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ENERGY PRODUCTION FROMMICROALGAEENERGY PRODUCTION FROM MICROALGAE BIOMASS: THE CARBON FOOTPRINT AND
ENERGY BALANCE
Authors: MSc Diego MedeirosAuthors: MSc. Diego MedeirosDr. Emerson Andrade SalesDr. Asher Kiperstok
PRESENTATION STRUCTURE
• INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVES• OBJECTIVES
• JUSTIFICATION
• METHOD
RESULTS• RESULTS
• DISCUSSION
• CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
• Climate Change
I i l b l d d• Increasing global energy demand
• Fossil vs. Renewable fuel
• Microalgae as a potential source
• Life Cycle Assessment
OBJECTIVES
• This paper intends to assess qualitatively the microalgae bioenergyproduction including an examination of some of the latestproduction including an examination of some of the latestdiscoveries.
• A case study on microalgae biomass combustion was simulated to• A case study on microalgae biomass combustion was simulated toproduce heat and compares the use of different electricity sourceswith respect to Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and Net Energyp gyRatio (NER). Some fossil sources were used as reference.
2 1 Cultivation data Table 1 – Microalgae cultivation inventory in
2 MICROALGAE TO BIOENERGY2.1 Cultivation data. Table 1 Microalgae cultivation inventory in
Open‐ponds per kilogram of dry matter.
Table 2 – Microalgae cultivation inventory in Photo‐bioreactors per
2 MICROALGAE TO BIOENERGYTable 2 Microalgae cultivation inventory in Photo‐bioreactors per
kilogram of dry matter.
2 2 Scaling up Table 3 Microalgae to biofuel obstacles for
2 MICROALGAE TO BIOENERGY2.2 Scaling‐up. Table 3 – Microalgae to biofuel obstacles for
commercial scale implementation.
Cultivation Opportunities ChallengesCultivation Opportunities Challenges
CO2 From industry1 Land shortage2
Nutrients Waste Water Not well studied3
Water Recirculation Not well established4
Infrastructure More control of theHigher costs and energyInfrastructureand Operation
More control of theprocesses
Higher costs and energyintensive5
Sun/light Arid areasFar from resources andusersSun/light Arid areas users
Temperature Mild temperatures
Protected areas ortemperature control in aridareas6Temperature Mild temperatures areas6
Sources: CAMPBELL et al., 20101; PATE et al., 20112; PARK et al., 2011 & CHRISTENSON e SIMS 20113; YANG et al., 20114; NORSKER et al., 20115; NREL, 19986.
2 2 Scaling up Table 3 Microalgae to biofuel obstacles for
2 MICROALGAE TO BIOENERGY2.2 Scaling‐up. Table 3 – Microalgae to biofuel obstacles for
commercial scale implementation.
Cultivation Opportunities ChallengesCultivation Opportunities ChallengesSpecie Wild types of algae Domestication8
Oil productivity Nitrogen starvation10 Slow down growth
ContaminationLab microalgae areweak in the field Allow a native contaminant6
Specific to the specie, mediumd i d d t
Harversting Many technologiesand required downstreamprocess7
Promisingtechnologies beingDependent on microalgae
Lipid extractiontechnologies beingdeveloped
Dependent on microalgaespecie and intended products8
BiomassConvert into manyforms of biofuels In development9Biomass forms of biofuels In development9
Sources: UDUMAN et al., 2010 & MATA et al., 20107; RAWAT et al., 2011 & BENEMANN 20108; SINGH e OLSEN, 20119; LARDON et al., 200910.
Table 4 Comparison of energy balance results of microalgae biofuel
2 MICROALGAE TO BIOENERGYTable 4 – Comparison of energy balance results of microalgae biofuel
production over the life cycle.
St die Ro te Po iti e Neg ti eStudies Routes Positive Negative
Lardon et al. (2009) Biodiesel production from microalgae X
Clarens et al (2010) Biomass production from microalgae X
Liu et al. (2009) Methanol production from microalgae X
Scott et al. (2010) Biodiesel production from microalgae X
Jo q e et lJorquera et al.
(2010) Biomass production using different methods X X
Biodiesel produced from six microalgae (raceway)
Liu et al. (2011) models X X
Razon and Tan
(2011) Biodie el nd meth ne p od ed f om mi o lg e X(2011) Biodiesel and methane produced from microalgae X
Clarens et al. (2011) Biomass burned to produce electricity X
METHOD
Evaluated the NER and GHG emissions from the production of Nannochloropsis sp. biomass using SimaPro 7.3 ™ software in the following scenarios:
OP1 ‐ algal biomass, open pond, residual CO2 and conventional fertilizers.
OP2 ‐ algal biomass, open pond, residual CO2 and wastewater.
