End of Book - McGraw Hill Education · Symbols, A-17 4. Values for Important ... bits per second BPS blank BLK block BLK ... circular CIR circular mill CMIL circular pitch CP circumference

A-1

Appendixes

1. Abbreviations for Engineering Drawings, A-4

2. Metric Equivalents, A-16

3. Geometric Dimensioning and TolerancingSymbols, A-17

4. Values for Important Properties of Materials, A-18

5. Trigonometry Functions, A-19

6. Properties of Geometric Elements, A-20

7. ANSI Running and Sliding Fits (RC), A-28

8. ANSI Clearance Locational Fits (LC), A-29

9. ANSI Transition Locational Fits (LT), A-30

10. ANSI Interference Locational Fits (LN), A-31

11. ANSI Force and Shrink Fits (FN), A-32

12. Description of Preferred Metric Fits, A-33

13. ANSI Preferred Hole Basis Metric ClearanceFits, A-34

14. ANSI Preferred Hole Basis Transition andInterference Fits, A-35

15. ANSI Preferred Shaft Basis Metric ClearanceFits, A-36

16. ANSI Preferred Shaft Basis Metric Transition andInterference Fits, A-37

17. Unified Standard Screw Thread Series, A-38

18. Thread Sizes and Dimensions, A-39

19. Tap Drill Sizes for American National ThreadForms, A-40

20. Hex Cap Screws (Finished Hex Bolts), A-40

21. Socket Head Cap Screws (1960 Series), A-41

22. Square Head Bolts, A-42

A-2 APPENDIXES

23. Hex Nuts and Hex Jam Nuts, A-43

24. Square Nuts, A-44

25. ANSI Metric Hex Jam Nuts and Heavy HexNuts, A-45

26. ANSI Metric Hex Nuts, Styles 1 and 2, A-45

27. ANSI Metric Slotted Hex Nuts and Hex FlangeNuts, A-46

28. ANSI Square and Hexagon Machine Screw Nutsand Flat Head Machine Screws, A-47

29. ANSI Slotted Flat Countersunk Head CapScrews, A-48

30. ANSI Slotted Round and Fillester Head CapScrews, A-48

31. Drill and Counterbore Sizes for Socket Head CapScrews, A-49

32. ANSI Hexagon and Spline Socket Head CapScrews, A-49

33. ANSI Hexagon Socket Head Shoulder Screws, A-50

34. Drill and Counterbore Sizes for Metric SocketHead Cap Screws, A-50

35. ANSI Socket Head Cap Screws—Metric Series, A-51

36. ANSI Metric Hex Bolts, A-51

37. ANSI Metric Hex Cap Screws, A-52

38. ANSI Hex and Hex Flange Head Metric MachineScrews, A-53

39. ANSI Slotted Flat Head Metric MachineScrews, A-54

40. ANSI Slotted Headless Set Screws, A-55

41. ANSI Hexagon and Spline Socket Set Screws, A-55

42. ANSI Hexagon and Spline Socket Set ScrewOptional Cup Points, A-56

43. ANSI Square Head Set Screws, A-57

44. ANSI Taper Pipe Threads (NPT), A-58

45. ANSI Metric Plain Washers, A-59

46. ANSI Type A Plain Washers—Preferred Sizes, A-60

47. ANSI Type A Plain Washers—Additional SelectedSizes, A-60

APPENDIXES A-3

48. ANSI Type B Plain Washers, A-61

49. ANSI Helical Spring Lock Washers, A-62

50. ANSI Internal and External Tooth LockWashers, A-63

51. ANSI Keyseat Dimensions for Woodruff Keys, A-64

52. ANSI Standard Woodruff Keys, A-65

53. Key Size versus Shaft Diameter—Key Size andKeyway Depth, A-66

54. ANSI Standard Plain and Gib Head Keys, A-66

55. ANSI Chamfered, Square End, and Taper Pins, A-67

56. British Standard Parallel Steel Dowel Pins—MetricSeries, A-68

57. ANSI Cotter and Clevis Pins, A-69

58. Piping Symbols, A-70

59. Electronic Symbols, A-77

60. Welding Symbols, A-80

A-4 APPENDIXES

A

abrasive ABSVabsolute ABSaccelerate ACCELacceleration, angular � (alpha)acceleration, due to gravity gacceleration, linear � (alpha)accessory ACCES.account ACCTaccumulate ACCUMaccumulator ACCUMRacetylene ACETactual ACT.actuator ACTRadapter ADPTaddendum ADD.addition ADD.adhesive ADHadhesive bonding ABDadjust(able) ADJadvance ADVaeronautic AEROafter AFT.aggregate AGGRair acetylene welding AAWair carbon arc cutting AACairplane APLalclad CLADalignment ALIGNallowance ALLOWalloy ALY or ALLalteration ALTalternate ALTalternating current ACaltitude ALTaluminum ALAmerican AMERAmerican Iron and Steel Institute AISIAmerican national 8 pitch 8NAmerican national extra fine NEFAmerican national standard AMER NATL STDAmerican National Standards Institute ANSIAmerican national taper pipe NTPAmerican Petroleum Institute APIAmerican Society for Testing and Materials ASTMAmerican Society of Mechanical Engineers ASMEAmerican Society of Testing Materials ASTM

American Society of Tool Engineers ASTEAmerican standard code for information

interchange ASCIIAmerican standard straight (dryseal) NPSFAmerican standard straight pipe NPSCAmerican standard taper (dryseal) NPTFAmerican Standards Association ASAAmerican Water Works Association AWWAAmerican Welding Society AWSAmerican wire gage AWGamount AMTAmpere AMPAmpere–hour AMP HRamplifier AMPLamplitude Aangle, solid � (omega)angle � (alpha), � (beta), � (gamma), � (theta), �

(phi), or � (psi)angular frequency (omega)angular momentum Langular velocity (omega)anneal ANLanodize ANODantennae ANT.antilogarithm ANTILOGapartment APT.apparatus APPappendix APPXapproved (by) APPDapproximate(ly) APPROXapproximately equals =~ or ≈arc brazing ABarc cutting ACarc length sarc spraying ASParc welding AWarea Aarithmetic logic unit ALUarithmetical average AAarmature ARMarmor plate ARM—PLArmy & Navy ANarrange ARR.artificial ART.as required ARasbestos ABS

Appendix 1 Abbreviations for Engineering Drawings

APPENDIXES A-5

asphalt ASPHassembly ASSY or ASBassistant ASSTassociate ASSOCassociation ASSNatmosphere ATMatomic ATatomic hydrogen welding AHWatomic weight AT WTattachment ATTACHaudible AUDaudio frequency AFauthorized AUTHauto transformer AUTO TRautomated guided vehicles AGVautomated storage and retrieval systems AS/RSautomatic AUTOauxiliary AUXavenue AVEaverage AVGaviation AVIavoirdupois AVDPazimuth AZ

B

Babbitt BABB or BABback feed BFback pressure BPback to back B to Bbackface BFbalance BALball bearing BBbare metal arc welding BMAWbarometer BARObase line BLbase plate BPbearing BRGbenchmark BMbend radius BRbending moment Mbent BTBessemer BESSbetween BET.between centers BCbetween perpendiculars BPbevel BEVbill of materials B/Mbinding head machine screw BHMSBirmingham wire gage BWGbits per second BPS

blank BLKblock BLKblock brazing BBblueprint BPboard BDboard feet (foot board measure) FBMboiler BLRboiler feed BFboiler horsepower BHPboiler pressure BOPRESSboiling point BPbolt circle BCboth faces BFboth sides BSboth ways BWbottom BOTbottom chord BCbottom face BFbracket BRKTbrake BKbrake horsepower BHPbrass BRSbrazing BRZG or Bbreadth bbreak BRKBrinell hardness BHBrinell hardness number BHNBritish standard BR STDBritish thermal unit BTUbroach BRObronze BRZBrown & Sharpe B&Sbucket teeth screw BTSbuilding BLDGbulk modulus Kbulkhead BHDburnish BNHbushel BUbushing BUSH.button BUT.button head BUT. HDbutton head hex socket cap screw BHHSCSbytes B

C

cabinet CAB.calculate CALcalorie CALcanceled CANCcandle CD

A-6 APPENDIXES

cap screw CAP SCRcapacity CAPcarbon arc brazing CABcarbon arc cutting CACcarbon arc welding CAWcarburize CARBcarriage CRGcase harden CHcast iron CIcast steel CScasting CSTGcastle nut CAS NUTcatalogue CAT.cathode ray tube CRTcement CEMcenter C or CTRcenter line CLcenter of gravity CGcenter of pressure CPcenter of vision COVcenter to center C to Ccentering CTRcentimeter CMcentimeter–gram–second CGScentral processing unit CPUcentrifugal CENTchamfer CHAMchange CHGchannel CHANcharacters per minute CPMcharge-coupled device CCDcheck CHKcheck valve CVchecked (by) CH. or CK.chemical CHEMchemical flux cutting FOCchemically pure CPchord CHDchrome vanadium CR VANcircle CIRcircuit CKTcircular CIRcircular mill CMILcircular pitch CPcircumference CIRCclear CLRclearance CLclearance locational fits LCclockwise CWclosure CLOScoated CD

coefficient COEFcoefficient of expansion, linear � (alpha)coefficient of friction (mu)coextrusion welding CEWcold drawn CDcold finish CFcold punched CPcold rolled CRcold welding CWcold-drawn steel CDScold-rolled steel CRScologarithm COLOGcolor code CCcolor lookup table CLUTcombination COMB.combustion COMBcommercial COMLcompact disk CDcompact disk–read only memory CD–ROMcompany COcomplete COMPLcompress COMPcomputer numerical control CNCcomputer output to microforms COMcomputer-aided design CADcomputer-aided drafting CADcomputer-aided drafting and design CADDcomputer-aided manufacturing CAMcomputer-aided process planning CAPPcomputer-integrated manufacturing CIMconcentrate CONCconcentrated load (same force) Fconcentric CONCconcrete CONCcondition CONDconductivity CNDCTcone of vision COVconnecting CONNconstant CONSTconstruction CONSTcontact CONTcontinue CONTcontour CTRcontrol CONTcoordinate measuring machine CMMcopper COP.cord CDcorner CORcorporation CORPcorrect CORRcorrugate CORR

APPENDIXES A-7

cosecant CSCcosine COScost, insurance, and freight CIFcotangent CTNcotter COTcoulomb Ccounter CTRcounterclockwise CCWcounter electromotive force CEMFcounterbore CBOREcounterdrill CDRILLcounterpunch CPUNCHcountersink CSKcoupling CPLGcover COVcross section XSECTcubic CUcubic centimeter cm3 or CCcubic feet per second ft3/s or CFScubic foot ft3 or CU FTcubic inch in3 or CU INcubic meter m3 or CU Mcubic millimeter mm3 or CU MMcubic yard yd3 or CU YDcurrent CURcurrent density CDcustomer CUSTcutting plane CPcyan, yellow, magenta, black CYMKcyanide CYNcylinder CYL

D

datum DATdecibel DBdecimal DECdecrease DECRdededum DEDdeep/depth DPdeflect DEFLdeflection of beam � (delta)degree DEG or °degree Centigrade °Cdegree Fahrenheit °Fdegree Kelvin Kdensity � (rho)density Ddepartment DEPTDepartment of Defense DOD

design DSGNdesign for manufacturability DFMdetail DETdetail drawing DET DWGdevelop DEVdeveloped length DLdeveloped width DWdeviation DEVdiagonal DIAGdiagram DIAGdiameter D, DIA or ∅diametral pitch DPdie casting D. CASTINGdiffusion brazing DFBdiffusion welding DFWdimension DIM.dip brazing DBdip soldering DSdirect current DCdirect numerical control DNCdischarge DISCHdisconnect DISCdisk operating system DOSinput/output I/Odisplacement u, v, w, or sdistance, linear sdistance DISTdivided (by) / or ÷division DIVdots per inch DPIdouble DBLdovetail DVTLdowel DWLdowel pin DPdown DNdozen DOZdraft DFTdrafting DFTGdram DRdrawing DWGdrawing change notice DCNdrawing interchange format DXFdrawn DRGdrill or drill rod DRdrive DRdrive fit DFdrop Ddrop forge DFdrop-forged steel DFSduplicate DUP

A-8 APPENDIXES

E

each EAeast Eeccentric ECCeffective EFFefficiency EFF or (eta)elasticity, modulus of Eelasticity, modulus of, in shear Gelbow ELLelectric ELECelectrical discharge machining EDMelectrochemical discharge grinding ECDGelectrochemical machining ECMelectrogas welding EGWelectromechanical machining EMMelectromotive force EMFelectron beam cutting EBCelectron beam machining EBMelectron beam welding EBWelectron beam welding–high vacuum EBW–HVelectron beam welding–medium vacuum EBW–MVelectron beam welding–nonvacuum EBW–NVelectroslag welding ESWexplosion welding EXWelementary ELEMelevate ELEVelevation ELelongation, total � (delta)encapsulated Postscript (format) EPS (F)enclosure ENCLenergy, kinetic Ek

energy, potential Ep

engine ENGengineer ENGRengineering ENGRGengineering change order ECOengineering digital management system EDMSenhanced small device interface ESDIentrance ENTequal(s) EQ or =equation EQequivalent EQUIVestimated ESTexpanded memory specifications EMSexplosion welding EXWexternal or exterior EXT

F

fabricate FABface to face F to F

factor of safety N or nFahrenheit Ffar side FSFarad Ffederal FED.feed FDfeet, foot FT or (′)figure FIG.file finish FFfillet FILfillister FILfillister head machine screw FHMSfillister head slotted cap screw FHSCSfinish FIN.finish all over FAOfitting FTGfixed FXDfixture FIXTflame spraying FLSPflange FLGflash welding FWflat Fflat head FHflat head elevator bolt FHEBflat head hex socket cap screws FHHSCSflat head machine screw FHMSflat pattern F/Pflexible FLEXfloor FLfloppy drive FDDflow brazing FLBflow welding FLOWfluid FLflux cored arc welding FCAWfocus FOCfoot per minute FPMfoot per second FPSfoot–candle FCfoot–Lambert FLforce Fforce or load, concentrated Fforce or shrink fits FNforge welding FOWforged steel FSTforging FORGforward FWDfoundry FDRYfree on board FOBfreezing point FPfrequency FREQ or ffriction welding FRW

APPENDIXES A-9

front FRfull indicator reading FIRfull size FSfurnace brazing FBfurnace soldering FSfurnish FURNfused deposition modeling FDMfusion point FNPT

G

gage or gauge GAgallon GALgallon per minute GPMgallon per second GPSgalvanize GALVgalvanized iron GIgalvanized steel GSgas carbon arc welding CAW–Ggas metal arc cutting GMACgas metal arc welding GMAWgas metal arc welding–pulsed arc GMAW–Pgas metal arc welding–short circuiting arc GMAW–Sgas tungsten arc cutting GTACgas tungsten arc welding GTAWgas tungsten arc welding–pulsed arc GTAW–Pgasket GSKTgeneral GENgenerator GENgigabytes GBglass GLgovernment GOVgrade GRgradation GRADgrain GRgram Ggraphical user interface GUIgraphics interchange format GIFgraphite GPHgreater than >greater than or equal to ≥greatest common divisor GCDgrind GRDgroove GRVground GRDground line GLgyration, radius of, k

H

H-beam Hhalf hard 1/2 H

half-round 1/2 RDhandle HDLhanger HGRhard Hhard drive HDharden HDNhardware HDWhead HDheadless HDLSheat HTheat treat HT TRheavy HVYheight H or hHenry Hhex head cap screw HHCShex head machine screw HHMShex socket set screw HSSS—(point type) cuphex socket shoulder screw HSSShexagon HEXhigh carbon steel HCShigh frequency HFhigh torque cap screw HTCShigh-pressure HPhigh-speed HShigh-speed steel HSS or HS SThorizon line HLhorizontal HORhorizontal measuring line HMLhorsepower HPhorsepower—hour HP HRhot pressure welding HPWhot rolled HRhot-rolled steel HRShour HRhousing HSGhue, lightness, and saturation HLShue, saturation, and value HSVhydraulic HYDhydrodynamic machining HDMhydrostatic HYDROhyperbolic cosine COSHhyperbolic sine SINHhyperbolic tangent TANH

I

I-beam Iidentification IDENTillustrate ILLUSimpregnate IMPGinboard INBDinch(es) per second in/s or IPS

A-10 APPENDIXES

inch–pound IN LBinches IN (or ′′)inclined INCLinclosure INCLinclude INCLindependent INDEPindicated horsepower–hour IHPHindicator INDinduction brazing IBinduction soldering ISinduction welding IWinertia, moment of, I or Jinertia, polar (area), moment of, Jinertia, product (area), moment of Ixy

infrared brazing IRBinfrared soldering IRSinitial graphics exchange specifications IGESinside diameter IDinstrument INSTintegrated circuit ICintegrated drive electronics (interface) IDEinterapplication communications IACinterference locational fits LNinterior INTintermediate pressure IPinternal INTInternational Standards Organization ISOinternational tolerance grade ITGinterrupt INTERintersect INTiron Iiron soldering INSirregular IREGit to (in proportion) :

J

joggle JOGjoint JTjoint Army–Navy JANjoule Jjournal JNLjunction JCTjust-in-time JIT

K

key Kkeyseat KSTkeyway KWYkilobytes K or KBkilometer KM

kilovolt KVkilovolt–Ampere KVAkilovolt–Ampere/hour KVA-H or KVAHkilowatt KWkilowatt–hour KWHkilowatt–hour meter KWHM

L

laboratory LABlacquer LAQlaminate LAMlaser beam cutting LBClaser beam cutting–air LBC–Alaser beam cutting–evaporative LBC–EVlaser beam cutting–inert gas LBC–IGlaser beam cutting–oxygen LBC–Olaser beam machining LBMlaser beam welding LBWlateral LATlatitude LATleast common multiple LCMleast material condition LMCleft Lleft hand LHleft measuring point LMPleft vanishing point LVPlength LGlength all over LOAless than <less than or equal to ≤letter LTRlight LTlimit switch LSlimited LTDline Llinear LINliquid LIQload, total P or Wload per unit distance q or wlocal area network LANlocate LOClogarithm (common) LOG.logarithm (natural) LNlong LGlongitudinal LONG.low carbon LClow pressure LPlubricate LUBlumber LBRlumen per watt LM/W or LPW

APPENDIXES A-11

M

machine MACHmachine control MCmachine steel MSMacintosh bitmap picture format PICTmagnaflux Mmagnesium MAGmagnetomotive force MMFmaintenance MAINTmajor MAJmalleable MALLmalleable iron MImanual MAN.manufacture MFGmark MKmass mmaster switch MSmaterial MATLmaterial regiment planning MRPmathematics (ical) MATHmaximum MAXmaximum material condition MMCmean effective pressure MEPmean time between failure MTBFmeasure MEASmeasuring point, right MPRmeasuring point, left MPLmeasuring point MPmechanical MECHmechanism MECHmedian MEDmegabytes MB or Mmegahertz MHZmegaohm M� (omega)megawatt MWmelting point MPmetal MET.metal arc cutting MACmetal powder cutting POCmetal–inert gas MIGmeter Mmeter–kilogram–second MKSmicroampere Amicrofarad F (mu F)microwatt W (mu W)middle MIDmile MImile per hour MI/H or MPHmilitary MILmilliampere MAmillifarad MF

millihenry MHmillimeter MMmillions of instructions per second MIPSunshielded twisted pair UTPmillisecond MSmillivolt MVminimum MINminus –minute MIN or (′)miscellaneous MISCmodel MODmodification MODmodified frequency modulation (interface) MFMmodulator demodulator MODEMmold line MLmolecular weight MOL WTmolecule MOmoment of force, including bending moment Mmonth MOMorse taper MOR Tmotor MOTmounted MTDmultiple MULTmultiplied (by) * or ×music wire gage MWGmusical instrument digital interface MIDI

N

nanosecond NSnational NATLnational course series NCnational electrical code NECnational fine series NFnational pipe thread NPTnatural NATnear face NFnear letter quality NLQnear side NSnegative NEG or –neutral NEUTneutral axis, distance to extreme fiber from cnickel steel NSnomenclature NOMnominal NOMnominal pipe size NPSnonuniform rational B-splines NURBSnormal NORnormalize NORMnorth Nnot to scale NTS

A-12 APPENDIXES

number NO.numerical control NC

O

obsolete OBSoctagon OCToffice OFF.Ohm � (omega)on center OCopen hearth OHoperating system OSopposite OPPoptical OPToptical character recognition OCRorder ORDoriginal ORIGounce OZounce–inch OZ INoutlet OUT.outside diameter ODoutside face OFoutside radius ORoval head carriage bolt OHCBoval head machine screw OHMSoverall OAoxidize OXoxyacetylene cutting OFC-Aoxyacetylene welding OAWoxyfuel gas cutting OFCoxyfuel gas welding OFWoxygen arc cutting AOCoxygen cutting OCoxygen lance cutting LOCoxyhydrogen cutting OFC-Hoxyhydrogen welding OHWoxynatural gas cutting OFC–Noxypropane cutting OFC–P

P

pack PKpackage PKGpacking PCKpage Ppages per minute PPMpan head machine screw PHMSPantone matching system PMSparagraph PAR.part PTparting line (castings) PL

patent PAT.pattern PATTpennyweight DWTper inch PIpercussion welding PEWperiod (time) Tpermanent PERMperpendicular PERPphosphor bronze PH BRZphotomechanical transfer PMTpicture plane PPpiece PCpiece mark PC MKpilot PLTpint PTpitch Ppitch circle PCpitch diameter PDplan view PVplasma arc cutting PACplasma arc machining PAMplasma arc welding PAWplasma spraying PSPplastic PLSTCplate PLplumbing PLMBplus +plus or minus �pneumatic PNEUpoint PTpoint of curve PCpoint of intersection PIpoint of tangent PTPoisson’s ratio (mu) or � (nu)polish POLpolyvinyl chloride PVCport Ppositive POS or +Postscript PSpotential POT.potential difference PDpound LB or #pound per horsepower LB/HP or PHPpound–force foot lbf • ft or LB FTpound–force per square foot lbf/ft2 or PSFpound–force inch lbf • in or LB INpound–force per square inch lbf/in2 or PSIpower PWR or Ppower factor PFPratt & Whitney P&Wprefabricated PREFAB

APPENDIXES A-13

preferred PFDprepare PREPpress fit PFpressure, normal force per unit area ppressure PRESS.pressure gas welding PGWprimary PRIprocess PROCproduction PRODprofile PFprojection welding PWpropeller PROPpublication PUBpush button PB

Q

quadrant QUADquantity QTYquart QTquarter QTRquarter-hard 1/4 H

R

radial RADradius Rrailroad RRraised face RFrandom access memory RAMraster image file format RIFFreactive Volt–Ampere meter RVAread only memory ROMream RMreceived RECDreceptacle RECPrecord RECrectangle RECTred, green, blue RGBreduce RED.reduced instruction set computing RISCreference REFreference line REF Lreference plane RP or RFPregardless of feature size RFSreinforce REINFrelease RELrelief RELremove REMRenderman interface bytestream RIBrequire REQ

resistance brazing RBresistance seam welding RSEWresistance seam welding–high frequency RSEW–HFresistance seam welding–induction RSEW–Iresistance soldering RSresistance spot welding RSWresistance welding RWreturn RET.return on investment ROIreverse REVrevision REVrevolution REVrevolution per minute R/MIN or RPMrevolution per second R/S or RPSrevolutions per unit of time nright Rright hand RHright measuring point RMPright vanishing point RVPring-type joint RTJrivet RIVRockwell ROCKRockwell C scale R.C.Rockwell hardness RHroll welding ROWroller bearing RBroom RMroot diameter RDroot mean square RMSrough RGHround RDround bar � (phi)round head machine screw RHMSrun length limited (interface) RLLrunning and sliding fits RCrunning fit RF

S

schedule SCHschematic SCHEMscleroscope SCLscleroscope hardness SHscrew SCRsecant SECsecond SEC or (′′)second moment of area (second axial

moment of area) Ia

second polar moment of area Ip

section SECTsection modulus Z

A-14 APPENDIXES

semisteel SSsequence SEQserial SERseries submerged arc welding SAW–Sserrate SERRshaft SFTshear force in beam section Vsheet SHshielded carbon arc welding CAW–Sshielded metal arc cutting SMACshielded metal arc welding SMAWshielded twisted pairs STPshoulder SHLDside Ssilver solder SILSsine SINsingle Ssingle integrated memory module SIMMsketch SKsleeve SLVslide SLslotted SLOT.slotted head set screw SHSS–(point type) cupsmall SMsmall computer systems interface SCSISociety of Automotive Engineers SAEsocket SOCsocket head cap screw SHCSsoft grind SO GRsoldering Ssolenoid SOLsolid-state welding SSWspace SPspecial SPLspecific SPspecific gravity SP GRspecific heat SP HTspherical SPH.spot faced SFspot weld SWspotface SP FACEspring SPGspring constant (load per unit of deflection) ksquare SQsquare centimeter cm2 or SQ CMsquare foot ft2 or SQ FTsquare head set screw SHSS–(point type) cupsquare inch in2 or SQ INsquare kilometer km2 or SQ KMsquare root of mean square RMSstainless steel SST

standard STDstatical moment of any area about a given axis Qstation STAstationary STAstationary point SPstatistical process control PCsteel STLsteel casting ST Cstock STKstraight STRstrain, normal � (epsilon)strain, shear � (tau)street STstress, concentration factor Kstress, normal � (sigma)stress, shear � (tau)structural STRstructured query language SQLstud arc welding SWsubmerged arc welding SAWsubstitute SUBsummary SUM.support SUP.surface SURsymbol SYMsymmetrical SYMsystem SYS

T

T-beam Ttabulate TABtagged image file format TIFFtangent TANtaper TPRtaper pin TPtapping TAPtechnical TECHteeth Ttemperature, absolute t or q (theta)temperature TEMP, t, or q (theta)template TEMPtensile strength TStension TENS.terminal TERM.terrabyte TBthermal cutting TCthermal spraying THSPthermit welding TWthick THKthickness d, � (delta), or t

APPENDIXES A-15

thousand M or Kthread THDthreads per inch TPIthree-dimensional 3-Dthrough THRUtime T or ttolerance TOLton TONtool post (collar) machine screw TPMStorch brazing TBtorch soldering TStorque TOR or Ttotal quality control TQCtotal quality management TQMtracing, or traced TRtransfer TRANStransition locational fits LTtrue involute form TIFtruss head machine screw THMStungsten TUtungsten–inert gas TIGtwin carbon arc welding CAW–Ttwo-dimensional 2-Dtypical TYP

U

ultimate ULTultrasonic machining USMultrasonic welding USWundercolor removal UCRunified extra fine series UNEFunified miniature series UNMunified national coarse UNCunified national fine UNFuniform pitch series UNunit Uuniversal UNIVupset welding UWupset welding–high frequency UW–HFupset welding–induction UW–I

V

vacuum VACvalve Vvanishing point, right VPRvanishing point, left VPLvanishing point VPvariable VARvaries directly as � (alpha)velocity, linear v

Vernier VERversed sine VERSversus VSvertical VERTvertical measuring line VMLvery large scale integration VLSIvibrate VIBvoid VDVolt VVolt–Ampere VAVolt–Coulomb VCvolume Vvolume VOL

W

wall Wwasher WASH.Watt WWatt–Hour WHwave soldering WSwavelength � (lambda)weatherproof WPweek WKweight WT or Wweight per unit volume � (gamma)west Wwide area network WANwidth Wwood WDWoodruff WDFwork Wworking point WPworking pressure WPwrite once, read many WORMwrought WRTwrought iron WI

X

X axis X

Y

Y axis Yyard YDyield point (PSI) YPyield strength (PSI) YS

Z

Z axis ZZ-beam Z

A-16 APPENDIXES

1 inch = 2.540 centimeters1 foot = 0.305 meter1 yard = 0.914 meter1 mile = 1.609 kilometers

Length

U.S. to Metric Metric to U.S.

