Electrical Safety-

Laagspanningsrichtlijn

Vlaamse Dag van de CE Markering 12.10.2017

Ir. Filip Nauwelaerts Lab & Quality ManagerIng. Guido Spildooren Test Engineer LVD

Vlaamse dag van de CE markering

Inhoud

• Intro Laboratoria De Nayer

• Low Voltage Directive 2014/35/EU

• Tijdlijn, toepassingsdomein, essentiële vereisten• Geharmoniseerde normen

• IEC/EN 60950

• IECEE CB-Scheme

Laboratoria De Nayerwww.labodenayer.be

� ISO17025 accredited for

� EMC (civil, Mil,…)

� Electrical Safety (LVD)

� Mechanical

� Climatic

� Antenna Calibration

� Notified Body EMC

� Notified Body LVD

Laboratoria De Nayerwww.labodenayer.be

Mission of Laboratoria DE NAYER vzw-asbl

KULeuven – T.M.-I.I.W.-campus DE NAYER Laboratoria DE NAYER

Research Projects EMC-Environmental : campus DE NAYER

Routine measurements and contract R & D with Industry:

Laboratoria DE NAYER vzw-asbl

Lab facilities CDN Lab facilities LDN

IWT - Projects

Laboratoria De Nayerwww.labodenayer.be

Organisation chart

Laboratoria De Nayerwww.labodenayer.be

Overall activities turnover

� Personnel (Academic + LDN) : 12

� Belac ISO17025 accredited testing & calibrations (antennas)

� Notified Body EMC

� Notified Body LVD

� >400 active industrial partners worldwide

� Industrial, medical, space, military, automotive, avionics, marine, …

� Scientific and technical Publications/Presentations : > 100

� R & D Projects in cooperation with industrial partners : > 9

� Research Projects by government (IWT,…) : > 9

� Ph.D. research projects

� IECEE NCB and CBTL

Short history

• 1976 : Originated as V.Z.W. :

Civil construction and material research (road constructions)

• 2002 : departments : 4 (De Nayer) + 4 (Alcatel-Bell)

Location De Nayer :

- Material research

- E.M.C Testing

- E.M.C. Calibrations

- Metrology

Former location Alcatel-Bell :

- E.M.C. (Military/Space/Civil/Industrial and Automotive)

- Mechanical (Environmental)

- Climatic (Environmental)

- Electrical Safety (EN-UL)

Short history

• 2002 : Centralization of all activities in PCC1 :

� Mechanical department

� Climatic department

� Safety department

� EMC

Antwerp

Sint Katelijne Waver

� EMC SAR 3m

� EMC test equipment

� EMC SAR 3m

� EMC FAR

� Rev. Room (1000V/m, 80M-26,5GHz)

IEC61000-4-21, DO160, …

� 1 nieuwe OATS-10m

� 3 precompliance test-rooms

� ……

Short history

• 2010 : Expansion of lab activities – PCC2 :

Facilities

EMC

• Full Anechoic Room (FAR) – 3m distance EUT- Antenna

Faraday-cage (L:9,5m x W:5m x H:4m) + ferrite tiles + foam absorbers

Rad. immunity: < 18GHzRad. emission: < 22,5 GHz

• 2 x Semi Anechoic Room 1 (SAR) – 3m distance

Faraday-cage (L:10m x W:6m x H:6m) + ferrite tiles + foam absorbers

Rad. immunity: < 18GHzRad. emission: < 22,5 GHz

Facilities

EMC

• Semi Anechoic Room (SAR) – 10m distance EUT- Antenna

Faraday-cage (L:20m x W:13m x H:9m) + ferrite tiles + foam absorbers

Rad. immunity: < 18GHzRad. emission: < 40 GHz

Full compliance with all relevant standards

• Reverberation chamber

Faraday-cage (L:10m x W:5m x H:4m) + mode stirrer / tuner

Rad. immunity: 80MHz up to more than 18GHz

Full compliance with EN61000-4-21, DO160

• OATS 10m, pre-compliance EMC FAR/SAR

Facilities

Mechanical (shock & vibration)

• LDS964 LS + MPA64 (71kN)kimball sliptable (ca.1,5 x 1,5m)

• Optional Temperature chamber (-60/+100°C, 5°/min)

• Smaller shaker systems (LDS 860 MPA8, …)

• 2x Shocktable

• Transportation simulation (LAB 2500VD)

