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Biodiesel Feed Stock, Production Technology
BIODIESEL CONCEPTDiesel (Petroleum derived) Oil When Substituted Partly or Wholly by a Liquid Fuel Derived from
Renewable Resource Materials
Rudolf Diesel First Demonstrated in 1900 that Renewable Resource Material like Groundnut
(Peanut) oil as a Fuel in Diesel Engine in Place of Petroleum Diesel Without any Problem.
Biodiesel
The present ConceptConversion of Oils/Fats to Alkyl Esters of
Monohydric Alcohols to overcome Problems of High Viscosity, High Boiling Point and Reactivity
make
Biodiesel is Now Defined Exclusively as the ‘Monoalkyl’ Esters of the Long Chain Fatty Acids
Derived from the Oils/Fats of Vegetable and Animal Origins that Fulfill almost all the Requirements of
Petroleum-Derived Diesels.
BIODIESEL FEEDSTOCK(A) Oils & Fats of Plant And Animal Origins(B) Refinery byproducts like (1) Fatty Acid Distillates (FADs) (Palm FADs). (2)Acid Oils (Soyabean, Rice bran, Coconut, Mustard).(C) Used Oils Like Frying Oils.
CPO MILLING
TRADITIONAL COCONUT OIL PRODUCTION
TRADITIONAL COCONUT OIL PRODUCTION
separations
Triglyceride
LABORATORY SCALE PRODUCTION
ESTERIFICATION
Alcohol + Acid Ester + WaterThe reaction of fatty acid with an alcohol produces ester and water. The esters can be separated from the water because they have low solubility
in it.
Esters can be produced under conditions of low or high temperature and the crude product is distilled, bleached and deodorised as appropriate
before a pure ester is produced.
Chemical catalyst processBiocatalyst process
CATALYST
One Step Process with a Base Catalyst like Sodium Hydroxide or Potassium Hydroxide or their Alkoxides when the Oils/Fats are Refined (RBD).Two-Step Process on oils Containing FREE FATTY ACIDS
(I) Esterification with Conc. H2SO4, H3PO4
(ii) Transesterification with a base catalyst NaOH, KOH or High Pressure Esterification and Alcoholysis for straight way conversion to Biodiesel.
Chemical Catalyst Process
One-Step Biocatalyst Process for Biodiesel Production
Simultaneous Esterification And Transesterification (Alcoholysis) of Triglyceride Oils.
Esterification
Lipase R.COOH + MeOH R.COOMe + H2O
CH2OCOR CH2OH Lipase
CHOCOR + 3MeOH 3 R.COOMe + CHOH CH2OCOR CH2OH
TRANSESTERIFICATION
Lipase
Candida Cylindraceae, Candida Rugosa, Candida Antartica &Lipase 3A (1,3-specific lipase)
A. Single Stage or Direct Transesterification (Alcoholysis) Process.
Refined or Neutral Oil (< 1.5% F.F.A.)
+Alcohol (Methanol) 1.6-2 Times
Chemical Process For Biodiesel Production
Theoretical Amount
Base Catalyst 500C-700C KOH OR NaOH 4-6 Hr.
0.3-1.5% or NaOMe 0.5% or Less
ALKYL ESTER PRODUCT
Necessary Post-Treatment
BIODIESEL (95% yield of 97% purity)
1st STAGE ESTERIFICATION PROCESSAcid Catalyst + Alcohol (1.6-2
Times (Conc. H2SO4 the Th. Amount)
0.1-1% on F.F.A 1000-1200C/10-12 hrs.
Basis Or 600C/4-5 hrs.Or350C/2 hrs.1-2 hrs.
Ester Phase Glycerol Phase
B. TWO-STAGE (COMBINED ESTERIFICATION AND TRANSESTERIFICATION) PROCESS.
2nd STAGE TRANSESTERIFICATION PROCESSESTER PHASE
Base Reflux Or at 600CCatalyst For 0.5-6hrs.
Alkyl Ester Phase Glycerol Phase
Purification Acidified
Final Ester Biodiesel Glycerol Phase Acidic Esters
Purification
AUTOCATALYTIC ESTERIFICATION PROCESS
Acidic Oils (>5% FFA) Or Acid Oils (>50% FFA)Esterifying Agent 1800C-2200CLike Glycerol 2-6 Torr,(Theoretical Or 6-12 hrs20-60% Excess Over theoretical
Neutral Oil Transesterification
Process
Methyl Ester Glycerol Purification (Recycled in the
Esterification) Biodiesel
Oil + Methanol (1:42 )300-5000C 300
Atmospheres Times 3-4
minutes
Methyl Esters (98% Conversion)
TRANSESTERIFICATION WITH SUPERCRITICAL METHANOL FOR
BIODIESEL PRODUCTION
Biodiesel By Blending of Vegetable Oil With Short Chain Alcohol and an Amphiphilic Compound Vegetable Oil
1-ALKANOL Methanol Or Ethanol
Stable Solution (Liquid)(With Viscosity Sufficiently low for use as Diesel Fuel)
Linolenic Acid < 12%
Methanol Content < 0.02%Monoglycerides > 1.0
Diglycerides > 0.25Triglycerides > 0.25Free Glycerol < 0.02
Total Glycerol < 0.38Alkali Metals < 5 ppm
Alkali Earth Metals < 5 ppmPhosphorus Content < 10 ppm
BIODIESEL STANDARDS
FEEDSTOCK• MINYAK NABATI KW 1 (FFA <5%)
• MINYAKNABATI KW 2 (FFA > 5%, <20%)
• MINYAK NABATI KW 3 (FFA>20, <70%)
• PFAD (FFA >70%)
• Esterifikasi
• Transesterifikasi
PROSES KIMIA
150 oC > 100 – 130 oC 50 – 80 oC + Catalyst 30 – 50 oC + Enzyme
Teknologi proses
Process conditions High temperature Medium temperature Low temperature + Catalyst Low temperature + Enzyme
METHANOLFEEDSTOCK
GLYCEROL / WATERBIODIESEL
Examples (Batch Reaction)
Oil FFA(%) Yield of Methyl Ester(%)
Crude Palm Oil 4.5 96Crude Palm Stearin 3.8 98Rapeseed 3.2 95Sunflower 3.5 94Coconut 1.5 98Palm Kernel 3.2 98Soya bean 1.3 95Corn 9.6 96Tallow 3.9 93
FUEL CHARACTERISTICS OF METHYL ESTERS OF VARIOUS VEGETABLE OILS
CHARACTERISTICS TESTED METHYL DENSITY VISCOSITY CETANE HEATING
ESTER 150C 400C NUMBER VALUE
PALMOIL 0.872-0.877 4.3-4.5 64.3-70 32.4 MJ/L
COCONUT 0.872 2.7 62.7 30.8 MJ/L
METHYL DENSITY VISCOSITY CETANE HEATING
ESTER 150C 400C NUMBER VALUE
RAPESEED
(LEAR) 0.882 4.2 51.0-59.732.8MJ/L
SUNFLOWER 0.885 4.0 61.2 32.8MJ/L
SOYABEAN 0.880 4.0 45.7-56 32.7MJ/L
TYPICAL
DIESEL 0.830-0.840 2.0-3.5 51.0 35.5MJ/L
FUEL