1 millimeter = 0.039 inch1 centimeter = 0.394 inch1 meter = 3.281 feet, or 1.094 yards1 kilometer = 0.621 mile

tera

giga

mega

kilo

hecto

deka

—

deci

centi

milli

micro

nano

pico

1,000,000,000,000

1,000,000,000

1,000,000

1,000

100

10

1

0.1

0.01

0.001

0.000001

0.000000001

0.000000000001

T

G

M

k

h

da

d

c

m

µn

p

Prefix Symbol Multiplier

1 inch2 = 6.451 centimeter2

1 foot2 = 0.093 meter2

1 yard2 = 0.836 meter2

1 acre2 = 4,046.873 meter2

Area

1 millimeter2 = 0.00155 inch2

1 centimeter2 = 0.155 inch2

1 meter2 = 10.764 foot2, or 1.196 yard2

1 kilometer2 = 0.386 mile2, or 247.04 acre2

1 ounce = 28.349 grams1 pound = 0.454 kilogram1 ton = 0.907 metric ton

Weight

1 gram = 0.035 ounce1 kilogram = 2.205 pounds1 metric ton = 1.102 tons

1 foot/second = 0.305 meter/second1 mile/hour = 0.447 meter/second

Velocity

1 meter/second = 3.281 feet/second1 kilometer/hour = 0.621 mile/second

1 inch/second2 = 0.0254 meter/second 2

1 foot/second2 = 0.305 meter/second2

Acceleration

1 meter/second2 = 3.278 feet/second2

N (Newton) = basic unit of force, kg-m/s2. A mass of one kilogram (1kg) exerts agravitational force of 9.8 N (theoretically, 9.80665 N) at mean sea level.

Force

1 pound/inch3 = 27.68 grams/centimeter3

Density

1 gram/centimeter3 = 0.591 ounce/inch3

1 inch3 = 16.387 centimeter3

1 foot3 = 0.28 meter3

1 yard3 = 0.764 meter3

1 quart = 0.946 liter1 gallon = 0.003785 meter3

Volume

1 centimeter3 = 0.061 inch3

1 meter3 = 35.314 foot3, or 1.308 yard3

1 liter = 0.2642 gallons1 liter = 1.057 quarts1 meter3 = 264.02 gallons

Appendix 2 Metric Equivalents

APPENDIXES A-17

S P

X R

SR S�

Datum target Target point Concentricity Circularity MMC

M

LLMC RFS Projected

tolerancezone

Parallelism Flatness Cylindricity

Diameter Position All around(profile)

(ISO-none)

Profile surface Profile line Straightness

Counterbore orspotface

(ISO-Proposed)

Runouttotal

Runoutcircular

AngularityPerpendicularity

Countersink(ISO-Proposed)

Depth(or deep)

(ISO-Proposed)

Dimensionorigin

Conical taper Square(shape)

RadiusPlaces, timesor by

SlopeArc length(ISO-none)

Reference

Sphericalradius

Sphericaldiameter

Dimensionnot to scale Miscellaneous symbols

Feature control frame Symmetry

FFreeState

TTangentPlane

Datum feature

A

Between

STStatisticalTolerance

Appendix 3 Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing Symbols

A-18

AluminumBerylliumBrass 80C 20ZBronzeCarbon (Graphite)ChromiumCobaltCopperIron (cast)LeadMagnesiumManganeseMercuryMolybdenumNickelPlatinumSilverSteel, CarbonTinTitaniumTungstenVanadiumZincAcetals1

AcrylicsCellulose AcetatesNylonsPhenolicsPolycarbonatesPolyestersPolyethylenesPolypropylenesPolyvinyl chlorides

AlBe......CCrCoCuFePbMgMnHgMoNiPtAg...SnTiWVZn..............................

12201278182318413652293926961981210062112042300–3847482651322417612500449327260983100788352205445......

270470240330185

17–452–121–65

...

...

...2–502–55

...16–756–19

...

...1–361–643–403–48

1928–706–30

0.5–55...

1–1125–75

3.510–6560–325

0.460–7530–300200–425

35060

0.0980.0670.3100.3170.075

0.02600.3100.2950.2600.3970.0660.268

0.48920.3410.3080.7750.3790.2830.2750.1700.6300.2210.2300.0510.0430.0480.0450.0490.0450.0470.0340.0330.053

16–20...

35–41...............

130–3504.5–1748–82

...

...

...75–53042–10525–40

130–4705–28

...

...

...85–125

...

...85

11511270

118...92

...

...6–122–10

...

...4–30

...

...

...4–5..................

16–320–14

...

...

...

...1.8

0.351.62.4

0.2–0.62.3

0.29...

0.80.75

4–2345–550–580–10

...

...20–430–100–19

0.8–1.619–44

...

...82–10590–1200–270–4435–752–6

40–1500–220

...

...1011159.5

10.59

8.62.556

16–4055–9035–13040–152

...

...80–36025–16516–402–9

22–45......

95–24050–290

...22–5473–1132.1–8.638–205

220...

32–648.88

5.59.58

9.58.53.656

9–13...

10–128–12

...

...7–109–126–7...8......3

6.2–9.64.9...

8.4–1513

4.5–6...

4.9612.9–15.5

45396748403240

1258570

68–212...68

68–5701–23.4706832...58......706868...706868...7068

0–850–850–850–850–850–850–850–850–850–85

63.........706816

97.61...

8.4239.4415.751.7517.612.8914.4310012

14.3913.73

144.9525.97

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

MaterialChem.Symb.

Elongation(%)

Density †(lb/in.3)

Hardness(Brinell)

YieldStrength

(× 103lb/in.2)

UltimateTensile

Strength(× 103lb/in.2)

ThermalExpansion/UnitLength (X 10–6

in./in./deg. F)Temperature

(Deg. F)

ElectricalConductivity(Silver = 100)

IzodImpact

Strength(ft-lb)

MeltingPoint

(Deg. F.)

† For specific gravity divide density in lb/in.3, by 0.0361; for lb/ft3 multiply density in lb/in.3 by 1728; for g/cm3 multiply density in lb/in.3 by 27.68;for kg/m3 multiply density in lb/in.3 by 27679.9.1 For plastics, hardness values are for Rockwell R scale; Izod impact strength values are in ft-lb/in.; yield strength values are for tensile yield strength in lb/in.2 x 103.

Appendix 4 Values for Important Properties of Materials

A-19

Hypotenuse

Hypotenuse

SideSide

Ax

y

sin A =SINE Hypotenuse

Hypotenuse

Base

Base

Ax

y

cos A =COSINEBaseSide

Side

Base

Ax

y

tan A =TANGENT

Known Unknown AreaSides and Sides and AnglesAngles

A = B = C =

a, b, c arc cos b2 + c2 – a2arc sin b sin A 180° – A – B ab sin C

2bc a 2

a, b, ∠C c = A = B =a2 + b2 – (2ab cos C) arc tan a sin C 180° – A – C ab sin C

b – (a cos C) 2

a, b, ∠A B = C = c =(∠B less arc sin b sin A 180° – A – B a sin C ab sin Cthan 90°) a sin A 2

a, b, ∠A B = C = c =

(∠B greater 180° – 180° – A – B a sin C ab sin C

than 90°) arc sin b sin A sin A 2

a

a, ∠A, ∠B b = C = c =a sin B 180° – A – B a sin C ab sin Csin A sin A 2

A

B

C

c a

b

Oblique Triangles

Known UnknownSides and Sides and Angles AreaAngles

a,b c = a2+b2 A = arc tan a B = arc tan b abb a 2

a,c b = c2 – a2 A = arc sin a B = arc cos a a c2 – a2

c c 2

b,c a = c2 – b2 A = arc cos b B = arc sin b b c2 – b2

c c 2

a, ∠A a a B = 90° – A a2b = tan A c = sin A 2 tan A

a, ∠B b = a tan B c = a A = 90° – B a2 tan Bcos B 2

b, ∠A a = b tan A c = b B = 90° – A b2 tan Acos A 2

b, ∠B a = b c = b A = 90° – B b2

tan B sin B 2 tan B

c, ∠A a = c sin A b = cx cos A B = 90° – A c2sin A cos A

c, ∠B a = c cos B b = cx sin B A = 90° – B c2sin B cos B

A

B

C = 90°

ca

b

Right Triangles

�

�

�

�

�

�

Appendix 5 Trigonometry Functions

A-20 APPENDIXES

Arc

Diameter

Radius

Chord

Sector

Segment

Formulas for CirclesCircle

Area A = πr2

A = 3.141r2

A = 0.7854d2

Radius r = d/2Diameter d = 2r

Circumference C = πdC = 3.141dC = 2πr

Sector of Circle

Area A = 3.141r2α360

Arc (length) L = 0.01745rα

Angle α = L0.01745r

Radius r = L0.01745α

Segment of Circle

Area A = 1/2[r × L – c(r – h)]Arc (length) L = 0.01745 rα

Angle α = 57.296 Lr

Height h = r – 1/2 4 r2 – c2

Chord c = 2r sinα

Circular Ring

Ring area A = 0.7854 (OD2 – ID2)Ring sector area a = 0.00873 α(OD2 – ID2)OD = outside diameterID = inside diameterα = ring sector angle

OR = outside radiusIR = inside radius

ArcRadius

α

α

Arc

Rad.

Chord

H

αOD

OR

IDIR

�

Appendix 6 Properties of Geometric Elements

APPENDIXES A-21

aH

a

a

ca

b

c

H

a

b

c

Ha

b

�

�

�

�

�

�

�

�

�

Formulas for TrianglesEquilateral Triangle

Area A = a2 3 = 0.433a2

4A = 0.577H2

A = a2or aH

2 2Perimeter P = 3a

Height H = a 3 = 0.866a2

Right Triangle

Area A = ab2

Perimeter P = a + b + c

Height a = b2 – c2

Base b = a2 – c2

Hypotenuse c = a2 + b2

Acute Angle Triangle

Area A = Hb2

A = S (S – a) (S – b) (S – c)S = 1/2 (a + b + c)

Perimeter P = a + b + c

Height H = 2 S (S – a) (S – b) (S – c)b

Obtuse Angle Triangle

Area A = bH2

A = S (S – a) (S – b) (S – c)Perimeter P = a + b + c

Height H = 2 S (S – a) (S – b) (S – c)b

A-22 APPENDIXES

Formulas for Polygons (Four-sided)Square

Area A = s2

A = 0.5d2

Side s = 0.707dDiagonal d = 1.414sPerimeter P = 4s

Rectangle

Area A = ab

Side a a = d2 – b2

Side b b = d2 – a2

Diagonal d = a2 + b2

Perimeter P = 2 (a + b)

Parallelogram

Area A = Hb

Height H = Ab

Base b = AH

Trapezoid

Area A = H × a + b2

Perimeter P = a + b + c + d

Trapezium

Area A = a(H + h) + cH = dh2

Area Divide the figure into two triangles.Compute the area of each. Add the areastogether.

Perimeter P = b + x + y + z

s

sd

b

Hd

b

H

b

Hd c

a

b

hH

x

z y

a dc

�

�

�

APPENDIXES A-23

Formulas for Regular Polygons (Six, Eight, andMultisided)

Hexagon

Area A = 0.866f2

A = 0.650d2

A = 2.598s2

Side s = 0.577fs = 0.5d

Flats f = 1.732sf = 0.866d

Diagonal d = 2sd = 1.155f

Perimeter P = 6s

Octagon

Area A = 0.828f2

A = 0.707d2

A = 4.828s2

Side s = 0.414fs = 0.383d

Flats f = 2.414sf = 0.924d

Diagonal d = 2.613sd = 1.083f

Perimeter P = 8s

Multisided

Area A = ns × 1/2f2

Angle α = 360°n

n = Number of sides

Side s = 2 1/2d2 – 1/2f2

Perimeter P = Sum of sides

Formulas for Ellipses and ParabolasEllipse

Area A = 3.142abA = πab

Perimeter P = 6.283 × a2 + b2

2

Parabola

Area A = 2 ab3

f

s

d

60°

f

s

d

45°

f

s

d

α

a

b

a

b

�

�

A-24 APPENDIXES

Formulas for Cubes, Prisms, Cones, andPyramids

Cube

Volume V = s3

Area A = 6s

Side s = 3 V

Rectangular Prism

Volume V = lwhArea A = 2(lw + lh + wh)

Length l = Vhw

Width w = Vlh

Height h = Vlw

Prism

Volume V = AHA = Area of base

Lateral surface area = Each panel × number of sides

Frustrum of a Prism

Volume V = AHA = Area of baseH = average height

Lateral surface area = Each panel × number of sides

Cone

Volume V = 1/3πr2hA = Area of base

Lateral surface area = 1/2 perimeter of base × slant height, or 1/2πr(sh)r = radius of base

Slant height (sh) = r2 + h2

s

s

s

l

h

w

H

H

h

sh

r

�

�

APPENDIXES A-25

Frustrum of a Cone

Volume V = 0.262 × H (D2 + d2 + Dd)D = diameter of large based = diameter of small base

Lateral surface area = Average perimeter of base × slantheight

Slant height (sh) = (R – r)2 + h2

Pyramid

Volume V = 1/3 AhA = area of base

Lateral surface area = 1/2 perimeter of base × slant heightSlant height (sh) = r2h2

r = radius of base, measured fromcenter to corner

Frustrum of a Pyramid

Volume V = 1/3h (A1 + A2 + A1 × A2)A1 = Area of large baseA2 = Area of small base

Lateral surface area = Average perimeter of bases × slantheight

Formulas for Cylinders, Spheres, Torus, andEllipsoids

Cylinder

Volume V = πr2hV = 0.7854d2h

Lateral surface area = 6.2832rh, orπdh

Frustrum of a Cylinder

Volume V = 1.5708r2(H + h)V = 0.3927d2(H + h)

Lateral surface area = πr(H + h), or1.5708d(H + h)

Elliptical Cylinder

Volume V = πabh

Lateral surface area = π 2(a + b)h

hsh

h

d

d

rr

h

H

H

d

d

r

h

h

h

b

b

a

a

h

hsh

hsh

�

�

�

�

A-26 APPENDIXES

Sphere

Volume V = 4.188r3

V = 4πr3

3

V = πd3

6Surface area A = 4πr2

A = 12.566r2

A = πd2

Spherical Sector

Volume V = 2πr2h3

V = 2.094r2hArea A = πr (2h + 1/2 c)

A = area of spherical and conicalsurfaces

c = 2 h(2r – h)

Spherical Segment

Volume V = πh2(r – h)3Area A = 2πrh

A = 6.283rhA = area of spherical surface

c = 2 h(2r – h)

Spherical Zone

Volume V = 0.532h (3C2+ 3c2

+ h2)4 4

Area A = 2πrhArea A = 6.283rh

Torus

Volume V = 2π2R1/2d2

V = π2Dd2

4V = 2.467Dd2

Area A = π2DdA = 9.869Dd

c

h

r

dr

c

h

r

C

c

h

r

Dd

R

�

�

APPENDIXES A-27

Ellipsoid

Volume V = 4π × abx3

V = 4.188 abx

Paraboloid

Volume V = π Hd2

8

b = 1 H3

x

b

a

b

DIA (d)

A-28 APPENDIXES

Appendix 7 ANSI Running and Sliding Fits (RC)

SOURCE: Reprinted courtesy of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

APPENDIXES A-29

Appendix 8 ANSI Clearance Locational Fits (LC)


A-30 APPENDIXES

Appendix 9 ANSI Transition Locational Fits (LT)


APPENDIXES A-31

Appendix 10 ANSI Interference Locational Fits (LN)


A-32 APPENDIXES


Appendix 11 ANSI Force and Shrink Fits (FN)

APPENDIXES A-33


Appendix 12 Description of Preferred Metric Fits

A-34 APPENDIXES


Appendix 13 ANSI Preferred Hole Basis Metric Clearance Fits

APPENDIXES A-35


Appendix 14 ANSI Preferred Hole Basis Transition and Interference Fits

A-36 APPENDIXES


Appendix 15 ANSI Preferred Shaft Basis Metric Clearance Fits

APPENDIXES A-37


Appendix 16 ANSI Preferred Shaft Basis Metric Transition and Interference Fits

A-38 APPENDIXES

0

2

4 5 6 810

1/45/163/87/161/29/165/8

3/4

7/8

1

1-1/8

1-1/4

1-3/8

1-1/2

1-5/8

1-3/4

1-7/8

2

2-1/4

2-1/2

2-3/4

3

3-1/4

3-1/2

3-3/4

4

4-1/4

4-1/2

4-3/4

5

5-1/4

5-1/2

5-3/4

6

1

3

12

11/16

13/16

15/16

1-1/16

1-3/16

1-5/16

1-7/16

1-9/16

1-11/16

1-13/16

1-15/16

2-1/8

2-3/8

2-5/8

2-7/8

3-1/8

3-3/8

3-5/8

3-7/8

4-1/8

4-3/8

4-5/8

4-7/8

5-1/8

5-3/8

5-5/8

5-7/8

0.0600.0730.0860.0990.1120.1250.1380.1640.1900.216

0.2500.31250.3750.43750.5000.52650.6250.68750.7500.81250.8750.9375

1.0001.06251.1251.18751.2501.31251.3751.43751.5001.56251.6251.68751.7501.81251.8751.9375

2.0002.2152.2502.3752.5002.6252.7502.875

3.0003.1253.2503.3753.5003.6253.7503.875

4.0004.1254.2504.3754.5004.6254.7504.875

5.0005.1255.2505.3755.5005.6255.7505.8756.000

Sizes

–645648404032322424

20181614131211 –10 – 9 –

8 – 7 – 7 – 6 – 6 – – – 5 – – –

4-1/2 – 4-1/2 – 4 – 4 –

4 – 4 – 4 – 4 –

4 – – – – – – –

– – – – – – – – –

BasicMajor

DiameterCoarseUNC

80726456484440363228

28242420201818–16–14–

12–12–12–12–12–––––––

––––––––

––––––––

––––––––

–––––––––

–––––––––32

323232282824242420202020

201818181818181818181818––––

––––––––

––––––––

––––––––

–––––––––

Series with graded pitches Series with constant pitches

Primary Secondary

––––––––––

––––––––––––

––––––

UNC6

UNC6666666

66666666

66666666

66666666

666666666

––––––––––

––––––––––––

––––––––––––––––

––––

UNC4

UNC4

UNC4

UNC4

UNC4

UNC4

UNC4444444

444444444

––––––––––

––––––––––––

UNC888888888888888

88888888

88888888

88888888

888888888

FineUNF

4UN 6UN 8UN 12UN 16UN 20UN

Threads Per Inch

Extrafine

UNEF––––––––––

–––––

UNC121212121212

UNF12

UNF12

UNF12

UNF12

UNF12121212121212

1212121212121212

1212121212121212

1212121212121212

121212121212121212

––––––––––

––

UNC1616161616

UNF161616

16161616161616161616161616161616

1616161616161616

1616161616161616

1616161616161616

161616161616161616

––––––––––

UNC2020

UNFUNF202020

UNEFUNEFUNEFUNEF

UNEF202020202020202020202020202020

2020202020202020

20–––––––

20–––––––

–––––––––

–––––––––

UNF

UNF2828

UNEFUNEF

28282828282828

282828282828282828–––––––

––––––––

––––––––

––––––––

–––––––––

–––––

UNCUNCUNF

UNEF

UNEFUNEFUNEF

323232323232323232

32–––––––––––––––

––––––––

––––––––

––––––––

–––––––––

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 81012

1/45/163/87/161/29/165/811/163/413/167/815/16

11-1/161-1/81-3/161-1/41-5/161-3/81-7/161-1/21-9/161-5/81-11/161-3/41-13/161-7/81-15/16

22-1/82-1/42-3/82-1/22-5/82-3/42-7/8

33-1/83-1/43-3/83-1/23-5/83-3/43-7/8

44-1/84-1/44-3/84-1/24-5/84-3/44-7/8

55-1/85-1/45-3/85-1/25-3/85-3/45-7/86

28UN 32UN Sizes


Appendix 17 Unified Standard Screw Thread Series

APPENDIXES A-39

–0–11–22–3344–5566–88

1010–

1212–

1/41/4

5/165/16

–3/83/8–

7/167/16

–1/21/2–

9/169/165/85/8––

3/43/4––

7/87/8–11–

M1.4–

M1.6––

M.2––

M2.5––––

M3––-–

M4––––

M5––

M6––––

M8––

M10––

M12––

M14––––

M16M18

––

M20M22

––

M24––

M27

NominalSize

Inch mm

0.0550.0600.0630.0730.0730.0790.0860.0860.0980.0990.0990.1120.1120.1180.1250.1250.1380.1380.1570.1640.1640.1900.1900.1960.2160.2160.2360.2500.2500.3120.3120.3150.3750.3750.3930.4370.4370.4710.5000.5000.5510.5620.5620.6250.6250.6300.7090.7500.7500.7870.8660.8750.8750.9451.0001.0001.063

1.3971.5241.6001.8541.8542.0062.1842.1842.4892.5152.5152.8452.8452.9973.1753.1753.5053.5053.9884.1664.1664.8264.8264.9785.4865.4865.9946.3506.3507.9387.9388.0019.5259.5259.982

11.11311.11311.96312.70012.70013.99514.28814.28815.87515.87516.00218.00819.05019.05019.99021.99622.22522.22524.00325.40025.40027.000

Diameter

Major Minor

Inch mm

–0.0438

–0.05270.0550

–0.06280.0657

–0.07190.07580.07950.0849

–0.09250.09550.09750.1055

–0.12340.12790.13590.1494

–0.16190.1696

–0.18500.20360.24030.2584

–0.29380.3209

–0.34470.3726

–0.40010.4351

–0.45420.49030.50690.5528

––

0.62010.6688

––

0.73070.7822

–0.83760.8917

–

–1.092

–1.3201.397

–1.5871.651

–1.8281.9052.0062.134

–2.3362.4132.4642.667

–3.1243.2253.4293.785

–4.0894.293

–4.6995.1566.0966.553

–7.4428.153

–8.7389.448

–10.16211.049

–11.53112.44612.85214.020

––

15.74816.967

––

18.54219.863

–21.259822.632

–

Inch mm

–0.0469

–0.05950.0595

–0.07000.0700

–0.07850.08100.08900.0935

–0.10150.10400.10650.1130

–0.13600.13600.14700.1590

–0.17700.1800

–0.20100.21300.25700.2720

–0.31250.3320

–0.36800.3906

–0.42190.4531

–0.48440.51560.53120.5781

––

0.65620.6875

––

0.76560.8125

–0.87500.9219

–

–3/64

–5353–5050–47464342–38373633–29292621–1615–73FI–

5/16Q–U

25/64–

27/6429/64

–31/6433/6417/3237/64

––

21/3211/16

––

49/6413/16

–7/8

59/64–

–1.1681.25

1.14991.4991.6

1.7781.7782.051.9812.0572.2612.3802.5

2.5652.6412.6922.8703.3

3.4543.4543.7334.0384.2

4.4964.5725.0

5.1055.4106.5276.9086.8

7.9378.4328.5

9.3479.92110.3010.71511.50912.00

12.303113.09613.49314.68414.0015.5016.66817.46217.5019.5019.44620.63721.0022.22523.41524.00

Tap Drill(for 75% thread)

Pitch(mm)

Threadsper Inch

InchDrill

–––64––56––48–40––40–32––32–24––24––20–18––16––14––13––12–11–––10–––9––8––

UNC

–80––72––64––58–48––44–40––36–32––28––28–24––24––20––20––18–18–––16–––14––12–

UNF

0.3–

0.35––

0.4––

0.45––––

0.5––––

0.7––––

0.8––

1.0––––

1.25––

1.5––

1.75––2––––2

2.5––

2.52.5––3––3

Coarse

0.2–

0.2––

0.25––

0.35––––

0.35––––

0.35––––

0.5––

0.75––––

1.0––

1.25––

1.25––

1.5––––

1.51.5––

1.51.5––2––2

Fine

Threads per Inch(Approx.)

85–74––64––56––––51––––36––––32––25––––20––17––

14.5––

12.5––––

12.510––1010––

8.5––

8.5

Coarse

127–

127––

101––

74––––

74––––

51–––-

51––

34––––

25––

20––

20––

17––––

1717––

1717––

12.5––

12.5

Finemm


Appendix 18 Thread Sizes and Dimensions

A-40

1/45/163/8

7/16

1/29/165/83/4

7/81

1-1/81-1/4

1-3/81-1/21-3/4

2

2-1/42-1/22-3/4

3

0.25000.31250.37500.4375

0.50000.56250.62500.7500

0.87501.00001.12501.2500

1.37501.50001.75002.0000

2.25002.50002.75003.0000

0.25000.31250.37500.4375

0.50000.56250.62500.7500

0.87501.00001.12501.2500

1.37501.50001.75002.0000

2.25002.50002.75003.0000

Nominal Size or Basic

Product Dia.

0.24500.30650.36900.4305

0.49300.55450.61700.7410

0.86600.99001.11401.2390

1.36301.48801.73801.9880

2.23802.48802.73802.9880

E F G

BodyDiameter

Width AcrossFlats

7/161/2

9/165/8

3/413/1615/161-1/8

1-5/161-1/2

1-11/161-7/8

2-1/162-1/42-5/8

3

3-3/83-3/44-1/84-1/2

0.4380.5000.5620.625

0.7500.8120.9381.125

1.3121.5001.6881.875

2.0622.2502.6253.000

3.3753.7504.1254.500

Basic MaxMax Min

0.5050.5770.6500.722

0.8660.9381.0831.299

1.5161.7321.9492.165

2.3822.5983.0313.464

3.8974.3304.7635.196

0.4280.4890.5510.612

0.7360.7980.9221.100

1.2851.4691.6311.812

1.9942.1752.5382.900

3.2623.6253.9884.350

0.4880.5570.6280.698

0.8400.9101.0511.254

1.4651.6751.8592.066

2.2732.4802.8933.306

3.7194.1334.5464.959

Width AcrossCorners

Wrench-ing

Height

Thread Lengthfor ScrewLengths

Transi-tion

ThreadLength

Runoutof

BearingSurface

FIM

6 in. and

Shorter

LT YJH

Over6 in.

