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COMPARING THE PTOLEMAIC AND SELEUCIDEMPIRES

The Ptolemaic and Seleucid empires are usually studied separately, orelse included in broader examinations of the Hellenistic world. Thisbook provides a systematic comparison of the roles of local elites andlocal populations in the construction, negotiation, and adaptation ofpolitical, economic, military, and ideological power within thesestates in formation. The two states, conceived as multiethnic empires,are sufficiently similar to make comparisons valid, while the process ofcomparison highlights and better explains differences. Regions thatwere successively incorporated into the Ptolemaic and the Seleucidstate receive particular attention and are understood within thebroader picture of the ruling strategies of both empires. The bookfocuses on forms of communication through coins, inscriptions, andvisual culture; settlement policies and the relationship between localand immigrant populations; and the forms of collaboration with andresistance of local elites against immigrant populations and govern-ment institutions.

christelle fischer-bovet is Associate Professor in theDepartments of Classics and History at the University of SouthernCalifornia. She specializes in the social and cultural history of theEastern Mediterranean from Alexander to the Romans, with a particu-lar interest in Greco-Roman Egypt. Her book Army and Society inPtolemaic Egypt (Cambridge, 2014) combines documentary evidencewith social theory to examine the role of the army in Hellenistic Egypt.

sitta von reden is Professor of Ancient History at the Universityof Freiburg. She is a specialist in ancient Greek economic history, andher books include Money in Ptolemaic Egypt: From the MacedonianConquest to the End of the Third Century bc (Cambridge, 2007) andMoney in Classical Antiquity (Cambridge, 2010). In 2017 she won anAdvanced Grant of the European Research Council for the Project‘Beyond the Silk Road: Exchange, Economic Development andInter-Imperial Relationships in the Afro-Eurasian World Region(300 bce–300 ce)’.

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COMPARING THE

PTOLEMAIC AND SELEUCID

EMPIRES

Integration, Communication, and Resistance

edited by

CHRISTELLE FISCHER-BOVETUniversity of Southern California

SITTA VON REDENUniversity of Freiburg

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www.cambridge.orgInformation on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781108479257

doi: 10.1017/9781108782890

© Cambridge University Press 2021

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exceptionand to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,no reproduction of any part may take place without the written

permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2021

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Datanames: Fischer-Bovet, Christelle, 1977– editor. | Reden, Sitta von, editor.

title: Comparing the Ptolemaic and Seleucid empires : integration, communication, andresistance / edited byChristelle Fischer-Bovet,University of Southern California, and Sitta von

Reden, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Germany.description: Cambridge, United Kingdom ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 2021. |

Includes bibliographical references and index.identifiers: lccn 2021029017 | isbn 9781108479257 (hardback) | isbn 9781108749527

(paperback) | isbn 9781108782890 (ebook)subjects: lcsh : Egypt – History – 32–30 b.c. | Ptolemaic dynasty, 305 b.c.-30 b.c. |

Seleucids – History. | BISAC: HISTORY / Ancient / General | HISTORY / Ancient / Generalclassification: lcc dt92 .c66 2021 | ddc 932/.021–dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021029017

isbn 978-1-108-47925-7 Hardback

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Contents

List of Contributors page viiPreface xiiiNote on Abbreviations xiv

Introduction 1

Christelle Fischer-Bovet and Sitta von Reden

part i cities, settlement and integration 15

1 Imperial metropoleis and Foundation Myths: Ptolemaicand Seleucid Capitals Compared 171A Alexandria 18

1B Seleucid Royal Cities 33

Sitta von Reden and Rolf Strootman

2 Reassessing Hellenistic Settlement Policies: The SeleucidFar East, Ptolemaic Red Sea Basin and Egypt 482A Reassessing Settlement Policies in the Hellenistic Far East 49

2B Reassessing Ptolemaic Settlement Policies: Another Lookat the poleis 64

Rachel Mairs and Christelle Fischer-Bovet

3 The Integration of Indigenous Elites and the Developmentof poleis in the Ptolemaic and Seleucid Empires 86

Philippe Clancier and Gilles Gorre

4 Contextualizing a Ptolemaic Solution: The Institutionof the Ethnic politeuma 106

Patrick Sänger

v

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part ii communication and exchange 127

5 Imperial and Indigenous Temporalities in the Ptolemaicand Seleucid Dynasties: A Comparison of Times 1295A The Seleucid Horizon and Indigenous Elites 129