Facilities

Climatic

• > 10 stand-alone Climatic chambers (500-1500 L)

• 2 x walk in 18m³, T°en %RH variation (-70/+180°C)

• Altitude simulator (-65/+95°C, 1bar/5mbar)

• Thermal shock

Electrical Safety

• Safety assessments

• Mainly IEC60950-1

• NCB and CBTL within IECEE

Europese richtlijnen

CE markering

Aanbrengen van CE markering duidt op toepassen van alle relevante Europese richtlijnen

DoC +

Directieven - tijdlijn

Source: draft RED Guide – version 6 September 2016

2006/95/EC -> 2014/35/EU

Transitie:

• Sinds 04/2016

• In kader van NLF (New Legislative Framework)

Ongewijzigd:• Toepassingsdomein

VAC,NOM : 50V – 1kV en VDC,NOM : 75V – 1,5kV (opm: RED)• Safety Objectives

veiligheidsdoeleinden tav diverse gevaren (elektrisch, mechanisch, … zie verder)• Conformity assessment procedure (CAP)

Gewijzigd (voornaamste):• Reference nummer

YYY/No/EU• Definities

vnl gestuurd uit NLF zoals “op de markt aanbieden”,…• Benoemen economische operatoren en hun verplichtingen

manufacturer, authorised representative, importer, distributor• Market surveillance• DoC

inhoud, model (NLF)

2014/35/EU

Uitzonderingen in toepassingsdomein (Bijlage II)

- Elektrisch materiaal bestemd voor gebruik in explosieve omgeving

- Elektro-radiologisch en elektro-medisch materiaal

- Elektrisch gedeelte van personen- en goederenliften

- Elektriciteitsmeters

- Contactdozen en contactstoppen voor huishoudelijk gebruik

- Voedingen voor elektrische afrasteringen

- Radio-elektrische storingen

- Gespecialiseerd elektrisch materiaal bestemd om in schepen of vliegtuigen of bij de spoorwegente worden gebruikt dat beantwoordt aan de veiligheidsvoorschriften die zijn vastgesteld door internationale instellingen waarbij de lidstaten zijn aangesloten.

- Op maat gemaakte evaluatiepaketten die bestemd zijn voor professionals en die uitsluitend gebruikt worden voor onderzoeks- en ontwikkelingsdoeleinden in inrichtingen die zich bezighouden met onderzoek en ontwikkeling.

2014/35/EU

Essentiële vereisten (Bijlage I)

1. Algemene eisen

a) De voornaamste kenmerken waarvan bekendheid en inachtneming noodzakelijk zijn voor gebruik overeenkomstig de bestemming en zonder gevaar, zijn op het elektrisch materiaal aangegeven of, indien dit niet mogelijk is, op een bijgevoegd document.

b) Het elektrisch materiaal alsmede de samenstellende delen daarvan zijn zodanig geconstrueerd dat zij veilig en behoorlijk in elkaar kunnen worden gezet en kunnen worden aangesloten.

c) Het elektrisch materiaal is zodanig ontworpen en geconstrueerd dat, bij juist gebruik en behoorlijk onderhoud, de beveiliging tegen de gevaren beschreven in de punten 2 en 3, gewaarborgd is.

2. Beveiliging tegen gevaren die aan het elektrisch materiaal verbonden kunnen zijnverwonding door aanraking, temperatuur, niet-elektrisch gevaar, isolatie voorziening

3. Bescherming tegen de gevaren die kunnen ontstaan door invloeden van buiten op elektrisch materiaalmechanische eigenschappen, bestand tegen niet-mechanische invloed,geen gevaar bij overbelasting

2014/35/EU

Vermoeden van conformiteit op grond van geharmonise erde normen (Ch.3 , art.12)

• Normen gehamoniseerd onder LVD 2014/35/EU: OJEU- Summary list: https://ec.europa.eu/growth/single-market/European-

standards/harmonised-standards/low-voltage_nl- 132 pages…

Cross references

• Kruisverwijzing binnen richtlijnen

Indirecte/directe verwijzing naar LVD 2014/35/EC via:

RED directieve (art.3.1.a):

the protection of health and safety of persons and of domestic animals and the protection of property, including the objectives with respect to safety requirements set out in Directive 2014/35/EU, but with no voltage limit applying;

• Notified Body

LVD 2014/35/EU vereist geen tussenkomst van een NB in de conformity assessment procedure (CAP). Het conformity assessment valt onder de verantwoordelijkheid van de fabricant.