Height

MaxMin

5/3213/6415/649/32

5/1623/6425/6415/32

35/6439/6411/1625/32

27/321-5/161-3/321-7/32

1-3/81-17/321-11/161-7/8

Basic

0.1630.2110.2430.291

0.3230.3710.4030.483

0.5630.6270.7180.813

0.8780.9741.1341.263

1.4231.5831.7441.935

Max

0.1500.1950.2260.272

0.3020.3480.3780.455

0.5310.5910.6580.749

0.8100.9021.0541.175

1.3271.4791.6321.815

Min

0.1060.1400.1600.195

0.2150.2500.2690.324

0.3780.4160.4610.530

0.5690.6400.7480.825

0.9331.0421.1511.290

Min

0.7500.8751.0001.125

1.2501.3751.5001.750

2.0002.2502.5002.750

3.0003.2503.7504.250

4.7505.2505.7506.250

1.0001.1251.2501.375

1.5001.6251.7502.000

2.2502.5002.7503.000

3.2503.5004.0004.500

5.0005.5006.0006.500

Basic

0.2500.2780.3120.357

0.3850.4170.4550.500

0.5560.6250.7140.714

0.8330.8331.0001.111

1.1111.2501.2501.250

0.100.0110.0120.013

0.0140.0150.0170.020

0.0230.0260.0290.033

0.0360.0390.0460.052

0.0590.0650.0720.079

Basic Max MaxMin

LG

L

LBLT

G

F

E

Y (Ref)

A

A

R

30°+ 0°– 15°

H

J A

A

Appendix 20 Hex Cap Screws (Finished Hex Bolts)Appendix 19 Tap Drill Sizes for American National Thread Forms


APPENDIXES A-41

0123

4568

101/45/163/8

7/161/25/83/4

0.06000.07300.08600.0990

0.11200.12500.13800.1640

0.19000.25000.31250.3750

0.43750.50000.62500.7500

0.500.620.620.62

0.750.750.750.88

0.881.001.121.25

1.381.501.752.00

Nominal Size

or Basic Screw

Diameter

Nominal Size

or Basic Screw

Diameter

0.620.770.800.83

0.991.001.051.19

1.271.501.711.94

2.172.382.823.25

7/811 1/81 1/4

1 3/81 1/21 3/42

2 1/42 1/22 3/43

3 1/43 1/23 3/44

0.87501.00001.12501.2500

1.37501.50001.75002.0000

2.25002.50002.75003.0000

3.25003.50003.75004.0000

3.694.124.655.09

5.656.087.138.11

8.9910.0010.8711.75

12.6313.5014.3715.25

2.252.502.813.12

3.443.754.385.00

5.626.256.887.50

8.128.759.38

10.00

ThreadLength

Total ThreadLength

LT LTT

Min Max

ThreadLength

Total ThreadLength

LT LTT

Min Max

L

LG

LB

LT

LTT


Appendix 21 Socket Head Cap Screws (1960 Series)

A-42 APPENDIXES

1/45/163/87/16

1/25/83/47/8

11-1/81-1/41-3/81-1/2

0.25000.31250.37500.4375

0.50000.62500.75000.8750

1.00001.12501.25001.37501.5000

0.2600.3240.3880.452

0.5150.6420.7680.895

1.0221.1491.2771.4041.531


Product Diameter

BodyDiameter

Width AcrossFlats

Width AcrossCorners

Height Radiusof Fillet

Thread Lengthfor Bolt Lengths

3/81/29/165/8

3/415/16

1-1/81-5/16

1-1/21-11/161-7/82-1/162-1/4

0.3750.5000.5620.625

0.7500.9381.1251.312

1.5001.6881.8752.0622.250

0.3620.4840.5440.603

0.7250.9061.0881.269

1.4501.6311.8121.9942.175

0.4980.6650.7470.828

0.9951.2441.4941.742

1.9912.2392.4892.7382.986

11/6413/641/4

19/64

21/6427/641/2

19/32

21/323/4

27/3229/32

1

0.1880.2200.2680.316

0.3480.4440.5240.620

0.6840.7800.8760.9401.036

0.1560.1860.2320.278

0.3080.4000.4760.568

0.6280.7200.8120.8720.964

0.030.030.030.03

0.030.060.060.06

0.090.090.090.090.09

0.010.010.010.01

0.010.020.020.02

0.030.030.030.030.03

0.7500.8751.0001.125

1.2501.5001.7502.000

2.2502.5002.7503.0003.250

1.0001.1251.2501.375

1.5001.7502.0002.250

2.5002.7503.0003.2503.500

0.5300.7070.7950.884

1.0611.3261.5911.856

2.1212.3862.6522.9173.182

6 in. and shorter

over6 in.

RH LT

MinMax BasicBasic

FE G

MinMax MinMaxMax Basic MinMaxBasic

LT

LG

L

E

G

F

H

Bolt withReduced Diameter

Body

A

R

25°Approx.

A

H-A-

R (Ref)


Appendix 22 Square Head Bolts

APPENDIXES A-43

1/45/163/87/16

1/29/165/83/47/8

11-1/81-1/41-3/81-1/2

0.25000.31250.37500.4375

0.50000.56250.62500.75000.8750

1.00001.12501.25001.37501.5000

7/161/29/1611/16

3/47/8

1-5/161 1/81-5/16

1-1/21-11/161-7/82-1/162-1/4


Major Diameterof Thread

Width AcrossFlats

Width AcrossCorners

ThicknessHex Nuts

ThicknessHex Jam Nuts

Specified ProofLoad

Hex Nuts Hex JamNuts

0.4380.5000.5620.688

0.7500.8750.9381.1251.312

1.5001.6881.8752.0622.250

0.4280.4890.5510.675

0.7360.8610.9221.0881.269

1.4501.6311.8121.9942.175

0.5050.5770.6500.794

0.8661.0101.0831.2991.516

1.7321.9492.1652.3822.598

0.2260.2730.3370.385

0.4480.4960.5590.6650.776

0.8870.9991.0941.2061.317

7/3217/6421/64

3/8

7/1631/6435/6441/64

3/4

55/6431/32

1-1/161-11/641-9/32

0.2120.2580.3200.365

0.4270.4730.5350.6170.724

0.8310.9391.0301.1381.245

5/323/167/321/4

5/165/163/8

27/6431/64

35/6439/6423/3225/3227/32

0.1630.1950.2270.260

0.3230.3240.3870.4460.510

0.5750.6390.7510.8150.880

0.1500.1800.2100.240

0.3020.3010.3630.3980.458

0.5190.5790.6870.7470.808

0.0150.0160.0170.018

0.0190.0200.0210.0230.025

0.0270.0300.0330.0360.039

0.0150.0160.0170.018

0.0190.0200.0210.0230.025

0.0270.0300.0330.0360.039

0.0100.0110.0120.013

0.0140.0150.0160.0180.020

0.0220.0250.0280.0310.034

0.4880.5570.6280.768

0.8400.9821.0511.2401.447

1.6531.8592.0662.2732.480

Up to150,000

psi

H1Runout of Bearing Face,

FIM

MaxMax

GF H

Min Max MinMinMaxBasic MinMaxBasic Basic

150,000psi andGreater

AllStrengthLevels

FHH

G

.016Approx.

H1 H1.016Approx.


Appendix 23 Hex Nuts and Hex Jam Nuts

A-44 APPENDIXES

1/45/163/87/16

1/25/83/47/8

11-1/81-1/41-3/81-1/2

0.25000.31250.37500.4375

0.50000.62500.75000.8750

1.00001.12501.25001.37501.5000

7/169/165/83/4

13/1611-1/81-5/16

1-1/21-11/161-7/82-1/162-1/4


Major Diameterof Thread

Width AcrossFlats

Width AcrossCorners

Thickness

0.4380.5620.6250.750

0.8121.0001.1251.312

1.5001.6881.8752.0622.250

0.4250.5470.6060.728

0.7880.9691.0881.269

1.4501.6311.8121.9942.175

0.6190.7950.8841.061

1.1491.4141.5911.856

2.1212.3862.6522.9173.182

7/3217/6421/64

3/8

7/1635/6421/3249/64

7/811-3/321-13/641-5/16

0.2030.2490.3100.356

0.4180.5250.6320.740

0.8470.9701.0621.1691.276

0.2350.2830.3460.394

0.4580.5690.6800.792

0.9031.0301.1261.2371.348

0.5540.7210.8020.970

1.0521.3001.4641.712

1.9612.2092.4582.7082.956

Max

GF H

Min Min MinMaxBasic BasicMax

G

F

G

25°Approx.

H

25°Approx.

25°Approx.

Optional


Appendix 24 Square Nuts

A-45

SOURCE: Reprinted courtesy of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.SOURCE: Reprinted courtesy of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

Appendix 26 ANSI Metric Hex Nuts, Styles 1 and 2Appendix 25 ANSI Metric Hex Jam Nuts and Heavy Hex Nuts

A-46 APPENDIXES


Appendix 27 ANSI Metric Slotted Hex Nuts and Hex Flange Nuts

APPENDIXES A-47


Appendix 28 ANSI Square and Hexagon Machine Screw Nuts and Flat Head Machine Screws

A-48

American National Standard Slotted Flat Countersunk HeadCap Screws (ANSI BI8.6.2-I972, RI977)



Appendix 30 ANSI Slotted Round and Fillester Head Cap ScrewsAppendix 29 ANSI Slotted Flat Countersunk Head Cap Screws

A-49 SOURCE: Reprinted courtesy of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

Appendix 32 ANSI Hexagon and Spline Socket Head Cap ScrewsAppendix 31 Drill and Counterbore Sizes for Socket Head Cap Screws

A-50



Appendix 34 Drill and Counterbore Sizes for Metric Socket Head Cap ScrewsAppendix 33 ANSI Hexagon Socket Head Shoulder Screws

A-51



Appendix 35 Socket Head Cap Screws—Metric Series Appendix 36 ANSI Metric Hex Bolts

A-52 APPENDIXES


Appendix 37 ANSI Metric Hex Cap Screws

APPENDIXES A-53


Appendix 38 ANSI Hex and Hex Flange Head Metric Machine Screws

A-54 APPENDIXES


Appendix 39 ANSI Slotted Flat Head Metric Machine Screws

A-55

SOURCE: Reprinted courtesy of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. SOURCE: Reprinted courtesy of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

Appendix 40 ANSI Slotted Headless Set Screws Appendix 41 ANSI Hexagon and Spline Socket Set Screws

A-56 APPENDIXES


Appendix 42 ANSI Hexagon and Spline Socket Set Screw Optional Cup Points

A-57 SOURCE: Reprinted courtesy of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

Appendix 43 ANSI Square Head Set Screws

A-58 APPENDIXES

L1

L2

P

E0 30° 30°

Incomplete ThreadsDue to Lead of Die

E190°

D

E0 = D – (0.050D + 1.1)pE1 = E0 + 0.0625 L1L2 = (0.80D + 6.8)p

p = PitchDepth of thread = 0.80pTotal Taper 3/4-inch per Foot

Flush by Hand

L1L2L1

Tolerance on ProductOne turn large or smallfrom notch on plug gageor face of ring gage.

Notch flush with face offitting. If chamfered, notchflush with bottom of chamfer

1/161/81/43/8

1/23/4

11 1/41 1/2

22 1/233 1/24

5681012

14 O.D.16 O.D.18 O.D.20 O.D.24 O.D.

0.31250.4050.5400.675

0.8401.0501.3151.6601.900

2.3752.8753.5004.0004.500

5.5636.6258.62510.75012.750

14.00016.00018.00020.00024.000

27271818

141411.511.511.5

11.58888

88888

88888

Nominal PipeSize

OutsideDiameterof Pipe

Number of

Threads per Inch

Pitchof

Thread

PitchDiameterat End ofExternalThread

PitchDiameterat End ofInternalThread

NormalEngagement

by Handbetween

External andInternalThreads

Lengthof

EffectiveExternalThread

Heightof

Thread

0.037040.037040.055560.05556

0.071430.071430.086960.086960.08696

0.086960.125000.125000.125000.12500

0.125000.125000.125000.125000.12500

0.125000.125000.125000.125000.12500

0.271180.363510.477390.61201

0.758430.967681.213631.557131.79609

2.269022.719533.340623.837504.33438

5.390736.446098.4335910.5453112.53281

13.7750015.7625017.7500019.7375023.71250

0.281180.373600.491630.62701

0.778430.988871.238631.583381.82234

2.296272.762163.388503.888814.38712

5.449296.505978.50003

10.6209412.61781

13.8726215.8757517.8750019.8703123.86094

0.26110.26390.40180.4078

0.53370.54570.68280.70680.7235

0.75651.13751.20001.25001.3000

1.40631.51251.71251.92502.1250

2.25002.45002.65002.85003.2500

0.029630.029630.044440.04444

0.057140.057140.069570.069570.06957

0.069570.100000.100000.100000.10000

0.100000.100000.100000.100000.10000

0.100000.100000.100000.100000.10000

0.1600.16150.22780.240

0.3200.3390.4000.4200.420

0.4360.6820.7660.8210.844

0.9370.9581.0631.2101.360

1.5621.8122.0002.1252.375

E0 E1† L1� L2§pD

Dimensions in inches.†Also pitch diameter at gaging notch.§Also length of plug gage.¶Also length of ring gage, and length from gaging notch to small end of plug gage.*For the 1/8-27 and 1/4-18 sizes…E1 approx. = D – (0.05D + 0.827) pAbove information extracted from American National Standard for Pipe Threads, ANSI B2.1.Reprinted courtesy of ITT-Grinnell.


Appendix 44 ANSI Taper Pipe Threads (NPT)

APPENDIXES A-59


Appendix 45 ANSI Metric Plain Washers

A-60

SOURCE: Reprinted courtesy of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers


Appendix 46 ANSI Type A Plain Washers—Preferred Sizes Appendix 47 ANSI Type A Plain Washers—Additional Selected Sizes

A-61

Appendix 48 ANSI Type B Plain Washers


A-62 APPENDIXES

Appendix 49 ANSI Helical Spring Lock Washers


APPENDIXES A-63

Appendix 50 ANSI Internal and External Tooth Lock Washers


A-64 Appendix 51 ANSI Keyseat Dimensions for Woodruff Keys


A-65

Appendix 52 ANSI Standard Woodruff Keys


A-66 Appendix 54 ANSI Standard Plain and Gib Head KeysAppendix 53 Key Size versus Shaft Diameter—Key Size and Keyway Depth

SOURCE: Reprinted courtesy of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. SOURCE: Reprinted courtesy of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

APPENDIXES A-67

Appendix 55 ANSI Chamfered, Square End, and Taper Pins


A-68 APPENDIXES

Appendix 56 British Standard Parallel Steel Dowel Pins—Metric Series


APPENDIXES A-69

Appendix 57 ANSI Cotter and Clevis Pins


A-70 APPENDIXES

Appendix 58 Piping Symbols

APPENDIXES A-71

A-72 APPENDIXES

APPENDIXES A-73

A-74 APPENDIXES

APPENDIXES A-75

A-76 APPENDIXES

APPENDIXES A-77

Resistor

Nonlinear Resistor

Res Term Path Short

Neg Thermistor

Variable Cap Linked Var Cap Var Diff Cap Phase Shifter

Thermistor

Varistor Shunt Resistor Resistive Term Res Term Path Open

Tapped Resistor Tapped Res Adj Tapped Res Adj Off Rheostat

t0

–t0

Linear Thermistor

Capacitor

t0

Nonlin Thermistor

Polarized Cap Shielded Cap

t0

Pos Thermistor+t0

Split Stator Cap Feed Through Cap Cap Term Open Cap Term Short Shunt Cap

Antenna Dipole Loop 1 Loop 2 Ant Counterpoise

Fixed Attenuator Balanced Att Unbalanced Att Variable Att Variable Bal Att Variable Unbal

Photocond Res

Appendix 59 Electronic Symbols

A-78 APPENDIXES

+ –

Battery Current Source Multicell Source

PS

NET

Multicell With Taps Multicell Adjustable

Delay Element Tapped Del Element Variable Del Element Oscillator Pickup Head

Piezoelectric Crystal Gen Transducer Explosive Squib Igniter Sensing Link

Thermocouple Thermopile Thermal Element Cont Fire Detector Adj Gain Amp

Amp w/Attenuator Amp w/Pwr Supply Amp w/Feedback Amp 2 Input Amp

2 Output AMP Fuse 1 Fuse 2 Circuit Breaker

Ground Chasis Ground Potential Level

Incandescent

Bell Buzzer Speaker 2 Term Fluor 4 Term Fluor

BERTAP59B • 1/24/95

APPENDIXES A-79

Inductor Mag-core Inductor Tapped Inductor Adj Inductor Cont Adj Inductor

Ind Term Open Ind Term Short Carrier Line Trap Coil Op Flag Ind

Led ZenerDiode Photodiode PNP Transistor NPN Transistor

PNP Phototrans NPN PhototransP SCRN SCRP FETN FET

Bridge Rect

Shunt Inductor

Solar Cell

A-80 APPENDIXES

Appendix 60 Welding Symbols*

Adhesive bonding ABDArc welding AW

Atomic hydrogen welding AHWBare metal arc welding BMAW

Carbon arc welding CAWElectrogas welding EGWFlux cored arc welding FCAWGas metal arc welding GMAWGas tungsten arc welding GTAWPlasma arc welding PAWShielded metal arc welding SMAWStud arc welding SWSubmerged arc welding SAW

Arc welding process variationsGas carbon arc welding CAW-GGas metal arc welding–pulsed arc GMAW-PGas metal arc welding–short circuiting arc GMAW-SGas tungsten arc welding–pulsed arc GTAW-PSeries submerged arc welding SAW-SShielded carbon arc welding CAW-STwin carbon arc welding CAW-T

Brazing BArc brazing ABBlock brazing BBDiffusion brazing DFBDip brazing DBFlow brazing FLBFurnace brazing FBInduction brazing IBInfrared brazing IRBResistance brazing RBTorch brazing TBNTwin carbon arc brazing TCAB

Other welding processesElectron beam welding EBWElectroslag welding ESWFlow welding FLOWInduction welding IWLaser beam welding LBWThermit welding TW

Oxyfuel gas welding OFWAir acetylene welding AAWOxyacetylene welding OAWOxyhydrogen welding OHWPressure gas welding PGW

Resistance welding RWFlash welding FWHigh frequency resistance welding HFRWPercussion welding PEW

Projection welding RPWResistance seam welding RSEWResistance spot welding RSWUpset welding UW

Soldering SDip soldering DSFurnace soldering FSInduction soldering ISInfrared soldering IRSIron soldering INSResistance soldering RSTorch soldering TSWave soldering WS

Solid state welding SSWCold welding CWDiffusion welding DFWExplosion welding EXWForge welding FOWFriction welding FRWHot pressure welding HPWRoll welding ROWUltrasonic welding USW

Thermal cutting TCArc cutting ACAir carbon arc cutting AACCarbon arc cutting CACGas metal arc cutting GMACGas tungsten arc cutting GTACMetal arc cutting MACPlasma arc cutting PACShielded metal arc cutting SMAC

Electron beam cutting EBCLaser beam cutting LBCOxygen cutting OC

Chemical flux cutting FOCMetal powder cutting POCOxyfuel gas cutting OFCOxyacetylene cutting OFC-AOxyhydrogen cutting OFC-OHOxynatural gas cutting OFC-NOxypropane cutting OFC-POxygen arc cutting AOCOxygen lance cutting LOC

Thermal spraying THSPElectric arc spraying EASPFlame spraying FLSPPlasma spraying PSP

Welding and Allied ProcessesLetter

Designation Welding and Allied ProcessesLetter

Designation

*Courtesy of the American Welding Society.

Designation of Welding and Allied Processes by Letters

APPENDIXES A-81

A-82 APPENDIXES

APPENDIXES A-83

IN

AAdams, J. A., 295Advanced Visual Systems, Inc., 965, 973, 977Aesop, 984Alberti, Leon, 12, 506Algor, Inc., 38, 39, 192Almfeldt, M. W., 295Aluminum Extruders Council, 813Alvin & Co., 78, 82, 85American Cylinders, 846American National Standards Institute (ANSI),

9, 18–19, 77American Society for Mechanical Engineers

(ASME), 18, 19, 78–80American Welding Society, 1126–1127Anand, V., 295, 358Anderson, Anna, 382, 506Apple Computer Corp., 63, 64Application Development, Inc., 1089, 1092,

1102, 1103Aquilano, N. J., 47, 48, 59, 823Aquinas, Thomas, 217Art Resource, NY, 506Astro-Med, Inc., 340Autodesk, Inc., 10, 39, 192, 193, 343

BBailen, Doug, 838Barnsley, M., 295Bayside, 1029Beakley, G. C., 59Belliston, L., 165, 203Benzon, W., 203, 979, 1025Bethel, Wes, 976, 977Bethune, J. D., 1025Bezier, P. E., 268Bock, Dave, 202, 952Boeing Co., 52, 928–930Bolluyt, J. M. Stewart, 358Booker, P., 11, 12, 22, 506Brodie, K. W., 979Brooks, Frederick, 61Brummett, Tim, 116Brunelleschi, 12Buehler Products, Inc., 391, 835, 849, 1064

CCADKEY, Inc., 14, 35, 45, 46, 52, 192, 349,

377, 380, 657, 802CAD Technology Corp., 780CalComp, 66Calder, Julian, 791Carr Lane Manufacturing Co., 814, 815Caterpillar, Inc., 75Chall, Steve, 951

Chase, R. B., 47, 48, 59, 823Chinon America, Inc., 73Chrysler Corp., 845Clarke, Arthur C., 303Cleveland, W. S., 979Coach and Car Equipment Corp., 244COADE Engineering Software, 1103, 1104Compaq, 63Computational Engineering International, 937,

952, 975, 976Computer and Automated Systems Association

(CASA), 795, 796Coons, Steven A., 308, G–4Costello, Robert, 793Cray Research, 952Crosby, Philip, 793Crozet, Claude, 562

DDas, B. M., 1069, 1070Dataquest, Inc., 6DeJong, P. E., 295Delcam, 339, 598DeltaGraph, Inc., 972Deming, W. Edwards, 792, 793Department of Defense (DOD), 19DePuy, U.S.A., 798Descartes, René, 219, G–3Design Edge, 50, 199Dieter, G. E., 59Digital Equipment Corp., 340Dodge, H. F., 792Dreyfuss, H., 40, 59Drucker, Peter, 790Duccio, 12Duff, J., 1025Dunlop Sports Co., 598Dürer, Albrecht, 12, 506, 507

EEdwards, B., 165, 203Edwards, D., 165Einstein, Albert, 179ELSA America, Inc., 851Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 561EnSight, 975, 976Euclid, 721Euler, Leonhard, G–7

FFairfield Manufacturing, 1029, 1030, 1031Farish, William, 12Feiner, S. K., 295Ferguson, E. S., 22Foley, J. D., 295, 358, 1025Ford, Henry, 791, 792

Name Index

Ford Motor Co., 200, 792, 1046Francesca, 12Friedhoff, R. M., 203, 979, 1025

GGabel, Michael G., 822Gantt, Henry, 791Gardener, John, 1087Gauguin, Paul, 178General Motors, 758Gibran, Kahlil, 533Giffi, C., 823Gilbreth, Frank, 791Gilbreth, Lillian, 791Giotto, 12Glegg, Gordon L., 23, 750Godlewski, R., 54nGoetsch, D. L., 823Gonzalez, N., 576Gordon, S. F., 203Graves, F. E., 786Green, N., 758Groover, M. P., 823Gudea, 10, 12

HHaase, B., 845Hanks, K., 165, 203Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 1071Helms, M. E., 497, 526Hewlett-Packard Co., 62, 63, 69, 70, 71, 304,

305, 351, 356Higbee, F. G., 22Hill, Edward, 5Hill, I. L., 580, 617Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 585Horton, H. L., 59, 786Howard, Jim, 784Hughes, J. K., 295Hunt, V. D., 59, 823Hutchinson, S. E., 65, 72

IIannucci, Paul, 340IBM, 63, 294, 304, 512, 978Intergraph Corp., 49, 193, 346, 353, 354, 355,

356, 383, 730, 975, 976, 1020International Standards Organization (ISO),

19, 93Iomega Corp., 72Ishikawa, Kaoru, 793

JJapanese Standards (JIS), 19JDL, 70Jesus Christ, 12

NAME INDEX IN-1

Johnson, T. E., 304Jones, F. D., 59, 786Juran, Joseph, 793

KKassimali, A., 1069, 1070Kauffman, Peter, 802Kaufmann, William, 203Kavanaught, Katherine, 952Keller, Matthew, 267Kelvin, Lord, 668Kennametal, 834, 837, 843, 847Kepler, 260Kia Motors Co., 975Kirkpatrick, James M., 1085Knerr, Jeff, 952, 953Knowledge Revolution, 1058Knowlton, K.W., 165Kosslyn, Stephen M., 935

LLand, M. H., 22Lauter, Carl E., 635Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories, 976, 977Leach, H. W., 59Leonardo da Vinci, 12, 17, 22, 179, 506Leventon, W., 652Lewis Research Center, 952Liberty Forge, Inc., 813Logitech, Inc., 68, 69, 820Louvre, Museum of the, 10Loving, R. O., 580, 617

MMcCarthy, E. J., 59McDonnell Douglas, 11McCuistion, Pat, 721McCullough, M., 203, 1025Mach Corp., 1090Machine Design, 769, 776McKim, R. H., 203, 927MacNeal-Schwendler Corp., 244Mammesmann Derrag Huttentechnik

MEER, 976Mandlebrot, Benoit, 294, 295Martin, L. C., 165Marvell, Andrew, 375Masaccio, 12Mathematica, Wolfram Research, Inc., 949,

950, 972Matra Datavision, 340Maus, K., 511Maytag Co., 801MCNC, 202, 951, 952, 953, 965, 973, 996Microsoft Corp., 350, 971Mitchell, W. J., 203, 1025Mohler, James, 838Monge, Gaspard, 13, 22, 562, G–5Monguzzi, Bruno, 921Morris, G. E., 1025Mortenson, M., 295, 358Motorola, Inc., 28–32, 36, 40, 42, 46, 54Museum of the Louvre, 10

NNahmias, S., 823NASA, 952

National Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration, 960

Newport New Shipbuilding, 41NIH Image, 946, 951, 960, 969North Carolina Supercomputing Center, 202,

951, 952, 953, 965, 973, 996Northrop Grumman Corp., 7, 10, 15, 51, 839Novitski, B. J., 118NTN Corp., 1060, 1061

OOberg, E., 59, 786Oce-Bruning, Inc., 849Odman, M. Talat, 951Oladipupo, A., 358On Painting, 506

PPalmer, Tom, 952Pancari, A. J., 1104Parametric Technologies Corp., 334Pare, E. G., 580, 617Pare, R. C., 580, 617Patrikalakis, N. M., 979Pearson, Kathy, 951Pellegatto, Thomas J., 380Perreault, W. E., Jr., 59Peter Paul Electronics, 380Pillers, Michelle, 43, 59Poincaré, Jules Henri, G–7Pratt & Whitney, 782–783, 937Presentation Technologies, 71

RRasna, Inc., 839Reder, M., 758Reynolds, T. S., 22Richard D. Irwin, Inc., 635Richardson, B., 576Rising, J. S., 295Robertson, B., 979Rock Shox, Inc., 652Rodriguez, W., 203Rogers, D. F., 295Romig, H. G., 792Rosenfeld, Michael, 813Roth, A. V., 823Ryffell, H. H., 59, 786

SSacks, Andy, 795Sami, S., 1069, 1070Sandia National Laboratories, 480Sawyer, S. C., 65, 72Schlowsky, Bob, 339Schlowsky, Lois, 339SDRC, Inc., 199, 951, 962, 973Seal, G. M., 823Shakespeare, William, 18, 114SI Handling Systems, Inc., 802Silicon Graphics Computers, 22Simpson, Edward, 952Skinner, W., 792Smith, Adam, 791Smith, William, 952Society of Manufacturing Engineers (SME),

795, 796

Sperry Univac, 792Spin Forge International, Inc., 814Staedtler, Inc., 73, 75, 76, 94, 96, 97Stevenson, W. J., 823Stewart, S., 580, 617Stewhart, W., 792Stratasys, Inc., 200Structural Dynamics Research Corp.