5B Indigenous Elites and Ptolemaic Dynastic Time 146

Paul Kosmin and Ian Moyer

6 The Visual Representation of Ptolemaic and Seleucid Kings:A Comparative Approach to Portrait Concepts 164

Ralf von den Hoff

7 Monetary Policies, Coin Production, and Currency Supplyin the Seleucid and Ptolemaic Empires 1917A The Seleucid Empire 192

7B The Ptolemaic Empire 210

Panagiotis P. Iossif and Catharine C. Lorber

part iii collaboration, crisis, and resistance 231

8 Legitimizing the Foreign King in the Ptolemaicand Seleucid Empires: The Role of Local Elites and Priests 2338A The Egyptian Priests and the Ptolemaic King 235

8B The Babylonian Priests and the Seleucid King 246

Stefan Pfeiffer and Hilmar Klinkott

9 Antiochus III, Ptolemy IV, and Local Elites: Deal-MakingPolitics at Its Peak 2629A The Greek Elites and the Crisis of the Ptolemaic Empire 264

9B The Greek Elites Before and During the Seleucid-Roman War 284

Boris Dreyer and François Gerardin

10 Regional Revolts in the Seleucid and Ptolemaic Empires 301

Sylvie Honigman and Anne-Emmanuelle Veïsse

Bibliography 329

Index 386

vi Contents

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Contributors

philippe clancier is HDR Lecturer at the Pantheon-SorbonneUniversity. His doctoral dissertation focuses on Babylonian librariesduring the Hellenistic and Parthian periods. He is now working on thepolitical history of Babylon during these periods as well as on thehistory of the Middle Euphrates in the Middle and Neo-Assyrianperiods. He is also one of the epigraphists of the archaeological missionat Kunara in Iraqi Kurdistan.

boris dreyer is Professor of AncientHistory at theUniversity of Erlangen-Nuremberg. His doctoral dissertation focuses on the democracy of Athensin late Classical andHellenistic periods, while his Habilitation explores thedevelopment of the internal system of the Roman Republic in the earlysecond century BC. He was fellow at the Center for Hellenic Studies inWashington, DC, and Fellow at the Institute for Advanced Study. He isalso cooperating with several Turkish excavations (Magnesia, Metropolis,Nikaia) and specializes in epigraphy, Roman administration, especially inAsia Minor, and on the Germanic–Roman frontier conflicts.

christelle fischer-bovet is Associate Professor of Classics andHistory at the University of Southern California. She specializes inthe social and cultural history of the eastern Mediterranean fromAlexander the Great to the Romans, with a special interest in Greco-Roman Egypt. Her book Army and Society in Ptolemaic Egypt (2014)combines documentary evidence with social theory to examine the roleof the army in Hellenistic Egypt. She has also published several articlesexploring state formation and ethnic interaction, for instance “SocialUnrest and Ethnic Coexistence in Ptolemaic Egypt and the SeleucidEmpire” (Past and Present 229, 2015).

francois gerardin is a postdoctoral assistant at the University of Basel.His first book, which comes out of his doctoral dissertation, is currently

vii

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under review. In it, he uses ancient documents (mostly papyri andinscriptions) to elucidate the importance of cities for state formation inEgypt and western Asia in the Hellenistic period.

gilles gorre is Lecturer at the University of Rennes and specializes inthe relationship between temples and the Hellenistic political author-ity. His work examines the integration of local elites in the Hellenisticstates both through the strategies adopted by local elites towards theCrown and through the royal policy put in place to ensure control ofthe territory. He is the author of Les relations du clergé égyptien et desLagides, Studia Hellenistica 45 (2009).

sylvie honigman is Professor of Ancient History at Tel AvivUniversity. She is the author of Tales of High Priests and Taxes: TheBooks of the Maccabees and the Judean Rebellion Against Antiochus IV(2014) and of several articles on the Maccabean revolt.

panagiotis p. iossif is Professor of Ancient andMedieval Numismatics atthe Radboud University, Nijmegen, and Deputy Director of the BelgianSchool of Archaeology at Athens. His research focuses on Hellenisticnumismatics, economy and statistical models using hoard evidence andexcavation finds, fields in which he has extensively published. He is alsointerested in new approaches of coin iconography and recently co-editedthree volumes: TYPOI. Greek and Roman Coins Seen through Their Images.Noble Issuers, Humble Users (2018), Greek Iconographies, Pharos 26.1 (2018)and Charon’s Obol: the end of a myth?, JAN 9 (2019).

hilmar klinkott is Professor of Ancient History at the University ofKiel. His main fields of research are the history and administration ofthe Achaemenid, Ptolemaic and Seleucid empires, as well as the lateRoman Republic. His publications include Der Satrap, ein achaimeni-discher Amtsträger (2002) and several articles, such as “Alexandria –