Wat buiten EU..? Vb IEC60950-1

EN60950-1 = IEC 60950-1 + national differences

UL60950-1 = IEC 60950-1 + national differences

CAN/CSA-C22.2 NO.60950-1 IEC 60950-1 + national differences

IEC/EN 60950-1

• IEC/EN 60950-1

• De norm

• Het rapport en het assessment

• Checklist

• Critical partslist

• Praktische metingen

• National differences (EU -> CE!)

• Nieuwe evoluties naar IEC 62368-1

IEC/EN 60950-1

• IEC/EN 60950-1

• Toepassingsdomein: ITE apparatuur

• Actuele edities: IEC: ed.02:2005 + AMD1:2009 + AMD2:2013EN: ed.02:2006 + AMD1:2010 + AMD2:2013

• IEC60950-1 (2005) vs EN60950-1 (2006)

• EN-versie: ook toepassing van AMD11 (2009) en AMD12 (2011)

Bevat eveneens ‘national differences’ (e.g. Noorwegen, UK)

IEC/EN 60950-1

IEC/EN 60950-1

• Covering essential requirements from LVD 2014/35/EU

A safety std (as IEC 60950-1) tries to cope with following ‘hazards’:

• Electric shock ( = most of IEC 60950 = emphasis)• Energy related hazards ( e.g. power supplies, batte ries)• Fire• Mechanical hazards• Heat related hazards• Radiation

Special chapter: ‘TNV’ circuits• Chemical hazards ( most = -22)• Biologial hazards: not treated in -1 (but: ingress of plants can damage insulations –

fungus, bacteria)• Explosion hazards ( not really - only -22?: H2, Methane, duct gasses..)

IEC 60950-1: No functional safety (e.g. no software analysis => no ‘risk analysis’)

IEC/EN 60950-1

• Some relevant definitions and classifications :

• Rated Voltage/ Current/ Frequency

• Stationary, movable, transportable, hand-held, building-in, direct plug-in equipment

• Class I (earthing/PE!) & Class II (no earthing/PE)

• Pluggable type A &B/ Permanently connected devices

• Operator acces/ Restricted acces/ (Service acces)

• Hazardeous voltage/ (S)ELV

• Hazardeous energy/ Limited current circuit

• TNV-circuits (TNV-0, TNV-1, TNV-2, TNV-3)

IEC/EN 60950-1

Protection from electric shock

• Insulations! (Housing, materials, earthing, …)• Accescibility! ( distances, openings => “testfingers’ & tools)• Operator access with a tool (discourage operator acces)

Protection from energy hazards

(overcurrent) Protective devices! (e.g. fuses, circuit breakers, current limiters, fuse resistors, ….)

Disconnect devices

(switches, removable power cords, building installation)

IEC/EN 60950-1

• Conductors and terminals

Conductors:

Earthing conductor (colour!)Bounding conductor

! Minimum sizes (table 2D) => define current ratin gs

Terminals:Earthing and bounding terminalsCompliance: inspection and testing if neededProtective earth (and disconnection)

corrosion: check electrochemical potentials (table!)

IEC/EN 60950-1

• Markings and warnings

Safety label ( content!)

Other: Gnd/PE marking – warning labels

Durability tests (water & spirit)

Languages (operator manual – service manual)

Some examples:

IEC/EN 60950-1

• Isolaties

TABEL 2H => welke isolatie voor welk circuit?Types isolatie:

functional basicsupplementaryreinforceddouble

IEC/EN 60950-1

• Clearance & Creepage

Clearance: ( tables 2K, 2L, 2M – or annex G)- Working voltage, Pollution degree, type isolatie

Creepage: (table 2N) coated PCB? => abrasion resistance test -Working voltage, Material group, Type isolatie

IEC/EN 60950-1

• Wiring connections and supply

Current rating Protection against mechanical damageSecuringInsulation power cord : certified – or voltage test)‘Sleeving’

Beads & ceramic insulatorsScrews for contact (self tapping?)

