Election Review 2013 Final

7/26/2019 Election Review 2013 Final

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ELECTION LAW PRE-BAR HANDOUT

Atty. Jocelyn Arro-Valencia

2!" BAR E#a$ination Co%era&e 'or Election La()

A. Suffrage

B. Qualification and disqualification of voters

C. Registration of Voters

D. Inclusion and Exclusion Proceedings

E. Political Parties

a. Jurisdiction of te C!"E#EC over $olitical $arties

%. Registration

&. Candidac'

a. Qualification of candidates

%. &iling of certificates of candidac'

i. Effect of filing

ii. Su%stitution of candidates

iii. "inisterial dut' of C!"E#EC to receive certificate

iv. (uisance candidates

v. Petition to den' due course to or cancel certificates ofcandidac'

vi. Effect of disqualification

vii. )itdra*al of candidates

+. Ca,$aign

a. Pre,ature ca,$aigning

%. Proi%ited contri%utions

c. #a*ful and $roi%ited election $ro$aganda

d. #i,itations on ex$enses

e. State,ent of contri%utions and ex$enses

-. Board of Election Ins$ectors and Board of Canvassers

a. Co,$osition%. Po*ers


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I. Re,edies and urisdiction in election la*

a. Petition to den' due course to or cancel a certificate of candidac'

%. Petition for disqualification

c. Petition to declare failure of electionsd. Pre/$rocla,ation controvers'

e. Election Protest

f. Quo )arranto

J. Prosecution of election offenses

THEOR* O+ POPULAR ,OVEREINT* - Section 01 Article 00 of te

Constitution2 34e Pili$$ines is a de,ocratic and re$u%lican state.Sovereignt' resides in te $eo$le and all govern,ent autorit' e,anates fro,te,.5 A de,ocratic and re$u%lic govern,ent derives all its $o*ers1 directl' orindirectl'1 fro, te $eo$le 6 *o re$resents te sovereign $o*er of te state.

,U++RAE

"eans %' *ic $eo$le ex$ress teir sovereign udg,ent. 7(olasco v.Co,elec 89: SCRA 9;ens to vote in te election ofcertain national and local officers of te govern,ent and in te decisionof $u%lic questions su%,itted to te $eo$le.

It is %ot a rigt and a $rivilege. Rigt %ecause it is te ex$ression ofte sovereign *ill of te $eo$le. A $rivilege %ecause its exercise isconferred onl' to suc $ersons or class of $ersons as are ,ost li?el' toexercise it for te $ur$ose of te $u%lic good.

Suffrage as a dut' is in te nature of a $u%lic trust and constitutes a

voter a re$resentative of te *ole $eo$le. 4is dut' requires tat te$rivileged %esto*ed sould %e exercised not exclusivel' for te %enefitof te citi>en or citi>ens $roferring it %ut in good fait and *itintelligent >eal for te general %enefit and *elfare of te State. 7Ci$rianoA%anil v. Justice of te Peace Court of Bacolod1 (egros !ccidental et.al. 9@ Pil. 8 70@==.

,COPE O+ ,U++RAE +OR/, O+ POPULAR INTERVENTION


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,ec. 20!1 o' Article I-C o' t3e Con)tit4tion1 te Co,elec is vested*it te $o*er to 3enforce and ad,inister all la*s and regulations relative tote conduct of election5 6le7i)cite5 initiati%e5 re'eren84$ an8 recall9.

!1 Election6 is te ,eans %' *ic te $eo$le coose1 troug te useof te %allot1 teir officials for definite and fixed $eriods and to *o,te' entrust1 for te ti,e %eing as teir re$resentatives1 te exercise of$o*ers of govern,ent 7+arcitorena v. Crsecini 1 te Co,elec resolved to a$$rove teconduct of te $le%iscite in te area or units affected for te $ro$osed"unici$alit' of 4ula'/na/#u$a and te re,aining areas of te ,oter"unici$alit' of #a%o1 Ca,arines (orte1 "aorit' of te electorates in te unitsaffected reected te creation of 4ula'/na/#u$a.

Petitioner +ov. of Ca,arines (orte in a S$ecial Civil Action for Certiorari1 see?to set aside te Ple%iscite asserting tat it *as a co,$lete failure and tat te


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results o%tained *ere invalid and illegal %ecause te Ple%iscite as ,andated %'Co,elec Res. (o. 8


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%et*een Pasig and Cainta *ic $resents a $reudicial question and ,ust %edecided first %efore te $le%iscite for te $ro$osed %aranga's %e conducted.

J4ri)8iction o%er contro%er)ie) in%ol%in& Ple7i)cite I))4e) / /a. ,al%acionB4acAntonio Ba4ti)ta %. Co$elecAlan Peter Cayetano an8 )o$eInter%enor)5 .R. No. !>>@>>5 Jan4ary 2


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In a co,$lete turnaround1 te Co,elec 8nddivision issued an !rder granting te"otion for Reconsideration. It dis,issed te $etition to annul te results of te$le%iscite and ruled tat Co,elec as no urisdiction over said case as it

involves an exercise of QJ $o*ers not conte,$lated under Section 878=1 ArticleI/C of te Constitution.

!n a$$eal1 te Co,elec en %anc affir,ed te ruling of its 8nddivision. It eldtat te Co,elec cannot use its $o*er to enforce and ad,inister all la*srelative to $le%iscites as tis $o*er is $urel' ad,inistrative or executive and notQJ in nature. It concluded tat te urisdiction over te $etition to annul te4aguig $le%iscite results is lodged *it te R4C under Section 07;= of BP 08

*ic $rovides tat te R4C sall ave exclusive original urisdiction in casesnot *itin te exclusive urisdiction of an' court or %od' exercising udicial orQJ functions. -ence1 te $etition %efore te SC.

4e SC eld tat te ?e' to te case is its nature1 (3ic3 in%ol%e) t3e8eter$ination o' (3et3er t3e electorate o' Ta&4i& %ote8 in 'a%or o' ora&ain)t t3e con%er)ion o' t3e $4nici6ality o' Ta&4i&. 4e invocation of

udicial $o*er to settle dis$utes involving te conduct of a $le%iscite is,is$laced. Judicial $o*er as defined under Section 01 Article VIII of te

Constitution as te dut' of te court of ustice to settle actual controversiesinvolving rigts *ic are legall' de,anda%le and enforcea%le and to deter,ine*eter or not tere as %een grave a%use of discretion a,ounting to lac? orexcess of urisdiction on te $art of an' %ranc or instru,entalit' of tegovern,ent.

4e instant case assailing te regularit' of te conduct of te 4aguig $le%iscitedoes not fit te ?ind of a case calling for te exercise of udicial $o*er. 4ere is

no $laintiff or defendant in te case for it ,erel' involves te ascertain,ent ofte vote of te electorate on *eter te' a$$rove or disa$$rove te conversionof teir ,unici$alit' into a igl' ur%ani>ed cit'.

In referring to Article I/C1 Section 870=1 te SC said tat te said $rovision isex$licit tat Co,elec as $o*er to 3enforce and ad,inister all la*s andregulations relative to te conduct of an election1 $le%iscite1 initiative1referendu, and recall. To en'orce $ean)to cause to ta?e effect or to cause te$erfor,ance of suc act or acts necessar' to %ring into actual effect or

o$eration1 a $lan or ,easure *ic entails all te necessar' and incidental


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$o*er for it to acieve te olding of onest1 orderl'1 $eaceful1 free andcredi%le elections 7-!PE &RECRE=. 4e SC *as sur$rised tat for te firstti,e1 Co,elec 'ielded its istoric urisdiction over a ,otion for reconsideration*ic *as even filed out of ti,e1 tus rendering it *itout urisdiction to

entertain te sa,e.

INITIATIVE AND RE+ERENDU/6 are la*,a?ing $o*ers tat %elong tote $eo$le and ave %een descri%ed as te 3$eo$le $o*er5 features of ourConstitution 7As?ed in te 8@@@ BAR=.

,ection 25 Article VII o' t3e Con)tit4tion$rovides tat 3A,end,ents totis Constitution ,a' li?e*ise %e directl' $ro$osed %' te $eo$le troug

initiative u$on a $etition of at least 08G of te total nu,%er of registered voters1of *ic ever' legislative district ,ust %e re$resented %' at least 1 an Act Pro%i8in&'or a ,y)te$ o' Initiati%e an8 Re'eren84$. Initiative under RA ;9


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,antia&o5 et. al. %. Co$elec5 et. al.5 2= ,CRA !< 0""< ,CRA @;"11 tecontrovers' %rougt to te Su$re,e Court %' *a' of a $etition for $roi%itionunder Rule ;: of te Rules of Court is 3te rigt of te $eo$le to directl'

$ro$ose a,end,ents to te Constitution troug te s'ste, of Initiative underSection 8 of Article VII of te 09 Constitution5.

Att'. Jesus Delfin filed a $etition *it te Co,elec to a,end te constitution1s$ecificall' to lift te ter, li,its of elective officials1 %' $eo$leHs initiative.Att'. Delfin as?ed te Co,elec for an order2 70= to fix te ti,e and dates forsignature gatering all over te countr' 78= to cause te necessar' $u%licationsof said !rder and te said $etition in ne*s$a$ers of general and local

circulation and 7 70= %' Congress u$on a vote of of all its ,e,%ers and 78= %'constitutional convention.

4e SC inter$reted Sec. 8 of RA ;9


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not accorded te $o*er to 3directl' $ro$ose1 enact1 a$$roved or reect1 in *oleor in $art te Constitution1 troug te s'ste, of initiative.

4e SC furter declared tat Co,elec cannot validl' $ro,ulgate rulesand regulations to i,$le,ent te exercise of te rigt of te $eo$le to directl'$ro$ose a,end,ents to te Constitution troug te s'ste, of initiative. 4e$o*er of Co,elec to issue rules and regulations 7QJ $o*er= is li,ited onl' to*at is $rovided under 6

7a= Section 8 of Article I/C of te Constitution and

7%= %' a la* *ere su%ordinate legislation is autori>ed and *icsatisfied te 3co,$leteness5 and te 3sufficient standard5 tests.

