief conditions.

The high zones have a role of natural zones with sectors of forests- great green zones (the hilly zonesbeing covered by forests especially in the south part of the town) and, as well, special belvedere zones (the bluffs-the west part of the town).


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Figure 4.2. High zones

4.3. Green zones

Constitutin has several green zones more or less antropic (but most of them are quasinatural) on arounda quarter of its surface.

Figure 4.3. Green zones

4.4. Floodable zones (post Tsunami)

After the tsunami experiences from the `60s and from 2010, risk maps has been made in Constitutin.Even though the floodable zones have been marked according to a worst case scenario (the worst

situation and the maximum flooding were kept into view), the making of this maps determined the prevention ofmany human loss by evacuating the inhabitants in time.

Judging by the surfaces marked as floodable after a tsunami with the ampleness of the ones from 1960and 2010, the total flooded area from the town is around 130 ha , including the north zone (the industrial zonefrom the Pacific Ocean`s shore), Maule`s shore (including around 3 lines of urban islands), as well as the islandsfrom the river Maule, wich means a big constructed surface.


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Figura 4.4 Floodable zones

4.5. Functions

If the north zone is destined to the industry, the important functions of the town are concentrated near thecentral zone (primary education and highschool), and, on Maule`s shore (academic education- PolitehnicInstitute).

In the south part of the town we discover the main green zone dedicated for sports, the main hospital andthe trainstation.

The industrial zoneis supplied by an importand road which connects Constitutin with the towns fromthe south of the region, including Conceptin, on this ways transporting the raw material and the end productsfrom the factory as well.

In the south part of the town, there`s a road bridge that connects the town with the towns from the northof the region and with the capital which is 361 km far. On the other shore of Maule we discover a rural landscapewith several pasture fields, rare houses and golf grounds, picnic zones and the aerodrome of the town (innorth-est- the Quivolgo aerodrome).

Figure 4.5. Rural landscape on the other shore of Maule riverSource: http://www.panoramio.com

Figure 4.6. Functions


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Chapter 5.Post-Tsunami programs

The whole system of the town is affected by the tsunami: all waht urban shapemeans (infrastructure,constructions, public spaces etc), as well as the urban life(population and activities, urban economy).

We say that the town gets to a situation of urban crisiswhen the hazard destroys its functionalityas asystem.

In this situation, the town has two options of action:

1. The town adapts to the post-tsunami flooding2. The town runs awayfrom the post-tsunami flooding

1.The town adapts to the post-tsunami flooding

Both options are unanimous possible and it`s only a matter of the urban planners` decision which is themost appropriate solution to the context of the town.

If the town choses to adapt to the flooding, the shores protection will be realised by some soft barriers-creating green floodable zones, which have the advantage of building up the efficiency of the space usage,

gaining a more friendly town (environment friendly) in which the inhabitants are using attractive publicspaces on the river`s shore, and not hard barriers that create a tedious image (as some hard barriers as breakwaterslike a wall/a barrier between the town and the river). In this way, the floodable shore of Maule is not anymore feltas a tedious limit (as it would have been in case of constructing a breakwater- a hard barrier) but as a friendlypublic space.

More, proposing a green floodable zone on Maule`s shore articulates several zons from the town (likegreen connections between the central zone of the town, Orrego Island, the high hilly zone from the north, at thebase of the industrial zone, where there is an urban garden with an important monument of the town, as well as thetrainstation zone from the south-est)

2. The town runs awayfrom the post-tsunami flooding

The run away has the advantage of involving a bigger protection(recommended in the zones that

need a better protection like an economic development engine like the industrial zone from the Pacific`s shore forexample in the case of the town we talk about in our study)

The hard barriers could be considered compromise solutions, if their utilisation for protecting theindustrial zone doesn`t rise up any problems regarding the urban image or the space functionality, their utilisationin other situations (in case of a promenade bluff for example) could generate conflicts (creating tediouslandscapes, the perception of some hard uban limits etc).


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Figure 5.1. From the notion of risk to challenges and conflicts

Post-Tsunami programs:

The post-Tsunami strategy for Constitutin consists in two major phases (the first being thereconstruction of the affected constructed context, assuring houses for the affected inhabitants and simultaneouswith this program, the protection of the shores- the Pacific shore and Maule`s shore as well, the second phasereffering to programs which look after the capitalisation of the economic engines of the town).