(SDRC), 199, 951, 962, 973Sullivan, Louis, 25Sun Microsystems Computer Corp., 63Sutherland, Ivan, 14, 304Sweeney, Thomas, 668, 721, 1071Systems Modeling Corp., 802

TTaylor, D. L., 203, 358, 979Taylor, Frederick W., 791Tektronix Inc., 70, 71Tennyson, Alfred, 505Tesla, Nikola, 179Thalmann, D., 979Thomas, T. A., 497, 526, 1025Thomson, William (Lord Kelvin), 668Thorpe, Steve, 965, 973, 9963D Systems, Inc., 34, 35, 193, 798, 820Tippett, L. H. C., 792Tony Stone Images, 339, 751, 784, 791, 795, 813TRW Ross Gear Division, 767Tufte, E. R., 979Turgenev, Ivan S., 458

UUcello, Paolo, 506U.S. Military (MIL) Standards, 19USGS, 969

VVanDamm, A., 295Virtus Corp., 117Vlier Enerpac, 841Voltaire, 1027

WWard, Arthur, 631Weaver, Rip, 1104–1110Wellman, B. L., 295, 580, 617White, Charles W., 54nWhitehead, Alfred North, 825Whitney, Eli, 791Whitt, L., 295Whitworth, Joseph, 751William G. Daniel & Assoc., P.A., 201Wolfram Research, Inc., 949, 950, 972Wyman, J. D., 203

XXerox Corp., 802, 850Xiu, Aijun, 951

YYoung, B., 1104

ZZeid, I., 358Zimmers, E. W., 823

IN-2

AAbbreviations, for engineering drawings, A–4

to A–15Absolute coordinates, 224, G–1Absolute scale or data, 939, G–1Accessibility, primary datum and, 729Accuracy checks, of working drawings, 844–845Acme threads, 754Activity scheduling, charts for, 791Actual size, 693, G–1Acute angle, 269Acute triangles, 276, 277Additive, 995, 1018, G–1Additive primaries, 995, 1018, G–1Adjacent areas, 422–423, G–1Adjacent views, G–1

multiview drawings, 389procedure, visibility and, 587–588

Adjustable suspensions, mountain bikes, 652Adjustable triangle, 74, 75Aerial perspective, 12, G–1Aerospace engineering, G–1Aesthetics, G–1

analysis of, 37, 40design and, 24, 25–26

Agile design, 480Agricultural engineering, G–1Air cylinder, tabular drawing of, 846Airport clearance analysis, CAD

applications, 576Aligned dimensions, 677, 678, G–1Aligned sections, G–1

views of, 653–654, 655Alignment of features, orthographic projection

rule, 389Allowance, 693, G–1Alloy steel numerical designations, 806Alphabet of lines, G–1; see also Lines

multiview drawings, 389–396technical drawing, 78–80

sketching and, 142Alternate four-center ellipse method, 474–475,

494, G–1Altitude, 287

of a cone, 284Aluminums, 807–808Ambient light source, 989, G–1American Welding Society, standard weld

symbols and basic joints, 1126–1127Analogous, G–1

graphs as representations; see Graphics

Analog storage, 1022Analysis, design process and, three-

dimensional modeling; see Three-dimensional (3-D) analysis

Analysis by solids, 425–427Analysis by surfaces, 427–428Analytic geometry, 17, G–1Angles, G–1

dihedral, 546, G–6ellipse, dimetric projection, 485–487engineering geometry and construction, 269–271

acute, 269bisecting, 269–270classification of, 269complementary, 269helix, 265right, 269straight, 269supplementary, 269transferring, 270–271

isometric axonometric drawing constructionand, 468–470

location and orientation dimensions, 674measuring, 74, 75multiview representations, 410oblique drawings and, 494–496pressure, 1033, G–16principal views and projection, 386–389,

390, 391relative to a given line, 83–84screen, 1017–1018, G–18thread, 752triangles and, 78, 85between two planes, 575–577, 578units for, 670, 671

Angularity, G–1orientation controls and, 737

Angular perspective, 509Angular units, 670, 671Animation, 50, 947

drivethrough, 201technical illustration and, 1020–1021

ANSI standardsbolts

head, hex, 772heavy hex structural, 773hex, metric, A–51square head, 773

dimensioning techniques, 689–691fasteners, threaded, thread table, 761

Subject Index

ANSI standards—Cont.fits

clearance locational (LC), A–29force and shrink (FN), A–32interference locational (LN), A–31limits and, metric, 698–703preferred; see Preferred fitsrunning and sliding (RC), A–28transitional locational (LT), A–30

keysgib head, A–66plain head, A–66Woodruff, A–65

keyseat dimension for, A–64for multiview drawings, 428–430

partial views, 428removed views, 430revolution conventions, 429–430

nutsflange, hex, metric, A–46heavy hex, A–45hex, styles 1 and 2, metric, A–45jam, hex, metric, A–45machine screw, hex, A–47slotted hex, metric, A–46square machine screw, A–47

pinschamfered, A–67clevis, A–69cotter, A–69square end, A–67taper, A–67

pipe threads, taper (NPT), A–58screws

cap; see also Cap screwsdrill and counterbore sizes for metric

socket head, A–50drill and counterbore sizes for socket

head, A–49hex, metric, A–52hex socket head, A–49metric hex, A–52(1960 series), socket head, A–41slotted fillester head, A–48slotted flat countersunk head, A–48slotted round head, A–48socket head, hex, A–49socket head, metric series, A–51spline socket head, A–49

machineflat head, A–47

SUBJECT INDEX IN-3

ANSI standards—Cont.screws—Cont.

machine—Cont.hex and hex flange head metric, A–53slotted flat head, metric, A–54

sethex and spline socket, A–55

optional cup points, A–56slotted headless, A–55square head, A–57

shoulder, socket head, hex, A–50sheet sizes, 77washers

lockexternal tooth, A–63helical spring, A–62internal tooth, A–63

plainmetric, A–59type A, A–60type B, A–61

working drawingsletter heights and, 840title blocks and, 839

Aperture card, 849–850Apparent motion, 1020, G–1Applications, 20

technical data presentation; see Technicaldata presentation

Approximate developments, 605, 606, 616Approximate ellipse, constructing, 256, 257Approximation, 268ARC command, 94, 278Archimedes, spiral of, 260–261Architect’s scales, 87Archiving, 50, 826, G–1Arcs, 94–95

of a circle, 239–240irregular curves of, 244, 245isometric axonometric drawing construction

and, 477–478rectified, 244–246sketching technique, 144tangencies and; see Tangent/Tangencies

Arc welding, 1112–1114Area

limitations on, dimensioning, 677use of, effective graphics design, 957

Area renderings, 949–950, G–1Arrow plots, 950–951, G–1Arrows, 672Arrow vectors, 977Artistic drawings, 17, 24, G–1Artwork drawings, G–1

circuit boardscircuit side, 1080, 1082, G–3component side, 1080, 1081

Assemblies; see also Assembly drawings;Working drawings

and datums/datum features, 728exploded, technical illustration and, 1007–1013line work, technical illustration

and, 1005–1007outline, G–14

drawings, 836Assembly analysis, 39

Assembly drawings, 827, G–1; see alsoAssemblies; Working drawings

bearings, representation of, 1064circuit drawings, 1082, 1083isometric axonometric drawing construction

and, 481–482pictorial; see Pictorial drawings/sketchesof pistons, 829, 831section, 649, 650, 652, 836, 838, G–2, G–18working; see Working drawings

Assembly lines, moving, 791, 792Assembly sections, 649, 650, 652, 836, 838,

G–2, G–18threaded fasteners, 766, 767

Associative dimensioning, tolerances inCAD, 710

Asymptotes, 251Authoring, G–2

tools, 1022Automated guided vehicles (AGV), 801, 802Automated manufacturing process; see

Production and automatedmanufacturing processes

Automated piping design, 1092Automated storage and retrieval systems

(AS/RS), 801, 802Automation, G–2

production and; see Production andautomated manufacturing processes

Autorouting, G–2Auxiliary sections, 649, 651, G–2Auxiliary views, 533–560, G–2

applications of, 543–548dihedral angles and, 546, G–6oblique surfaces, true size of, 546–548point view of a line, 544–546, 570–572reverse construction, 543–544specified directions, views in, 544–546successive views, 546–548

classifications of, 537–543curves in, 542–543depth views, 538–539fold-line labeling conventions, 534–536, 538half views, 542height views, 539–540partial views, 542using CAD, 543width views, 540–541

edge view of oblique plane, 575, 576first, 538intersection of oblique plane and a prism, 595lines

point view of, 544–546, 570–572projection theory, fold-line method,

534–536, 538true length of, 568–569; see also

True-length lineoblique planes

edge view of, 575, 576and prisms, intersection of, 595

oblique surfaces, true size of, 546–548planes, 534–535

obliqueedge view of, 575, 576and prisms, intersection of, 595

reference plane method, 536–537true size of, 575, 577, G–21

Auxiliary views—Cont.point view of lines, 544–546, 570–572primary, 537, G–16projection theory, 534–537

fold-line method, 534–536, 538glass box method, 534–535

reference plane method, 536–537secondary, 537, G–18successive, G–19tertiary, 537, G–20true length of lines, 568–569true size of a plane, 575, 577, G–21

Axis, 287, G–2(center plane) straightness, form controls,

GDT, 733–734control, RFS or MMC modifier, 736depth, 184–185horizontal, 184–185long-axis isometric, G–12major, G–12minor, G–13primary, 184–185, G–16reversed axis isometric, 463, G–17of rotation, 329–331threaded fasteners and, 752vertical, 184–185

Axonometric axes, 459, G–2Axonometric drawings, 458–488

classifications of, 459–461dimetric projection, construction and, 483–487isometric, 461–483

construction and, 465–483for angles, 470–471arcs, 477–478assembly drawings, 482–483boxing-in method, 465for circular features, 471, 472curved intersections, 478, 479dimetric projection, 483–487

scales and ellipse angles, 485–487ellipses; see Ellipsesfor irregular curves, 471, 472isometric grids, 481–482, G–10for nonisometric lines, 130, 463,

466–468, G–13for oblique planes, 468–470parametrics with, 480screw threads, fillets, and rounds, 481–482section views, 481spheres, 478, 479for true isometric ellipses, 471, 473

line standards, 464, G–10oblique drawings, 488–496

classifications, 491construction

angles, 494–496circles, 494curved surfaces, 494, 495ellipses, alternate-four-center-method,

494, G–1object with circular features, 493–494screw threads, 496sections, 496using boxing-in method, 492

dimensions, standards for, 496object orientation rules, 491–492projection theory for, 488

Axonometric drawings—Cont.projections, 459, G–2

dimetric, construction and, 483–487theory, oblique drawings, 488trimetric, construction and, 487–488, 489;

see also Trimetric projectionsketches, 128

Axonometric projections, 459, G–2; see alsoAxonometric drawings

BBackface culling, 988–989, G–2Balance, 25Ball bearings, 1061Balloons, 482Banding, 996–997Bar graphs, G–2

for one independent variable, 944–946Baseline dimensioning, 674Bases, 287, 1075Basic dimension, 672, G–2Basic hole systems, standard precision fits

(English units), 704–707Basic shaft system, standard precision fits

(English units), 707–709Basic size, 693, G–2

metric limits and fits, 698standard precision fits (English units), 704

Beam compass, 95Bearings, 1059–1064, G–2

assembly drawing representation, 1064ball, 1061graphical representations, 1060numbering system, 1062plain, 1059–1060rolling contact, 1060, 1061sleeves of, detail drawing of, 832

Bell crank linkages, 1055–1058Bell curve, 803Benchmark, 29–30Bevel gears, 1030–1031

CAD applications, 1043–1045Bevel groove weld, 1118–1121Bezier curves, 268, 308, G–2Bezier surfaces, 292, 293, 308, 309Bicubic surface patch, 308, G–2Bilateral tolerance, 693Bill of materials (BOM), 827, 833, G–2

on drawings, 164Binary tree, 954, G–2Binding head fastener, 776Bird’s eye view, 509, G–2Bisection

of angles, 269–270of straight lines, 230–232

Bits, 996Blending functions, 269Blind holes, 412, G–2

detail dimensioning, 681simplified internal thread drawing, 764,

765, 766BLOCK command, 96, 780Block diagrams, 1072–1073, 1086, G–2Blocks, revision; see Revision blocksBlow molding, 809, 810Blueprints, 826, 848; see also Working drawings

IN-4 SUBJECT INDEX

Boldface, G–2Bolts, G–2; see also Fasteners

ANSI standards; see ANSI standardsmetric hex, A–51square head, 771–774, A–42standard(s); see ANSI standards; Fasteners

Bonding, 751, G–2Boolean operations, 311–314, 321, G–2Boring, 814–816Boss, 812Bottoming tap, 816Bottom view, 385, 386, G–2Boundary condition, 38, 39Boundary representation (B-rep),

314–316, G–2Bounding box, 124, G–2Boxing-in method

for isometric axonometric drawings, 465oblique/axonometric drawing construction

and, 492Box mark graph, 943–944Brainstorming, 31, 32, G–2Branch, 955Brazing, 1114Break lines, 79, 80, G–2Breaks, conventional, section views, 654–655Brinell hardness tests, 807British standard parallel steel dowel

pins-metric series, A–68Broaching, 814, 816Broken-out sections, 645–646, G–2B-spline curves, 268–269, 308–309, G–2B-spline surface, 292–293, 308–309Bubbles, 1011Bump mapping, 1000, G–2Bushings, 1059Buttress threads, 754

CCabinet oblique, 136, 491, G–3Cabling diagrams, 1078–1080, 1086, G–3CAD, 13–16, 62, G–3, G–4; see also

CAD/CAMapplications

airport clearance analysis, 576bevel gears, 1043–1045cams, 1053–1054cones, 284cutting plane lines, section views and, 640databases; see Databasesellipses, 258freeform curves, 268helixes, 267for piping, 1094, 1098–1102racks, 1041–1042ruled surfaces, 282sketching, 117–120surface generation, 273triangles, 278worm gears, 1042–1043

databases and; see Databasesgear applications; see Gearslettering techniques, 161–163menu, 67perspective drawings, 523–526

using a perspective grid, 525

CAD—Cont.piping symbol library, 1094process plant piping design and, 1098–1102sketching tools, 120

modeling and, 118, 338, G–18software, 973–974and stereolithography speed solenoid

design, 380technique

developments, 616–617intersection of two solids, 605section views, 636, 637, 655–656threaded fasteners, 767

three-dimensional; see Three-dimensional (3-D) analysis

tolerances in, 709–710weld symbol library, 1125

CAD/CAM, 803, G–3; see also CADdesign for manufacturability (DFM) and, 796tennis racket design and, 598

Caliper, 726, 727Callouts, 1011, 1013, 1014, G–3CAM, G–3; see also CAD/CAMCamera metaphor, for views, 188Cam followers, 1046, G–3

pivoted, 1047Cams, 1046–1054, G–3

CAD applications, 1053–1054cylindrical, 1046–1047displacement, 1047, G–6

diagrams, 1047–1051followers, 1046, 1047, G–3

motion ofcombination displacement diagram,

1048, 1050–1052harmonic motion displacement

diagram, 1048–1050types, 1048uniform displacement diagram, 1048, 1049uniformly accelerated displacement

diagram, 1048, 1050, 1051profiles of, 1052–1054types of, 1046–1047

Capacitors (C), 1075CAPP, G–3; see also Computer-aided

process planning (CAPP)Cap screws, 769, 776–777, G–3

ANSI standards for; see ANSI standardsCartesian coordinate system, 218–219,

564–565, G–3Casting, 809, 811–812

drawings, 821Cast iron pipe, 1089Castle nuts, 779Cavalier oblique, 136, 491, G–3CD-ROM, 1022, G–3Center, 727

of a circle, 239, 241–242Center lines, 79, 80, 143–145, 393, 394, G–3Center plane (axis) straightness, form controls,

GDT, 733–734Central processing unit (CPU), 62–63,

G–4 to G–5Central view, 389, G–3Centrifugal casting, 812Ceramics, 809, G–3

SUBJECT INDEX IN-5

Chain line, 79, 80, 677, 678Chamfered pins, ANSI table, A–67Chamfers, G–3

multiview representations, 412–416threaded fasteners and, 752

Changes of planes (corners), multiviewrepresentations, 409, G–4

Charts, 942for activity scheduling, 791flow, 954–955, 1072, G–8Gantt, 30link, 955, 956, G–11matrix, 955, 956, G–11modeling, 37organization, 1072PERT, 30, 954–955project flow, 954–955, 1072, G–8visualization, 955, 956, G–11

Check print, 69, G–3Check valve, 1093Chemical engineering, G–3Chemical milling, 820Chemical processes, modern machining

techniques, 820Children element, trees, 954Chord, of a circle, 239CIM, G–3; see also Computer-integrated

manufacturing (CIM)CIRCLE command, 94, 278, 767Circles, 94–95, 238–241, G–3

arcs of, 239–240circumference of, 239circumscribed, 240engineering geometry and construction, 239–242

center of, 239center of, locating, 241–242drawn through three points, 241elements of, 239–240tangencies and; see Tangent/Tangenciestemplates for drawing, 241

formulas for, A–20involutes of, 262–265oblique/axonometric drawing construction

and, 494perspective and, 154–156, 521–523sketching technique, 144templates for, 96, 241

Circuit boards; see Printed circuit boards (PCBs)Circuit side, 1080, 1082, G–3Circular features

isometric axonometric drawing constructionand, 471, 472

oblique/axonometric drawing constructionand, 493–494

one-point perspective drawings/sketchesand, 514, 516

Circularity (roundness), 734, G–3Circular line element, 732Circular runout, open inspection and, 740Circular sweeping operations, 320Circumference, of a circle, 239Circumscribed circles, 240Circumscribed squares, 276Civil engineering, 88–89, G–3Civil engineer’s scales, 88–89Civil piping, 1088Civil projects, design visualization and, 200–201

Clamping unit, working assembly drawingof, 847

Clarity, 675Clash, 344, 345, G–3Class 1 fit, 754Class 2 fit, 754Class 3 fit, 754Classifications

of auxiliary views; see Auxiliary viewsof axonometric drawings, 459–461of developments; see Developmentof gears, 1029of perspective drawings, 509–511of welding processes, 1113

Class of fit, thread specifications, Englishsystem, 754

Clearance fit, 694–695, G–3standard precision fits (English units), 704–707

using basic shaft system, 708–709Clearance locational fits (LC), 704, A–29Clevis pins, ANSI table, A–69Clip, 986, G–3Clock speed, G–3Closed loop, 306, G–3CNC, G–4; see also Computer numeric

control (CNC)Coarse series fasteners, 754Coaxial datum and feature, location controls

and, 743Coding systems, manufacturing, 800Cold working processes, metalworking, 814Collector, 1075Color, 26, 1015, G–4

definition, computer renderings, 994–999hard copy output and, 1017–1018lightness and, 994, G–11lookup tables, 949–951, G–4mapping, 974–975use of, effective graphics design, 958–961, 962

Combination motion, displacement diagram, ofcams/followers, 1048, 1050–1052

Combination scale, 86, 90Command history, G–4Command interpreter, 314Communication, graphics; see Graphics

communicationCompact disks (CDs), 72, 73

ROM drive, 73Comparative devices, for inspection, 804Compass, 94–95

method, of bisecting a line, 230–231Competition

analysis of, 30time-based, 792

Complementary angles, 269Complex marks, 940Component side, 1080, 1081Composite bar graphs, 945Composite data values, 945Composites, 809, G–4Compression molding, 809Computer-aided design/drafting (CAD),

G–4; see also CADComputer-aided design/manufacturing

(CAD/CAM); see CAD/CAMComputer-aided manufacturing (CAM),

347–348, 795, G–4

Computer-aided process planning (CAPP),44, 799, G–3

Computer animation and simulation, 36, G–4Computer drafting tools, 304Computer generated surfaces, 273Computer graphics, 13–14Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM),

795–796, G–4Computer numeric control (CNC), 348,

802–803, G–4code, 16, 50lathes, 815

Computer operating systems, 63, G–14Computer renderings; see Technical illustrationComputers, 20

commercial, 792data exchange and global design, 684

Computer simulation, 36, G–4Concentric circle ellipse, constructing,

255–256, 257Concentric circles, 240Concentricity, location controls and, 739Conciseness, G–4Concurrent, G–4

documentation, 49engineering; see Concurrent engineering

Concurrent engineering, 15, 669, 791, 799design process and, 27–28, 845

CONE command, 284Cone of vision, 346, G–4Cones, 990, G–4

engineering geometry and construction,282–285

CAD applications, 284formulas for, A–24 to A–25intersection with a cylinder, 602, 603intersection with a prism, 599–601warped, 289

Configuration of planes, orthographicprojection and, 407

Conical helix, 265, 267Conic curves; see Engineering geometry

and constructionConics, 246, G–4Connection list, G–4Connections, piping, 1090Connectors, G–4

P or J, 1076Conoid, 289, 290Constant pitch series fasteners, 754Constrained surfaces, 292Constraint-based modeling, 36, 333–336Construction, engineering; see Engineering

geometry and constructionConstruction cones, 284Construction lines, 123–126, G–4Construction techniques, three-dimensional

modeling; see Three-dimensional(3-D) analysis

Constructive solid geometry (CSG),311–316, G–4

Contiguous areas, orthographic projectionand, 428

Continuity, 309, G–4Continuous tone image, 1015–1016Contour line (isoline), 949, G–4Contour maps, 976–977

Contour plot, 948–949, 950, G–4Contrast, 26Controlling, G–4; see also Manufacturing

processes/processingControl points, 308, G–4Conventional breaks, section views,

654–655, 656Conventions, G–4; see also StandardsConvergence, 955–957

graph distortion and, 957Conveyor systems, 801Convolutes, 286, G–4Coon’s surface, 292, G–4Coordinate dimensioning, 674–675, G–4Coordinate measuring machines (CMM),

16, 57, 58, 727gaging and, line element straightness,

GDT, 733inspection and

flatness, form controls, 734–735, G–8manufacturing production processes, 804

Coordinates, 219–221, G–4cylindrical, 223, G–5screen, 986, G–18space, engineering geometry and; see

Engineering geometry and constructionsystems, 316–318, 564–565

Copper pipe, 1090Coppers, 807–808COPY command, 767, 780Copying, reprographics and, 851COPY-ROTATE command, 1041Corners, 409, G–4Costs of tolerance, 696Cotter pins, 782

ANSI table, A–69Counterbored holes, 412, 816

detail dimensioning, 683Countersunk holes, 412, 816

detail dimensioning, 683Cow’s horn, 289, 290CPU, 62–63, G–4 to G–5 to G–5Crank linkages, 1055–1058Crest, 752, G–5Critical path method (CPM), 30Crossed helical gears, 1031Cross-hatch lines, 641–644, G–5Cubes, 288, A–24Curved intersections, isometric axonometric

drawing construction and, 478, 479Curved lines, 232, G–5

sketching, 122–123Curved surfaces

multiview representations and, 410–412oblique/axonometric drawing construction

and, 494, 495Curves

in auxiliary views, 542–543freeform, 267–269irregular, isometric axonometric drawing

construction and, 471, 472perspective drawings and, 521–523regular, 232, G–17

Customer focus, general productionprocesses, 799

Cutting plane lines, 79, 80, 143, G–5section views and, 639–641

IN-6 SUBJECT INDEX

Cutting planes, 143, G–5intersection of a line and a plane, 589–591intersection of two planes, 591, 593section views and, 634, 637technique, 953

Cycle time, 797–799, G–5Cycloids, 261–262, G–5Cylinders, G–5

engineering geometry and construction, 285formulas for, A–25intersecting other cylinders, 418–419intersecting prisms and holes, 419, 420intersection of two, perpendicular, 602–604intersection with a prism, 601–602isometric pictorial sketching and, 132–134multiview representations and, 410–412visibility demonstration, 588

Cylinders, intersection of a planes and, 594, 596Cylindrical cams, 1046–1047Cylindrical coordinates, 223, G–5Cylindrical helix, 265, 266Cylindricity, G–5

form controls, GDT, 735–736, G–5Cylindroid, 289, 290

DData

associativity of, 348–350exchange of

global design and, 684indirect, G–10standards, three-dimensional modeling; see

Three-dimensional (3-D) analysisgathering of, 29qualitative, 938types of, technical data presentation, 938–939

DatabasesCAD

applications, 16sharing of, 28, 303-D CAD, 28

sharing, 28winged-edge data structure, G–22

Data region, 942, G–5Data visualization, G–5; see also Technical

data presentationDatum, 673, G–5; see also Geometric

dimensioning and tolerancing (GDT)Datum dimensioning, 674Datum features, G–5; see also Geometric

dimensioning and tolerancing (GDT)identifiers, 730, 731

Datum reference frame, 729, G–5Decagons, 276, 277Declarative information, G–5Degrees of freedom, 729Delta coordinates, 224Dense bar graphs, 945Density, cloud, 952Density slicing, 960, G–5Dependent variables, 940–941, G–5Depth

intensity cueing, 988, G–5, G–10auxiliary, 537

views of, 538–539axis, 184–185

Depth—Cont.intensity cueing—Cont.