Ra4l La$7ino5 et. al. %). Co$elec .R. No. !=;!>"5 Octo7er 2>5 2< teissue on initiative to $ro$ose a,end,ents to te 09 Constitution *as again atissue. &AC4S2 Raul #a,%ino and Enrico Au,entado *it oter grou$s1gatered signatures for an initiative to $ro$ose a,end,ents to te 09Constitution. In August 8@@;1 te #a,%ino grou$ filed a $etition as?ing teCo,elec to conduct a $le%iscite for te ratification of te a,end,ents $ro$osedin teir initiative $etition1 in accordance *it Section :7%= and 7c= and Section 9

of RA ;9


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initiative u$on a $etition1 te $ro$osed a,end,ents ,ust %e e,%odied in te$etition itself.

4e rationale for te second requisite is tat te signature require,ent *ould %erendered ,eaningless if te $erson affixing is signature as not first seen andunderstood *at it is tat e is signing. &urter1 and ,ore i,$ortantl'1 looseinter$retation of te su%scri$tion require,ent can $ose a significant $otential forfraud. !n/co,$liance *it te a%ove ,entioned require,ent is fatal to teinitiative $etition. &or sure1 te great ,aorit' of te ;.


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adds1 reduces1 deletes1 *itout altering te %asic $rinci$le involved. Revisiongenerall' affects several $rovisions of te constitution1 *ile a,end,entgenerall' affects onl' te s$ecific $rovision %eing a,ended.

!n te second $ivotal issue of revisiting te ruling of te Court in Santiago vs.Co,elec1 te Court eld tat an affir,ation or reversal of te sa,e *ill notcange te outco,e of te case. 4e Court ,ust avoid revisiting a rulinginvolving te constitutionalit' of a statute if te case %efore te Court canresolve on so,e grounds. Suc avoidance is a logical consequence of te *ell/settled doctrine tat courts *ill not $ass u$on te constitutionalit' of te statuteif te case can %e resolved on so,e oter grounds.

NOTE In te resolution on te ,otion for reconsideration1 o*ever1 te Courtnoted tat a ,aorit' of te ustices voted to declare RA ;9


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Petitioner SB"A see?s to nullif' te !rder of Co,elec den'ing $etitionerHs$lea to sto$ te olding of a local initiative and referendu, on te $ro$ositionto recall te Fa$as'aan as it *as $roceeding *it a local initiative tat

$ro$oses an a,end,ent of a national la*. I,,UE

*eter Co,elec co,,itted grave a%use of discretion in$ro,ulgating and i,$le,enting its Res. (o. 88 *ic governte conduct of te referendu, $ro$osing to annul or re$eal PFBlg. 0@ and

*eter te questioned local initiative covers a su%ect *itin te$o*ers of te $eo$le of "orong to enact 7*eter suc initiative

see?s te a,end,ent of a national la*.

In tis case1 te SC *as co,$elled to distinguis Initiative fro, Referendu,.4o %egin *it1 te $rocess started %' +arcia et. al.1 *as an Initiative %utres$ondent Co,elec ,ade $re$arations for a referendu,. In te %od' of teCo,elec Resolution (o. 881 te *ord 3referendu,5 is re$eated at least 89ti,es1 %ut initiative is not ,entioned at all. 4e Co,elec la%eled te exercise asa referendu,1 te counting of votes *as entrusted to a referendu, co,,ittee1

te docu,ents *ere called referendu, returns and so fort. As distinguised1initiative is a $rocess of la* ,a?ing %' te $eo$le te,selves *itout te$artici$ation and against te *ises of teir elected re$resentatives *ilereferendu, consists ,erel' *it te electorate a$$roving or reecting *at as%een dra*n u$ or enacted %' te legislative %od' %' si,$l' indicating 'es or noin te %allot.

In initiative1 tere is a need for te Co,elec to su$ervise te $rocess closel'1 itHsautorit' terein extending not onl' to te counting and canvassing of votes %ut

also to seeing to it tat te ,atter or act su%,itted to te $eo$le is in te $ro$erfor, and language so it ,a' %e easil' understood and voted u$on %' teelectorate. Care in tis activit' ,ust %e exercise tat no petition embracingmore than one subject shall be submitted to the electorate, although two or

more propositions may be submitted in an initiative.

As to te second issue1 SB"A insists tat te creation of te SSEM is no* a faitacco,$li for te %enefit of te entire nation and "orong cannot unilaterall'

*itdra* its concurrence or i,$ose ne* conditions for suc concurrence as tis*ould effectivel' render nugator' te creation of te SSEM. 4e SC agreed


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*it te contention of +arcia tat te $osition of SB"A is $re,ature andconectural %ecause at tis $oint te resolution is ust a $ro$osal. If te $eo$lesould reect it during te referendu,1 ten tere is noting to declare as illegal.A *rit of $roi%ition cannot issue u$on a ,ere conecture or $ossi%ilit' as

courts ,a' decide onl' actual controversies and not '$otetical questions orcases.


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DATE O+ RECALL 6 N$on te filing of a valid $etition for recall *it tea$$ro$riate local office of te Co,elec1 te Co,elec or its dul' autori>edre$resentative sall set te date of te election or recall1 *ic sall not %e later

tan


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"a'or. Joel e,erged as te *inner over is o$$onent Antonio A%a'a and e*as later $roclai,ed *it A,elita (avarro as Vice/"a'or.

!n "a' 0


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II ,6ecial election)on te oter and1 is an election not regularl' eld %ut*ic is conducted /

to su$$l' a vacanc' in a $articular office %efore te ex$iration ofte full ter, for *ic te incu,%ent *as elected. ,ec. ; o' RA

=!5ens of tePili$$ines (!4 oter*ise disqualified %' la*1 *o are at least 0 'ears of age*o sall ave resided in te Pili$$ines for at least one 70= 'ear and in te$lace *erein te' $ro$ose to vote for at least six 7;= ,onts in te i,,ediatel'$receding te elections. (o literac'1 $ro$ert' or oter su%stantive require,entssall %e i,$osed on te exercise of suffrage.


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,ection 2. 4e Congress sall $rovide for a s'ste, of securing te secrec' andsanctit' of te %allot as *ell as a s'ste, of a%sentee voting %' qualified&ili$inos a%road.

4e Congress sall also design a $rocedure for te disa%led and illiteratesto vote *itout te assistance of oter $ersons. Nntil ten1 te' sall %e allo*edto vote under existing la*s and suc rules as te Co,,ission on Elections ,a'$ro,ulgate to $rotect te secrec' of te %allot.

WHO /A* REI,TER 0RA @!@?5 0An Act Pro%i8in& 'or t3e eneralRe&i)tration o' Voter) 6ro%i8in& 'or a ,y)te$ o' Contin4in& Re&i)tration(3ic3 too e''ect on J4ne !!5 !??


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An' $erson *o te$6orarilyresides in anoter cit'1 ,unici$alit' or countr')olely%' reason of is occu$ation1 $rofession1 e,$lo',ent in $rivate or $u%licservice1 educational activities1 *or? in te ,ilitar' or naval reservations1 *itin

te Pili$$ines1 service in te A&P1 or confine,ent or detention in govern,entinstitution in accordance *it la*1 sall NOT %e dee,ed to ave lost isoriginal residence.

Any 6er)on (3o5 on t3e 8ay o' re&i)tration $ay not 3a%e reac3e8 t3ere4ire8 a&e or 6erio8 o' re)i8ence 74t5 (3o on t3e 8ay o' election )3all6o))e)) )4c3 4ali'ication)5 $ay re&i)ter a) a %oter.9

/eynar8 ,a7ili %. Co$elec+lorencio Li7rea


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WHEN DI,ABILIT* RE/OVED :

Plenar' $ardon or a,nest' 6 tose sentenced %' final udg,ent. ArticleI-C5 ,ection >$rovides tat te President cannot1 *itout te favora%lereco,,endation of te Co,elec grant $ardon1 a,nest'1 $arole orsus$ension of sentence in cases involving violation of election la*s andviolation of election rules and regulations.

Ex$iration of five 7:= 'ears after service of sentence

!fficial declaration %' te $ro$er autorit' tat te insanit' orinco,$etenc' no longer exist.

Re)i8ency Re4ire$ent

Ro$eo A. Jalo)o) %. Co$elec Dan Era)$o5 ,r. =2 02!21

Re)i8ence 6 4e #ocal +overn,ent Code requires a candidate see?ing te$osition of $rovincial governor to %e a resident of te $rovince for at least 70='ear %efore te election. &or $ur$oses of te election la*s1 te require,ent ofresidence is s'non',ous *it do,icile1 ,eaning tat a $erson ,ust not onl'

intend to reside in a $articular $lace %ut ,ust also ave $ersonal $resence insuc $lace cou$led *it conduct indicative of suc intention. 4ere is no ardand fast rule to deter,ine a candidateHs co,$liance *it residenc' require,entsince te question of residence is a question of intention. Still1 uris$rudencead laid do*n te follo*ing guidelines2

7a= ever' $erson as a do,icile or residence so,e*ereK

7%=*ere once esta%lised1 tat do,icile re,ains until e acquires a ne*oneK and

7c= a $erson can ave %ut one do,icile at a ti,e.

4e Co,elec concluded tat Jalosos as not co,e to settle is do,icile in I$ilsince e as ,erel' %een sta'ing at is %roterHs ouse. But tis circu,stancealone cannot su$$ort suc conclusion. Indeed1 te Court as re$eatedl' eldtat a candidate is not required to ave a ouse in a co,,unit' to esta%lis is

residence or do,icile in a $articular $lace. It is sufficient tat e sould livetere even if it %e in a rented ouse or in te ouse of a friend or relative. 4o


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insist tat te candidate o*n te ouse *ere e lives *ould ,a?e $ro$ert' aqualification for $u%lic office. )at ,atters is tat Jalosos as 6ro%e8 t(ot3in&)2 actual $'sical $resence in I$il and an intention of ,a?ing it isdo,icile.

/itra %). Co$$i))ion on Election)5 Antonio onale) an8 Orlan8o Bal7on5Jr.

