Geog°pedia of Information'...SCIENCE... i

editor Karen K. Kemp

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF

SOENCE

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EOG ffHICINFORMATION

SCIENCE

EDITOR

Karen K KempThe Kohala Center, Waimea, Hawai'i

A SAGE Reference Publication

Æ)SAGE PublicationsLos Angeles • London • New Delhi • SingaporeSô hoa bơi Trung tâm Hoc liêu – ĐH TN http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn

Copyright © 2008 by SAGE Publications, Inc.

All rights reserved. No part o f this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

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Library o f Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Encyclopedia o f geographic information science/editor, Karen K. Kemp, p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-1-4129-1313-3 (cloth)

1. Geographic information systems— Encyclopedias. I. Kemp, Karen K. (Karen Kathleen), 1954-

G70.212.E53 2008910.285— dc22 2007029725

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

07 08 09 10 11 10 9 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Publisher:Acquisitions Editor: Developmental Editor: Reference Systems Manager: Production Editor:Copy Editor:Typesetter:Proofreader:Indexer:Cover Designer:M arketing Manager:

Rolf A. Janke Robert Rojek Diana E. Axelsen Leticia Gutierrez Kate Schroeder Carla Freeman C&M Digitals (P) Ltd. Kevin Gleason Rick Hurd Janet Foulger Amberlyn Erzinger

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Contents

Editorial Board vi

List of Entries vii

Reader’s Guide xi

About the Editor and Advisory Board xv

Contributors xvii

Introduction xxiii

Entries

A-Z

1-516

Index 517-558

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Editorial Board

Editor

Karen K. KempThe Kohala Center, Waimea, H awai'i

Advisory Board

Aileen R. Buckley Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc., Redlands, California

Werner Kuhn University o f Münster, Germany

David J. Unwin University o f London, U.K.

Bert Veenendaal Curtin University o f Technology, Australia

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List of Entries

Access to Geographic Information AccuracyAddress Standard, U.S.Agent-Based Models Aggregation Analytical Cartography Association of Geographic Information

Laboratories for Europe (AGILE)Attributes

BLOB

CadastreCanada Geographic Information System (CGIS) CartogramsCartographic Modeling Cartography Cellular Automata Census Census, U.S.Chorley Report Choropleth Map Classification, Data Cognitive Science Computer-Aided Drafting (CAD)Coordinate Systems Coordination of Information on the

Environment (CORINE)Copyright and Intellectual Property RightsCOSIT Conference SeriesCost-Benefit AnalysisCost SurfaceCritical GISCybergeography

Data Access Policies Database, Spatial Database DesignDatabase Management System (DBMS)Data ConversionData IntegrationData Mining, SpatialData Model. See RepresentationData ModelingData StructuresData WarehouseDatumDensityDiffusionDigital Chart of the World (DCW)Digital EarthDigital Elevation Model (DEM)Digital Library DirectionDiscrete Versus Continuous PhenomenaDistanceDistributed GIS

Ecological FallacyEconomics of Geographic Information Effects, First- and Second-Order Elevation Enterprise GISEnvironmental Systems Research Institute, Inc. (ESR1) ERDASError Propagation Ethics in the Profession Evolutionary Algorithms Experimental Cartography Unit (ECU)

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vlil Encyclopedia of Geographic information Science

Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA) IntervisibilityExtensible Markup Language (XML) IsolineExtent Isotropy

Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC)First Law of GeographyFractalsFragmentationFramework DataFuzzy Logic

GazetteersGeneralization, CartographicGeocodingGeocomputationGeodemographicsGeodesyGeodetic Control Framework Geographical Analysis Machine (GAM) Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) Geographic Information Law Geographic Information Science (GISci) Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Geography Markup Language (GML) GeomaticsGeometric PrimitivesGeoparsingGeoreferenceGeoreferencing, Automated Geospatial Intelligence Geostatistics GeovisualizationGIS/LIS Consortium and Conference Series Global Positioning System (GPS)Google Earth GRASS

Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis

Historical Studies, GIS for

1DRI SI

Image Processing Index, Spatial Integrity Constraints Intergraph Interoperability Interpolation