Phase 1. Reconstruction of the constructed context and protection for the shores

Phase 1a. Protection for the future by creating protection systemsa. for protecting the industrial zone from the bluff (barrier- breakwater+ barrier- harbour)b. for protecting the Maule`s shore (green floodable zone)c. for protecting Orrego island (green declivity barriers + green flooding zones)

Phase 1b.Reconstruction- reconvention of the constructed zones

Phase 2. The capitalisation of the economic engines of the town

a. the cellulose industryb. the posibility of harbour capitalisation (the facilitation of transporting the raw materials andthe end materials from the cellulose industry by ships-naval way not only by roads)


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c. the possibility of touristic capitalisation (Maule`s shore + Orrego island- urban park)

Chapter 6.Constitutin, Chile- scenario

6.1. Development scenario

The development scenario for Constitutin assumes a first phase consisting in the protecton of theshoresby hard barriers as breakwaters for the industrial zone from the Pacific shore and by soft barriers as well(green zones with floodable portions on Maule`s shore + collector canals, as well as by creating green declivityzones on Orrego Island) and the reconstruction of the affected constructed context.

The reconstruction would be made beyond the green floodable zone from the river`s shore, proposingan increasing the value of the coeficient of the ground utilisation to cover the need of constructed surface that hasbeen affected by the tsunami, having a smaller ground resource than the initial one by transformating the greenfloodable zone into a non-aedificandi zone.

The reconstruction assumes not only the construction of houses ( for all social categories, fromunifamilial houses, insulated on the lot, to semicolective and small colective blocks of flats maximum groundfloor+ 2 floors or 3 floors), but the relocating of the education functions as well (primary education, highshooleducation and even academic education- The Politehnic Institute).

Also, the scenario proposes the relating of the new constructed zone and of the urban park from Maule`sshore by green axes. The trainstation zoneis connected with the urban park from the Maule`s shore.

The second phase stays in the capitalisation of the industrial zone from the north- the cellulosefactory and its relationing with a harbour,which would make the transport of raw material and end material`stransport more easy by water as well, in the present their transport being made by road (M304).

Figure 6.1. The developement scenario

6.2. Phase 1 a- Inshore protection

The pursuit of the program of protecting Maule`s shore is to protect the shore without creating a hardbarrier, withour creating a limit (as a breakwater- a wall in front of the waves for example).

Figure 6.2. Phase 1 A- Inshore protection


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6.2.1. River Maule`s inshore protection

Inthenon-flooding periods, the floodable shores of the urban park located on the river Maule`s shorerepresent green promenade zones, covered by hydrophile vegetation.

In the maximum flooding period, those shores are totally covered by water and the collector canalsare used to collect the waters from flooding (gutters + valleys of water draining).

The high zones of the park remain as some islands, like some hammocks surrounded by water.When the waters get backdown, the floodable shores keep a few temporary small pools and holms

with landscape value.

Figure 6.3. River Maule`s inshore protection

6.2.2. Orrego Island`s inshore protection

To avoid being totally covered by waters but, in the maximum flooding period to be flooded just insome unconstructed zones (in the maximum flooding period the sportive activities would be temporarycompletely or partial stopped), for protecting the Orrega Island the planners propose the use of green declivityzones(but not abrupt) that would stop/minimise the force of the waters.

Figure 6.4. Orrego Island`s inshore protection

6.2.3. Cellulose Industry`s inshore protection

Regarding the Pacific Ocean`s shore, the industrial zone is protected not only by a hard barrier (a

breakwater), but it is also protected by the harbour placed in front of it (a barrier as well).

Figure 6.5. Cellulose Industry`s inshore protection


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6.2.4. Possible tipologies of protection barriers

1. Hard barriersHard barriers can be quasi-natural, simple- concrete/rock breakwaters for example or they can be

technical barriersbased on systems of retentioning the water inside them.For example, in London, on Thames river, there are some barriers that are functioning on a simple

hydrodinamic mechanis: they have two holes, one through which the water gets inside it and another one whichlets the air get inside, so that the water stays under its own gravity inside.