II!I"#A!" A$% %I&A'"% ()!"#& 6 Illiterates or disa%led are referredto as a $ersons *o cannot %' te,selves $re$are an a$$lication for registration%ecause of teir $'sical disa%ilit' andLor ina%ilit' to read and *rite. 0,ection "0e11


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,ection !;. Proce84re 'or illiterate a66licant) 7tose *o cannot read and*rite= 6 a))i)te8 7y t3e election o''icer or any $e$7er o' an accre8ite8citien) ar$. 4e election officer sall $lace suc illiterate $erson under oat1as? i, te questions and record te ans*ers given in order to acco,$lis te

a$$lication for, in te $resence of te ,aorit' of te ,e,%ers of te Board.4e acco,$lised for, sall %e su%scri%ed %' te a$$licant in te $resence ofte Board %' ,eans of tu,%,ar? or so,e oter custo,ar' ,ar? and it sall %esu%scri%ed and attested %' te ,aorit' of te ,e,%ers of te Board.

Proce84re 'or 8i)a7le8 %oter) 6 t3e a66lication 'or re&i)tration o' a63y)ically 8i)a7le8 6er)on 0e#. 7lin85 no 3an8)5 )enior citien5 $4te1 $ay7e 6re6are8 7y any relati%e (it3in t3e ;t3ci%il 8e&ree o' con)an&4inityora''inityor %' te election officer or an' ,e,%er of an accredited citi>enHs ar,

using te data su$$lied %' te a$$licant.

NOTE Co,,on to %ot $rocedures1 te fact of illiterac' and disa%ilit' sall%e so indicated in te a$$lication.

HOW TO REI,TER

,ection @6 S'ste, of Continuing Registration of VotersLCreation of ElectionRegistration Boards

A qualified voter $ersonall' files an a$$lication for registration DAI#*it te office of te election officer during regular office ours. 4eERB are autori>ed to act on all a$$lications for registration .

LI/ITATION (o registration sall %e conducted during te $eriod starting08@ da's %efore a regular elections and @ da's %efore a s$ecial elections.

,ec. !> : Election Re&i)tration Boar8 6 4ere sall %e in eac cit' and,unici$alit' as ,an' as ERBHs as tere are election officers terein.

Co$6o)ition6 Election !fficer 7E!= as cair,an and as ,e,%ers1 te $u%licscool official ,ost senior in ran? and te local civil registrar 7#CR=1 or in isa%sence1 te cit' or ,unici$al treasurer 7"4=.


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In case of disqualification of te E!1 te Co,,ission sall designate as actingE! *o sall serve as cair,an of te ERB. In cases of te non/availa%ilit' ofte #CR or te "41 Co,elec sall designate an' oter a$$ointive civil serviceofficial fro, te sa,e localit' as su%stitute.

Re)triction) to a66oint$ent6 (o ,e,%er of te %oard sall %e related to eacoter or to an' incu,%ent cit' or ,unici$al elective official *itin te tcivildegree of consanguinit' or affinit'. If in succeeding elections1 an' of te ne*l'elected cit' or ,unici$al officials is related to a ,e,%er of te %oard *itin tesa,e degree1 suc ,e,%er is auto,aticall' disqualified to $reserve te integrit'of te ERB.

Ever' registered $art' and suc organi>ations as ,a' %e autori>ed %'te Co,elec sall %e entitled to a *atcer in ever' registration %oard.

,ec. != : Proce84re 'or 3earin& o' a66lication).

Date of earing $osted in te cit' or ,unici$al %ulletin %oard and E!office at least 0 *ee? %efore date of earing

I' o7ecte8 to5 EO )3all recei%e e%i8ence. P3y)ical 6re)ence o'a66licant in t3i) ca)e i) $an8atory to re74t e%i8ence 6re)ente8 ino66o)ition t3ereto

If no o%ection to a$$lication1 $'sical a$$earance not required and *ill%e dul' infor,ed in *riting

A$$lications for registration sall %e eard and $rocessed on a quarterl'%asis. Board sall convene on te


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suc a$$roval to te E! of te for,er residence of te voter1 said E! salltrans,it %' registered ,ail te voterHs registration record to te E! of tevoterHs ne* residence.

,ection !". C3an&e o' A88re)) in t3e ,a$e City or /4nici6ality :An' voter*o as canged is address in te sa,e cit' or ,unici$alit' sall i,,ediatel'notif' te E! in *riting. If te cange of address involves a cange in $recinct1te Board sall transfer is registration record to te $recinct %oo? of voters ofis ne* $recinct and notif' te voter of is ne* $recinct. All canges ofaddress sall %e re$orted to te office of te $rovincial election su$ervisor andte Co,,ission in "anila.

,ec. 2= : DEACTIVATION6 is a $rocess *erein te registration record of avoter is re$o%e8 7y t3e ERB 'ro$ t3e corre)6on8in& 6recinct 7oo o'%oter) an8 6lace) t3e )a$e in an inacti%e 'ile$ro$erl' ,ar?ed and dated inindeli%le in? and after entering te cause for deactivation *ic are as follo*s2

4ose *o are disqualified %' virtue of a final udg,ent1 insane andinco,$etent $ersons as officiall' declared.

An' $erson *o failed to vote in te t*o 78= successive $receding

regular elections as so*n %' is voting records.

An' $erson *ose registration as %een ordered excluded %' te court.

An' $erson *o as lost is &ili$ino citi>ensi$.

&or $ur$oses of te a%ove 6 te Cler?s of Court of te "4C1 "4CC1 R4Cand SB sall furnis te E! of te cit' or ,unici$alit' concerned at te end ofeac ,ont a certified list of $ersons *o are disqualified %' virtue of a final

udg,ent1 *it teir addresses.

&or tose *o lost teir citi>ensi$1 insanit' and inco,$etenc'1 teCo,elec ,a' request a certified list of suc $ersons fro, te govern,entagencies concerned.

,ec. 2@ : REACTIVATION6 is a $rocess *ere%' a voter *ose registrationrecords as %een deactivated files *it te election officer a s*orn a$$lication

for reactivation of is registration in te for, of an affidavit %' stating tereintat te grounds for te deactivation no longer exist.


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PERIOD TO +ILE6 An' ti,e %ut not later tan 08@ da's %efore a regularelection and @ da's %efore a s$ecial election. N$on a$$roval1 te Board1 sallretrieve te registration records fro, te inactive file and include te sa,e in

te corres$onding $recinct %oo? of voters.

REQNIRE"E(42 #ocal eads or re$resentatives of $olitical $arties sall %e$ro$erl' notified of te a$$roved a$$lications.

,ec. 2? : CANCELLATION6 is a $rocess *erein te Board cancels teregistration records of tose *o ave died as certified %' te local civilregistrar *o sall su%,it eac ,ont a certified list of $ersons *o diedduring te $revious ,ont to te election officer of te $lace *ere te

deceased is registered.

PETITION +OR INCLU,ION OR ECLU,ION.

Re,edies of $ersons *ose a$$lication for reactivation1 inclusion or correctionas %een disa$$roved or tose *o intend to exclude a voter fro, te list ofvoters.

Panla4i %. Co$elec

denialLcancellation $roceedings involve te issue of *eter tere is a falsere$resentation of a ,aterial fact 7Sec. 9=.

,ec. "" JURI,DICTION 6 4e "unici$al and "etro$olitan 4rial Courtssall ave original urisdiction over all cases of inclusion and exclusion ofvoters in teir res$ective cities or ,unici$alities. 7B' ex$ress $rovision ofArticle I-C5 ,ection 2 0"1 o' t3e Con)tit4tion1 te Co,elec sall decide allquestions affecting elections1 e#ce6t t3e ri&3t to %ote. 4is question is a

usticia%le issue *ic finds redress in te udiciar'. 7P4n&4tan %. Co$elec ;",CRA ! 0!?=21.


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Again 6 in Panla4i %). Co$elec

WHERE TO APPEAL 6 Decisions of te "unici$al or "etro$olitan 4rialCourts ,a' %e a$$ealed %' te aggrieved $art' to te Regional 4rial Court

*itin five 7:= fro, recei$t of notice tereof. !ter*ise1 said decision sall%eco,e final and executor'. Regional 4rial Court sall decide te a$$eal*itin ten 70@= da's fro, te ti,e it is received and te Regional 4rial Courtdecision sall i,,ediatel' %eco,e final and executor'. No $otion 'orrecon)i8eration )3all 7e entertaine8.

Do$ino %. Co$elec "! >;< 0!???=. Exce$t for te rigt to re,ain in te list ofvoters or for %eing excluded terefor, for te $articular election in relation to

*ic te $roceedings ad %een eld1 a decision in an exclusion $roceeding1e%en i' 'inal an8 4na66eala7le 8oe) not ac4ire t3e nat4re o' re) 48icata.4us1 a 8eci)ion in an e#cl4)ion 6rocee8in& (o4l8 neit3er 7e concl4)i%e ont3e %oter) 6olitical )tat4)5 nor 7ar )47)e4ent 6rocee8in&) on 3i) ri&3t to7e re&i)tere8 a) a %oter in any ot3er election.

,ec. "; : Petition 'or Incl4)ion o' Voter)in te list 6 WHO /A* +ILE2 an'$erson *ose a$$lication for registration 6

-as %een disa$$roved %' te BoardK or

)ose na,e as %een stric?en out fro, te listK

)ose na,e *as not included in te $recinct list of voters

)o as %een included terein *it a *rong or ,iss$elled na,e 7afterte Board disa$$roves its a$$lication for reinstate,ent or correction ofna,e= ,a' file *it te court.


26/117

PERIOD TO +ILE2 An' ti,e exce$t 0@: da's $rior to a regular election or 9:da's $rior to a s$ecial election. 4e $etition sould %e su$$orted %' acertificate of disa$$roval of is a$$lication and $roof of service of notice u$onte Board. "4C sall decide *itin fifteen 70:= da's after itHs filing.

If te decision is for te inclusion of voters in te $er,anent list of voters1 teBoard sall $lace te a$$lication for registration $reviousl' disa$$roved in tecorres$onding BV and indicate in te a$$lication for registration te date of teorder of inclusion and te court *ic issued te sa,e.

,ection "> : Petition 'or E#cl4)ion o' Voter) 'ro$ t3e li)t 6 )-! "A&I#E2 an' registered voter1 re$resentative of a $olitical $art' or te Election

!fficer.