Polis ohne Metoiken? Möglichkeiten sozialer Mobilität bei alexandri-nischen Politen,” in L.-M. Günther, Migration und Bürgerrecht in derhellenistischen Welt (2012); “Parther – Pest – Pandora-Mythos:Katastrophen und ihre Bedeutung in der Regierungszeit MarcAurels,” in V. Grieb, Marc Aurel – Wege zu seiner Herrschaft (2017),and with N. Kramer “Zwischen Assur und Athen. Altorientalisches inden Historien Herodots,” SpielRäume der Antike 4 (2017).

paul j. kosmin is Philip J. King Professor of Ancient History at HarvardUniversity. He is the author of The Land of the Elephant Kings: Space,

viii List of Contributors

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Territory and Ideology in the Seleucid Empire (2014) and Time and ItsAdversaries in the Seleucid Empire (2018) and co-editor (with AndreaBerlin) of Spear-Won Land: Sardis from the King’s Peace to the Peace ofApamea (2019) and The Middle Maccabees: Archaeology, History, and theRise of the Hasmonean Kingdom (2021). His work examines, broadly, therelationship between ancient empires and systems of knowledge andpractice, and the interaction between the Greek world and its NearEastern neighbors.

catharine c. lorber is an independent scholar specializing in ancientnumismatics, particularly the coinages of the Seleucid and Ptolemaicdynasties. Her interests also include political and economic history,iconography, and ruler cult. She is a coauthor of the standard referenceon Seleucid coinage, Seleucid Coins: A Comprehensive Catalogue (Part I2002, Part II 2008). She has written a similar work on Ptolemaic coinage.Coinage of the Ptolemaic Empire, Part I: Ptolemy I through Ptolemy IVappeared in 2018. Part II, covering the rest of the dynasty, is in press.

rachel mairs is Professor of Classics and Middle Eastern Studies at theUniversity of Reading. Her research focuses on questions of ethnicityandmultilingualism inHellenistic Egypt and Central Asia. She has alsopublished on the colonial history of archaeology in the Middle East.Her publications include The Hellenistic Far East: Archaeology,Language and Identity in Greek Central Asia (2014), Archaeologists,Tourists, Interpreters (with Maya Muratov, 2015) and From Khartoumto Jerusalem: The Dragoman Solomon Negima and His Clients (2016).

ian moyer is Associate Professor in the Department of History at theUniversity of Michigan in Ann Arbor. His interests include the ancienthistory and modern historiography of cross-cultural interaction, magicand religion, and the politics of race and ethnicity in classical recep-tions. He is the author of Egypt and the Limits of Hellenism (Cambridge,2011), co-editor (with Celia Schultz) of a special issue of Archiv fürReligionsgeschichte on “The Religious Life of Things” (2016) and co-editor (with Adam Lecznar and Heidi Morse) of Classicisms in the BlackAtlantic (2020).

stefan pfeiffer is Professor of Ancient History at the University ofHalle-Wittenberg since 2013. His areas of specialization are the historyof Greco-Roman Egypt, ruler cult in antiquity and Judaism inAlexandria. He has, among other aspects, published books on multilin-gual texts from Egypt (the Decree of Canopus and the victory stela of C.

List of Contributors ix

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Cornelius Gallus). Furthermore, he has published a study-book onGreek and Latin epigraphical records from Egypt (2015) and a generaloverview on the Ptolemaic Empire (2017).

patrick sanger is Professor of Ancient History at the University ofMünster. His main interests are the administrative, legal and socialhistory of the eastern Mediterranean, especially of Egypt from theHellenistic to the Late Antique period. He has also worked on theediting of documentary papyri and of Ephesian inscriptions. His mostrecent book examines a particular Ptolemaic form of organization calledpoliteuma (2019).

rolf strootman is Associate Professor of History at the University ofUtrecht. His research focuses on imperialism, court culture and culturalinteractions in the Achaemenid and Seleucid empires. He is the authorof Courts and Elites in the Hellenistic Empires (2017) and The Birdcage ofthe Muses: Patronage of the Arts and Sciences at the Ptolemaic ImperialCourt (2017), and co-editor of the volumes Persianism inAntiquity (2017), Feasting and Polis Institutions (2018) and Empires ofthe Sea: Maritime Empires in World History (2019).