Figure 6.6. Quasi-natural- concrete/rock breakwater( Source: http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dig )

Figure 6.7. Technical barrier- retentions the water inside( Source: http://www.primolo.de/node/31801 )

Case study- The flood-barriers from Thames River, London

The barrier from Thames river was constructed after the flooding from the year 1593 which killed 53people on Canvey Island and determined the evacuation of milion others. Those barriers have been constructed


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between the years 1974 and 1984 and until nowadays they have been closed more than 100 times top revent thefloodings.

The engineers created an innovative flood barrier to prevent the flooding in the zones across Thames.Made by steel, the barriers are normally left open as the ships to be able to get through them, but, in case ofemergency they closet o prevent the flooding and to mentain the river`s level in control.

2. Soft barriers (floodable zones)

a. Water Meadows

The water meadowsare more than some green floodable surfacs across the confluence of a river.

Their principles:

1. A number of hammocks and ditches are constructed across the meadow paralel with the condfluence of theriver.2. Water is diverted from the river`s confluence.3. The water will cascade in the ditches, flooding them.4. From there, the water is drained back to the river (naturally, in case there aren`t any man-made collecting

canals for it).

Figure 6.8. The principles of a water meadow( Source: http://www.strollingguides.co.uk/books/wiltshire/places/harnham.php#.UeztzNKePfI )

The continous water flooding helps keeping the green zones (the grass) frost-free, assuring theirregeneration as well in spring. Generally, this operation applies to agricultural zones and to pasture fields most ofall to help a greener and richer vegetation grow.

There are two types of water meadows:

1. Catchwork water meadowsThis type of water meadows are used especially in case of hilly surfaces and it doesn`t involve hard

engineer interventions to drain the waters.The process is a simple one: the water from a stream or spring grows out of the river`s bed and creates

riddles through which the water trickles along on the fields. The water can be used this way lower down theslope.

2. Bedwork water meadowBedwork water meadows are generally constructed don the valleys of some bigger river confluences

and they involve constructions that assure the correctness of the waters deviations.In this case, they use a duct to deviate the water to a declivity zone creating a hydrostatic connection

between the valley of the river and the hilly zone. From the main duct, some secondary ducts go aut. The waterthat flows between the high zones is collected by a valley duct that get sit back to the river. The water`s course iscontrolled by a set of canals and barriers ( wood or ground barrages ).

Case study:Harnham, Salisbury, England

Across many rivers there can be observed hammocks and furrows, at Harnham, in Salisbury, Englandfor example, they resist naturally,Harnham Water Meadows Trust proposing their landscape gardening.


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The project started in 1989 with the restauration of a number of irrigation carriers to control theflooding of the meadow.

Figure 6.9. Harnham Water Meadows, Salisbury, England( Source: http://www.oxfordcityguide.com/ee2/index.php?/SeeDo/ParksMeadows/ )

Figure 6.10. Water meadow plan of Harnham Water Meadows, Salisbury, England( Source: http://www.oxfordcityguide.com/ee2/index.php?/SeeDo/ParksMeadows/ )

Figure 6.11. Plan of the draining carriers in Harnham Water Meadows, Salisbury, England( Source: http://www.oxfordcityguide.com/ee2/index.php?/SeeDo/ParksMeadows/ )


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Figure 6.12. The structure of the ground ( chalky gravel, sand grounds, the river channels, riddles- r.t,watermeadow carriers (the canals)- w m c)

Figure 6.13. Flooding zones( Source: http://www.oxfordcityguide.com/ee2/index.php?/SeeDo/ParksMeadows/ )

Figure 6.14. Plan of the rivers` confluences ( the rivers Nadder and Avon)( Source: http://www.oxfordcityguide.com/ee2/index.php?/SeeDo/ParksMeadows/ )

b. Flood meadows

The flood meadowsare green areas or pasture fields located nearby a river that temporary have floods.Those are different from the marsh land , the difference standing in the fact that that this ones are generallyartificially created by controlling the way they are flooded.

c. Wet meadows

The wet meadows are ground surfaces saturated with water most time of the year, the expertsconsidering them marsh lands as the prairies or the wet savannas.

Those, as a difference between them and the marsh grounds or floodable zones, don`t have standingwater present pn their surfaces, excepting the periods of increasing of the waters level generating floods.

Those zones have a specific vegetation, not only hydrophile species but as well, species which haveseeds that resist long time underground during dry periods and then they regenerate after the flooding.