distortion, in a 3-D bar graph, 958threaded fasteners and, 752use of (the third dimension), effective

graphics design, 955–957kinetic effects, G–11

Descriptive geometry, 13, 17, 561–584, G–5coordinate systems, 564–565lines, 565–572

point on, 568point view of, 570–572spatial location of, 567true length of, 568–572; see also

True-length lineauxiliary view method, 568–569revolution method, 569–570, 571

methods, 562–563planes, 17, 18, 572–577, G–15

angle between two, 575–577, 578edge view of, 573–575, 576; see also

Edges/Edge viewsprincipal views of, 572–573true size of, 575, 577, G–21

points, 564principles of

rule 1, true-length line, 568rule 2, point view of a line, 572rule 3, planar surface views, 573rule 4, edge view of a plane, 573rule 5, true-size plane, 575

reference planes, 563–564tips, 576–579

Descriptive modeling, 33–34Design, 23–26; see also Design process;

Engineering designagile, 480computer-aided; see CADdata visualization in, 936effective graphic; see Technical data

presentationintent of, 335–336principles, bolts, 769problems using, 921–926process of, 14–16quality of, 47, 48visualization and; see Visualization

Design analysis, 37–39, G–5aesthetic analysis, 37, 40financial analysis, 37functional analysis, 24, 26, 37, 39–40, G–8human factors analysis, 37, 40, G–9market analysis, 37, 41mechanism analysis, 37, 39, 1028, G–12property analysis, 37–39

Design applications, GDT; see Geometricdimensioning and tolerancing (GDT)

Design drawings, 50Design for assembly (DFA), fasteners

and, 768–769Design for manufacturability (DFM), 57, G–5

automation and, 796, G–2fasteners and, 758, 768–769three-dimensional modeling and, 355–356

Design for manufacturing cycle, 3-D supportfor, 822

SUBJECT INDEX IN-7

Design process, 14–16, G–5; see also Designchanges in, 15–16concurrent engineering; see Concurrent

engineeringengineering; see Engineering designglobal, 20three-dimensional modeling and; see

Three-dimensional (3-D) analysisDesign visualization, 41, G–5Desktop publishing, 1018Detail dimensioning; see DimensionsDetail drawings, 827–833, G–5Detailed representations, thread drawings, 762Detail numbers, 833Detection/correction system, quality control

and, 804Developable surface, 272, 273Development, 585–586, 605–617, G–5

approximate, 605, 606, 616CAD techniques, 616–617classifications of, 605–606

parallel-line, 605, 606–607solid, 607–613

oblique cone, triangulation method,611, 612

oblique cylinder, 613oblique prism, 611–613right circular cone, 609, 610right circular cylinder, 608–609, 610right rectangular prism, 607–608truncated cone, 609–611truncated cylinder, 609, 610truncated prism, 608truncated pyramid; see Truncated pyramids

transition piece, 613–616Deviation, 698, G–5DFM, G–5; see also Design for

manufacturability (DFM)Diagrams

block, 1072–1073, 1086, G–2cabling, 1078–1080, 1086, G–3combination motion, 1048, 1050–1052electronic; see Electronic drawingsflow, 954–955, 1072, G–8highway, 1078–1079, G–9interconnection, 1078, G–10modeling, 37patent drawings, 55point-to-point, 1078, G–15refinement modeling, 37wiring, 1078–1080, 1086, G–22

Dial indicator, 727Diameter, 239, 674

major; see Major diametervs. radius, detail dimensioning, 681

Diameter symbol, 673, G–5Diazo, 848, 849Die casting, 812Dies

taps and, 816threaded fasteners and, 752

Difference (-), 311–314, G–5Diffuse, G–6

reflection, 991Digital audio tape, 850Digital computers; see ComputersDigital technologies, for reprographics, 850–851

Digital terrain model (DTM), G–6Digitizers, 66Dihedral angles, G–6

auxiliary views and, 546Dimension lines, 79, 80, 672, G–6Dimensions, 668–691, G–6

assembly drawings and, 836associative, tolerances in CAD and, 710constraint-based modeling and, 334–336detail, 679–685

blind holes, 681counterbored holes, 683countersinks, 683diameter vs. radius, 681grooves, 683holes, 681, 683manufacturers’ gages, 683screw threads, 683spotfaces, 683standard sheet metal gage table, 685symbols, 681

functional, tolerancing and, 696, 697geometric; see Geometric dimensioning

and tolerancing (GDT)location, size and; see size and locationand piping drawing notes, 1096–1098single limit, tolerance representation and, 693size and location, 669–679, 673–674

basic concepts, 673coordinate dimensions, 674–675, G–4diameter, 674extension lines, G–7

standard practices, 676–677terminology, 672

horizontal dimensions, 673–674location and orientation dimensions, 674radius, 674size dimensions, 673–674standard practices, 675

area limitations, 677extension lines, 676–677grouping and staggering, 676length limitations, 677not to scale (NTS), 677, 678out-of-scale dimensions, 677placement, 675reading direction, 677repetitive features, 677–678spacing, 675–676staggering, grouping and, 676view dimensioning, 677, 678

terminology, 670–673arrows, 672basic dimension, 672, G–2datum, 673, G–5diameter symbol, 673, G–5dimension line, 672extension line, 672leader line, 672, G–11limits of size, 673plus and minus dimension, 673, 693, G–15radius symbol, 673reference dimension, 672, G–17size, limits of, 673tolerance, 673visible gap, 672

units of measure, 669–670

Dimensions—Cont.size and location—Cont.

vertical dimensions, 674standards for, oblique/axonometric

drawings, 496techniques, 685–691

ANSI standards, 689–691guidelines, 688–689process for, 686–688

unidirectional dimensioning, 677, 678, G–21Dimetric drawing/projection, 483, 1002,

1003–1005, G–6axonometric drawings, construction

and, 483–487Diodes (CR), 1075Direct data exchange, G–6Direction, 952

of line graphs, 942–943Directrix, 246, 271, 283, G–6Direct view, 562, G–6Discretization, 38, 346, G–6Displacement, 1047, G–6Displacement diagrams, cams; see CamsDisplay devices, 63–64, G–6

stereoscopic, 201–202Distance

of object from picture plane, perspectivedrawing and, 511

in related views, orthographic projectionand, 389

DISTANCE command, 1053Dither patterns, 1017, G–6DIVIDE command, 96, 1053Dividers, 95–96Documentation, 15, 826

animations, 50concurrent, 49drawings and models

design, 50patent, 54–55production, 50, 51technical, 50, 52

engineering design process, 49–55presentation graphics, 53–54technical reports, 52–53, G–20three-dimensional modeling, 350

Document sketches, 127, G–6Dodecagons, 276, 277Dodecahedron, 286, 287Dolly (rivet tool), 783Domain, G–6Donut, G–6; see also Feed-throughDot matrix printers, 69–70Double-curved lines, 232, 265–267, G–6Double-curved surfaces, 272, 273, 291,

605, G–6engineering geometry and construction,

289–290, 291Double-line drawings, G–6

piping, 1095, 1096Double-ruled warped surfaces, 289, 290Double-sided circuit boards, 1080Double-thread fasteners, 755Dowel pins, 782Drafters/designers, 21Drafting machines, 74, 75Drafting triangles, 78, 85

Drawing exchange format (DXF),351–353, G–6

Drawing instrument set; see Technicaldrawings/graphics

Drawing numbers, working drawingsand, 836–839

Drawings, 9; see also Technical drawings/graphics; Technical illustration

aerial perspective, 12, G–1artistic; see Artistic drawingsartwork; see Artwork drawingsassembly; see Assembly drawingscasting, 821design, 50detail, 827–833, G–5dimetric; see Dimetric drawing/projectiondocumentation; see Documentationdouble-line; see Double-line drawingsdrilling, G–6electronic; see Electronic drawingselevation, 1093, G–6engineering, abbreviations for, A–4 to A–15fabrication, G–7

circuit boards, 1080forging, 821–822geometry of, 12ideation; see Ideationisometric, 12, 1095, 1097, G–10legends, 942, G–11manufacturing process, specific, 821–822metalworking and, 814multiview; see Multiview drawingsnotes on, 832orthographic projection, 12, 565paper for, 77patent, 54–55perspective; see Perspective

drawings/projectionspictorial assembly; see Pictorial

drawings/sketchespiping; see Piping drawingsproduction, 50, 51refinement, 33section assembly, 649, 650, 652, 836, 838,

G–2, G–18sheet metal, 822sheets for laying out, 96–98sketching and text; see Sketching and textspecific manufacturing process, 821–822storage of, reprographics and, 848subassembly, 827taping a drawing sheet to the surface, 74techniques for, section line practices,

641–642, 643text, sketching and; see Sketching and textthread; see Threaded fastenerstools for; see Technical drawings/graphicsas universal language, 9–10welding; see Welding drawingsworking; see Working drawings

Drill drawing, G–6Drilling, 815–816, G–6

and counterbore sizesfor metric socket head cap screws, A–50for socket head cap screws, A–49

metalworking and, 814Drivethrough animation, 201

IN-8 SUBJECT INDEX

DTM, G–6Dual dimensioning, 670, 671Durability, 793Dwell, of cam cycle, 1047DXF, G–6; see also Drawing exchange

format (DXF)Dye-sublimation printers, 70–71Dynamic analysis, 39, 345, 1028, G–6Dynamics, 1028

EEccentric circles, 240ECO (engineering change order), 846, G–6Edges/Edge views, 181–182, 305, G–6

oblique, G–14orthographic projection and, 407of planes, 573–575, 589, 590

auxiliary views, oblique, 575, 576descriptive geometry rule, 573intersection and

of lines and, 589, 590two planes, 591, 592

multiview; see Multiview drawingssection views and, 637

Effective graphics design; see Technical datapresentation

Efficiency, G–6Egypt, 8, 9Elastomers, 809, G–6Electrical discharge grinding (EDG), 820Electrical discharge machining (EDM), 820Electrical discharge wire cutting (EDWC), 820Electrical engineering, G–6Electrical machining, 819–820Electrochemical discharge grinding

(ECDG), 819Electrochemical machining (ECM), 820Electromechanical machining (EMM), 819Electron beam machining (EBM), 820Electronic circuits

board design, 974–975drawings; see Electronic drawings

Electronic data exchange, 20Electronic drawings, 1071–1086

block diagrams, 1072–1073, 1086, G–2diagram components, 1074printed circuit boards (PCBs), 1080–1084schematic, 1073–1078, G–18

capacitors (C), 1075connectors (P or J), 1076, G–4diodes (CR), 1075fuses (F), 1076integrated circuits (ICs) (U),

1076–1077, G–10light emitting diodes (LEDs), 1075logic diagrams, 1077, G–12logic gates, 1077, G–12relays (K), 1076resistors (R), 1075of simple electronic circuit, 1074, 1086switches (S), 1076transformers (T), 1075–1076transistors (Q), 1075zener diodes (VR), 1075

simple schematic diagram, 1074, 1086wiring and cabling diagrams, 1078–1080,

1086, G–3, G–22

Electronic masters, 1015Electronic symbols, A–77 to A–79Electrostatic plotters, 69Elevation drawing, 1093, G–6Ellipse angles, dimetric projection, 485–487ELLIPSE option, 523Ellipses, G–6

engineering geometry and construction, 254–260applications of, 260approximate, 256, 257CAD systems and, 258concentric circle, 255–256, 257construction of, 255–258foci, 254, 255, 256templates for, 258, 259trammel method for, 255, 257

isometric, G–10axonometric drawing construction

angles, 485–487four-center method, 474–475, G–1on inclined plane, 476–477on oblique surfaces, 478, 479plane, 476–477true, 471, 473

pictorial sketching and, 132–134minor diameter of, 255, G–13multiview representations and, 411–412oblique/axonometric drawing construction

and, alternate-four-center-method,494, G–1

sketching technique, 132–134, 144–146Ellipsoids, 289, A–27Elliptical surfaces

multiview representations, 416, 418oblique, 478, 479

Emitter, 1075Empirical equation, 37Encoding data variables, technical data

presentation, 940–941Endshield, for electric motor, assembly

drawing for, 835Engineering, 7–8, 26, G–6; see also

Engineering designaerospace, G–1agricultural, G–1change note (ECN), 846change orders (ECO), 846, G–6chemical, G–3civil, 88–89, G–3concurrent; see Concurrent engineeringdigital management systems (EDMS), 851drawings; see also Drawings

abbreviations for, A–4 to A–15electrical, G–6finance and, 46–47geometry and construction; see Engineering

geometry and constructiongraphics, G–7; see also Technical

drawings/graphicsindustrial, 26, G–10knowledge-based (KBE), 57, G–11by major activities, 6materials, G–12mechanical, G–12planning and design process

implementation, 44–45technologist, 8, 21, G–20

SUBJECT INDEX IN-9

Engineering change order (ECO), 846, G–6Engineering design, 26–28; see also Engineering

data visualization in, 936management and, 47–48process, 23–60

aesthetic, 24, 25–26concurrent engineering; see Concurrent

engineeringdesign for manufacturability (DFM), 57functional analysis and; see Functional

analysis and designgroupings and, 24ideation; see Ideationimplementation, 44–55

documentation; see Documentationfinance, 46–47management, 47–48marketing, 45–46, G–12planning, 44–45production, 45service, 48–49

knowledge-based engineering (KBE),57, G–11

linear, 14process of, 26–28product data management (PDM), 55–57product design, 26refinement; see Refinementreverse engineering, 57, 926–927, G–17system design, 26technical; see Technical drawings/graphicstraditional, 27web sites, 59

Engineering geometry and construction,217–302, 218

angles; see Anglesarcs; see Arcscircles; see Circlesconic curves, 246–260

ellipses; see Ellipseshyperbolas; see Hyperbolasparabolas; see Parabolas

coordinate space and, 218–225absolute coordinates, 224, G–1cylindrical coordinates, 223, G–5polar coordinates, 223, G–15relative coordinates, 224, G–17right-hand rule, 221–223spherical coordinates, 223, G–19world and local coordinate systems, 225,

986, G–12double curved lines, 265–267freeform curves, 267–269

Bezier curves, 268, 308, G–2B-spline curves, 268–269, 308–309, G–2spline curves, 267, 268

CAD applications and, 268geometric elements, 225–226helixes, 265–267lines; see Linesoctagons, 276, 277, 281–282, 283ogee curves, 242–244, 245, G–14planes, 271points, 227roulettes; see Roulettesshape description, 218surfaces; see Surfaces

Engineering geometry and construction—Cont.tangencies, 232–239

arc tangent to a line and an arc, 236–237arc tangent to two arcs, 237–238arc tangent to two lines, 235–236between circle/arc and line, 233to a line at a point, 234lines tangent to two circles, 238–239between two circles, 233–234

English system, thread specifications;see Threaded fasteners

Envelope principle, 725, G–7Environmental issues, influence on design and

production, 792Epicycloid, 261, 263, 264Equilateral triangles, 276, 277, 278Erasing, 118

line drawing techniques, 82shield, 82

Ergonomics, G–7design process and, 346–347

Error bar, 943, G–7Error checking, G–7Etching, G–7Euler operations, 314, G–7Evaluated, G–7Exploded assembly, 1000, 1001,

1007–1013, G–7Exploded pictorial drawings, 1001Exposure, 1002, G–7Extension lines, 79, 80, G–7

dimensioningstandard practices, 676–677terminology, 672

External spur gears, 1030External thread

simplified, drawing of, 763threaded fasteners and, 752

External tooth lock washers, ANSI table, A–63Extra fine series fasteners, 754Extrusion, 809, 810

hot working process, 813Eye level, 507

FFabrication, incremental, modeling, 349Fabrication drawing, G–7

circuit boards, 1080Face cams, 1046–1047Face-edge-vertex graph, G–7Face gears, 1030–1031Faces, 181–182, 305, G–7

inclined, G–10projection of, 189

oblique, G–14Facets, 314, 991, G–7Factory floor simulation, 45Fading out features, 1006–1007Faithful, G–7Fall, of cam cycle, 1047Familiar size, G–7Family of parts, G–7Fasteners, 750–789, G–7; see also

ANSI standardsbolts, studs, and screws

bolts, standard, 769–774design principles, 769

Fasteners,—Cont.bolts, studs, and screws—Cont.

bolts, standard—Cont.hex head, 770–771, 772, 773, A–51

ANSI standards, 772length determination guide, 772square head, 771–774

CAD techniques, 780–781cap screws, 776–777head style design, 776locking devices, 779–780machine screws, 777, 778nuts, standard, 774–776other screws, 778–779set screws, 777, 778standard, 769–781templates for, 780

design for assembly (DFA) and, 768–769design for manufacturability (DFM) and,

768–769fixed, tolerancing, 744nonthreaded, 781–783

keys, 782–783lock washers, 781pins, 781–782plain washers, 781rivets, 783

oval head, 776pan head, 776springs, 783–784templates for, 780threaded; see Threaded fasteners

Fastening; see also Fastenersbonding, 751, G–2mechanical, G–12

Feature-based modeling, 336–337Feature control frame, 723, 724, G–7Feature of size, G–7

GDT, 724–725, 732Feature(s), G–7

alignment of, 389circular; see Circular featurescontrol frame, 723, 724, G–7datum; see Datum featuresfading out, 1006–1007hidden, 636

section views and, 634identifiers of, 730, 731modeling, feature-based, 336–337parallel, orthographic projection and, 407repetitive, 677–678size of, regardless of (RFS), 725solid object, 181–183special, 793thin, 651–653

Feature size, regardless of (RFS), 725Feed-through, 1080, G–7FEM/FEA, G–7; see also Finite element

modeling and analysis (FEM/FEA)Ferrous metals, production materials, 805–807Fidelity, virtual reality (VR) and, 196–198Field rivets, 783, 784Field welding, 1112Fillet(s), 812, G–7


Fillet(s)—Cont.multiview representations, 412–416welds, 1116

Fillister head fastener, 776Film recorders, 71Finance, engineering design process, 46–47Financial analysis, 37Fine series fasteners, 754Finished bolts, 770Finished surfaces, multiview

representations, 412–416Finish marks, 415, 817Finite element modeling and analysis (FEM/

FEA), 37–39, 346, 974–975, G–7design process and, 346

Finite plane, 271First-angle projection, 386–389, 390, 391First auxiliary view, 538Fits; see also ANSI standards

classes of, English units, 704–709thread specifications, 754

clearance, standard precision fits (Englishunits), 704–707

clearance locational (LC), 704, A–29determining, 696metric, preferred, A–33preferred; see Preferred fitstransition, 704, G–21, A–30types of, tolerance representation, 694–696

Fittings, G–8pipe, 1091

Five platonic solids, 286Five step GDT process, design and, 744Fixed fastener tolerancing, 744Fixed gages, for inspection, 804Fixed hard drives, 71Fixed joints, 1055Fixture, G–8Flange connections, piping, 1090, 1091Flange head fastener, 776Flask, 812Flatbed scanner, 68Flat face cam follower, 1047Flat head fastener, 776; see also

ANSI standardsFlat head machine screws, ANSI table, A–47Flatness, G–8

form controls, GDT, 734–735Flat shading, 991, G–8Flexibility, 792

influence on design and production, 792Flexible manufacturing systems (FMS),

795, G–8Floppy disk drives, 71, 72Floppy disks, 71, 72Flow diagram (chart), 954–955, 1072, G–8Flow lines, 1008–1010, G–8Flow representations, for two independent

variables, 951–952Fluid analysis, 38Fluid flow, particle clouds tracking, 952FMS, G–8; see also Flexible manufacturing

systems (FMS)Foci ellipse, constructing, 254, 255, 256Focus point, 247, G–8Fold lines, 386, 563, G–8

auxiliary view projection theory, 534–536labeling conventions, auxiliary views, 538

IN-10 SUBJECT INDEX

Follower; see CamsFont, G–8

lettering; see Letteringsketching and text; see Sketching and text

Force and shrink fits (FN), 704ANSI table, A–32

Foreshortened objects, G–8orthographic projection and, 403plane, 409

Forgingdrawings, 821–822hot working process, 813

Form, 25thread specifications, English system, 752,

753–754, G–20, A–20Form controls, GDT; see Geometric

dimensioning and tolerancing (GDT)Form follows function, 25Forming, 751, G–8

stretch, 814Forms of revolution, 290Formulas

for circles, A–20for cones, A–24 to A–25for cubes, A–24for cylinders, A–25for ellipsoids, A–27for geometric elements, A–20 to A–27for paraboloids, A–27for polygons, A–22 to A–23for prisms, A–24for pyramids, A–25for spheres, A–26for torus, A–26for triangles, A–21

Foundry processes, casting, 811–812Four bar linkages, 1055–1058Four-color printing, 1018, G–8Fractals, 294, G–8Frames, 1020Freedom surfaces; see Engineering geometry

and constructionFree-form surfaces, G–8

curved, 272, 273Freehand drawing (sketch); see Sketching

and textFree state, 690French curves, line drawing techniques, 84–85Frontal image plane, 187–190Frontal line, 567, G–8Frontal plane, 404, 573, 574, G–8

of projection, 379Front view, 137–138, 187–190, 379, 381,

384–385, 834, G–8Frustum, of a cone, 284Frustum pyramid, 287Full section, 644, G–8Function, 25Functional analysis and design, 24, 26, 37,

39–40, G–8Functional block diagram, 1072, 1073, G–2Functional dimensioning, tolerancing, 696, 697Functional gaging

form controlsaxis (center plane straightness), 734circularity, 734, G–3cylindricity, 736flatness, 734–735, G–8

Functional gaging—Cont.inspection processes, GDT, 731line element straightness, GDT, 733location controls, 741–742

concentricity, 739Functional gaging, orientation controls and, 736Functional relationships

data visualization for, 954–955primary datum and, 729

Fundamental deviation, G–8metric limits and fits, 698

Fused deposition modeling (FDM), 820Fuses (F), 1076Future direction, design visualization,

uses of, 201–202

GGage blocks, for inspection, 804Gages

height, 726for inspection, 803–804

fixed, 804Gaging; see Functional gagingGaging tolerance, 731Gamut, G–8Gantt chart, 30Gas metal arc welding, 1114Gas tungsten arc welding, 1114Gas welding, 1112–1114Gates, 812, 813Gate valve, 1093Gears, 1028–1045, G–8

CAD applications, 1040–1045bevel gears, 1043–1045racks, 1041–1042worm gears, 1042–1043

classifications of, 1029gear cluster, 1029gear train, 1029, G–8helical, 1030herringbone, 1030intersecting shafting, 1030–1031nonintersecting shafting, 1031parallel shafting, 1029–1030pressure angle, 1033, G–16ratios, gear and pinion, 1033spur, 1030

definitions and formulas, 1033–1035graphical representation, 1035–1040

standard, specifying, 1035, 1036–1037teeth geometry, 262, 264, 1032

Gear teeth, involutes and, 262, 264Gear train, 1029, G–8General notes, G–8General oblique, 491, G–8General production processes; see Production

and automated manufacturingprocesses

General-purpose section line, G–8section line practices; see Section views

General tolerance notes, 843Generating point, 260Generatrix, 271, 274, 283, G–8Geometric accuracy, tolerances in CAD

and, 710Geometric breakdown dimensioning, 685Geometric controls, GDT; see Geometric

dimensioning and tolerancing(GDT)

SUBJECT INDEX IN-11

Geometric dimension, G–8; see alsoGeometric dimensioning andtolerancing (GDT)

Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing(GDT), 721–749, G–8

datums and datum features, 728–731, G–5assembly and, 728feature control, 729feature identifiers, 730, 731primary, 729–730reference frame, 729, G–5secondary, 730, 731tertiary, 730, 731uses, 728

design applications, 744–746application example, 745–746five step process, 744

geometric controls, 731–744for form, 732–736

axis (center plane) straightness, 733–734functional gaging, 734open inspection, 734RFS or MMC, 733–734

circularity, 734, G–3functional gaging, 734open inspection, 734

cylindricity, 735–736, G–5functional gaging, 736open inspection, 736

flatness, 734–735, G–8coordinate measuring machine (CMM)

inspection, 735functional gaging, 735open inspection, 734–735

line element straightness, 733coordinate measuring machine (CMM)

gaging, 733functional gaging, 733open inspection, 733

straightness, 732–733for inspection processes, 731–732

feature of size, 732functional gaging, 731open gaging, 732size, feature of, 732

for location, 738–744concentricity, 739

functional gaging, 739open inspection, 739

position and, 740–744coaxial datum and feature, 743functional gaging, 741–742hole location from edges, 741hole location from hole, 742–743open inspection, 741symmetry, 743–744

runout, 740for orientation, 736–738

angularity, 737, G–1axis control, RFS or MMC modifier, 736functional gaging, 736line profile, 737–738open inspection, 736parallelism, 736, 737, G–14perpendicularity, 736–737, G–15surface control, 736surface profile, 738

perfection, 731

Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing(GDT)—Cont.

geometric controls—Cont.tolerance zones, 698, 731, G–20virtual condition, 731, G–21

inspection tools, 726–727maximum material condition (MMC), 694,

725–726, G–12departure from, 725material condition symbols, 725perfect form at, 725–726, G–14separation of control types, 726

overview, 722–723rule 1, individual feature of size,

724–725, G–18statistical process control (SPC), 722,

746–747, G–19symbols, 723, A–17

feature frame control, 723, 724, G–7tolerance calculations, 744

Geometric elements, 225–226formulas for, A–20 to A–27properties of, A–20 to A–27

Geometric forms, standard representationsof various, 421

Geometric modeling, 15–16, 34–36Geometric primitives, 310–311, 408Geometrics, 669Geometric transformations, G–9

object modification, three-dimensionalmodels, 329–331

Geometry, 16, 17, G–9descriptive; see Descriptive geometryof drawing, 12engineering; see Engineering geometry

and constructionthree-dimensional construction, 319

Gib head keys, 782–783ANSI standard, A–66

Glass-box method, 563Global competition, influence on design

and production, 792Globe valve, 1093Glyphs, 940, 976–977, G–9

for complex relationships, 953Gouraud shading, 991–992, G–9Grades

pencil, 77thread, 756–758

Graduated instruments, as inspectiondevices, 803–804

Graphical analysis, 42, 353, 947–949, G–9Graphical user interface (GUI), 64Graphics, 9, G–9; see also Graphics

communicationideation and; see Ideationinformation integration and, technical

illustration, 1018–1020presentation, 53–54, G–16technical, 9

Graphics communication, 6computer-aided design/drafting (CAD);

see CADcomputer graphics, 13–14descriptive geometry; see Descriptive

geometrydesign process; see Design processdrawings, 9

Graphics communication,—Cont.engineering, 6, 7–8, 21geometry, 17

descriptive; see Descriptive geometrygraphics, 9history of, 9–15human communication systems, 8–9introduction to, 5–22mathematics, 8, G–12specialists and technical drawings, 20–21spoken language, 8technical drawings; see Technical

drawings/graphicstechnical graphics, 9; see also Technical

drawings/graphicstechnologists, 8, 21, G–20timeline of major events, 11users of, 8uses for, 6–7visual science; see Visual sciencewriting, 8