anne-emmanuelle veısse is Professor of Ancient Greek History atthe University of Paris Est Marne la Vallée. Her research focuses onthe political and social history of Hellenistic Egypt. She is theauthor of Les « révoltes égyptiennes ». Recherches sur les troublesintérieurs en Égypte du règne de Ptolémée III à la conquête romaine(2004) and the co-editor of Identité ethnique et culture matérielledans le monde grec (2014), L’armée en Égypte aux époques perse,ptolémaïque et romaine (2014) and L’identification des personnesdans les mondes grecs (2019).

ralf von den hoff is Professor of Classical Archaeology at theUniversity of Freiburg. His research interests include the visual cultureof ancient Greece and Rome and ruler representation in antiquity.Among his recent publications are Divus Augustus. Der erste römischeKaiser und seine Welt (together with M. Zimmermann and W. Stroh,2014) and “Ruler Portraits and Ruler Cult in the PergamonGymnasion”, in Mania and Trümper (eds.), Development of Gymnasiaand Graeco-Roman Cityscapes (2018).

sitta von reden is Professor of Ancient History at the University ofFreiburg. Her academic interest focuses on the economic history of

x List of Contributors

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Classical Greece and the Hellenistic empires. She is author ofMoney inPtolemaic Egypt (2007) and Antike Wirtschaft (2015). Currently she hasan interdisciplinary research project on the economic history of ancientEurasian empires and their inter-imperial relationships. The first vol-ume of this collaborative project has appeared as Handbook of AncientAfro-Eurasian Economies (300 BCE– 300 CE), vol. 1 (2019).

List of Contributors xi

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Preface

We have the pleasant task of expressing our gratitude to several people whosupported this project. We wish to thank all contributors for their collab-orative effort and their willingness to communicate and cooperateintensely, in some cases over long distances. We also thank the respond-ents, Dorothy Thompson (Cambridge), Christopher Tuplin (Liverpool)and John Ma (Columbia) who encouraged us to explore further ideas andmade helpful suggestions for the revision of the papers, as well as theanonymous reviewers and Michael Sharp at Cambridge University Press.We also wish to thank Boris Chrubasik (Toronto), Peter Eich (Freiburg),Ole Johannsen (Freiburg) and Benjamin Wieland (Freiburg) for contrib-uting stimulating papers to the conference preceding this book yet notconverting their talks to chapters in this volume.We are indebted to severalfunding bodies who generously contributed to the funding of the confer-ence, in particular the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, theHumanismus Heute Foundation Baden-Württemberg and the DeutscheForschungsgemeinschaft and the American Friends of the Alexander vonHumboldt Foundation. Finally, special thanks to Clara Hillebrecht,Stephan Neitmann, Alison Weaverdyck and Deirdre Klokow who helpedto prepare the manuscript for publication.

xiii

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Note on Abbreviations

We refer to editions of papyri and ostraca according to the abbreviationsused in the Checklist of Editions of Greek, Latin, Demotic and Coptic Papyri,Ostraca and Tablets, available online at papyri.info. Abbreviations ofepigraphic corpora generally follow the list of the SupplementumEpigraphicum Graecum, and C. Lorber, Catalogue of Ptolemaic Coins.Part 1: Ptolemy I to IV (New York, 2018) serves as the reference fornumismatic abbreviations. Unless specific comments from editors arementioned, editions of all such texts and coins are not included in thebibliography. For ancient authors we follow the abbreviations used in theOxford Classical Dictionary, 4th edition. Finally, Greek names and propernames are given Latinate forms for well-known historical figures and placesbut a more authentic transliteration for lesser-known people and places.

xiv

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Cambridge University Press978-1-108-47925-7 — Comparing the Ptolemaic and Seleucid EmpiresEdited by Christelle Fischer-Bovet , Sitta von RedenFrontmatterMore Information

www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press

ZephyrionZephyrionZephyrion

SebennytusSebennytusSebennytus

NaucratisNaucratisNaucratis

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00 1010 2020 3030 4040 50 km50 km

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SCALESCALE

00 5050 150150100100 200200 250 km250 km

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Oasis of SiwahOasis of SiwahOasis of Siwah

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MEMPHITEMEMPHITEMEMPHITE

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ARSINOITE NOME (FAYYUM)ARSINOITE NOME (FAYYUM)ARSINOITE NOME (FAYYUM)

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MEDI T ERRANEAN SEA

Lake Moeris(Birket el-Qarun)

(Edfu) Modern place name in brackets(Edfu) Modern place name in brackets

Land over 500 metresLand over 500 metres

T H E B A I DT H E B A I DT H E B A I D

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www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press

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R A

RM

EN

IA

LES

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R A

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IA

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