PERIOD TO +ILE2 An' ti,e exce$t 0@@ da's $rior to a regular election or ;:da's $rior to a s$ecial election. Su$$orting docu,ents sall %e $roof of noticeto te Board and to te callenged voter. "4C sall decide *itin ten 70@=da's.

If te decision is for exclusion1 te Board1 sall re,ove te voters

registration record fro, te corres$onding BV1 enter te order of exclusionterein.

A7ayan %. Co$elec /arc3 2


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As ruled1 t3e ri&3t o' )4''ra&e i) not a7)ol4te1 as in te eno',ent of all oterrigts1 it is su%ect to existing su%stantive and $rocedural require,entse,%odied in our Constitution1 statute and oter re$ositories of la*.

Proce84ral li$itation6 ,ust undergo te $rocess of registration1 in addition tote ,axi,u, require,ents set %' te Constitution under Section 01 Article V1te act of registration %eing an indis$ensa%le $recondition and essential to terigt of suffrage and election $rocess. Referring to ,ection @ o' RA @!@?5 t3ela( i) e#6licit t3at3no re&i)tration )3all 3o(e%er 7e con84cte8 84rin& t3e6erio8 )tartin& !2 8ay) 7e'ore a re&4lar election an8 ? 8ay) 7e'ore a)6ecial election.9

,ec. "> o' RA @!@?on te and s$ea?s of te $roi%itive $eriod *itin *icto file a s*orn $etition for te exclusion of voters fro, te $er,anent list ofvoters. 4us if te s$ecial registration of voters *ill %e conducted1 ten te$roi%itive $eriod for filing $etitions for exclusion ,ust li?e*ise %e adusted toa later date1 if not1 ten no one can callenge te voters list *ic is violative ofte $rinci$les of due $rocess and *ould o$en te registration $rocess to a%useand seriousl' co,$ro,ise te integrit' of te voterHs list and tat of te entireelection.

OVER,EA, AB,ENTEE VOTER, : RA ?!@? A7)entee Voter) Act o'2"

3O%er)ea) A7)entee Voter5 refers to a citi>en of te Pili$$ines *o isqualified to register and vote under tis Act1 not oter*ise disqualified %' la*1*o is a%road on te da' of te elections.

,ection > : Di)4ali'ication7a= 4ose *o ave lost teir &ili$ino citi>ensi$ in accordance *it

Pili$$ine la*sK

7%= 4ose *o ave ex$ressl' renounced teir Pili$$ine citi>ensi$ and*o ave $ledged allegiance to a foreign countr'K

7c= 4ose *o ave co,,itted and are convicted %' a final udg,ent %'a court or tri%unal of an offense $unisa%le %' i,$rison,ent of notless tan one 70= 'ear1 including tose *o ave co,,itted and %een

found guilt' of Dislo'alt' as defined under Article !"= o' t3eRe%i)e8 Penal Co8e1 suc as disa%ilit' not aving re,oved %'


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$lenar' $ardon or a,nest'K Provided1 o*ever1 4at an' $ersondisqualified to vote u$on te ex$iration of five 7:= 'ears after serviceof sentenceK Provided furter1 4at te Co,,ission ,a' ta?ecogni>ance of final udg,ents issued %' foreign courts or tri%unals

onl' on te %asis of reci$rocit' and su%ect to te for,alities and$rocesses $rescri%ed %' te Rules of Court on execution of

udg,entsK

7d= An i,,igrant or a $er,anent resident *o is recogni>ed as suc inte ost countr'1 unless eLse executes1 u$on registration1 anaffidavit $re$ared for te $ur$ose %' te Co,,ission declaring tateLse sall resu,e actual $'sical $er,anent residence in tePili$$ines not later tan tree 7en of te Pili$$ines a%road $reviousl' declared insane orinco,$etent %' co,$etent autorit' in te Pili$$ines or a%road1 asverified %' te Pili$$ine e,%assies1 consulates or foreign serviceesta%lis,ents concerned1 unless suc co,$etent autorit'

su%sequentl' certifies tat suc $erson is no longer insane or

inco,$etent.

/acalintal %. Co$elec ;> ,CRA


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As suc1 te' sougt registration and certification as overseas a%sentee votersunder RA ?!@? or t3e O%er)ea) A7)entee Votin& Act o' 2"5 in order to votein te "a' 8@@ elections. -o*ever1 te Pili$$ine e,%ass' in te NS advisedte, tat $er Co,elec letter dated Se$te,%er 8es congress to devise a s'ste,*erein an a%sentee ,a' vote1 i,$l'ing tat a non/resident ,a'1 as anexce$tion to te residenc' $rescri$tion in te $receding section1 %e allo*ed tovote.

4ere is no $rovision in te dual citi>ensi$ la* 7RA 88:=1 requiring 3duals5to actuall' esta%lis residence and $'sicall' sta' in te Pili$$ines first %eforete' can exercise teir rigt to vote. !n te contrar'1 RA 88:1 in i,$licit

ac?no*ledge,ent tat 3duals5 are ,ost li?el' non/residents1 grants under,ection >0!1te sa,e rigt of suffrage as granted to an a%sentee voter underRA ?!@? *ic ai,s to enfrancise as ,uc as $ossi%le all overseas &ili$inos1*o1 save for te residenc' require,ent exacted of an ordinar' conditions1 arequalified to vote as ruled in /aalintal %). Co$elec ;> ,CRA

Cor8ora %. Co$$i))ion on Election) >@ ,CRA !2 02?1 6 Cordoraconcluded tat 4a,%unting failed to ,eet te residenc' require,ent %ecause of4a,%untingHs naturali>ation as an A,erican. CordoraHs reasoning fails %ecause4a,%unting is not a naturali>ed A,erican. Residenc'1 for te $ur$ose ofelections la*s1 includes te t*in ele,ents of te fact of residing in a fixed $laceand te intention to return tere $er,anentl'1 and is not de$endent u$onciti>ensi$.


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POLITICAL PARTIE,5 PART* LI,T AND CITIEN, AR/

Article I-C5 ,ec. ! 0>11 autori>es te Co,elec under te Constitutionto Re&i)ter5 a'ter )4''icient 647lication5 6olitical 6artie)5 or&aniation)5 or

coalition) (3ic35 in a88ition to ot3er re4ire$ent)5 $4)t 6re)ent t3eir6lat'or$ or 6ro&ra$ o' &o%ern$entF an8 accre8it citien)G ar$) o' t3eCo$$i))ion on Election).

,ection ed to do so under its Constitutions and %'/la*s.

Be'ore Co$elec tae) action1 te Co,elec sall first verif'1 troug its fieldoffices1 te status and ca$acit' of te $etitioner and te veracit' of teallegations in te $etition. 0,ec. ;5 R4le "21. After te verification $rocess1 tePetition *ill %e $u%lised *it te (otice of -earing.

!nce registered te $olitical $art' is issued a Certificate of Registration 0,ec. =170= acquires uridical $ersonalit' 78= $u%lic is infor,ed of te $art'Hs existence

and ideals 7ation %e a$olitical $art'.

Li$itation) on Re&i)tration

Religious sects are $roi%ited to %e registered for te $ur$ose of teelectoral $rocess *ic is ,ade in te s$irit of se$aration of curc andstate and intended to $revent curces fro, *ielding $olitical $o*er.


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Does not extend to organi>ations *it religious affiliations or to$olitical $arties *ic derive teir $rinci$les fro, religious %eliefs.4ose *o see? to acieve teir goals troug unla*ful ,eans

4ose *ic refuse to adere to te Constitution

4ose *ic are su$$orted %' an' foreign govern,ent 0,ec. 20>1Article I-C1

Cancellation o' Re&i)tration 0,ec. @1 :U6on %eri'ie8 co$6laint o' anyintere)te8 6arty5 or $ot4 6ro6io 7y t3e Co$$i))ion5te registration of an'$olitical $art'1 coalition of $olitical $arties or organi>ations under te $art'/lists'ste, ,a' %e cancelled after due notice and earing on te follo*ing grounds2

7a= Acce$tance %' te $olitical $art'1 coalition of $olitical $arties1 ororgani>ations or an' of its candidates1 of financial contri%utions fro,foreign govern,ents andLor teir agencies for activities related toelections.

7%= Violation of la*s1 rules or regulations relating to elections1$le%iscites1 referenda or initiative.

Nntrutful state,ents in its $etition for registration

7d= 4e said $olitical $art'1 coalition of $olitical $arties or organi>ation

as %eco,e a religious sect or deno,ination1 is $ursuing its goals truviolence or oter unla*ful ,eans1 is refusing to adere to or u$old teConstitution of te Pili$$ines1 or is receiving su$$ort fro, an' foreigngovern,entK

7e= &ailure to co,$l' *it a$$lica%le la*s1 rules or regulations of teCo,,ission

7f= &ailure to field official candidates in te last t*o $receding elections

or failure of teir candidates to o%tain at least five 7:= $er centu, of tevotes cast in te last t*o $receding elections.

J4ri)8iction o' Co$elec o%er Inter-Party Di)64te)Po(er to Re&i)terPolitical Partie)

L4i) LoinJr.Tere)ita Plana) %. Co$elecCIBAC "@ 02!21

In Atiena %. Co$elec 0

tri%utar' of its constitutionall' ,andated $o*er to enforce election la*s andregister $olitical $arties. 4e Court1 terein cited Fala* v. Co,elec and


32/117

Pal,ares v. Co,elec *ic unifor,l' u$eld te Co,elecHs urisdiction overintra/$art' dis$utes2 As ruled in Fala* v. Co,elec1 te Co,elecHs $o*ers andfunctions under Section 81 Article I/C of te Constitution1 3include teascertain,ent of te identit' of te $olitical $art' and its legiti,ate officers

res$onsi%le for te acts.5 4e Court also declared in anoter case tat teCo,elecHs $o*er to register $olitical $arties necessaril' involved tedeter,ination of te $ersons *o ,ust act on its %ealf. 4us1 te Co,elec,a' resolve an intra/$art' leadersi$ dis$ute1 in a $ro$er case %rougt %efore it1as an incident of its $o*er to register $olitical $arties.