Such zones don`t support aquatic fauna such as fish. Generally, the et meadows have a high diversity ofplants (herbaceous species like sedges, rushes, high grasses, species of Rhexia, Parnassia, Lobelia, wild orchidslike Calopogon and Spiranthes, sometimes carnivorous plants such as Sarracenia and Drosera) and they canattract many species of birds, small mammals and a lot of insects like different butterflies. So, those zones are,same as the deltas, real sources of biodiversity.

Generally, the wet meadows are found across the rivers where the water level variates during the year.Most of the times, the construction of barriers such as breakwaters destroyed the natural ecosystems,generating environment problems.

Case study: Buhr Park Children`s Wet Meadow, Ann Arbor, Michigan

In some cases, people created artificial wet meadows to keep the waters from major floods, creating

marsh zones or wet meadows. The main idea is to capture the water from the floods and to use it as a resource(more or less temporary) to develop a specific flore. A few projects like that has been realised, like: Buhr ParkChildren`s Wet Meadow- an ensemble of marsh echosystems in Ann Arbor, Michigan as an educational


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project for students regarding environment problems (they plant specific flowers and plants and observe thefauna and the changes of landscape). This zones can be urban spaces as parks, but, as well, important rural zonesfor pasturing.

Figure 6.16- 6.17. Buhr Park Children`s Wet Meadow( Source: http://www.oxfordcityguide.com/ee2/index.php?/SeeDo/ParksMeadows/ )

Figure 6.18- 6.19. Buhr Park Children`s Wet Meadow- educational drawings made by gymnasium students (wetmeadows- water purification)

( Source: http://www.oxfordcityguide.com/ee2/index.php?/SeeDo/ParksMeadows/ )

Plants for water meadow gardens

Scientific name Common name (flower color) Recommended space betweenplants

Perennial Flowers

Tall (most plants are 3-5 feet)

Asclepias incarnata Swamp Milkweed (pink 18 inches

Aster puniceus Purple-stemmed Aster (light blue) 18 inches

Lobelia cardinalis Cardinal Flower (red) 12 inches

Medium (most plants are 2-3 feet)Iris versicolor Blueflag Iris (blue) 12 inches

Lilium michiganese Turk's Cap Lily or Michigan Lily(orange)

12 inches

Chelone glabra Turtlehead (cream) 6 inches

Grasses

Tall (most plants are 3-6 feet)

Andropogon gerardi Big Bluestem 24 inches

Sorghastrum nutans Indiangrass 24 inches


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Spartina pectinata Prairie Cordgrass 24-36 inches

Medium (most plants are 2-4 feet)

Calamagrostis

canadensisBlue Joint Grass 12-18 inches

Schizachyriumscoparium

Little Bluestem 18 inches

(Source: http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/gardens/nativeplants/meadow_species.html)

6.3. Phase 1 b- Reconstruction

The reconstruction program consists in the reconstruction of houses and, in the same time, in therelocation of the educational functions. The reconstruction implicates an increasing of the coefficient of groundutility coefficient (the raport between the total constructed surface of the building and the ground surface)-fromthe existing constructions ground floor+first floor, most of all individual houses, to constructions mostly semi-colective and colective houses with heights from ground floor to ground floor+2 floors/ground floor+3 floors.

Figure 6.8. Phase 1 B- Reconstruction

Reconstruction Standards of housing and social tipologies of the inhabitants

1. Individual houses on the lot- studio apartmants (ground floor)

- placed on lots with maximum surfaces of 250 mp;- destined for a population with medium-high capital: young couples, pensioners, students (from one to threestudents/studio apartment).

Figure 6.9. Individual house on the lot- studio apartment (ground floor) for a population with medium-highcapital: young couples, pensioners, students (from one to three students/studio apartment)


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( Source: http://g3rezidential.ro )

2. Individual houses on the lot- 3 rooms apartments (ground floor+first floor)

- placed on lots with maximum surfaces of 350 mp;- destined for a population with medium-high capital (families with children).

Figure 6.10. Individual house on the lot (ground floor+first floor) for a population with medium-high capital(families with children)

( Source: personal portfolio )

3. Semi-colective and colective houses (ground floor + 2 flors- ground floor+3 floors)- studio apartmentand 2-4 rooms apartments

- destined for a population with medium and low capital;- studio apartments: destined for pensioners, students (1-3 students);- apartments of 2-4 rooms: destined for young couples, families with children.