Kernel

Land Information SystemsLayerLegendLevels of Measurement. See Scales o f MeasurementLiability Associated With Geographic InformationLicenses, Data and SoftwareLiDARLife CycleLinear ReferencingLocation-Allocation M odelingLocation-Based Services (LBS)Logical Expressions

Manifold GIS MaplnfoMathematical Model Mental Map Metadata, Geospatial Metaphor, Spatial and Map Metes and Bounds MicroStationMinimum Bounding Rectangle Minimum Mapping Unit (MMU)Modifiable Areal Unit Problem (MAUP) Multicriteria Evaluation Multidimensional Scaling (MDS)Multiscale Representations Multivalued Logic Multivariate Mapping

National Center tor Geographic Information and Analysis (NCGIA)

National Geodetic Survey (NGS)National Map Accuracy Standards (NMAS)National Mapping AgenciesNatural Area Coding System (NACS)Needs Analysis Network Analysis Network Data Structures Neural Networks Nonstationarity NormalizationSô hoa bơi Trung tâm Hoc liêu – ĐH TN http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn

List of Entries ix

Object Orientation (OO)OntologyOpen Geospatial Consortium (OGC)Open Source Geospatial Foundation (OSGF) Open Standards Optimization Ordnance Survey (OS)Outliers

Pattern AnalysisPhotogrammetryPolygon OperationsPostcodesPrecisionPrivacyProjectionPublic Participation GIS (PPGIS)

Qualitative AnalysisQuality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) Quantitative Revolution

RasterRegionalized Variables Remote Sensing Representation

SamplingScalable Vector Graphics (SVG)ScaleScales of MeasurementSemantic InteroperabilitySemantic NetworkShaded ReliefSimulationSlope MeasuresSoftware, GISSpatial AnalysisSpatial AutocorrelationSpatial CognitionSpatial Data ArchitectureSpatial Data InfrastructureSpatial Data ServerSpatial Decision Support SystemsSpatial EconometricsSpatial FilteringSpatial Heterogeneity

Spatial InteractionSpatializationSpatial LiteracySpatial QuerySpatial ReasoningSpatial Relations, QualitativeSpatial StatisticsSpatial WeightsSpatiotemporal Data ModelsSpecificationsSplineStandardsState Plane Coordinate System Structured Query Language (SQL) Symbolization System Implementation

Terrain Analysis TessellationThree-Dimensional GIS Three-Dimensional Visualization TIGERTissot’s Indicatrix Topographic Map TopologyTransformation, Coordinate Transformation, Datum Transformations, Cartesian Coordinate Triangulated Irregular Networks (TIN)

Uncertainty and Error Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) University Consortium for Geographic

Information Science (UCGIS)User InterfaceU.S. Geological Survey (USGS)

Vector. See Geometric Primitives Virtual EnvironmentsVirtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) Visual Variables

Web GIS Web Service

;-Values

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Reader's Guide

Analytical Methods

Analytical CartographyCartographic ModelingCost-Benefit AnalysisCost SurfaceData Mining, SpatialDensityDiffusionEcological FallacyEffects, First- and Second-OrderError PropagationExploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA)FragmentationGeocodingGeodemographicsGeographical Analysis Machine (GAM)Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR)Georeferencing, AutomatedGeostatisticsGeo visualizationImage ProcessingInterpolationIntervisibilityKernelLocation-Allocation Modeling Minimum Bounding Rectangle Modifiable Areal Unit Problem (MAUP) Multicriteria Evaluation Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) Multivalued Logic Network Analysis Optimization OutliersPattern Analysis Polygon Operations

Qualitative Analysis Regionalized Variables Slope Measures Spatial Analysis Spatial Autocorrelation Spatial Econometrics Spatial Filtering Spatial Interaction Spatialization Spatial Statistics Spatial Weights SplineStructured Query Language (SQL)Terrain Analysis

Cartography and visualization

Analytical Cartography Cartograms Cartography Choropleth Map Classification, Data DatumGeneralization, CartographicGeovisualizationIsolineLegendMultiscale Representations Multivariate MappingNational Map Accuracy Standards (NMAS)NormalizationProjectionScaleShaded Relief SymbolizationThree-Dimensional Visualization

xi

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