Li7eral Party %). Co$$i))ion on Election)


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La7an n& De$oration& Pili6ino5 re6re)ente8 7y it) C3air$an E8&ar8oJ. An&ara %. Co$elec5 et. al. ;2" ,CRA


34/117

*ic te Court cannot ,eddle in. 4e reason %eind te rigt given to a$olitical $art' to no,inate a re$lace,ent *ere a $er,anent vacanc' occurs inte Sanggunian is to ,aintain te $art' re$resentation as *illed %' te $eo$le inte election 7Sec. : 7%= of RA 90;@ Rule on Succession and as eld in (avarro

v. CA ;98 SCRA


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Part'/list re$resentation sall constitute 8@G of te total nu,%er ofre$resentatives %' selection or election fro, te la%or1 $easant1 ur%an $oor1indigenous cultural ,inorities1 *o,en1 'out and suc oter sectors as ,a' %e

$rovided %' la*1 exce$t te religious sector 0,ec. !! an8 Art. V5 ,ec. >021 !?@=Con)tit4tion1

Loin5 Jr. %). Co$$i))ion on election) /+on>ales and Bore. Su%sequentl'1 Villanueva trans,itted toCo,elec te signed $etitions of ,ore tan 0G if te CIBAC ,e,%ers in orderto confir, te *itdra*al of te no,inations of #o?in1 4ugna and +alang.


36/117

Based on te Part'/#ist Canvas Re$ort1 it so*ed tat CIBAC *as entitled to asecond seat1 ence1 te counsel of CIBAC filed *it te Co,elec sitting as(ational Board of Canvassers1 a request to $roclai, #o?in as te 8ndno,inee*ic *as o$$osed %' Villanueva and Cru>/+on>ales. Since Co,elec failed to

act on te filing of te certificate of no,ination1 su%stitution and a,end,ent ofte list of no,inees and te $etitions of te ,ore tan 0G of CIBAC ,e,%ers1Villanueva filed a $etition to confir, te said certificate *it te Co,elec*ic *as doc?eted as E.". (o. @9/@:. In te ,eanti,e1 Co,elec as (BC$artiall' $roclai,ed several $art' lists as aving *on *ic included Ci%ac.

4e Secretar' +eneral of CIBAC infor,ed te Secretar' +eneral of te -R tofor,all' s*ear #o?in into office %ut *ic *as denied in vie* of te $endenc'of E.". (o. @9/@: *ic a$$roved te *itdra*al of te no,inations of

#o?in et. al. and te su%stitution of Bore. Cru>/+on>ales *as $roclai,ed aste official second no,inee.

#o?in %rougt %efore te SC via "anda,us to co,$el res$ondent Co,elec to$roclai, i, as te official second no,inee of CIBAC. Also1 in anoter$etition1 #o?in assailed Sec. 0< of Resolution (o. 9@ 7Rules and Regulations+overning te filing of "anifestation of Intent to Partici$ate and su%,ission of(a,es of (o,inees under te Part'/#ist= and its resolution in E.". (o. @9/@:.

4e Co,elec asserts tat a $etition for certiorari is an ina$$ro$riate recourse in

la* due to te $rocla,ation of Cru>/+on>ales as re$resentative and erassu,$tion of tat officeK tat #o?inHs $ro$er recourse *as an electoral $rotestfiled in te -RE41 terefore1 te Court as no urisdiction over te ,atter %eingraised %' #o?in. CIBAC $osits tat #o?in is guilt' of foru, so$$ing for filinga $etition for ,anda,us and a $etition for certiorari1 considering tat %ot$etitions ulti,atel' see? to ave i, $roclai,ed as te second no,inee ofCIBAC.

I,,UE,2 a= )eter or not te Court as urisdiction over te controvers'. 4eCourt as urisdiction. 4e controvers' involving #o?in is neiter an EP nor anaction for Q)1 for it concerns a ver' $eculiar situation in *ic #o?in issee?ing to %e seated as second no,inee of CIBAC. Altoug an EP ,a'$ro$erl' %e availa%le to one $art/list organi>ation see?ing to unseat anoter$art'/list organi>ation to deter,ine *ic %et*een te defeated and te *inning$art'/list organi>ations actuall' o%tained te ,aorit' of te legal votes1 #o?inHs

case is not one in *ic a no,inee of a $articular $art'/list organi>ation tere%'*ants to unseat anoter no,inee of te sa,e $art' list. (eiter does an action


37/117

for Q) lie1 considering tat te case does not involve te ineligi%ilit' anddislo'alt' of Cru>/+on>ales to te RP1 or so,e oter case of disqualification.

#o?in as correctl' %rougt tis s$ecial civil action for certiorari against teCo,elec to see? te revie* of its resolution in accordance *it Section 9 ofArticle I/A of te 09 Constitution1 not*itstanding te oat and assu,$tionof office %' Cru>/+on>ales. 4e constitutional ,andate is no* i,$le,ented %'Rule ; of te 09 Rules of Procedure1 *ic $rovides for te revie* of te

udg,ents1 final orders or resolution of te Co,elec and te Co,,ission onAudit. As Rule ; states1 te ,ode of revie* is %' a $etition for certiorari inaccordance *it Rule ;: to %e filed in te SC *itin te li,ited $eriod of

A%a'on is te 0stno,inee of te Aangat 4a'o $art'/list tat *on a seat in te-R during te 8@@9 elections. Pal$aran on te oter and *as te 0stno,inee ofBanta' $art'/list. A $etition for Q) *as filed *it -RE4 against te $art'/listgrou$s and its no,inee clai,ing tat it *as not eligi%le for a $art'/list since itdid not re$resent te ,arginali>ed and underre$resented sectors. A%a'on is tes$ouse of an incu,%ent congressional district re$resentative and li?e*ise doesnot %elong to te NR and ,arginali>ed. Petitioners also clai, tat A%a'on loster %id as $art'/list re$ called An )ara' in te i,,ediatel' $receding elections

of "a' 0@1 8@@. Pal$aran also *as alleged to ave co,,itted various u,an


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rigts violations against te ,arginali>ed sectors 7Banta' re$resents te victi,sof co,,unist re%els1 CA&+N1 securit' guards and for,er re%els.=

A%a'on and Pal$aran $ostures tat te Co,elec alread' confir,ed te statusof te $art' list as a national ,ulti/sectoral $art'/list organi>ation1 tat -RE4ad no urisdiction over te $etitioner for Q) since te $etitioners collaterall'attac?ed te registration of te $art'/list organi>ation1 a ,atter tat fell *itinte urisdiction of te Co,elec. 4at it *as te $art'/list tat *as ta?ing a seatin te -R and not te,1 %eing onl' its no,inees. All questions involving teireligi%ilit' as no,inee1 *ere internal concerns of te organi>ation. 4e -RE4dis,issed te $etition against $art'/list %ut u$eld its urisdiction overno,inees *o %ot filed an "R *ic *as denied. -ence1 tis s$ecial civilaction for certiorari alleging tat te -RE4 gravel' a%used its discretion.

4e Court ,ade reference to ,ec. >0!1 o' Article VI 0(3ic3 i8enti'ie) (3o t3e$e$7er)9 o' t3at Ho4)e are. 4e -R sall %e co,$osed of not ,ore tan8:@ ,e,%ers1 unless oter*ise fixed %' la*1 (3o )3all 7e electe8 'ro$le&i)lati%e 8i)trict) a$$ortioned a,ong te $rovinces1 cities1 and te"etro$olitan "anila area in accordance *it te nu,%er of teir res$ectiveina%itants1 and on te %asis of a unifor, and $rogressive ration1 an8 t3o)e(3o5 a) 6ro%i8e8 7y la(5 )3all 7e electe8 t3ro4&3 a 6arty-li)t )y)te$ o'

re&i)tere8 national5 re&ional an8 )ectoral 6artie) or or&aniation).

Clearl' te 3$e$7er)9 of te HR are t(o in8). . .!1 tose *o sall %eelected fro, legislative districts an8 8= 3tose *o sall %e elected troug a$art'/list s'ste,5. &ro, te $oint of vie* of te Constitution1 it is te $art'/listre$ *o are 3elected5 into office1 (!4 teir $arties or organi>ations. 4esere$resentatives are elected1 o*ever1 troug tat $eculiar $art'/list s'ste, tatte Constitution autori>ed and tat Congress %' la* esta%lised *ere tevoters cast teir votes for te organi>ations or $arties to *ic suc $art'/listre$s %elong.

!nce elected1 %ot te district re$s and te $art'/list re$s are treated in li?e,anners. 4e' ave te sa,e deli%erative rigts1 salaries1 and e,olu,ents.4e' can $artici$ate in te ,a?ing of la*s tat *ill directl' %enefit teirlegislative districts or sectors. 4e' are also su%ect to te sa,e ter,li,itations of < 'ears for a ,ax of < consecutive ter,s. 4e $art' list s'ste,act itself recogni>es $art' list no,inees as ,e,%ers of te -R 7,ec. 25 RA =?;!

Declaration o' Policy6 4e State sall $ro,ote $ro$ortional re$resentation inte election of re$s in te -R troug a $art'/list s'ste, of registered national1


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regional and sectoral $arties or organi>ations or coalitions tereof1 *ic *illena%le +ili6ino citien) 7elon&in& to t3e $ar&inalie8 an8 UR )ector) # # ## to 7eco$e $e$7er) o' t3e HR .

4e Court eld tat initiall'1 te autorit' to deter,ine te qualifications of a$art'/list no,inee %elongs to te organi>ation and to coose five fro, a,ongte as$iring no,inees to co,$l' *it te la*. But *ere an allegation is ,adetat te $art' or organi>ation ad cosen and allo*ed a disqualified no,inee to%eco,e its $art'/list re$ in te lo*er ouse and eno' te secured tenure tatgoes *it te $osition1 te resolution of te dis$ute is ta?en out of its and.-ence1 $ursuant to Section 09 of Article VI1 te -RE4 %eing te sole udge ofall contests relating to1 a,ong oter tings1 te qualifications of te ,e,%ers ofte -R1 te -RE4 as urisdiction to ear and $ass u$on teir qualifications.

4e -RE4 *as correct in dis,issing te Q) and retaining autorit' to rule onte qualifications.