Termination of conductorsConnection to AC or DC mains supply

appliance inletspermanently connectedpower cord (detacheable/ non detachable)Strain relief

IEC/EN 60950-1

• Mechanical strength

• Steady force test (10, 30, 250N)• Impact test• Drop test• Stress relief test

• Other: Cathode ray tubes, high pressure lamps

• Wall or ceiling mounted• Design & construction:

• Edges, corners• Handles, knobs• Securing of parts• Warnings

IEC/EN 60950-1

• Oil, UV, liquids, dust and gasses

• Radiation

• Battery safety:

• IEC 62133• Batteries & battery packs• Non-rechargeable & rechargeable• Overcharging• Unintentional charging• Reverse charging• Excessive discharge rate

IEC/EN 60950-1

• Laser safety

• E.g. optical links, optical drives, wireless through IR,…• Laser class ! (intensity – wavelength 180nm => 1mm)

• Standards:• IEC60825-1: Laser & classifications• IEC60825-2: Fiber transmission• IEC60825-12: Free space optical transmission• IEC62471: LED’s • IEC60825-3: Laser displays & shows• IEC60825-4: Laser protections

(Low power signal/ control LED’s don’t need to comply)

IEC/EN 60950-1

• Moving parts

• Protection against moving fan blades• Andere: motoren, riemen, …

IEC/EN 60950-1

• Thermal requirements

• Critical parts• Touch temp.• Air exhaust

IEC/EN 60950-1

• Opening and fire resistance

• Classificatie: 5VB, V0, V1, V2, HB

• Tabel 4E ( eisen versus toepassing)

• Annex A!

• Flammability testing • Hot wire test IEC60695-2-20• Glow wire test IEC60695-2-11• Needle flame test IEC60695-11-5• Test 14.4 IEC60065

IEC/EN 60950-1

• Abnormal conditions

Single fault conditions:

electrical (e.g. ‘short’ )‘Abuse’ (e.g. ‘reverse polarity’)Moving parts (e.g. mechanically blocking)Temperature (e.g. disabling fan)

IEC/EN 60950-1

• Connection to telecom networks

• = TNV circuits

• TNV-1, TNV-2 and TNV-3

• Impuls test versus steady state test

IEC/EN 60950-1

• Connection to cable distribution systems

• Cable distribution networks ( bv. Kabeltelevisie distributie systeem)• External antenna connections• => ‘surge’ testing! ( tot 10kV!)

IEC/EN 60950-1

• Annexen

• Enkele voorbeelden:

• Annex A: flammability testing• Annex B: Motors• Annex C: Transformers• Annex D: Touch current measuring instruments & circuits• Annex G: Alternative for determining minimum clearances• Annex J: electrochemical table

IEC/EN 60950-1

• Opbouw van een Safety report (en assessment)

• Documentatief gedeelte (functionaliteit en bouwstenen EUT)

• ‘Check’ list (IEC template => afstippen std clauses met short form commentary)

• National differences (EN = EU! / CB = US, GB, Japan,...)

• Safety critical parts list

• Practical tests & results

IEC/EN 60950-1

• Extract uit een assessment report - checklist

IEC/EN 60950-1

• Extract voorbeeld National Differences

IEC/EN 60950-1

• Extract Safety Critical Parts list

IEC/EN 60950-1

• Interactie ‘Safety’ & ‘EMC’

IEC/EN 60950-1

• Voorbeeld practical testing – dielectric strength

IEC/EN 60950-1

• Voorbeeld practical testing – Ground bound

IEC/EN 60950-1

• Voorbeeld practical testing – Touch current

IEC/EN 60950-1

• Andere voorkomende testen:

• Surge test • Mechanische testen (bv ‘ball test’)• Stress relief & warmte testen• Precompliance ( humidity treating)• Battery tests• Transformer tests (annex C)

• …

IEC/EN 60950-1

• IEC 62368-1

IEC 62368-1 = IEC 60950-1 + IEC 60065 ? …Not really…but many common elements (basics remai n: two ‘cords’ = safe)

New std with new philosophy for… (merging of…)Consumer electronic (audio / video) = ITE (Informa tion Technology Equipment)

Hazard basedPerformance oriented and intended to be stable Not risk based (no risk analysis)Technology independent (copes with merge of audio, video & ITE => wider range of products)allow more design freedom ( => more communication b etween assessor & manufacturer needed => safety strategy!)