Figure 6.11. Semi-colective and colective houses- studio apartments and apartments of 2-4 rooms for a populationwith medium- low capital

( Source: personal portfolio )

6.4. Phase 2- Capitalising the economic engines

The scenario is base don the development of the town starting from its specific values. The program ofcapitalising the economic engines stays in developing and capitalising Constitutin as an industrial town-cellulose producer.

Of course, creating an industrial harbour helps the existent industry assuring the transport of the rawand final materials by navigation, not only by road, but, as well, the development of Constitutin as animportant harbour nodein the region Maule.


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Figure 6.12. Phase 2- Capitalising the economic engines

6.5. Public spaces

By the ensemble of projects of increasing the urban resistence and resilience to tsunami phenomenoms,Constitutin gains a multitude of friendlypublic spaces. The center of the town is connected with the greenzone (the park) from Maule`s shore by green axes and, by this way, the non-aedificandi flooding zone from theriver`s shore is not percepted as a barrier, but as a link between the green zones from the town.

Figure 6.13. Public spaces

6.6. Urban poles

By the post tsunami resistence and resilience scenario, an ensemnble of urban poles are contouring inthe town:

- industrial pole, on the Pacific Ocean`s shore, represented by the cellulose factory and by the harbour;- cultural pole: the center of the town, where many education units are concentrated;- commercial pole: the central zone of the town and the central zone of the park from the river`s shore;- sportive activities pole: the existent stadium placed in the south of the town, as well as the sportive ensemblefrom Orrego Island;

- valuable green zone: Maule`s shore, an environment valuable zone- the appearance of quasi-natural space(by the presence of flooding zones, by the fact that it is dressed by the nature, that it`s landscape variates


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from a period to another), only patchy antropised by the presence of recreational functions (terrace pubs, parkmachines for fun etc ) and the railway on a small part of the park.;- recreational pole: especially the central part of the park from the river`s shore.

More, the trainstation is a connection between the green zobe (the park) from the river`s shore and theconstructed context of the town, it can be considered an entrance to the town.

Figure 6.14. Urban poles

Chapter 7.Proposal

7.1. Elements` library

In the contouring of the proposal, we used an elements` library based especially on floodable zones(pools, slops etc) from Holland, this one, with its multitude of towns developed under the sea level,being an acewhen it comes to the floodable zones landscape gardening and creating floodcontrol barriers (the Deltaplan projectfrom Rotterdam for example).

Figure 7.1. The elements` library


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7.2 Proposal site

Figure 7.2. Proposal site

7.3. Intervention zone

The intervention zone includes Maule`s shores(especially the part of Maule`s shores into town), OrregoIslandfrom the river, the industrial zone from the Pacific`s shoreand the floodable constructed zonefrom theriver`s shore (between the shore and the central part of the town- around 4 lines of urban islands).

The zone is bounded by the Pacific Ocean in the north, the center of the town at west, the opposite shoreof Maule at est and in south- the town`s hospital zone, the hilly zone from the south of the town and thetrainstation. The total surface of the intervention zone is around 210 ha.

Figure 7.3. Intervention zone


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7.4. Non-flooding period

In the non-flooding periods, the intervention zone includes 63 haof green space (urban park)on riverMaule`s shore.

Figure 7.4. Non-flooding period

7.5. Maximum flooding period

In the maximum flooding period, around 20 hafrom the river Maule`s shore and from its islands arecovered by waters.

Figure 7.5. Maximum flooding period


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7.5. Flooding backdown period

After the flooding period until the total backdown of the waters, small pools will remain in the depthzones on a surface around 12 ha. The ditch and the collector canals play an importand rle in all this process.

Figure 7.6. Flooding backdown period

7.6. Non-flooding period

Figure 7.7. Non-flooding period


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7.8. Interventions

Figure 7.8. Inteventions

7.9. Zonification

7.9.1. Green zones

The park from Maule`s shore is composed by 5 zones with different characters and landscapeswhichconnect the north zone, the center of the town, the trainstation etc.