P3ili66ine 4ar8ian) Brot3er3oo85 Inc. 0PBI1 %. Co$elec @>7DE#IS4I(+=6 4e Co,elec ,a' ,otu $ro$io !R u$on verified co,$laint ofan' interested $art'1 re,ove1 or cancel1 after due notice and earing1 teregistration of an' national1 regional or sectoral $art'1 organi>ation or coalition

I& It2 7a1 'ail) to 6artici6ate in t3e la)t 2 6rece8in& election)F OR 071 'ail) too7tain at lea)t 2K o' t3e %ote) ca)t) 4n8er t3e 6arty-li)t )y)te$ in t3e 26rece8in& election) 'or t3e con)tit4ency in (3ic3 it (a) re&i)tere8 0,ection< RA =?;!1. 4e *ord 3!R5 is a disunctive ter, signif'ing disassociation andinde$endence of one ting fro, te oter tings enu,erated. A $art' list grou$or organi>ation tat failed to garner 8G in a $rior election and i,,ediatel'tereafter did not $artici$ate in te $receding election 6 is so,eting tat is notcovered %' Section ;7= of RA 90. &ro, tis $ers$ective1 it ,a' %e anunintended ga$ in te la* and as suc is a ,atter for Congress to address. 4is

case a%andoned te "inero vs. Co,elec +.R. (o. 099: "a' 0@1 8@@9.

P3ili66ine 4ar8ian) Brot3er3oo85 Inc. %. Co$elec


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E''ect o' re$o%al 7y Co$elec o' PBI in t3e li)t 2 As it *as te Co,elecitself *ic $revented P+BI fro, $artici$ating in te 0@ "a' 8@0@ $art'/listelections *en it deleted P+BI1 *it grave a%use of discretion1 fro, te list of

accredited $art'/list grou$s or organi>ations and1 tereafter1 refused to return itto te list des$ite te CourtHs directive1 P+BI sould1 at te ver' least1 %e

dee,ed to ave $artici$ated in te 0@ "a' 8@0@

A$ore) %). HRET et. al ?" 02!1 : A,ores via a $etition forQ) *it te -RE4 questioned te legalit' of te assu,$tion of office ofE,,anuel Joel Villanueva as re$ of CIBAC. It *as alleged a,ong otertings1 tat Villanueva assu,ed office *itout a for,al $rocla,ation %' te

Co,elec1 disqualified to %e a no,inee of te 'out sector of CIBAC since atte ti,e of te filing of is certificates of no,ination and acce$tance1 e *asalread'


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4e Court did not find an' textual su$$ort on te inter$retation of -RE4 tat,ection ?a$$lied onl' to tose no,inated during te first < congressional ter,safter te ratification of te Constitution or until 0. A cardinal rule in

statutor' construction is tat *en te la* is clear and free fro, an' dou%t ora,%iguit'1 tere is no roo, for construction or inter$retation. !nl' roo, for

a$$lication. 4e distinction is no*ere found in te la*. )en te la* doesnot distinguis1 *e ,ust not distinguis.

Res$ecting ,ection !> o' RA =?;!1 te Court li?e*ise found no textual su$$ortfor -RE4Hs ratiocination tat te $rovision did not a$$l' to VillanuevaHs siftof affiliation fro, CIBACHs 'out sector to its overseas &ili$ino *or?ers and

teir fa,ilies sector as tere *as no resultant cange in $art' list affiliation.,ection !> rea8) C3an&e o' A''iliation E''ect : Any electe8 6arty li)t re6(3o c3an&e) 3i) 6olitical 6arty or )ectoral a''iliation 84rin& 3i) ter$ o'o''ice )3all 'or'eit 3i) )eatF Pro%i8e85 T3at i' 3e c3an&e) 3i) 6olitical 6artyor )ectoral a''iliation (it3in < $ont3) 7e'ore an election5 3e )3all not 7eeli&i7le 'or no$ination a) 6arty-li)t re6 4n8er 3i) ne( 6arty oror&aniation.

4e *ordings of Section 0: is clear as it covers canges in %ot $olitical $art'

and sectoral affiliation and *ic ,a' occur *itin te sa,e $art' since ,ulti/sectoral $art'/list org are qualified to $artici$ate in te Pili$$ine $art'/lists'ste,. A no,inee *o canges is sectoral affiliation *itin te sa,e $art'*ill onl' %e eligi%le for no,ination under te ne* sectoral affiliation if tecange as %een effected at least ; ,onts %efore te elections. Sec. and 0:a$$l' to Villanueva.

As regards te contention tat Villanueva is te 0stno,inee of CIBAC1 *ose

victor' *as later u$eld1 is (! ,o,ent. A $art'/list orgHs ran?ing of itsno,inees is a ,ere indication of $reference 1 teir qualifications according tola* are a different ,atter.

An& La8la8 LBT Party %. Co$elec


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4e SC ruled tat ,oral disa$$roval is not a sufficient govern,ental interest toustif' exclusion of o,osexuals fro, $artici$ation to te $art' list s'ste,. 4ecrucial ele,ent is not *eter a sector is s$ecificall' enu,erated1 %ut *eter a

$articular organi>ation co,$lies *it te require,ents of te Constitution andRA 90. 4e SC found tat #adlad as sufficientl' de,onstrated its

co,$liance *it te legal require,ents for accreditation.

Veteran) +e8eration Party %. Co$elec ";2 ,CRA 2;;1 te SC $rovided forte four unique $ara,eters of te &ili$ino Part'/list S'ste, *ic are asfollo*s 6

4e 8@G allocation 6 te co,%ined nu,%er of all $art'/list congress,en

sall not exceed 8@G of te total ,e,%ersi$ of te -R1 including toseunder te $art'/listK

4e 8G tresold 6 onl' tose $arties garnering a ,ini,u, of 8G of tetotal valid votes cast for te $art'/list s'ste, are 3qualified5 to ave aseat in te -RK

4e


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4e Co,elec1 contrar' to its rules and regulations governing te saidelections1 instead $roclai,ed te oter


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notes te ex$ress constitutional $rovision tat te religious sector ,a'not %e re$resented in te $art'/list s'ste,. &urter,ore1 teConstitution $rovides tat 3religious deno,inations and sects sall not%e registered.5 4e $roi%ition *as ex$lained %' a ,e,%er of te

Constitutional Co,,ission in tis *ise 34e $roi%ition is on an'religious organi>ation registering as a $olitical $art'.

It ,ust not %e disqualified under te ground enu,erated under ,ection< o' RA =?;! 7not a religious sect or deno,ination or associationorgani>ed for religious $ur$oses1 advocates violence or unla*ful ,eansto see? its goalK a foreign $art' or organi>ationK receives su$$ort fro,an' foreign govern,ent1 fails to co,$l' *it la*s rules or regulationsrelating to elections1 declared untrutful state,ent in its $etition1 it as

ceased to exist for at least one 70= 'ear1 it fails to $artici$ate in te last 8$receding elections or failed to o%tain at least 8G of te votes cast underte $art' list s'ste, in te 8 $receding elections for te constituenc' in*ic it *as registered=

4e $art' or organi>ation ,ust not %e an adunct of1 or a $roectorgani>ed or an entit' funded or assisted %' te govern,ent 7referring to"AD of Ricard +o,e>=. It ,ust %e inde$endent of te govern,ent.

4e $artici$ants of te govern,ent or it officials in te affairs of a$art'/list candidate is not onl' illegal and unfair to oter $arties1 %utalso deleterious to te o%ective of te la*K to ena%le citi>ens %elongingto ,arginali>ed and underre$resented sectors and organi>ations to %eelected to te -ouse of Re$resentatives.

4e $art' ,ust not onl' co,$l' *it te require,ents of te la*1 itsno,inees ,ust li?e*ise do so. ,ection ? o' RA =?;! reads 63qualifications of Part'/#ist (o,inees 6 (o $erson sall %e no,inatedas $art'/list re$resentative unless e is a natural %orn citi>en of tePili$$ines1 a RV1 a resident of te Pili$$ines for a $eriod of not lesstan 0 'ear i,,ediatel' $receding te da' of te election1 a%le to readand *rite1 a %ona/fide ,e,%er of te $art' or organi>ation *ic esee?s to re$resent for at least @ da's $receding te da' of te electionsand is at least 8: 'ears of age on te da' of te election.

(ot onl' te candidate $art' ,ust re$resent te " and N sectors1 so also

,ust li?e*ise %e a%le to contri%ute to te for,ulation and enact,ent ofa$$ro$riate legislation tat *ill %enefit te nation as a *ole.


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In Parti8o N& /an&a&a(a 0P/1 an8 BUTIL +ar$er) Party %.Co$elec1 et. al.1 te Petition %efore te SC involves te for,ula for co,$utingte additional seats for *inners in $art'/list elections and *eter or not

Co,elec1 as te (ational Board of Canvassers for te $art'/list s'ste,1 could%e co,$elled %' te SC to ,ecanicall' a$$l' te for,ula stated in its Co,elec

Resolution reiterated in te Bagong Ba'ani cases in te deter,ination ofqualified $art'/list organi>ation and in te $rocla,ation of teir res$ectiveno,inees.

In te earlier case of Veterans &ederation Part' vs. Co,elec te SC ca,e u$*it a si,$lified for,ula in te co,$utation of additional seats for $art'/list

*ic *as reiterated in te oter cases of Bagong Ba'ani1 Ba'an "una1 etc.)it tis develo$,ent1 P" and Butil filed *it te Co,elec a $etition to re/ta%ulate te $art'/list votes and i,,ediatel' $roclai, teir res$ective secondno,inees to te -R. 4e Co,elec o*ever failed to resolve te su%stantiveissued and re/ta%ulate te votes des$ite te la$se of ti,e. -ence1 te $etitionsee?ing te issuance of a *rit of ,anda,us to co,$el Co,elec to ,ecanicall'a$$l' te for,ula in te case Veterans &ederation Case.