FPP1 ‐ algal biomass, flat plate, residual CO2 and conventional fertilizers.
FPP2 ‐ algal biomass flat plate residual CO and wastewaterFPP2 ‐ algal biomass, flat plate, residual CO2 and wastewater.
METHOD
Scope. Figure 1 – Thermal energy production chain from microalgae biomass.
3 2 I t A l i T b l 5 Mi l bi f N hl i
METHOD3.2 Inventory Analysis. Tabela 5 – Microalgae biomass from Nannochloropsis sp.
production inventory per kilogram of dry matter in Open‐ponds (OP) and Flat‐plate photobioreactor (FPP).
Inputs OP FPP Unit Source
CULTIVATIONNitrogen (N) 0,07 0,07 kg/kg CalculatedPhosphorus (P) 0,01 0,01 kg/kg CalculatedPotassium (K) 0,01 0,01 kg/kg CalculatedFertilizers transportation 0,02 0,02 t.km EstimatedCarbon dioxide (CO2) 1,83 1,83 kg/kg Chisti 2007
k /k lWater 2857,14 370,37 kg/kg Jorquera et al. 2009Electricity 1,05 1,94 kWh/kg Jorquera et al. 2009
Microalgae + Water 2858,14 371,37 kg/kg
FLOCULATIONFLOCULATIONAluminum Sulfate Al2(SO4)3 1,3 1,3 kg/kg Razon and Tan 2011Hydrochloric Acid HCL (15%) 0,3 0,3 kg/kg Razon and Tan 2011
Microalgae + moisture 8 1,04 kg/kg
CENTRIFUGATIONElectricity 0,06 0,001 kWh/kg Water Brentner et al. 2011
4.2 Net Energy Ratio. Figure 2 – Energy balance of 20 Mega Joules (LHV)RESULTS
from Nannochloropsis sp. at OP1, OP2, FPP1 and FPP2 and the fossil options.
NER = E Out / Σ E In
1,20
1,40
0,750,80
0,71 0,740,80
1,00
ER
0,46
0,58
0,370,44
0,40
0,60NE
0,00
0,20
OP1 OP2 FPP1 FPP2 Hard coal Natural Gas Heavy fuel Light fuel oil oil
Production Routes
Source: Cumulative Energy Demand (CED) method from Ecoinvent v2.2 (2013).
4.3 GHG emissions Figure 3 – GHG emissions from OP1, OP2, FPP1, FPP2
RESULS
and some fossil options referred to the production of 20 MJ (LHV) of thermal energy from combustion at the power plant.
3 143,5
4
4,5
2,47
2,02
3,14
2,71 2,59
1,88 1,822
2,5
3
O2
e/
20
MJ
1,43
0 5
1
1,5
2
kg
CO
0
0,5
OP1 OP2 FPP1 FPP2 Hard coal Natural Gas Heavy fuel oil
Light fuel oil
Production routes
Figure 4 – Relative GHG emissions per processes from thermal energyRESULTS
production of OP1.
Source: SimaPro 7.3 ®.
RESULTS
Using the Brazilian electricity matrix.
0,590,79
0,520,67
0,50
1,00
R (
BR
)
0,00OP1 OP2 FPP1 FPP2
NE
R
Production scenarios
1,691,25
1,811,362
3
BR
)
1,25 ,
0
1
OP1 OP2 FPP1 FPP2
kg
CO
2e (
B
Production scenariosProduction scenarios
DISCUSSION• The substitution of commercial fertilizers by effluent brought an
expressive gain in NER of 25‐30%.
• Around 80% of the GHG emissions using fossil sources comes fromcombustion.
• Microalgae GHG emissions were higher than for fossil using theUnited States electricity grid but lower using the Brazilian one. It
l t i ti l t it t k lmeans, a cleaner matrix stimulates it to keep clean.
• Scenarios OP1, OP2, FPP1 and FPP2 increased 28, 36, 42 and 55%on their NER and decreased 32 38 42 and 50% on their GHGon their NER and decreased 32, 38, 42 and 50% on their GHGemissions respectively.
CONCLUSION
Even though the fossil options show slightly better yields compared tomicroalgae in the two categories analyzed the fossil energymicroalgae in the two categories analyzed, the fossil energytechnology is mature and has less space for improvements, whilemicroalgae is in its infancy and has many technological solutionsmicroalgae is in its infancy and has many technological solutionsbeing developed.
Microalgae favor industrial ecology practices.g gy p
CLEAN TECHNOLOGY NETWORK
Thank you for your kind attention!TECLIM
Diego Medeiros
E‐mail: [email protected] page: http://www teclim ufba brHome page: http://www.teclim.ufba.br
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