Zone 1, having a 21,4 hasurface is the highest zone from the park, a buffer zone between the industryfrom the north, Maule`s shore and the rest of the town. The zone is an already settled green zone, here is the placeof an existent monument of the town: Virgen del Mutrun-1869.

Zone 2 has a surface of 18 haand it is a quasi-natural zone(the wild part of the park), characterised byrich vegetation, it is an oasis of silence.

Zone 3 is represented by Orrego Island, dedicated to sportive activities (sport solls- tenis, ping-pong,football etc), it has a surface of 11 haand it communicates to the park from the river`s shore by a bridge over theriver, being connected to zone 4 of the park.

Zone 4 is probably the most animated part of the park from the river`s shore, this zone having a

surface of 7 habeing dedicated to recreational and commercial activities(here you can find pubs, playgroundsfor kids, a wharf for recreational navigation etc).

Zone 5, placed nearby the trainstation of the town, is a buffer green zone across the railway, being anarrow green zone of 5 ha. The landscape is a quasi-natural one.


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Figure 7.9. Green zones

7.9.2. Housing

By the reconstruction program, a population around 9.500 people (16% from the town`s population) willgain houses.

This way, there will be constructed 420 unifamilial houses (for a population with a medium to highcapital), from studio apartments for young peuole and students, to apartments with different numbers of rooms(for families with children), 103 semicolective houseswith different numbers of rooms (for a population with

medium capital) and 425 colective houseswith studio apartments and apartments (for a population with mediumto low capital).

Figure 7.10. Unifamilial houses


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Figure 7.11. Semicolective houses

Figure 7.12. Colective houses

7.9.3. Education

The reconstruction concernes the reconstruction and the relocationof The Politechnical Institute andof other educational units (gymnasial and highschool education) as well.

This way, the gymnasial and highscool educational units will be concentrated nearby the central part ofthe town and the Politechnic Institute will be placed in a green zone, nearby the zone number 5 of the park fromthe river`s shore.


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Figura 7.13. Educatie

7.9.4. The trainstation

The town`s trainstation as well as the railway remain in the same place and keep the same route. Thetrainstation is an entrance in the town, a connection between the green, natural zone from the town and itsconstructed zone.

Figure 7.14. The trainstation


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7.9.5. The industry

The north zone of the town is dedicated to the industry- the existent cellulose factory (the maineconomic engine of the town), having a surface of 43 haand the harbourhaving a surface of 18 ha.

Figure 7.15.The industry

Chapter 8.Proposal ilustration

By the ensemble of projects, Maule`s shore becomes more animated, more friendly and protected toface the floodings generated by tsunami phenomenoms that repeat cyclical due to the seistmic activity from Nazcaplate.

If the river`s shore had a tedious landscape, the project turn sit into an attarctive promenade place withrecreational activities.

Figures 8.1, 8.2. Ilustration- Landscapes from Maule`s shore

Figures 8.3, 8.4.The existing situation and images after the intervention- Maule`s shore


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On the Pacific Ocean`s shore, despite its functional aspect, the harbour is an important protection floodbarrier for the cellulose factory and it has an important role in animating a tedious portion from the beach.

By the ensamble of projects, this zone`s landscape and attractivity change very much.

Figure 8.5 Ilustration- the ocean`s shore

Figure 8.6. The existing situation and the image after the intervention- the ocean`s shore

Chapter 9.Who`s money is involved?

The whole project of creating an urban resistence and resilience in the town Constitutin of Chile isrealised by money from the governement for post-calamity situations(the post-tsunami reconstruction) andfor development programs (the harbour zone), with public money (the local autorities take care of theinvestments for infrastructure, for road constructions, the existing trainstation`s rehabilitation, the landscape

improvement of Maule`s shore and the acces to Orrego island), by public-private investitions(the landscapeimprovement of Orrego island and the sportive zones from it) and by private investors (the recreationalfunctions from zone nr. 4 of the park from Maule`s shore).

THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT

- The post-tsunami reconstruction;- The harbour zone.

THE LOCAL AUTORITIES

- Infrastructure + road constructions;- Te existing trainstation`s rehabilitation;- The landscape improvement of Maule`s shore (urban park) and the acces to Orrego island and

relationing them with the green zone from the north and with the center of the town.

PUBLIC- PRIVATE INVESTITIONS

- The landscape improvement of Orrego island and the sportive zones from it.