4e si,$lified for,ula in te Veterans case *as reiterated and te four 7=

inviola%le $ara,eters of te $art' list s'ste, under te Constitution and RA90 are still te 70= 8@G allocation 78= te 8G tresold 7ed sectors. Petitioners1 *rote a letter to teCo,elec requesting tat te co,$lete list of te no,inees of all $arties *oave %een accredited $ursuant to Co,elec Resolution (o. 9@ $rescri%ingrules and regulations to govern te filing of ,anifestation of intent to $artici$ateand su%,ission of na,es of no,inees under te $art'/list s'ste, ofre$resentation in connection *it te "a' 01 8@@9 elections %e $u%lised. 4eCo,elec vee,entl' did not accede to te request of te $etitioners1 it %ased itsrefusal to disclose te na,es of te no,inees of su%ect $art'/list grou$s onSection 9 of RA 90 7,ore s$ecificall' te last sentence *ic states2 3te

na,es of te $art'/list no,inees sall not %e so*n on te certified list.5.


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4e Co,elec %elieve tat te $art' list elections ,ust not %e $ersonalit'oriented. A%alos said under RA 901 te $eo$le are to vote for sectoral $arties1organi>ations1 or coalitions not for teir no,inees.

ISSNE2 *eter or not te disclosure of te na,es of te no,inees are covered%' te Rigt of Pu%lic to infor,ation.

-E#D2 4e Co,elec as a constitutional dut' to disclose and release te

na,es of te no,inees of te $art' list grou$s. (o national securit' or li?econcerns is involved in te disclosure of te na,es of te no,inees of te $art'/list grou$s in question. 4e last sentence of ,ection =is li,ited in sco$e andduration1 ,eaning1 tat it extends onl' to te certified list *ic te sa,e$rovision requires to %e $osted in te $olling $laces on election da'. 4o stretc

te coverage of te $roi%ition to te a%solute noting in RA 90 tat $roi%itste Co,elec fro, disclosing or even $u%lising troug ,ediu,s oter tante 3Certified list5 te na,es of te $art'/list no,inees. 4e Co,eleco%viousl' ,isread te li,ited non/disclosure as$ect of te $rovision as ana%solute %ar to $u%lic disclosure %efore te "a' 8@@9 elections. 4e need forvoters to %e infor,ed a%out ,atters tat ave a %earing on teir coice. 4eideal cannot %e acieved in a s'ste, of %lind voting1 as verita%l' advocated inte assailed resolution of te Co,elec.

Banat et. al. %). Co$elec .R. !=@2=!!2?=2 2? *ic a%andoned te,atter of co,$utation eld in te Veterans Part' case 6 intention *as to fill te8@G and $art' list *ere ran?ed according to te votes cast for $art'/list andeven tose *o did not reac te 8G *ere given seats in te second round ofte ran?ing. 4ose *o garnered 8G auto,aticall' ta?es a seat in te firstround.

ELIIBILIT* O+ CANDIDATE,

+or Pre)i8ent an8 Vice-Pre)i8ent 6 (o $erson ,a' %e elected Presidentunless e is a natural/%orn citi>en of te Pili$$ines1 a registered voter1a%le to read and *rite1 at lea)t ; year) o' a&e on t3e 8ay o' t3eelection1 and a resident of te Pili$$ines for at least 0@ 'earsi,,ediatel' $receding suc election.


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4ere sall %e a Vice/President *o sall ave te sa,e qualificationsand ter, of office and %e elected *it1 and in te sa,e ,anner1 as te President.-e ,a' %e re,oved fro, office in te sa,e ,anner as te President 0ArticleVII5 ,ection 2 an8 "5 Con)tit4tion1

+or ,enator : (o $erson sall %e a Senator unless e is a natural/%orn citi>enof te Pili$$ines and1 on te da' of election1 is at least


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CERTI+ICATE O+ CANDIDAC*

,ection ="5 BP @@!O$ni74) Election) Co8e 0OEC1 5 6ar. 0!1 : Certi'icateo' Can8i8acy6 (o $erson sall %e eligi%le for an' elective office unless efiles a s*orn certificate of candidac' *itin te $eriod fixed terein. ,inaca %./4la "!> ,CRA 2


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E++ECT, +ILIN O+ CERTI+ICATE O+ CANDIDAC*

,ec.


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candidates to %e voted for %' te entire electorate of te countr'1 *it teCo,,ission.

A %ali8 certi'icate o' can8i8acy i) an in8i)6en)a7le re4i)ite in ca)e o')47)tit4tion o' a 8i)4ali'ie8 can8i8ate 4n8er ,ec. ==. Nnder said $rovision1te candidate *o dies1 *itdra*s or is disqualified ,ust %e an officialcandidate of a registered or accredited $olitical $art' and te su%stitutecandidate ,ust %e of te sa,e $olitical $art' as te original candidate and ,ust%e dul' no,inated as suc %' te $olitical $art'.

R4llo8a %). Co$elec .R. No. !>;!?@ Jan4ary 25 2"6 4e a%sence of as$ecific $rovision governing su%stitution of candidates in %aranga' elections

cannot %e inferred as a $roi%ition against said su%stitution. Suc a restrictiveconstruction cannot %e read into te la* *ere te sa,e is not *ritten. Indeed1tere is ,ore reason to allo* su%stitution of candidates *ere no $olitical$arties are involved tan *en $olitical considerations or $art' affiliationsreign1 a fact tat ,ust ave %een su%su,ed %' la*.

RE,IDENC* REUIRE/ENT

/eynar8 ,a7ili %. Co$elec+lorencio Li7rea


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Co4illa %). Co$elec "@> ,CRA en 7not avingte status of an alien resident= cannot %e considered a resident of te Pili$$inesand in te localit' e intends to %e elected $rior to is reacquisition ofPili$$ine citi>ensi$.

4e 3ter, residence5 is to %e understood (!4 in its co,,on acce$tation asreferring to 3d*elling5 or 3a%itation51 %ut rater to 3do,icile5 or legalresidence1 tat is1 3te $lace *ere te $art' actuall' or constructivel' as is$er,anent o,e1 *ere e1 no ,atter *ere e ,a' %e found at an' given ti,e1eventuall' intends to return and re,ain 7ani,us ,anendi=5. A do,icile oforigin is acquired %' ever' $erson at %irt. It is usuall' te $lace *ere tecildHs $arents reside and continues until te sa,e is a%andoned %' acquisitionof a ne* do,icile 7%' coice.=

Ro$4al8e-/arco) %. Co$elec 2;@ ,CRA " 0!??>1. 3it is te fact ofresidence1 not a state,ent in te certificate of candidac' *ic ougt to %edecisive in deter,ining *eter or not an individual as satisfied teconstitutions residenc' qualification require,ent. 4e said state,ent %eco,es,aterial onl' *en tere is or a$$ears to %e a deli%erate atte,$t to ,islead1,isinfor, or ide a fact *ic *ould oter*ise render te candidate ineligi%le.

Pere %. Co$elec "!= ,CRA =;1 te issue in tis case is teresidence qualification of Vicente E,ano *o filed is certificate of candidac'for "a'or of Caga'an de !ro. Co4rt e#6laine8 t3at t3e 64r6o)e o' t3ere)i8ence a) re4ire8 7y Con)tit4tion an8 t3e la( as a qualification forsee?ing and olding $u%lic office1 is to give candidates te o$$ortunit' to %efa,iliar *it te needs1 difficulties and as$iration1 $otentials for gro*t and all,atters vital to te *elfare of teir constituencies. !n te $art of te electorate1

to evaluate te candidateHs qualification s and fitness for te o% te' as$ire for.In tis case E,ano1 cannot %e dee,ed to %e a stranger or ne*co,er *en e


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ran for and *as over*el,ingl' voted as cit' ,a'or aving garnered a ,arginof


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tose *o ave co,,itted terroris, to enance is candidac'

tose *o ave s$end in te election ca,$aign ,ore tan tat required%' la* 7P$0@LRVLP$:.@@=

NOTE Section ; deals *it a $etition to disqualif' a candidate for oterviolations of te election code as s$ecified in said section1 and against acandidate *o is a $er,anent resident or i,,igrant of a foreign countr'. 4atsection does not s$ecif' a $eriod *itin *ic to file te $etition.

In Co8illa %). De Venecia "?" ,CRA


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%e counted for eiter of te candidate unless one of te candidate *it tesa,e na,e or surna,e is an incu,%ent 6 equit' of te incu,%ent rule=

%' oter circu,stances or acts *ic clearl' de,onstrate tat tecandidate as no %onafide intention to run for office1 tus *ould $revent

te faitful deter,ination of te true *ill of te $eo$le.

7Bautista vs. Co,elec 8 SCRA @=

W3o can 'ile6 a $etition to declare a candidate a nuisance candidate sall %efiled %' any re&i)tere8 can8i8ate 'or t3e )a$e o''ice(it3in > 8ay) 'ro$ t3ela)t 8ay o' t3e 'ilin& o' t3e certi'icate o' can8i8acy. 7As a,ended %' ,ection> o' RA ensi$1residence or status as a registered voter /ar43o$ %). Co$elec >?;

,CRA !@=

Perio8 to +ile6 )itin 8: da's fro, te last da' for te filing of te certificateof candidac'.

J4ri)8iction6 Co,elec sitting in a division.

,er&io . A$ora5 Jr. %). Co$elec an8 Arnielo ,. Olan8ria


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grounded on a state,ent of a ,aterial re$resentation in te said certificate tatis false. T3e 6etition) al)o 3a%e 8i''erent e''ect). )ile a $erson *o isdisqualified under Section ; is ,erel' $roi%ited to continue as a candidate1te $erson *ose certificate is cancelled or denied due course under Section 9

is not treated as a candidate at all1 as if eLse never filed a CoC. 4us in"iranda v. A%a'a1 tis Court ,ade te distinction tat a candidate *o isdisqualified under Section ; can validl' %e su%stituted under Section 991 %ut a$erson *ose CoC as %een denied due course or cancelled under Section 9cannot %e su%stituted %ecause eLse is never considered a candidate.5 7alsoruled in &er,in v. Co,elec :9 SCRA 98=

/4n8er %). Co$elec ? ,CRA 2>; 02!!1

3Juris$rudence as clearl' esta%lised te doctrine tat a $etition fordisqualification and a $etition to den' due course to or to cancel a certificate ofcandidac'1 are t*o distinct re,edies to $revent a candidate fro, entering anelectoral race. Bot re,edies $rescri%e distinct $eriod to file te corres$onding$etition1 on *ic te urisdiction of te Co,,ission on Elections over te caseis de$endent.5

+ernan8o V. onale %). Co$elec5 et. al.

are ,isre$resented in te certificate of candidac' and te $roceedings ,ust %einitiated %efore te elections1 *ereas a $etition for Q) under Section 8:< ,a'


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%e %rougt on te %asis of t*o grounds 6 70= ineligi%ilit' or 78= dislo'alt' to teRe$u%lic of te Pili$$ines1 and ,ust %e initiated *itin 0@ da's after$rocla,ation of te election results. Nnder Section 8:


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,econ8 Di%i)ion can 8i)6o)e o' $ot4 6ro6io. Section ; of RA (o. ;;;requires tat te sus$ension ,ust %e 46on $otion 7y t3e co$6lainant or anyinter%enor.