Graphics design; see Designeffective; see Technical data presentation

Graphics theory, 20Graphing software, 972Graph paper, 971Graphs, 942

modeling, 373-D, 947–949

Greece, 10Grids/Grid papers, 119, 965, G–9

isometric; see Isometric gridsperspective, 521, 525

Grinders/Grinding, 816metalworking and, 814

Groove cams, 1046–1047Grooves, detail dimensioning, 683Groove welds, 1116–1121Ground line (GL), 150–151, 509, G–9

position of, relative to horizon, 511Ground’s eye view, 509, G–9Group bar graphs, 945Grouped bars, 945Grouping and staggering, dimensioning, 676Group technology, G–9Guide for Patent Draftsmen, 55Guidelines, 157, 688–689, G–9Guide plain bearings, 1059

HHalf auxiliary views, 542Half sections, 542, 644–645, G–9Half-space, G–9Halftone approximation, 1017, G–9Hand/Eye connection, 180Hand/Eye/Mind connection, 180Hand lettering, 157–161Hand tools, for data visualization, 970–971,

973–974Hard-copy output, technical illustration,

1015–1018Hard disks/drives, 71–72Hard gaging; see Functional gagingHardness tests, steel, 807Hardware, 62, G–9Harmonic motion, displacement diagram,

of cams/followers, 1048–1050Head style design, fasteners, 776

Heat treating, 807Heavy hex nuts, ANSI table, A–45Heavy hex structural bolts, ANSI standards, 773Height, G–9

gage for, 726Height auxiliary, 537Height auxiliary views, 539–540Helical convolute, 286Helical gears, 1030, 1031Helical spring lock washers, ANSI table, A–62Helicoid, 289, 290Helix angle, 265Helixes, G–9

cylindrical, 265, 266engineering geometry and construction, 265–267

CAD applications and, 267involutes and, 265threaded fasteners and, 751–752

Heptagons, 276, 277Herringbone gears, 1030, 1031Hexagon and splint socket set screws

ANSI table, A–55optional cup points, ANSI table, A–56

Hexagon machine screw nuts, ANSI table, A–47Hexagons, 276, 277

engineering geometry andconstruction, 279–281

Hexagon socket head cap screws,ANSI table, A–49

Hexagon socket head shoulder screws,ANSI table, A–50

Hexahedron, 286, 287Hex and hex flange head metric machine

screws, ANSI table, A–53Hex head bolts, 770–771

ANSI standards, 772, 773, A–51Hex head fastener, 776Hex jam nuts, A–43Hex nuts, A–43Hidden features, section views and, 634Hidden lines, 79, 80, 143, 392, 1015, G–9

assembly drawings and, 836removal of, 988section views and, 636

Hidden surfaces, 1015removal of, 986–987, G–9

Hierarchical trees, 954Hierarchy, G–9

in graphs, 954networked, 342, G–13in organization, parts management

and, 341–342Hieroglyphics, 8, 9Highway diagrams, 1078–1079, G–9;

see also Wiring (cabling) diagramHistograms, 945–946, G–9History

command, G–4of graphics communication, 9–15overview of

production and automated manufacturingprocesses, 791–793

three-dimensional modeling, 304–305Holes

detail dimensioning, 681counterbored, 683

diameter tolerancing, 744

IN-12 SUBJECT INDEX

Holes—Cont.hole basis, G–9

metric limits and fits, 700system, metric limits and fits, 701–703

hole loop, G–9location of

from edges, location controls and, 741from hole, location controls and, 742–743

multiview representations and, 412, 413systems for, standard precision fits (English

units), 704–707Horizon line (HL), 150–151, 507, G–9

ground line position, relative to, 511Horizontal axis, 184–185Horizontal bar graph, 944Horizontal dimensions, 673–674Horizontal image plane, 187–190Horizontal lines, 80–81, 566–567, G–9Horizontal plane, 404, 572, 574, G–9

of projection, 381Horizontal position, 674Hot working processes, metalworking, 812–814HSV color model, G–9

computer renderings, 997–999Hue, 994, 998, G–9Human communication systems, 8–9Human factors analysis, 37, 40, G–9Human’s eye view, 509, G–9Hybrid modelers, 314–316, G–9Hydrodynamic machining (HDM), 817Hyperbolas, 247–253, G–9

applications of, 253–254construction of

equilateral hyperbola, 251–253mathematical method, 251, 252

equilateral, 251–253Hyperbolic paraboloid, 289, 290Hyperboloid of revolution, 289, 290Hypermedia, G–10

technical illustration and, 1022–1023Hypocycloid, 261, 263, 264Hypoid gears, 1031, 1032

IIcosagons, 276, 277Icosahedron, 286, 287Ideas statement, preliminary, ideation, 31Ideation, 14, 28–32, 116, G–10

drawings/sketches, 32, 127, G–10graphics and visualization, 32preliminary design, 31–32, 33preliminary ideas statement, 31problem identification, 29–31, G–16visualization and, 32

IGES, G–10; see also Initial graphicsexchange specification (IGES)

Illumination, 990Image planes, G–10

visualization and; see VisualizationImaging, 16Immersion, virtual reality (VR) and,

196–198, 341Impact printers, 69Implementation, engineering design process;

see Engineering designInches, 670–671Inclined edges/lines, 81–82, 403, 566, G–10

perspective drawings and, 519–521

Inclined faces, G–10projection of, 189

Inclined planes, 405, 573, 574ellipses and, 476–477and lines, perspective drawings, 519–521

Increaser, speed, 1033Incremental fabrication, modeling, 349Independent variables, 940–941, G–10

data visualization forone; see Technical data presentationtwo; see Technical data presentationthree, 952–953

Indirect data exchange, G–10Individual feature of size, GDT rule, 724–725Industrial designers, 24Industrial engineering, 26, G–10Industrial psychology, 791Industrial Revolution, 791Infinite light source, 989, G–10Infinite plane, 271Information integration, technical illustration;

see Technical illustrationInfrared mouse, 68Initial graphics exchange specification

(IGES), 353, G–10computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM), 796

Injection molding, 809, 810Inkjet printers, 70, 71In-line cam follower, 1047Input devices, 64–69, G–10

keyboards, 66, 68, G–11modems, 69, G–13mouse, 66, 68, 69, G–13scanners, 66, 68, G–18tablets, 66, 71–73, G–20

Input/output (I/O) devices, 71–73; see alsoInput devices; Output devices

Inscribed circles, 240Inside pattern developments, 606–607Inspection processes, GDT, 731–732Inspection tools, GDT, 726–727Instances, 322, 324, G–10Integrated circuits (ICs), 1076–1077, G–10Intensity depth cueing; see DepthInterchangeable parts, 791Interconnection diagrams, 1078, G–10Interference fits, 694–695, 704, 707, G–10

locational (LN), 704ANSI table, A–31

Internal spur gears, 1030Internal thread

schematic, drawing of, 766simplified, drawing of, 763, 764, 766

for a blind hole, 764, 765, 766threaded fasteners and, 752

Internal tooth lock washers, ANSI table, A–63International Standards Organization

(ISO), 698–703International System of Units (SI), 93, 669,

G–10, G–18International tolerance grades (IT), G–10

metric limits and fits, 698Interpolation, 268, 949Intersecting lines, 228, 589, G–10;

see also IntersectionIntersecting shafting, of gears, 1030–1031

SUBJECT INDEX IN-13

Intersection, 311–314, 585–605, G–10correct multiview representations, 586–588of cylinders, 418–419of lines

and a plane, 589–591cutting plane method, 589–591edge view method, 589, 590

two, 228, 589, G–10of planes

and a cone, 596, 597oblique

and cone, 596–597and a cylinder, 594, 596and a prism, 594, 595

and a prism, 594–595and a solid, 591two, 591, 592

of two solids, 597–604CAD techniques, 605a cylinder and a cone, 602, 603cylinders

nonperpendicular, 604perpendicular, 602–604

prisms, 597–599with cones, 599–601with cylinders, 601–602with pyramids, 599, 600

visibility and, 586–588INTERSECTION command, 605Interval data, 939Interval scales, G–10Involute curves, 1040

tangent, 1032Involutes, 262–265, 1032, G–10Irregular curves, 232

of arcs, 244, 245isometric axonometric drawings with, 471, 472line drawing techniques, 84–85or space curves, multiview

representations, 418Irregular trapezoids, 274Isoline; see Contour line (isoline)Isometric axis, 130Isometric drawings/projections, 12, 459,

1002–1005, G–10axonometric; see Axonometric drawingsgrid paper for, 119

sketching and, 129–135pictorial sketches, 129–135piping, 1095, 1097

Isometric ellipses, G–10pictorial sketching and, 132–134

Isometric grids, G–10; see also Isometricdrawings/projections

axonometric drawing constructionand, 481–482

Isometric lines/planes, 464, G–10Isosceles triangles, 276, 277Isosurfaces, 952, 977, G–10Italics, G–10Iteration, 27Iterative process, 37

JJam nuts, 779J-groove weld, 1121Jigs, G–11

JIT, G–11; see also Just-in-time (JIT)Joining, G–11

threaded fasteners and, 752Joints, 343, 1055, G–11; see also Links

types of, welding, 1114, 1126–1127Journal bearings, 1059Just-in-time (JIT), 799, G–11

scheduling, 44–45

KKBE, 57, G–11Kepler’s first law, 260Keyboards, 66, 68, G–11Keys, G–11; see also ANSI standards

as nonthreaded fasteners, 782–783size of vs. shaft diameter, A–66

Keyseats, 782dimension for Woodruff keys,

ANSI table, A–64Kinematics/Kinematic analysis, 39, 1028, G–11

design process and, 343–345Kinetics, 1028

depth effects, G–11Knife edge cam follower, 1047Knowledge-based engineering (KBE), 57, G–11Knuckle threads, 754

LLambert’s Cosine Law, 990Laminating, 809Laser beam machining (LBM), 820Laser printers, 71Lathes, 815Layering, 341, G–11Layout and design, printed circuit boards

(PCBs), 1082–1084software for, 1084

Leader lines, 672, G–11Leads, G–11

threaded fasteners and, 752Least material condition (LMC), 694,

725, G–11Left- and right-hand threads, thread

specifications, English system, 755Left side views, 384–386, G–11Legends, 942, G–11Length, 944

determination guide, bolts, 772limitations, dimensioning, standard

practices, 677Lettering, 156–163

alternate text styles, 161computer techniques, 161–163

text alignment, 163, G–20text height, 162

guidelines, 157, 688–689, G–9by hand, 157–161standards, 157templates, 156

Lever linkages, 1055–1058Levers, detail drawing of, 828Light, sources of

ambient, 989, G–1coordinate system, 989infinite, 989, G–10point, 989–990, G–15spot, 990, G–19

Light definition, computer renderings, 989–990

Light emitting diodes (LEDs), 1075Lightness, 994, G–11Limiting element, 182, G–11Limits, 29, 693, G–11

dimensioning, 693of size, 673

Linear engineering design process, 14Line balloon (callout), 1096, 1098, G–11LINE command, 640, 767Line conventions

multiview drawings, 389–396multiview sketching technique, 141–142

Line drawings, 191techniques for; see Technical

drawings/graphicsLine element, 732

straightness of, form controls, GDT, 733Line graphs, 942–943, 946, G–11Line of sight (LOS), G–11

projection theory, 377Line profile, orientation controls and, 737–738Line renderings, 1005, G–11Lines, 25, G–11; see also Descriptive

geometry; Edges/Edge views;Intersection

alphabet of, 78–80, G–1multiview drawings, 389–396sketching and, 142

center; see Center linescross-hatch, 641–644, G–5curved, 232, G–5

sketching, 122–123dimension, 79, 80, 672, G–6double-curved, 232, 265–267, G–6drawing/sketching techniques

curved, 122–123French curves, 84–85irregular curves, 84–85

engineering geometry andconstruction, 227–232

curved, 232straight, 120–122, 228–232, G–19

bisecting, 230–232dividing, 230–232parallel, 228, 229–230

tangencies and; see Tangent/Tangencieshidden; see Hidden linesinclined, 403

perspective drawings and, 519–521involutes of, 262nonisometric, drawing construction and, 130,

463, 466–468, G–13normal, 403oblique, 403, G–14parallel, 82–83, 228, 229–230, 605,

606–607, G–14point view of, auxiliary views and, 544–546,

570–572profiles and, 567, 737–738, G–16projection, 184, G–16reference, 942, 965, 966, G–17regression, 942–943, G–17single-curved, 232single-line drawings; see Single-line drawingsskew, 287, 587, G–18 to G–19standards for, isometric axonometric

drawings, 464, G–10

Lines—Cont.true-length; see True-length linevisible; see Visible lines

Linestyles, 80Line weight, 76

and placement, effective graphicsdesign, 965–966

Line work, assemblies, technical illustrationand, 1005–1007

Linkages, 1055–1058, G–11symbols for, 1055types of, 1055–1058

Link chart, 955, 956, G–11Links, 343, 1055, G–11; see also JointsLMC, G–12; see also Least material

condition (LMC)Local control, 308Local coordinate systems, 225, G–12Location, dimensioning and; see DimensionsLocational fits

ANSI clearance table, 704, A–29interference, A–31transitional, 704, A–30

Location controls, GDT; see Geometricdimensioning and tolerancing (GDT)

Locking devices, bolts, studs, andscrews, 779–780

Lock washers, 781external tooth, A–63internal tooth, A–63

Locus, 227, G–12Log-based scales, 967, 968Logic drawings, 1077, G–12Logic gates, 1077, G–12Log-log graph paper, 971Long-axis isometrics, G–12Loops, 955

closed, 306, G–3hole, G–9perimeter, G–14

LORAN systems, 253LOS, 377, G–11, G–12Lost wax process, 812Lower deviation, G–12

metric limits and fits, 698Lugs, section views of, 651–653, 655

MMachine control, 801–803, G–12; see also

Manufacturing processes/processingMachines, 1028, G–12Machine screws, 769, 777, 778, G–12

flat head, A–47hex and hex flange head metric, A–53slotted flat head metric, A–54

Machine tools, 795, 814, G–12paths, 52

Maintenance manuals, 49Major arc, 240Major axis, G–12Major diameter, G–12

of ellipses, 254–255threaded fasteners and, 752

Major events, timeline of, graphicscommunication, 11

Managementengineering design process, 47–48scientific, 791

IN-14 SUBJECT INDEX

Manifold model, 309, G–12Manufacturers’ gages, detail dimensioning, 683Manufacturing automation protocol

(MAP), 795, G–12Manufacturing plant, organization of, 48Manufacturing processes/processing,

799–805, G–12automated; see Production and automated

manufacturing processes controlling,800–804, 977–978, G–4

machine control, 801–803, G–12CAD/CAM, 803, G–3computer numeric control (CNC); see

Computer numeric control (CNC)numerical control (NC), 802

cycles and, 799drawings for, specific, 821–822inspection devices, 803–804

coordinate measuring machines (CMM), 804planning, 799–800process control, 803processing, 804–805simulation of, 975–976strategy for, 792

Manufacturing production processes; seeManufacturing processes/processing

MAP, G–12; see also Manufacturingautomation protocol (MAP)

Market analysis, 37, 41Marketing, G–12

engineering design process, 45–46Marks, G–12

complex, 940finish, 415, 817technical data presentation and, 939–940tick, 965, 966, G–20

Masking, 1080Mass, 25Mass properties analysis, G–12

design process and, 345Mastering, 1022Material condition symbols, GDT, 725Material control, 801, G–12Material requirement planning (MRP), 44,

799, G–12Material resource planning, 799Materials, properties of, values for, A–18Materials engineering, G–12Material symbols, section line practices,

641, 642Mathematical method

of constructing a hyperbola, 251, 252of constructing a parabola, 246, 248

Mathematical model, 34Mathematics, 8, G–12Matrix charts, 955, 956, G–12Maximum material condition (MMC), 694,

725–726, G–12axis (center plane straightness), form

controls, 733–734GDT and; see Geometric dimensioning and

tolerancing (GDT)Mean, 943Measuring line method

one-point perspective drawings/sketches, 514two-point perspective drawings, 515, 517, 518

Mechanical design, visualization and, 199–200

Mechanical engineering, G–12scales for, 89–92

Mechanical fastening, 751, G–12; see alsoFasteners; Fastening

Mechanical machining, modern; seeProduction and automatedmanufacturing processes

Mechanical pencils, 76Mechanics, 1028, G–12Mechanism analysis, 37, 39, 1028, G–12Mechanisms, 343, 1027–1070, 1028, G–12

bearings; see Bearingscams; see Camsdefinitions, basic, 1028gears; see Gearslinkages; see Linkages

Media, 77, G–12 to G–13; see also MultimediaMediums, for patent drawings, 55Memory devices, G–13; see also

Storage devicesCD-ROM, 1022, G–3floppy disks, 71, 72

Metal blank, 821Metal machining tools; see Production and

automated manufacturing processesMetalworking processes; see Production and

automated manufacturing processesMetric(s)

equivalents, A–16fits, and limits; see Tolerancefits, preferred, 701–703, A–33, A–36hex bolts, A–51hex cap screws, A–52hex flange nuts, A–46hex jam nuts, A–45hex nuts, styles 1 and 2, A–45limits and fits; see Toleranceplain washers, A–59slotted hex nuts, A–46threads, 754

Metric scales, 93–94Microfilming, 849–850Micrometer, 726, 727MIG welding, 1114Miller cutter, assembly drawing of, 837Millimeters, 669–671Milling, 814

chemical, 820machines, 816

Minor arc, 240Minor axis, G–13Minor diameter, 255, G–13

of ellipses, 255threaded fasteners and, 752

MIRROR command, 1041Mirrored surface, 991Mirrors, 253Missing lines, visualization of, 424–425Miter gears, 1031Miter lines, G–13MMC, G–13; see also Maximum material

condition (MMC)axis (center plane straightness), form

controls, 733–734Modeling, 37, 118, G–13; see also Three-

dimensional (3-D) analysisconstraint-based, 36, 333–336

SUBJECT INDEX IN-15

Modeling—Cont.descriptive, 33–34design, 50fabrication, incremental, 349feature-based, 336–337finite-element; see Finite element modeling

and analysis (FEM/FEA)fused deposition (FDM), 820geometric, 15–16, 34–36hybrid, 314–316, G–9manifold models, 309, G–12production, 50refinement and; see Refinementsolid, 43virtual; see Virtual modelwireframe; see Wireframe modeling

Model solid, 35, 43, 333, G–13three-dimensional analysis and; see Three-

dimensional (3-D) analysisModems, 69, G–13Modern machining techniques; see Production

and automated manufacturing processesMolding, plastics, 809, 810Motherboards, 63Motion, G–13; see also Cams

apparent, 1020, G–1harmonic, 1048–1050studies, 791uniform, 1048, 1049

Mountain bikes, adjustable suspensions, 652Mouse, 66, 68, 69, G–13Movement; see AnimationMRP, G–13; see also Material requirement

planning (MRP)Multilayer circuit boards, 1080Multimedia, G–13

presentations, 54technical illustration and, 1021–1022tools, 978

Multiple and single thread specifications,English system, 755

Multiple-image planes, 187–190Multiple-image views, 187–190Multiple-line graphs, 946–947, G–13Multiple objects, design visualization

and, 194–195Multiple removed section views, 647Multiple sectioned views, cutting plane lines

and, 641Multiview drawings, 10, 51, 128, 375

457, G–13advantages of, 381–383ANSI standards for, 428–430edges and planes, fundamental views

of, 402–407edges (lines), 402planes, principal, 403–405

inclined, 405oblique, 407

multiview representations, 407–419angles, 410changes of planes (corners), 409, G–4corners, 409, G–4curved surfaces, 410–412cylinders

intersecting other cylinders, 418–419intersecting prisms and holes, 419, 420

Multiview drawings—Cont.multiview representations—Cont.

elliptical surfaces, 416, 418fillets, rounds, finished surfaces, and

chamfers, 412–416holes, 412, 413intersecting cylinders, 418–419irregular or space curves, 418planes, 407–409

changes of (corners), 409points, 407runouts, 415–416, 417

orthographic projection, rules of; seeOrthographic projection

pictorial, 1001principal views, 383–400; see also Principal

(standard) viewsadjacent, 389alignment of, 389, 391bottom, 385, 386, G–2central, 389, G–3first- and third-angle projection, 386–389,

390, 391fold lines, 386, 534–536, 538, 563, G–8front, 381, 384–385left side, 384–386, G–11line conventions, 389–396one-and two-view drawings, 393, 395placement, conventional, 386rear, 385, 386, G–17related, 389right side, 187–190, 384–385, G–17from 3-D CAD models, 396–400three-view drawings, 393–396top, 384–385

projections and, 137–144perspective; see Perspective

drawings/projectionsview selection, 139–141

front, 137–138projection theory, 376–379

line of sight (LOS), 377, G–11multiview projection planes, 379–381

frontal, 379horizontal, 381orientation from projection planes, 381profile, 381

parallel vs. perspective, 378–379plane of projection, 377

sketches; see Sketch(es)of solid primitive shapes, 408view selection, 400–402visualization, 419–428

adjacent areas, 422–423, G–1analysis by solids, 425–427analysis by surfaces, 427–428missing lines, 424–425physical model construction, 420–422

standard representations of variousgeometric forms, 421

projection studies, 420similar shapes, 423–424surface labeling, 424vertex labeling, 425

Multiview projection, G–13; see alsoMultiview drawings

Museum of the Louvre, 10

Mutually perpendicular, G–13planes, 187, G–15

NNASA, 20Natural method, 562NC, G–13; see also Numeric control (NC)NetscapeTM, 57Network, 972Networked hierarchy, G–13

organizational, parts management and, 342New product development, solid modeling

for, 43Nodes, 974Nominal data, 689, 938Nominal scales, G–13Nominal size, 693, G–13Nonagons, 276, 277Nonaligned scales, 964Nondata elements, 965Nonferrous metals, production materials, 807–808Nonhierarchical, G–13

organizations, parts management and, 341Nonimpact printers, 69Nonintersecting shafting, of gears, 1031Nonisometric lines/planes, 130, 463, G–13


Nonmetals, production materials, 808–809Nonparallel line, 228Nonthreaded fasteners; see FastenersNontraditional machining, 817Nonuniform rational B-splines (NURBS),

293, 294, 308–309, G–13Normal, G–13Normal edges/lines, G–13Normal faces, G–13

projection and, 188Normal line, 403Normal plane, 404Normal views, 986Nose cone, 284Notes

line balloon (callout), 1096, 1098, G–11thread specifications

English system, 755–756, 757metric system, 759–760

Not to scale (NTS), 677, 678Nuclear engineering, G–13Number of vanishing points, perspective

drawing and, 511Numeric control (NC), 348, 802, G–13

machine tools, 795NURBS; see Nonuniform rational

B-splines (NURBS)Nuts, G–13

castle, 779heavy hex, A–45hex, A–43hex jam, A–43hex machine screw, A–47jam, 779metric hex, styles 1 and 2, A–45metric hex flange, A–46metric hex jam, A–45metric slotted hex, A–46slotted, 779

Nuts—Cont.square, A–44square machine screw, A–47standard, 774–776

OOBJECT command, 278Objectives, 29Objects

behind the picture plane, perspectivedrawings, 517–519

in front of the picture plane, perspectivedrawings, 519, 520

group representations, technical illustration;see Technical illustration

image plane orientation, 184–186modification, three-dimensional modeling;

see Three-dimensional (3-D) analysisObject Linking and Embedding (OLE), 350orientation rules, oblique/axonometric

drawings, 491–492rendering, technical illustration, 985

Oblate spheroids, 289Oblique face, G–14Oblique objects, G–14

cone, triangulation method, developmentof, 611, 612

cylinder, 285development of, 613

drawings, 458–459, 488–496axonometric; see Axonometric drawings

edges/lines, 403, G–14faces, 189, G–14lines, 403, G–14pictorials, sketching, 135–137planes, 573, 574

edge view of, 575, 576intersections and; see Intersectionisometric axonometric drawing

construction and, 468–470prisms, 287, 288

development of, 611–613pyramids, 287, 288surfaces, true size of, auxiliary views

and, 546–548Oblique projection, G–14

axonometric drawings, 488general, 491, G–8sketches, 128

Obtuse angle, 269Obtuse triangles, 276, 277Octagons, 276, 277, 281–282, 283Octahedron, 286, 287Octtree, 954Offset cam profile drawing, 1053, 1054Offset coordinate method, 494, 495, G–14Offset measuring, 466Offset section, 647–649, G–14Ogee curves, 242–244, 245, G–14One independent variable, data visualization

for; see Technical data presentationOne-point drawings/projections; see Perspective

drawings/projectionsOne-view drawings/sketches, 146, 393, 395Open gaging, inspection processes, GDT, 732

IN-16 SUBJECT INDEX

Open inspectionform controls

axis (center plane straightness), 734circularity, 734, G–3cylindricity, 736flatness, 734–735, G–8

line element straightness, GDT, 733location controls, 741

concentricity, 739orientation controls, 736

Operating systems, 63, G–14Optical character recognition (OCR), 1021Optical storage drives, 72, 73Ordinal scales/data, 938, G–14Organization chart, 1072Organizations, nonhierarchical, 341Orientation, 952

controls, geometric; see Geometricdimensioning and tolerancing(GDT)

of line graphs, 942–943from projection planes, 381

Origin, 219point, 674

Orthogonal planes, 387Orthogonal projection, 12Orthographic projection, 12, 565, G–14

multiview drawings, 379principles of

rule 1, alignment of features, 389rule 2, distances in related views, 389rule 3, true length and size, 403rule 4, foreshortening, 403rule 5, configuration of planes, 407rule 6, parallel features, 407rule 7, edge views, 407rule 8, contiguous areas, 428

Outline assembly, G–14drawings, 836

Outline sections, section line practices, 642–643Out-of-scale dimensions, standard practices, 677Output devices, 69–71, G–14

electrostatic plotters, 69pen plotters, 69printers/plotters, 69–71

dot matrix, 69–70dye-sublimation, 70–71film recorders, 71impact, 69inkjet, 70, 71laser, 71nonimpact, 69thermal transfer, 70

Oval head fastener, 776Over-dimensioning, 689

PPad, 812Page layouts, text and graphics, 1019–1020Painter’s algorithm, 987, G–14Pan head fastener, 776Paper

drawing, 77graph, 971

Paper—Cont.grid, 119–120, 129–135, 965, G–9

perspective, 521, 522, 525log-log, 971masters, 1015semi-log, 971for sketching, 119–120

Paperless design, 52PARABOLA command, 247Parabolas, 246–250, G–14

engineering geometry and construction,246–247, 248–250

mathematical method, 246, 248parallelogram method, 246, 249, G–14tangent method, 246, 248