PRIVATE INVESTORS

- The improvement of the recreational functions from zone nr. 4 of the park (pubs, playgrounds etc)


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Bibliography

Chapter 1. Problems. Question of research. The reasearch goal. Urban resilience. The

relevance of the study.

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami

Chapter 2.The tsunami from Chile, February 2010

http://www.pnsn.org/outreach/earthquakehazards/eq-hazard-maps/tsunami-hm

http://reidmiddleton.wordpress.com/2011/05/10/earthquake-reconnaissance-trip-chile/

2.1. Chile- it`s global position and it`s position in South America

http://www.myetymology.com/encyclopedia/Constitution_(Chile).html

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile

Horia C. Matei, Silviu Negut, Ion Nicolae, Nicolae Steflea- Statele lumii- mica enciclopedie (editia aII-a revizuita si adaugita), coordinator stiintific: Mircea Malita, Editura stiintifica si enciclopedica,Bucuresti, 1976 (pag. 120-124)

2.2. Constitutin, Chile


2.2.1. Images after the disaster http://www.panoramio.com

2.2.2. Distinctive competences of the town

http://www.panoramio.com

2.2.3. Altimetry


2.2.4. Qualities of the town http://www.panoramio.com

2.2.5. What happened to the harbour?

http://www.plataformaurbana.cl/archive/2009/06/17/un-nuevo-puerto-para-chile-constitucion-20/

2.2.6. It`s role in the land area



2.2.7. Connectivity inside the land area

http://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Constituci%C3%B3n,_Chile

2.3. Post-tsunami masterplans

2.3.1. Sustainable reconstruction of the town of Constitucin masterplan, winner project ofHolcim Awards Silver, 2011, Latin America

http://www.holcimfoundation.org/T1359/A11LAsiCL.htm

2.3.2. Harbour project + floodable green zones http://www.plataformaurbana.cl/archive/2009/06/17/un-nuevo-puerto-para-chile-constitucion-20/

Chapter 3. Solutions applied in similar cases

Indonesia

IATSS Research Volume 36, Issue 1, July 2012, pg. 1119 Reconstruction of the Aceh Region

following the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami disaster: A transportation perspective


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Chapter 5. Post-Tsunami programs

Prof. univ. dr. arh. Alexandru Gabriel Sandu- Curs doctrina urbanistica, structuri urbane, compozitieurbana (capitolele II- IV)

Conf. dr. arh. Tiberiu Florescu- curs Stare de criza si vulnerabilitate arhitectural-urbana

Conf. dr. arh. C. Sarbu- curs Dezvoltare durabila Prof. dr. arh. Doina Cristea- Orasul si mediul

Chapter 6. Constitutin, Chile- scenario

6.2.4. Possible tipologies of protection barriers1. Hard flood-barriers

http://architecture.about.com/od/damsresevoirs/ss/floodcontrol_4.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_control

http://www.primolo.de/node/31801

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dig

2. Soft barriers (floodable zones)

a. Water MeadowsCase study:Harnham, Salisbury, Anglia

http://www.strollingguides.co.uk/books/wiltshire/places/harnham.php#.UeztzNKePfI

http://www.salisburywatermeadows.org.uk/waterhistory-evolution.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water-meadow

http://www.oxfordcityguide.com/ee2/index.php?/SeeDo/ParksMeadows/

b. Flood meadows

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_meadow

c. Wet meadowsCase study: Buhr Park Children`s Wet Meadow, Ann Arbor, MichiganPlants for wet meadow gardens

http://www.wetmeadow.org

http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/gardens/nativeplants/meadow_species.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_meadow

Keddy, P. A. and Fraser, L. H. (2002). The management of wetlands for biological diversity: fourprinciples. In Modern Trends in Applied Aquatic Ecology, eds. R. S. Ambasht and N. K. Ambasht, pag.2142. New York: Kluwer.

Mountford, J. O., Lakhani, K. H., Kirkham, F. W. 1993. Experimental assessment of the effects ofnitrogen addition under hay-cutting and aftermath grazing on the vegetation of meadows on a Somersetpeat moor. Journal of Applied Ecology 30, pag. 321332.

Documents

ENG-Master Degree- Camino Ioana Despina- Resistence and Resilience Post Tsunami