IEC 62368-2: explanatory informationIEC 62368-3: Power transfer through communication c abling & USB

IEC/EN 60950-1

• Structuur van IEC 62368-1

Clauses: 0-Principles1-Scope2-Normative references3-Terms, definitions & abbreviations4-General requirements5-Electrically-caused injury6-Electrically-caused fire7-Chemically-caused injury8-Mechanically-caused injury9-Thermal-burn injury10-Radiation

Annexes: A-Examples of eq. within scopeB- Normal & abnormal operation + fault condition tests ( more intensive than 60950!)F- Eq. Markings, instructions and instructional safeguardsG- ComponentsM- Batteries & fuel cellsQ- interconnection with building wiringT- Mechanical strength testsV- Determination of accessible parts

IEC/EN 60950-1

• Methodologie van IEC 62368-1

A product that causes injury does so through the tra nsfer of some form of energy to or from a body part

1)Identifying (& classifying) Energy Sources (i.e. electrical, power, mechanical or thermal)

e.g. ES1, ES2 & ES3 / PS1, PS2 & PS3/ MS1, MS2 &MS3 / TS1*, TS2* & TS 3*

*Class 1: Not painful, but may be detectable / igni tion not likely*Class 2: Painful but no injury / Ignition possible , but limited growth – spread of fire*Class 3: Injury / Ignition likely

2)Identify what safeguards are needed to protect ag ainst the above

Equipment safeguardsInstructional safeguardsInstallation safeguards

3)Qualify those safeguards ( = assessment…measure…l imits according to classes) under normal, abnormal & single fault conditions 3 kinds of ‘persons’ defined:

Ordinary personInstructed PersonSkilled person(child present?)

IEC/EN 60950-1

• IEC 62368-1 ‘Highlights’ + wat zijn de verschillen?

• Other philosophy (e.g. No use anymore of the terms SELV, TNV,….=> ‘mind shift’ or ‘reset’needed in your brain!)

• More intensive ‘abnormal condition’ testing expected• More intensive safety thinking needed in the design phase => what strategy?• The requirement of energy hazard of 60950 (240VA/ 2 V-60sec) has been removed but shall

be covered by ‘other mechanisms’• Requirements mechanical hazards adapted (different approach + ‘new’ finger’?)

MS1 (mechanical hazard does not cause pain or injur y)MS2 (no injury but ‘pain’)MS3 (causes injury => requires ‘medical attention’)

• Components and subassemblies that comply with IEC69 50-1 and/ or IEC 60065 are accepted without further investigation (in ed.02…bu t will be phased out…)

• Laser classes will change ( RS1, RS2,RS3)• Touch current: other equivalent networks – different limits (5mA/ 0,5mA)• …other

IEC/EN 60950-1

• Status IEC 60368-1

• Currently: Ed02• Expected: Ed03 => significant changes and addendum s due to many feedbacks and

comments in TC108!• Date of withdrawal published in the official journa l of EU: expected june 20, 2019*• Can this be before ed03 is available? YES! …What t hen???

• apply both IEC 62368-1 ed02 and old IEC 60950-1… =(t ime consuming)• CB scheme does so

• Open issues: • outdoor equipment??? IEC 62368-1 ed02 is strictly indoors (=> apply‘60950-22’

=> work for TC108… included in ed03? (How is not cle ar yet => TC108)• Annexes??? (not complete?) (e.g. annex C old 60950 will possibly be a

completely new std – or?…)• Measurement equipment ( not yet available on the ma rket => ‘do-it-yourself’?)• Countries and regions behave differently ( US, CSA, Denmark, NL & South Africa

adopted ed.02, other: ‘under study’, CB applies mix of old and new…=> NO UNIFORMITY in how this standard is aproached! (Asia ?, US? EU?)

• And what with national differences??? ( being writt en…but …)• Assessment test report template (new checklist ed03 ???)

• Worldwide access through IECEE CB-scheme

NCB-093 CBTL-612

IECEE CB-Scheme

• Process flow:

NCB-093

CBTL-612

IECEE CB-Scheme

Applicantapplication

sample

Assessment results

CBTL report

NCB Certificate

• NCB Certificate – dummy sample

IECEE CB-Scheme

• Essentials

• Products are tested to IEC standards with provision for supplementary testing for national differences.

• Reciprocal recognition of test results among all participating Certification Bodies simplifies the granting of certification or approval at national levels.

• CB Test Certificates and associated Test Reports facilitate obtaining secondary certifications.

• Recognition of test results

• Common Test Report Forms

• Harmonized interpretations and Test methods

• Consideration of National Differences

• Peer Assessment of Testing Laboratories and Certification Bodies

IECEE CB-Scheme

Any questions ?

www.labodenayer.be