Paraboloids, 247formulas for, A–27hyperbolic, 289, 290of revolution, 290

PARALLEL command, 83, 643, 767, 780Parallel edge, 74Parallelepiped, 287, 288Parallel features, orthographic projection

and, 407Parallel graphs, 947Parallelism, G–14

orientation controls and, 736, 737Parallel-line developments, 605, 606–607Parallel lines, 228, 229–230, 605,

606–607, G–14line drawing techniques, 82–83

Parallelogram, 274, G–14method, of constructing a parabola, 246, 249

Parallel perspective, 509Parallel planes, G–14Parallel projection, 129, 184, 191, 1002, G–14

vs. perspective, 327, 378–379Parallel shafting, gears and, 1029–1030Parallel steel dowel pins - metric series, British

standard, A–68Parallel view volumes, 987Parameters, constraint-based modeling and,

36, 334–336Parametric(s), G–14

agile manufacturing, isometric axonometricdrawing construction and, 480

curvature of surfaces and, 308equations, 268modeling, 336; see also Constraint-based

modelingParent element, trees, 954Part families, 800Partial views, G–14

ANSI standards for, 428auxiliary, 542

Particle clouds, tracking fluid flow, 952Part(s)

identification/numbers, working drawingsand, 836, 841

interchangeable, 791lists; see also Bill of materials (BOM)

working drawings and, 840–841management, design process and, 341–342

Patch, 273, G–14bicubic surface, 308, G–2

Patents, 54–55, G–14

SUBJECT INDEX IN-17

PATTERN command, 96Pattern(s), 605, 811

coding, effective graphics design, 961–963patternmaking, 811–812

PCBs, G–14; see also Printed circuitboards (PCBs)

PDES, G–14; see also Product DataExchange Using STEP (PDES)

Pencils, 76–77for sketching, 117–118

Pen plotters, 69Pentagonal prism, 288Pentagons, 276, 277

engineering geometry and construction,279, 280

Percentiles, 943Perceptions, G–14

accuracy of, effective graphics design, 963–964perceptual cues, to encoded data, 940perceptual edge, 944

Perfect form, G–14at maximum material condition

(MMC), 725–726Perfection, GDT, 731Performance, 793Perimeter loops, G–14Period, of cam cycle, 1047Permanent fasteners, 752PERPENDICULAR command, 83, 643Perpendicularity, G–15

orientation controls and, 736–737Perpendicular lines, 228, G–15

drawing techniques, 83Perpendicular planes, 187, G–15Perspective drawings/projections, 10, 12, 13,

129, 149–156, 190, 505–529,1001–1002, G–15

background, 506–507CAD produced, 523–526

using a perspective grid, 525circles, 154–156

and curves, 521–523classifications, 509–511grids, perspective, 521, 522inclined lines and planes, 519–521objects behind the picture plane, 517–519objects in front of the picture plane, 519, 520one-point, 152–153, 154, 509, 510, 511–514

circular features and, 514, 516measuring line method, 514plan view method, 511, 512–513

parallel, three-dimensional modelviewing vs., 327

parallel vs., 378–379sketches, 128, 153–154, 378–379, 514, 516terminology, 507–509three-point perspectives, 509, 510,

522, 523, 524two-point, 509, 510, 511, 514–517

measuring line method, 515, 517, 518plan view method, 514–517

two-point sketch, 153–154variables selection, 511view volumes, 986–987, G–21

Perspective grids, 521CAD drawings using, 525three-point, 522

PERT charts, 30, 954–955Phantom lines, 79, 80, G–15Phong shading, 992, G–15Photochemical machining, 820Photorealistic, G–15Physical prototypes, 936, G–15

construction of, visualization and, 420–422Pictorial drawings/sketches, 116–117, 128,

129–135, 1001, G–15for assembly, 836, 838, 839, 1000, G–15oblique objects, 128, 135–137patents, 55

Pictorial view, 184Picture plane

distance of object from, 511objects behind, 517–519objects in front of, 519, 520

Piece tolerance, 694Piercing point, intersection of a line and a

plane; see IntersectionPinion, 1029, G–15

rack and pinion gears, 1031, 1032ratios, gear and, 1033

Pin joints, 1055Pins, G–15

British standard parallel steel dowel,metric series, A–68

chamfered, A–67clevis, A–69cotter, A–69as nonthreaded fasteners, 781–782in piston assemblies, detail drawing of, 831square end, A–67taper, A–67

Pipe fittings, 1091Pipe threads, 766–767

representing, 768Piping, G–15

drawings; see Piping drawingssymbols for, A–70 to A76, A–77 to A–79types of, 1088–1090

Piping drawings, 1087–1110, G–15automated piping design, 1092CAD-based process plant design

programs, 1098–1102CAD piping symbol library, 1094connections and, 1090fittings and, 1091types of, 1093–1098

dimensions and notes for, 1096–1098isometric, 1095, 1097plan, 1093–1095

double-line drawings, 1095, 1096single-line drawings, 1093–1094, 1095

spool, 1095–1096, G–19types of pipe, 1088–1090

cast iron, 1089copper, 1090plastic, 1090steel, 1089

valves and, 1091–1093Pistons, assembly drawing of, 829, 831Pitch, G–15

distance, welds, 1123threaded fasteners and, 752, 754, 755, 766

diameter, 752Pivoted cam follower, 1047

Pixels, 64, G–15hard copy output and, 1017

Placementconventional, principal views, 386dimensioning, standard practices, 675

Plain bearings, 1059–1060Plain head keys, ANSI standard, A–66Plain washers, 781Planar surfaces, 271, 272, 273

views of, descriptive geometry rule, 573Plan drawings, G–15

piping, 1093–1095Plane geometry, 17, 18, G–15; see also

Descriptive geometryPlane of projection, G–15

frontal, 379horizontal, 381multiview; see Multiview drawingsorientation from, 381profile, 381

Planers, 816Planes, 271, 476–477, G–15; see also

Axonometric drawings; Descriptivegeometry;Intersection

auxiliary views of; see Auxiliary viewscenter plane (axis) straightness, 733–734changes of (corners), multiview

representations, 409, G–4configuration of, orthographic projection

principle, 407cutting; see Cutting planesand edges; see Edges/Edge views;

Multiview drawingsfinite, 271foreshortened, 409frontal; see Frontal planehorizontal; see Horizontal planeinclined; see Inclined planesinfinite, 271intersecting cylinders, 594, 596on multiview drawings, 377, 379–381, 402–409oblique, isometric axonometric drawing

construction and, 468–470parallel, G–14perpendicular, 187, G–15picture; see Picture planeprincipal, fundamental views of, 403–405,

407, G–16reference, auxiliary view and, 536–537true-size, 575, 577, G–21vertical, 572–573, G–21

Planing, metalworking and, 814Planning

engineering design processimplementation, 44–45

manufacturing production process, 799–800Plant design, three-dimensional modeling and,

354, 355Plan view, 200

methodone-point perspective drawings/sketches,

511, 512–513for two-point perspective drawings, 514–517

Plasma arc machining (PAM), 820Plastic(s), 808–811, G–15

pipe, 1090

Plots/Plotters, 942printers and; see Output devicesscatter; see Scatter plotssurface, 948–949, G–193-D, 947–949

Plug (spot) welds, 1121, 1122Plug tap, 816Plumbing, 1088Plus and minus dimensioning, 673, G–15

tolerance representation and, 693Point light source, 989–990, G–15Points, 161, 227, 564, G–15; see also

Perspective drawings/projectionslines and, 568; see also Point viewlocus and, 227, G–12on multiview drawings, 407stretching of, 332

Point-to-point diagrams, 1078, G–15; seealso Wiring (cabling) diagram

Point view, 566–567of lines, 570–572

auxiliary views and, 544–546descriptive geometry rule, 572

Polar coordinates, 223, G–15; see alsoWiring (cabling) diagram

Polygonal prisms, G–15engineering geometry and construction,

287, 288POLYGON command, 278, 767Polygons, 276, G–15

formulas for, A–22 to A–23involutes of, 264

Polyhedron/Polyhedra, 286–287, G–15Ports, G–15Position, G–15

GDT and; see Geometric dimensioning andtolerancing (GDT)

Position for station point, perspective drawingand, 511, G–19

Position of ground line relative to horizon,perspective drawing and, 511

Powder metallurgy, 808Power transmission, threaded fasteners

and, 752Pratt & Whitney key, 782–783Precedence of lines, 142–144, G–15Precision spindle, 727Predictive model, 34Preferred fits

hole basis metric clearance, A–34hole basis transition and interference, A–35metric, A–33

limits and, 701–703precision, 703shaft basis metric clearance, A–36shaft basis transition and interference, A–37

Preliminary design, ideation and, 31–32, 33Preliminary ideas statement, ideation and, 31Presentation graphics, 53–54, G–16Pressure angles, G–16

gears, 1033Primary auxiliary views, 537, G–16Primary axes, 184–185, G–16Primary datum, 729–730Primitive instancing, 310Primitives, G–16

geometric, 310–311

IN-18 SUBJECT INDEX

Primitives—Cont.solids/shapes

multiview drawings of, 408three-dimensional modeling, 310–311

Principal planes, 403–405, 407, G–16Principal (standard) views, 139–140, G–16;

see also Multiview drawingsof planes, 572–573

Principle line, 567Principles of orthographic projection; see

Orthographic projectionPrinted circuit boards (PCBs), 1080–1084,

G–14, G–16drawings of, 1080–1084layout and design, 1082–1084

software for, 1084Printed wiring boards (PWBs), G–16Printers; see Output devicesPrinting, four-color, 1018, G–8Prisms

formulas for, A–24intersection of

planes and, 594–595as two solids; see Intersection

polygonal, 287, 288, G–15Problem identification, G–16

ideation and, 29–31Problem statement, 29Procedural, G–16Process, 26Process control, 803, G–16; see also

Statistical process control (SPC)Process piping, 1088Process planning, 44–45, 347–348,

799–800, G–16computer-aided (CAPP), 44, 799, G–3

Process plant, double-line drawing of, 1096Product Data Exchange Using STEP

(PDES), 353, G–16computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM)

and, 796Product Data Management (PDM), 55–57, 350Production and automated manufacturing

processes, 45, 790–824automation and, 795–796, G–2

computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM),795–796, G–4

initial graphics exchange specifications(IGES), 796

manufacturing automation protocol(MAP), 795, G–12

product data exchange standard (PDES),353, 796, G–16

standards for, 795–796technical and office protocol (TOP),

796, G–20design for manufacturability (DFM), 796

environmental issues and, 792flexibility and, 792general production processes, 797–799

customer focus, 799cycle time, 797–799, G–5rapid prototyping; see Rapid prototyping

global competition and, 792historical overview, 791–793manufacturing process drawings,

specific, 821–822

Production and automated manufacturingprocesses—Cont.

manufacturing production processes; seeManufacturing processes/processing

metal machining tools, 814–816tools and related processes, 815–816workpiece clamping devices, 814–815

metalworking processes, 809–814cold working processes, 814foundry processes, casting, 811–812hot working processes, 812–814

modern machining techniques, 817–820chemical processes, 820electrical machining, 819–820mechanical machining

electromechanical machining (EMM), 819hydrodynamic machining (HDM), 817ultrasonic machining (USM), 817–819

rapid prototyping, 820thermal machining, 820

production materials, 805–809ferrous metals, 805–807nonferrous metals, 807–808nonmetals, 808–809powdered metals, 808

quality management and, 793–795total quality management (TQM); see

Total quality management (TQM)specific manufacturing process

drawings, 821–822surface roughness produced by common

production methods, 817, 819surface texture symbols, 816–817, 818technology and, 792, 793time reduction and, 792total quality management (TQM); see Total

quality management (TQM)worker involvement and, 792

Production control model, 800Production cycle, 827Production drawings, 826; see also

Working drawingsProduction managers, 47Production materials; see Production and

automated manufacturing processesProduction processes, 27, 797, G–16;

see also Manufacturing processes/processing; Production andautomated manufacturing processes

Products, 26design of, 26, 792, 793, G–16;

see also Engineering designProfile image plane, 187–190Profile lines, 567, G–16Profile plane, 404, 573, 574, G–16

of projection, 381Profiles, G–16

cam, 1052–1054lines, 567, 737–738, G–16multiview projection planes, 381plane of projection, 381planes; see Profile planesketches and, 335of surfaces, 738views, 641, G–16

Profile views, G–16section, cutting plane lines and, 641

SUBJECT INDEX IN-19

Project flow chart, 954–955, 1072, G–8Projection lines, 184, G–16Projections; see also Drawings; Sketching and

text; Visualization, for designaxonometric; see Axonometric projectionsdimetric; see Dimetric drawing/projectionfirst angle, 386–389, 390, 391horizontal plane of, 381isometric; see Isometric drawings/projectionslimiting elements, 182, G–11object group representations, 1000–1005oblique; see Oblique projectionorthographic; see Orthographic projectionperspective; see Perspective

drawings/projectionsplane of, 377, G–15third angle, 386–389, 390

Projection theory, G–16auxiliary views; see Auxiliary viewsmultiview drawings; see Multiview drawings

Projection welds, 1121Prolate spheroids, 289Properties

of geometric elements, A–20 to A–27of materials, values for, A–18

Property analysis, 37–39mass, 345, G12

Proportion, 25, 182, G–16sketching and, 123–126, G–4

Prototyping, G–16design process and three-dimensional

modeling, 338–341physical, 420–422, 936, G–15rapid; see Rapid prototyping

Protractors, 74Psychology, industrial, 791PWBs (printed wiring boards), G–16Pyramids, G–16

engineering geometry and construction, 287formulas for, A–25frustum, 287intersection of, with a prism, 599, 600oblique, 287, 288right, 287, 288truncated; see Truncated pyramids

Pythagoras Theorem, 276, 277

QQuadrant, of a circle, 240Quadrilaterals, 274–276, G–16Quadtree, 954Qualitative, G–16

data, 938Quality, 792, G–16; see also Quality control;

Total quality management (TQM)design of, 47, 48management of; see Production and

automated manufacturing processesQuality control, 792, 804, 978Quality first; see Total quality management

(TQM)Quantitative, G–16

tools, 792

RRack and pinion gears, 1031, 1032Racks, CAD applications, 1041–1042

Radial ball bearings, 1061Radial line, 679Radial-line developments, 606Radial plain bearings, 1059Radial rolling contact bearings, 1060, 1061Radiosity, 993–994, G–16Radius, 674

of a circle, 239vs. diameter, detail dimensioning, 681symbol, 673, G–16

Range bar(s), 944–945, G–16 to G–17graphs, 945

Rapid prototyping, 34, 35, 338, G–17general production processes and, 798modern machining techniques and, 820stereolithography system for, 820, G–19

Raster device, 64Ratio data, 939Ratio scales, G–17Rats nest, G–17Ray, 228, G–17Ray tracing, 993, G–17Reach envelopes, 346, G–17Reading direction, dimensioning, 677Real model, 34Reaming, 815–816Rear view, 385, 386, G–17Rectangles, 274, 275Rectangular coordinate dimensioning, 674Rectified arcs, 244–246Redlining, 845Reducer, speed, 1033Reference dimension, 672, G–17Reference lines, 942, 965, 966, G–17Reference plane method, auxiliary views, 536–537Reference planes, 563–564Reference point, 218Refinement, 32–43, G–17

design visualization, 41drawings, 33graphics and visualization, 42modeling, 33–37

charts, graphs, and diagrams, 37computer animation, 36, G–4computer simulation, animation and, 36, G–4constraint-based, 36geometric, 34–36

Reflecting telescopes, 253Reflection, 991

geometric transformations and, 329–331Regardless of feature size (RFS), 725Regression, 942

lines, 942–943, G–17Regular curve, 232, G–17Regular isometric, 463, G–17Regular polygon, 276Regular trapezoid, 274Regular view, 139Related views, G–17

multiview drawings, 389Relative coordinates, 224, G–17Relays (K), 1076Reliability, 793Removable hard disk drives, 72Removed sections/views, 430, 646–647, G–17

ANSI standards for, 430The Renaissance, 12

Renderingsline, 1005, G–11pipeline, computer, 986

Repeatability, primary datum and, 730Repetitive features, dimensioning, standard

practices, 677–678Reprographics, 826, 848–851, G–17

digital technologies, 850–851drawing storage, 848reproduction techniques, 848–850

Research, 29Resistance welding, 1114Resistors (R), 1073, 1075Resolution, printing, 70–71Responsiveness, virtual reality (VR)

and, 196–198Retaining rings, 779, 780

detail drawing of, 830Retrieval and distribution, reprographics, 851Return on investment (ROI), 41, 46Reverse construction, auxiliary views

and, 543–544Reversed axis isometric, 463, G–17Reverse engineering, 57, G–17

problems using, 926–927Revision blocks, G–17

on drawings, 164working drawings and, 841–842

Revolution, G–17conventions, 429–430forms of, 290method, 562

true length of lines, 569–570, 571;see also True-length line

Revolved section, 646, G–17RGB color model, 995–997, G–17Rhomboid, 274, 275Rhombus, 274, 275Ribs (webs), 812, G–17, G–22

section views of, 651–653, 655Right- and left-hand threads, English

system, 755Right angle, 269Right cone, 284

circular, 609, 610Right cylinder, 285

circular, 608–609, 610Right-hand rule, 330–331

coordinate space and, 221–223Right prism, 287, 288

rectangular, 607–608Right pyramid, 287, 288Right side view, 187–190, 384–385, G–17Right triangles, 276, 277Rigid-body transformations, 329, G–17RISC microprocessors, 63Rise, of cam cycle, 1047Risers, 812, 813Rivets, 783, 784, G–17Road design, three-dimensional

modeling and, 353–354Robots, 795, 801, G–17Rocker arm linkages, 1055–1058Rocking, of visualizations, 957Rockwell hardness tests, 807Roller cam follower, 1047Rolling, hot working process, 813

Rolling contact bearings, 1060, 1061Root element, trees, 954Roots, 752, G–17Rotation

axis of, 329–331geometric transformations and, 329–331molding and, 809of visualizations, 957

Roulettes, 260–265, G–17cycloids, 261–262involutes, 262–265spirals, 260–261, G–19

Roundness, 734, G–18Rounds, 812, G–18


multiview representations, 412–416Rule 1, 724–725, G–18Ruled surface, G–18; see also Engineering

geometry and constructioncurved, 272, 273

Rules of orthographic projection; seeOrthographic projection

Running and sliding fits (RC), 704ANSI table, A–28

Runouts, 740, G–18location controls and, 740multiview representations, 415–416, 417

SSAE grades for fasteners, 757Saturation, 960–961, 994, 998, G–18Saws, 814, 816Scalar values, 938, G–18Scale breaks, 968, G–18Scale lines, 942Scale model, 34Scalene triangles, 276, 277Scale(s), G–18

absolute, 939, G–1architect’s, 87breaks, 968, G–18civil engineer’s, 88–89combination, 86, 90dimetric projection, 485–487geometric transformations and, 329–331interval, G–10log-based, 967–968mechanical engineer’s, 89–92metric, 93–94nominal, G–13nonaligned, 964ordinal, 938, G–14ratio, G–17section views and, 647, 648specifications, working drawings and, 843as tools, technical drawing, 86–94

architect’s, 87civil engineer’s, 88–89mechanical engineer’s, 89–92metric, 93–94

transformation, effective graphicsdesign, 966–968

Scanners, 66, 68, G–18reprographics and, 851

Scatter plots, 942, G–183-D, 947–9482-D, 942

IN-20 SUBJECT INDEX

Scheduling, 29, 30Schematic drawings, G–18; see also

Electronic drawingscircuit boards, 1080symbols for, 1073threads, 762, 764–766

external, 764–765internal, 766

Science, visual; see Visual scienceScientific management, 791Scientific visualization, 192–194

software, 972–973Screen angle, 1017–1018, G–18Screen coordinate system, 986, G–18Screen print drawings, G–18; see also

Fabrication drawingScrew connections, piping, 1090, 1091Screws; see Fasteners; Screw threadsScrew threads

detail dimensioning, 683isometric axonometric drawing construction

and, 481–482oblique/axonometric drawing construction

and, 496threaded fasteners and, 752

Seams, 607Seam welds, 1121–1123Secant, of a circle, 239Secondary auxiliary views, 537, G–18Secondary datum, 730, 731Section drawings, G–18Sectioned assembly drawings, G–18; see also

Assembly sectionsSection lines, G–18

practices; see Section viewsSections, oblique/axonometric drawing

construction and, 496Section views, 631–667, 831

aligned sections, 653–654, 655, G–1basics

CAD technique, 636, 637cutting planes in, 634, 637edges in, 637hidden features and, 634, 636hidden lines and, 636surfaces in, 637visualization and, 636–639

CAD techniques, 655–656conventional breaks, 654–655, 656cutting plane lines, 639–641

CAD applications, 640multiple sectioned views, 641profile section view, 641

isometric axonometric drawing constructionand, 481

lugs, 651–653ribs, 651–653section line practices, 641–644

drawing techniques, 641–642, 643general-purpose, G–8material symbols, 641, 642outline sections, 642–643thin wall sections, 643

special conventions, 651–655thin features, 651–653types of, 644–651

assembly, 649, 650, 652, 836, 838,G–2, G–18

Section views—Cont.types of—Cont.

auxiliary, 649, 651, G–2broken-out, 645–646, G–2full, 644, G–8half, 542, 644–645, G–9offset, 647–649, G–14removed, 430, 646–647, G–17revolved, 646, G–17scaled, 647, 648

webs, 651–653Sector, of a circle, 240Segment, of a circle, 240Self-tapping screws, 778Semicircle, 240Semi-log graph paper, 971Separation of control types, maximum material

condition (MMC), 726Sepias, 848Serial slices, 953, G–18Series, thread specifications, English

system, 754Series graphs, 947Servicing, G–18

after the sale, 793engineering design process, 48–49

Set screws, 769, 777, 778, G–18hex and splint socket, A–55

optional cup points, A–56slotted headless, A–55square head, A–57

Shading, 1015, G–18computer renderings, 990–993

advanced, 993–994design visualization and, 191–194flat, 991, G–8Gouraud, 991–992, G–9Phong, 992, G–15of sketches, 116–117

Shadow casting, 993, 1015, G–18Shaft basis, G–18

metric limits and fits, 700, 701–703Shaft diameter vs. key size, A–66Shaft system, basic, standard precision fits

(English units), 707–709Shape description, 218Shapers, 816Shapes, 182, G–18

and pattern coding, effective graphicsdesign, 961–963

Shaping, metalworking and, 814Sharp-v threads, 753Shearing, 194

geometric transformations and, 329–331Sheet metal drawings, 822Sheet metal gage table, standard, 685Shielded metal arc welding, 1114Shipbuilding, 730Ship design, three-dimensional

modeling and, 355Shop rivets, 783, 784Shoulder screws, 778

hex socket head, A–50Side, threaded fasteners and, 752Side view, 381Silhouette line, 1005Silkscreen drawing, circuit boards, 1082,

1083, 1084

SUBJECT INDEX IN-21

Similar shapes, visualization of, 423–424Simple marks, 939Simplified representations

external threads, 763internal threads, 763, 764, 766

for a blind hole, 764, 765, 766thread drawings, 762–764

Single and multiple threads, threadspecifications, English system, 755

Single-curved lines, 232Single-curved surfaces, 272, 273, 290, G–18

engineering geometry and construction, 282Single layer circuit boards, 1080Single limit dimensions, tolerance

representation and, 693Single-line drawings, G–18

piping, 1093–1094, 1095Single-solid operations, object modification

and, 332SI (System International), 93, 669, G–10, G–18Six degrees of freedom, 729Size, G–18

basic, G–2metric limits and fits, 698standard precision fits (English units), 704

dimensioning and; see Dimensionsfeature of, 724–725, 732, G–7limits of,, 673

Sketch(es); see also Pictorial drawings/sketches; Sketching and text

alphabet of lines and, 142axonometric drawings and, 128CAD applications and, 117–120of curved lines, 122–123of cylinders, isometric pictorial, 132–134document, 127, G–6of ellipses, 144–146isometric pictorial, 132–134isometric, 129–135modeling and, three dimensional (3-D), 118,

338, G–18multiview; see also Multiview drawings

one-view, 146technique, 141–146

circles and arcs, 144ellipses, 144–146line conventions, 141–142line precedence, 142–144, G–15

three-view, 147–149two-view, 146–147types of, 146–149

perspective, 128, 378–379one-point

circular features, 514, 516plan view method, 511, 512–513

two-point, 153–154profile, 335shading of, 116–117three-view, 147–149two-view, 146–147

Sketching and text, 114–177; see also Sketch(es)lettering; see Letteringprojections, introduction to, 128–141

isometric pictorials, 129–135cylinders, 132–134ellipses, 132–134grid paper for, 119, 134–135vs. oblique, 136

Sketching and text—Cont.projections, introduction to—Cont.

multiview; see Multiview drawingsoblique pictorials, 135–137types of, 128

proportions and construction lines,123–126, G–4

technical, 115–120, G–20CAD sketching, 117

modeling and, 118, 338, G–18tools for, 120

freehand sketching tools, 117–120erasers, 118paper, 119–120pencils, 117–118

technique for, 120–123curved lines, 122–123straight lines, 120–122

text on drawings, 163–164types of sketches, 127

Skew lines, 287, 587, G–18 to G–19Sleeves, 1059Slider, 1055Slotted fillester head cap screws, A–48Slotted flat countersunk head cap screws, A–48Slotted flat head metric machine screws, A–54Slotted headless set screws, A–55Slotted nuts, 779Slotted round head cap screws, A–48SNAP command, 82, 643Socket head cap screws

metric series, A–511960 series, A–41

Socket weld pipe connection, 1090Software, 63, 971–974, G–19

for printed circuit boards (PCBs), 1084Soil hydrology analysis, 976–977Soldering, 1114Solid developments; see DevelopmentSolid geometry, 17, 18, G–19

constructive, 311–316, G–4Solid models, 35, 333, G–13

for new product development, 43three-dimensional; see Three-dimensional

(3-D) analysisSolids

intersection and; see Intersectionobject features of, design visualization

and, 181–183Soyuz space station, 684Space, 25Space curves, multiview representations, 418Space stations, 684Spacing, standard practices, dimensioning,

675–676Spatial location, of lines, 567Special features, 793Specialists, and technical drawings, 20–21Specifications, working drawings and, 826Specific manufacturing process

drawings, 821–822Specified directions, auxiliary views

and, 544–546Specular reflection, 991, G–19Speed increaser, 1033Speed reducer, 1033Spheres, 289

formulas for, A–26

Spheres—Cont.isometric axonometric drawing construction

and, 478, 479Spherical coordinates, 223, G–19Spider, 1031Spinning, hot working process, 813Spirals, 260–261, G–19Spline, 84, 85, 267, G–19Spline-based sweep paths, 320SPLINE command, 605, 655, 1053Spline curves, 267, 268Spline socket head cap screws, A–49Spoken language, 8Spooling drawings, G–19

piping, 1095–1096Spot enlargements, 1010, 1013, G–19Spotfacing, 816

detail dimensioning, 683holes, 412

Spot light source, 990, G–19Spot (plug) welds, 1121, 1122Spreadsheet software, 971Spring pack, assembly drawing of, 834Springs, 783–784, G–19Spring washers, 779Sprues, 812Spur gears; see GearsSquare end pins, A–67Square grid papers, 119Square groove weld, 1118–1121Square head bolts, 771–774, A–42Square head fastener, 776Square head nuts, 774–776Square head set screws, A–57Square machine screw nuts, A–47Square nuts, A–44Squares, 274–277

circumscribed, 276Square threads, 754Staggering, grouping and dimensioning, 676Stainless steel numbering system, 807Standard for the Transfer and Exchange

of Product Model Data (STEP),353, 796, G–19

Standard gear, specifying, 1035Standard practices, dimensioning, size and

location, 675Standard representations of various geometric

forms, 421Standards, 20, G–19; see also ANSI

standardscomputer-integrated manufacturing

(CIM), 795–796for dimensions, oblique/axonometric

drawings, 496for sectioning assemblies, 836sheet metal gage table, 685visual science, 17–19

Statics, 1028, G–19Station point, G–19

position for, perspective drawing and, 511Statistical process control (SPC), 722, 803,

G–19GDT and, 746–747

Statistical sampling procedures, for qualitycontrol, 792

Statistical software, 972

Steel, 805, G–19alloy steel numerical designations, 806ferrous metals, 805–807

Steel pipe, 1089STEP; see Standard for the Transfer

and Exchange of Product ModelData (STEP)

Stereolithography, 338, G–19displays and, 201–202speed solenoid design, 380system, for rapid prototyping, 820

Stitch lines, 79, 80Storage devices; see also Memory devices

analog, 1022computer-aided, 71–73of drawings, reprographics and, 848optical drives, 72, 73tape devices, 72–73videodisk, 1022, G–21

Straight angle, 269Straightedges, 73–74Straight lines, G–19; see also LinesStraightness, G–19

form controls, GDT, 732–733Strategy, manufacturing, 792Streamlines, 952, G–19

tracking airflow, 952Stress analysis, 38Stretching, G–19

of points, 332stretch forming, 814

Studs, 769, G–19; see also FastenersStyle, 25

for patent drawings, 55Subassembly, 833, G–19

drawings, 827SUBTRACTION command, 605Subtractive, G–19

primaries, 995, 1018, G–19Successive auxiliary views, 546–548, G–19Superimposed times series graphs, 947Supplementary angles, 269Surface of revolution, 273Surface plots, 948–949, G–19Surfaces, G–19

Bezier, 292, 293, 308, 309B-spline, 292–293, 308–309constrained, 292control of, orientation, 736curved

multiview representations and, 410–412oblique/axonometric drawing construction

and, 494, 495detail definitions and computer

renderings, 999–1000developable, 272, 273double-curved; see Double-curved surfacesdouble-ruled warped, 289, 290engineering geometry and

construction, 271–294CAD applications, 273computer generated, 273double-curved, 291; see also Double-

curved surfacesfractal curves and surfaces, 294, G–8freedom, 290–293

Bezier surface, 292, 293, 308

IN-22 SUBJECT INDEX

Surfaces—Cont.engineering geometry and

construction—Cont.freedom—Cont.

B-spline surface, 292–293, 308–309Coon’s surface, 292, G–4nonuniform rational B-spline (NURBS)

surface; see Nonuniform rationalB-splines (NURBS)

ruled, 282–289CAD applications, 282cones, 282–285

CAD applications, 284convolutes, 286, G–4cylinders, 285polyhedra, 286–287prisms, polygonal, 287, 288, G–15pyramids, 287single-curved surfaces, 272, 273, 282,

290, G–18warped surfaces, 287–289

two-dimensional, 273–282hexagons, 279–281pentagons, 279, 280polygons, 276quadrilaterals, 274–276, G–16triangles, 276–279

CAD applications and, 278finished, 412–416free-form; see Free-form surfaceshidden; see Hidden surfacesisosurfaces, 952, 977, G–10labeling, visualization and, 424mirrored, 991models of, 35

three-dimensional, 308–309NURBS; see Nonuniform rational

B-splines (NURBS)oblique, 478, 479, 494, 495, 546–548planar; see Planar surfacesprofile of, 738of revolution, engineering geometry and

construction, 273, 274ruled; see Engineering geometry

and constructionsection views and, 637single-curved; see Single-curved surfacessurface plate, 726swept, 273texture symbols for, 816–817, 818unconstrained, 292undevelopable, 272, 273, G–21warped; see Warped surfaces

Surface welds, 1123Suspensions, adjustable, mountain bikes, 652Sweeping, G–20

three-dimensional modeling constructiontechniques, 319–321

Swept surfaces, 273Switches (S), 1076SYMBOL command, 96Symbolic math software, 971–972Symbols

diameter, 673, G–5electronic, A–77 to A–79geometric dimensioning and tolerancing

(GDT), 723, 724, G–7, A–17

Symbols—Cont.for linkages, 1055material, section view, 641, 642material condition, GDT, 725metric limits and fits, 700–701piping, 1094, A–70 to A–76, A–77 to A–79radius, 673, G–16schematic drawings, 1073section line practices, 641, 642surface texture, 816–817, 818welding, A–80 to A–83

Symmetrical/Symmetry, 79, 80, G–20location controls and, 743–744

Symmetry lines, 79, 80Synthesis, 30System, 26, G–20System design, 26Systems engineer, 26System tolerance, 694

TTablets, 66, 71–73, G–20Tabular drawings, 845–846TANGENT command, 233Tangent involute curves, 1032Tangent method, of constructing a

parabola, 246, 248Tangent plane convolute, 286Tangent/Tangencies, 228, 240, G–20; see

also Engineering geometryand construction

Tap drillsizes for American National thread

forms, A–40threaded fasteners and, 752

Tape cartridges, 72Tape drives, 72Tapered sweep paths, 320Taper pins, ANSI table, A–67Taper pipe threads (NPT), A–58Taper tap, 816Tape storage devices, 72–73Taps, G–20

and dies, 816, 817threaded fasteners and, 752

Technical and office protocol (TOP), G–20computer-integrated manufacturing

(CIM), 796Technical data presentation, 935–983

applications, 974–978electronic circuit board design, 974–975finite element analysis (FEA), 974–975manufacturing process

control, 977–978simulation, 975–976

soil hydrology analysis, 976–977wind shear analysis, 977

data visualization, G–5data types, 938–939elements of, 936–941encoding data variables, 940–941in engineering and design, 936for functional relationships, 954–955glyphs, 940, 976–977, G–9

for complex relationships, 953marks; see Marksmethods of, 941–955

SUBJECT INDEX IN-23

Technical data presentation—Cont.data visualization—Cont.

one independent variable, 942–946bar graphs, 944–946, G–2line graphs, 942–943, 946scatter plots, 942

text usage in, 968–969three independent variables, 952–953tools for, 970–974

computer tools, 971–974hand tools, 970–971, 973–974

two independent variables, 946–952area renderings, 949–950, G–1flow representations, 951–952multiple line graphs, 946–947, G–133-D graphs and plots, 947–949vector representations, 950–951

effective graphics design, 955–969area and volume, use of, 957color, use of, 958–961, 962, 969depth, use of (the third dimension), 955–957line weight and placement, 965–966perceptual accuracy and, 963–964scale transformation, 966–968shape and pattern coding, 961–963text in a visualization, 968–969

Technical drawings/graphics, 9, 11, 17, 24,G–20; see also Drawings;Technical illustration

specialists and, 20–21techniques, design visualization and;

see Visualizationtools for, 61–113

alphabet of lines, 78–80, G–1sketching and, 142

computer-aided, 62–73central processing unit (CPU), 62–63,

G–4 to G–5computer operating system, 63, G–14display devices, 63–64, 201–202, G–6input devices; see Input devicesoutput devices; see Output devicesstorage devices and media, 71–73

drawing instrument set, 94–96compass, 94–95dividers, 95–96

laying out a drawing sheet, 96–98line drawing techniques, 80–85

at angles relative to a given line, 83–84erasing, 82French curves, 84–85horizontal lines, 80–81, 566–567, G–9inclined lines, 81–82irregular (French) curves, 84–85parallel lines, 82–83perpendicular lines, 83through two points, 82vertical lines, 81

scales; see Scale(s)templates, 96traditional, 73–78, G–20 to G–21

drawing paper, 77pencils, 76–77protractors, 74straightedges, 73–74taping a drawing sheet to the surface, 74technique for using, 98–99triangles, 78, 85

Technical illustration, 50, 52, 984–1026;see also Drawings; Technicaldrawings/graphics

computer renderings, 986–1000color definition, 994–999

HSV color model, 997–999, G–9RGB color model, 995–997, G–17

light definition, 989–990rendering pipeline, 986shading techniques, 990–993

advanced, 993–994surface detail definitions, 999–1000visible surface determination, 986–989

hard-copy output, 1015–1018information integration, 1018–1023

animation, 1020–1021hypermedia, 1022–1023, G–10multimedia, 54, 978, 1021–1022, G–13text and graphics, 1018–1020

page layouts, 1019–1020object group representations, 1000–1015

line work, assemblies, 1005–1007exploded, 1000, 1001, 1007–1013, G–7pictorial assembly drawings, 1000projection techniques, 1000–10053-D model drawings generation, 1013–1015

object rendering, 985Technical reports, 52–53, G–20Technical sketches; see Sketching and textTechnologists, 8, 21, G–20Technology

group, G–9influence on design and production, 792, 793

Teeth geometry, gears, 1032Telepresence, 198–199TEMPLATE command, 96Templates, 96, G–20

for circles, 96, 241ellipse construction and, 258, 259for fasteners, 780lettering, 156welding, 1123, 1124

Temporary fasteners, 752Tensors, 939, G–20Terminology, perspective drawings, 507–509Tertiary auxiliary views, 537, G–20Tertiary datum, 730, 731Testing, steels, 807Tetrahedron, 286, 287Text

height of, 162, 672information integration and, 1018–1020

page layouts, 1019–1020technical illustration, 1018–1020

lettering; see Letteringpage layouts and, 1019–1020placement, 675styles, alternate, lettering, 161in a visualization, effective graphics

design, 968–969Text alignment, G–20

lettering, computer techniques, 163TEXT command, 161, 640Texture gradients, G–20Texture mapping, 999–1000, G–20Thermal analysis, 38Thermal machining, 820Thermal transfer printers/plotters, 70

Thermoforming, 809Thermoplastics, 809Thermosetting plastics, 809Thin features, section views of, 651–653Thin-lead pencils, 76Thin wall sections, section line practices, 643Third-angle projection, 386–389, 390The third dimension (depth, use of); see also

Three-dimensional (3-D) analysiseffective graphics design, 955–957

Threaded fasteners, 751–768, G–20applications, 751–752

adjusting, 752joining, 752, G–11power transmission, 752

assembly sections, 766, 767, G–2, G–18CAD techniques, 767pipe threads, 766–767

representing, 768terminology, 752

pitch, 752, 754, 755, 766threads per inch, 754

thread drawings, 762–768detailed representations, 762schematic representations, 762, 764–766simplified representations, 762–764

thread specificationsANSI standard thread table, 761English system, 752–754

class of fit, 754form, 753–754right- and left-hand threads, 755series, 754single and multiple threads, 755thread grades, 756–758thread notes, 755–756, 757thread pitch, 755; see also Pitch

metric systems, 759–760notes and, 759–760

Thread form, G–20tap drill sizes for American National, A–40threaded fasteners and, 752, 753–754

Thread(s)angle, threaded fasteners and, 752grades of, English system, 756–758notes on, English system, 755–756, 757per inch, threaded fasteners and, 752, 754pitch of, English system, 755; see also Pitchsizes and dimensions, A–39specifications for; see Threaded fastenerstables, ANSI, threaded fasteners, 761–762

Thread series, G–20specifications, English system, 754threaded fasteners and, 752unified standard screw, A–38

Three-dimensional (3-D) analysisCAD, 56

Boeing 777, 928–930concurrent engineering and, 845multiview drawings from, 396–400

graphs and plots, 947–949model drawings, generation of, 1013–1015modeling, 303–374

applications, 353–356design for manufacturability

(DFM), 355–356plant design, 354, 355

Three-dimensional (3-D) analysis—Cont.modeling—Cont.

applications—Cont.road design, 353–354ship design, 355

computer-aided manufacturing(CAM), 347–348, 795, G–4

incremental fabrication, modeling of, 349constraint-based, 333–336construction techniques, 316–322

advanced, 321–322coordinate systems, 316–318geometry of, 319sweeping operations, 319–321

Boolean operations and, 311–314,321, G–2

workplanes, 318, G–22data associativity, 348–350

Object Linking and Embedding(OLE), 350

Product Data Management (PDM), 350data exchange standards, 350–353

drawing exchange format (DXF),351–353, G–6

Initial Graphics Exchange Specification(IGES), 353

Product Data Exchange Using STEP(PDES), 353, 796, G–16

design process and, 337–346analysis, 342–347

ergonomics, 346–347, G–7finite element (FEA), 346; see also

Finite element modeling andanalysis(FEM/FEA)

kinematics, 39, 343–345, 1028, G–11of mass properties, 345, G–12visual inspection, 342–343, G–21

parts management, 341–342prototyping, 338–341sketch modeling, 118, 338, G–18

documentation, 350feature-based, 336–337historical overview, 304–305object modification, 328–333

geometric transformations, 329–331single-solid operations, other, 332two-solid techniques, 333

organization, modeler, 314–316solid, 309–314

boundary representation (B-rep)modeling, 314–316, G–2

constructive solid geometry (CSG)modeling, 311–316, G–4

primitive, 310–311surface modeling, 308–309viewing techniques, 322–328

view camera, 324–328, G–21parallel vs. perspective projections, 327

web sites, 358wireframe; see Wireframe modeling

models, 10, 16support for design for manufacturing

cycle, 822Three-dimensional (3-D) scatter plot, 947–948Three independent variables, data visualization

for, 952–953

IN-24 SUBJECT INDEX

Three-point perspective drawings, 509, 510,522, 523, 524

Three-point perspective grid, 522Three-view drawings/sketches, 147–149,

393–396Through hole, 412Thrust plain bearings, 1059Thrust rolling contact bearings, 1060, 1061Tick marks, 965, 966, G–20TIG welding, 1114Time-based competition, 792Timeline of major events, graphics

communication, 11Time reduction, influence on design and

production, 792Time series analysis, 946–947, G–20Title blocks, on drawings, 164

working, 839–840ANSI standards, 839

Tolerance, 668, 673, 691–692, 693, G–20analysis (TA), SPC and, 747ANSI standards and, 689–691in CAD, 709–710calculations, GDT, 744gaging, 731geometric; see Geometric dimensioning

and tolerancing (GDT)interchangeability and, 691–692metric limits and fits, 698representation of, 692–709

actual size, 693, G–1allowance, 693, G–1basic size, 693, G–2costs of tolerance, 696fit types, 694–696functional dimensioning, 696, 697important terms, 693–694least material condition (LMC), 694,

725, G–11limit dimensioning and, 693maximum material condition (MMC), 694;

see also Maximum materialcondition (MMC)

metric limits and fits, 698–703basic size, 698deviation, 698, G–5fundamental deviation, 698, G–8hole basis, 700, G–9

system, 701–703international tolerance grade (IT),

698, G–10lower deviation, 698, G–12preferred fits, 701–703shaft basis, 700

system, 701–703symbols, 700–701tolerance zone, 698upper deviation, 698, G–21

nominal size, 693, G–13piece tolerance, 694plus and minus dimensions, 673, 693, G–15single limit dimensions, 693standard precision fits (English units),

703–709basic hole systems, 704–707basic shaft system, 707–709basic size, 704

Tolerance—Cont.representation of—Cont.

standard precision fits (English units)—Cont.classes of, 703–704clearance fit, 704–707

using basic shaft system, 708–709system tolerance, 694tolerance stack-up, 696–698

stack-up, 696–698zone, G–20

geometric dimensioning and tolerancing(GDT), 731

metric limits and fits, 698Toolbox, 972Tools, 20, G–20

CAD sketching, 120data visualization, 970–974freehand, 117–120machine; see Machine toolsmultimedia, 978quantitative, 792and related processes, metal machining

tools, 815–816scales as; see Scale(s)for technical drawing; see Technical

drawings/graphicsworkpiece clamping, 814–815

Tool solid, 333, G–20Tool steels, 806, 807TOP, 796, G–20Topological, G–20Top view, 187–190, 381, 384–385, G–20Torus, 290

formulas for, A–26Total quality management (TQM), 47, 792,

793–795, G–20Total runout, open inspection and, location

controls and, 740TQM, G–20; see also Total quality

management (TQM)Tracing paper, 119Tracks, 319Traditional tools, G–20 to G–21

technical drawing; see Technicaldrawings/graphics

Train seats, computer design of, 244Trammel method, ellipse construction, 255, 257Transfer films, 970Transfer molding, 809Transformations, 329–331, 966–968Transformers (T), 1075–1076Transistors (Q), 1075Transition fits, 695, 704, G–21, A–30

locational, 704ANSI table, A–30

Transition piece developments; see DevelopmentTranslation, geometric transformations

and, 329–331Transparency, 1015Trapezium, 274, 275Trapezoids, 274, 275Treatise on Descriptive Geometry, 562Trends, 942Triangle method, of bisecting a line, 231–232Triangles, 78, 85, 276, 277

adjustable, 74, 75

SUBJECT INDEX IN-25

Triangles—Cont.engineering geometry and

construction, 276–279formulas for, A–21

Triangulation developments, 606Trigonometry functions, A–19TRIM command, 82Trimetric projection, 1002, 1005, G–21

axonometric drawings, construction and,487–488, 489

Triple-thread fasteners, 755Trochoid, 261, 263True development, 605True isometric ellipses, 471, 473True length and size, orthographic

projection and, 403True-length line, 403, 566, 568–572, G–21

descriptive geometry rule, 568True-size plane, 577, G–21

descriptive geometry rule, 575Truncated cone, development of, 609–611Truncated cylinder, development of, 609, 610Truncated prism, 287, 288

development of, 608Truncated pyramids, 287, 288

development of, 611, 612Truss head fastener, 776Turning, metalworking and, 814Tweaking, 332, G–2112-point head fastener, 776Two-dimensional graph, elements of, 942Two-dimensional scatter plot, 942Two-dimensional surfaces; see Engineering

geometry and constructionTwo independent variables, data visualization

for; see Technical data presentationTwo-point perspective drawings; see

Perspective drawings/projectionsTwo-point perspective grid, 521Two-point perspective sketch, 153–154Two points, line drawing techniques and, 82Two-solid techniques, object modification, 333Two-view drawings, 393, 395Two-view sketches, 146–147Type A plain washers, ANSI table, A–60Type B plain washers, ANSI table, A–61

UU-groove weld, 1118–1121Ultrasonic machining (USM), 817–819Unconstrained surfaces, 292Undevelopable surface, 272, 273, G–21Unevaluated, G–21Unfinished bolts, 770Unidirectional dimensioning, 677, 678, G–21Unified numbering systems for metals and

alloys (UNS), 807–808Unified standard screw thread series, A–38Uniformly accelerated motion, 1048,

1050, 1051Uniform motion, 1048, 1049Unilateral tolerance, 693Union, 311–314, G–21UNION command, 605Uniqueness, G–21

wire frame models and, 306Units of measure, dimensioning and, 669–670

Unity, 25Universal language, drawings as, 9–10Universal product code (UPC), 800, G–21Universal systems model, of production, 797UPC, 800, G–21Upper deviation, G–21

metric limits and fits, 698

VValidity, G–21Value, 997–998Valves, 1091–1093, G–21Vanishing points (VPs), 150–151, 507,

508, G–21number of, perspective drawing and, 511

Variable resistors, 1073Variables selection, perspective drawings, 511Variational modelers, 336Vector data, 938Vector device, 64Vectors, arrow, 977Vector values, G–21

for two independent variables, 950–951Vertex, 276, 287, G–21

face-edge-vertex graph, G–7labeling of, visualization and, 425normal, 991–992

Vertical axis, 184–185Vertical dimensions, 674Vertical lines, 81, 566Vertical plane, 572–573, G–21Vertical position, 674Vertices, 182, 305VGA monitor, 65V-groove weld, 1118–1121Videodisk, 1022, G–21View cameras, 324–328, G–21Views; see also Multiview drawings

adjacent; see Adjacent viewsauxiliary; see Auxiliary viewsbird’s eye view, 509, G–2blocking of, detail drawings and, 833bottom; see Bottom viewcentral, 389, G–3dimensioning of, standard practices, 677, 678direct, 562, G–6edge; see Edges/Edge viewsfront; see Front viewground’s eye view, 509, G–9human’s eye view, 509, G–9left side, 384–386, G–11multiple-image, 187–190

visualization and, 187–190multiple removed section, 647multiple sectioned, cutting plane lines

and, 641normal, 986one-view drawings/sketches, 146, 393, 395partial; see Partial viewspictorial, 184plan; see Plan viewpoint; see Point viewprincipal (standard); see Principal

(standard) viewsrear; see Rear viewregular, 139

Views—Cont.related, G–17

multiview drawings, 389removed, 646–647, G–17

ANSI standards for, 430right side; see Right side viewsection; see Section viewsselection of, 400–402side, 381top; see Top viewviewing techniques, three-dimensional

modeling; see Three-dimensional(3-D) analysis

worm’s eye view, 509, G–22View volume, 986–987, G–21Virtual condition, G–21

geometric dimensioning and tolerancing(GDT), 731

Virtual model, 196, 936, 1088, 1089, G–21Virtual reality (VR), 75, 338–340, G–21

design visualization and, 196–199real world uses, 512

Virtual Shipyard network, 730Visibility, intersections and, 586–588Visible gap, 672Visible lines, 79, 80, 143, G–21Visible surface determination, computer

renderings, 986–989Visual inspection, G–21

design process and, 342–343Visualization, 16, 20, G–21

data; see Technical data presentationfor design, 41, 178–213, G–5

abilities, 179cycle, 180–181of multiple objects, 194–195projection techniques, alternate, 190–195

parallel, 191perspective, 190–191shading, 191–194

scientific, 192–194solid object features, 181–183technical drawing techniques, 183–190

image planes; see image planesprogressive 15-degree rotations of the

object, 186uses of, 199–202

civil projects, 200–201future, 201–202mechanical design, 199–200

virtual reality (VR) and, 196–199web sites, 203

graphics and, 32, 42ideation and, 32image planes, 183–184, G–10

multiple, 187–190object-image plane orientation, 184–186

legends, 942, G–11link charts, 955, 956, G–11multiview drawings; see Multiview drawingssection views and, 636–639

Visual science, 16–19, G–21geometry, 17standards and conventions, 17–19

Volume, use of, effective graphics design, 957Volume rendering, 953, G–21 to G–22

Voxel, 953, G–22VR, G–22; see also Virtual reality (VR)

zener diodes, 1075

WWarped cone, 289Warped surfaces, 605, G–22

curved, 272, 273engineering geometry and

construction, 287–289Washer face, 770Washer head fastener, 776Washers, G–22

ANSI standards for; see ANSI standardslock, 781plain, 781

Web sites, 22engineering design process, 59three-dimensional modeling, 358visualization, 203

Webs (ribs), 812, G–17, G–22section views of, 651–653, 655

Welding, 1112weld connections, piping, 1090, 1091weld joint types, 1114, 1126–1127

Welding drawings, 1111–1128CAD weld symbol library, 1125specification abbreviations, 1116symbols, 1112, 1114–1116, 1117, 1118,

A–80 to A83American Welding Society, standard

symbols and basic joints, 1126–1127and CAD, 1125parts of, eight, 1114–1115supplementary, 1115–1116variations of, 1116

templates and, 1123, 1124types of welds, 1116–1123

fillet, 1116

IN-26 SUBJECT INDEX

Welding drawings—Cont.types of welds—Cont.

groove, 1116–1121plug (spot), 1121, 1122seam, 1121–1123spot (plug), 1121, 1122surface, 1123

welding processes, 1112–1114classification of, 1113gas and arc, 1112–1114

weld joint types, 1114, 1126–1127weld length and increments, 1123, 1124weld symbols; see Symbols

Width, G–22auxiliary, 537views, 540–541

Width auxiliary, 537Width auxiliary views, 540–541Wind shear analysis, 977Wing and thumb screws, 778Winged-edge data structure, G–22Wireframe, G–22; see also Wireframe

modelingWireframe modeling, 35, 317, G–22

three-dimensional, 305–308uniqueness and, 306

Wiring (cabling) diagram, 1078–1080, 1086,G–22

Woodruff keys, 782–783ANSI standard for, A–65keyseat dimension for, A–64

Worker involvement, influence on design andproduction, 792

Working drawings, 825–920, G–22accuracy checks of, 844–845ANSI standards

letter heights and, 840title blocks and, 839

assembly, 833–836, 846, G–22

Working drawings—Cont.assembly—Cont.

components of, 833types of, 836

basic concepts, 826detail, 827–833drawing numbers and, 836–839engineering change orders (ECO) and,

846, G–6letter heights and, ANSI standards, 840part identification and, 841

lists, 840–841numbers, 836

reprographics; see Reprographicsrevision blocks and, 164, 841–842, G–17scale specifications and, 843tabular, 845–846title blocks and, 839–840

ANSI standards, 839tolerance specifications and, 843–844zones and, 844

Workpiece clamping devices, 814–815Workplanes, 318, G–22World coordinate system, 225, 986, G–22World Wide Web (WWW), 57, 684, 730Worm, 1031Worm gears, 1031, 1032

CAD applications, 1042–1043Worm’s eye view, 509, G–22Writing, 8

XXerography, 848, 850

ZZ-buffer, G–22

algorithm, 987–988Zener diodes (VR), 1075Zones, working drawings and, 844

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1.588

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2.381

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4.366

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5.159

5.556

5.953

6.35

6.747

7.144

7.541

7.938

8.334

8.731

9.128

9.525

9.922

10.319

10.716

11.112

11.509

11.906

12.303

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15.875

16.272

16.669

17.066

17.462

17.859

18.256

18.653

19.050

19.447

19.844

20.241

20.638

21.034

21.431

21.828

22.225

22.622

23.019

23.416

23.812

24.209

24.606

25.003

25.400

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.55

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.59

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.66

.67

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.89

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35/64

37/64

39/64

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17/32

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9/16

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Decimal and Millimeter Equivalents

Geometric Characteristic Symbols

Documents

End of Book - McGraw Hill Education · Symbols, A-17 4. Values for Important ... bits per second BPS blank BLK block BLK ... circular CIR circular mill CMIL circular pitch CP circumference