,econ8 Placer R4le/ It is *ell/settled tat te ineligi%ilit' of a candidatereceiving ,aorit' votes does not entitle te eligi%le candidate receiving tenext igest nu,%er of votes to %e declared elected.

E#ce6tion) to t3e ,econ8 Placer R4le : 4e exce$tion to te second $lacerrule is $redicated on te concurrence of te follo*ing 70= te one *o o%tainedte igest nu,%er of votes is disqualifiedK and 78= te electorate is &N##A)ARE in fact and in la* of a candidateHs disqualification so as to %ring suc

a*areness *itin te real, of notoriet' %ut *ould noneteless case teir votesin favor of te ineligi%le candidate. 4ese facts *arranting te exce$tion to terules are not $resent in te case at %ar.

A)3ary /. Ala4ya 0Cler o' Co4rt5 ,3ariGa Di)trict Co4rt5 /ara(i City %).J48&e Ca)an Ali L. Li$7ona


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also ex$ounded on te for, of te renunciation and eld tat to %e valid1 terenunciation ,ust %e contained in an affidavit dul' executed %efore an officer ofte la* *o is autori>ed to ad,inister an oat stating in clear and unequivocalter,s tat affiant is renouncing foreign citi>ensi$.

Panla4i %. Co$elec on te $rocedure in te conduct of cases for tedenial of due course to te C!CHs of nuisance candidates 7ten cief Justice

Davide in is dissenting o$inion in A4ino %. Co$elec5 .R. No. !225,e6te$7er !@5 !??> 2;@ ,CRA ;5ex$lains tat 3te $rocedure ereina%ove$rovided ,entioned in ,ection = cannot %e construed to refer to ,ection ano *as registered as an A,erican citi>en in te BID *as olding anA,erican $ass$ort on A$ril 881 091 onl' a 'ear %efore e filed a certificate ofcandidac' for Vice/"a'or of "a?ati1 *ere ust assertions of is nationalit'%efore te ter,ination of is A,erican citi>ensi$.

Valle) %. Lo6e1 te Court eld tat te ,ere fact tat #o$e> *as a older of anAustralian $ass$ort and ad an ACR are not act constituting an effectiverenunciation of citi>ensi$ and do not ,ilitate against er clai, of &ili$inociti>ensi$. &or renunciation to effectivel' result in te lost of citi>ensi$1 tesa,e ,ust %e ex$ress 7Co,. Act ;nar1 anACR does not a,ount to an ex$ress renunciation or re$udiation of oneHsciti>ensi$. Si,ilarl'1 er olding of an Australian $ass$ort as in te "an>anocase1 *ere li?e*ise ,ere acts of assertions %efore se effectivel' renounced tesa,e. 4us1 at te ,ost1 #o$e> ad dual citi>ensi$ 6 se *as an Australian

and a &ili$ino1 as *ell.

In reconciling te disqualification under Sec. @ of RA 90;@. 4e Courtclarified and as ruled in te "an>ano case 3dual citi>ensi$5 as used in te #+Cand reconciled *it Article IV ,ection > o' t3e !?@= Constitution on dualallegiance 7D4al alle&iance o' citien) i) ini$ical to t3e national intere)t an8)3all 7e 8ealt (it3 7y la(.5= In recogni>ing situation in *ic a &ili$inociti>en ,a'1 *itout $erfor,ing an' act1 as an involuntar' consequence of te

conflicting la*s of different countries1 %e also a citi>en of anoter state 7ussanguinis for te Pili$$ines *ere te cild follo*s te nationalit' orciti>ensi$ of te $arents regardless of isLer $lace of %irt as o$$osed to ussoli *ic deter,ines nationalit' or citi>ensi$ on te %asis of $lace of %irt=1te Court ex$lained tat dual citi>ensi$ as a disqualification ,ust refer tociti>ens *it dual allegiance.

4e fact tat #o$e> ad dual citi>ensi$ did not auto,aticall' disqualif' erfro, running for $u%lic office. &or candidates *it dual citi>ensi$1 it is

enoug tat te' elect Pil. Citi>ensi$ u$on te filing of teir certificate of


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candidac'1 to ter,inate teir status as $ersons *it dual citi>ensi$. 4e filingof te certificate of candidac' sufficed to renounce foreign citi>ensi$effectivel' re,oving an' disqualification as a dual citi>en.

In te Certificate of Candidac'1 one declare tat eLse is a &ili$ino citi>en andtat eLse *ill su$$ort and defend te Constitution of te Pili$$ines and *ill,aintain true fait and allegiance tereto. Suc declaration1 *ic is underoat1 o$erates as an effective renunciation of foreign citi>ensi$.

Lo6e %. Co$elec >>? ,CRA


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%ecause said la* allo*s natural/%orn citi>ens to regain teir Pili$$ine %'si,$l' ta?ing an oat of allegiance *itout forfeiting teir foreign allegiance.4e Constitution o*ever1 is categorical tat dual allegiance is ini,ical to tenational interest.

-E#D2 4e intent of te legislature in drafting RA 88: is to do a*a' *it te$rovision in CA ;ation as citi>ens of a foreign countr'. !nits face1 it does not recogni>e dual allegiance. B' s*earing to te su$re,eautorit' of te Re$u%lic1 te $erson i,$licitl' renounces is foreignciti>ensi$. Plainl'1 ,ection "5 RA ?22>sta'ed clear out of te $ro%le, of dual

allegiance and sifted te %urden of confronting te issue of *eter or nottere is dual allegiance to te concerned foreign countr'. )at a$$ens to teoter citi>ensi$ *as not ,ade a concern of RA 88:. 7Note ,ection >5 ArticleIV o' t3e Con)tit4tion i) a 8eclaration o' a 6olicy an8 it i) not a )el'-e#ec4tin& 6ro%i)ion. T3e le&i)lat4re )till 3a) to enact t3e la( on 84alalle&iance.1

Teo8ora ,o7eana-Con8on %. Co$elecL4i) Ba4ti)ta et. al. >? ,CRA


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Re647lic %. 8ela Ro)a 2"2 ,CRA =@>. 4e disqualification of &rivaldo *asagain at issue. &rivaldo o$ted to reacquire is Pili$$ine citi>ensi$ trunaturali>ation %ut o*ever failed to co,$l' *it te urisdictional require,ent

of $u%lication1 tus1 te Court never acquired urisdiction to ear tenaturali>ation of &rivaldo. -e *as again disqualified.

In +ri%al8o %. Co$elec 2>= ,CRA =2 0!??ensi$ and o%tained te igest nu,%er of votes in anidaHs assu,$tion of office fro, "a' 0: to "arc


67/117

0 ,a' %e considered as service of one full ter, for te $ur$ose of a$$l'ingte anida is still qualified to run for ,a'or and eld tat te 8/rquisites for tea$$lication of te


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In On& %). Ale&re ;=? ,CRA ;="6 A $etition for disqualification *as filedagainst &rancis !ng for aving violated te


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DI,UALI+ICATION CA,E, 0E++ECT,1

,ec. =2 o' t3e OEC an8 ,ection < o' ations $artici$ating under te $art'/list elections and for all %ona fidecandidates see?ing national and local $ositions su%ect to te li,itation onautori>ed ex$enses of candidates and $olitical $arties1 o%servance of trut inadvertising and to te su$ervision and regulation %' te Co,elec.


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Re4ire$ent) 'or P47li)3e8 or Printe8 Broa8ca)t Election Pro6a&an8a.RA ?


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Re)triction) on /e8ia Practitioner) 6 an' ,ass ,edia colu,nist1co,,entator1 re$orter or non/air corres$ondent or $ersonalit' *o is acandidate for an' elective office or is a ca,$aign volunteer for or e,$lo'ed orretained in an' ca$acit' %' an' candidate or $olitical $art' sall %e dee,ed

resigned1 if so required %' teir e,$lo'er1 or sall ta?e a leave of a%sence fro,isLer *or? as suc during te ca,$aign $eriod. An' ,edia $ractitioner *ois an official of a $olitical $art' or ,e,%er of te ca,$aign staff of a candidateor $olitical $art' sall not use isLer ti,e or s$ace to favor an' candidate or$olitical $art'

(o ,ovie1 cine,atogra$' or docu,entar' $ortra'ing te life or%iogra$' of a candidate sall %e $u%licl' exi%ited in a teater1 televisionstations or an' $u%lic foru, during te ca,$aign $eriod or tose $ortra'ed %'an actor or ,edia $ersonalit' *o is i,self a candidate.

RA ? Election )4r%ey) :refers to te ,easure,ents of o$inionsand $erce$tions of te voters as regards a candidateHs $o$ularit'1 qualifications1$latfor,s or ,atter of $u%lic discussion in relation te election1 includingvotersH $reference or candidates or $u%licl' discussed issues during teca,$aign $eriod. 4e $erson or entit' *o $u%lises a surve' is required toinclude te follo*ing infor,ation2

(a,e of te $erson1 candidate1 $art' or organi>ation *o co,,issionedor $aid te surve'K

(a,e and address of te $erson or $olling fir, fro, *o conducted tesurve'

Period during *ic te surve' *as conducted1 ,etodolog' used1including te nu,%er or individual res$ondents and te areas fro, *icte' *ere selected and te s$ecific questions as?ed

"argin of error of te surve'.

4e surve' togeter *it te ra* data gatered to su$$ort te conclusionssall %e availa%le for ins$ection1 co$'ing and verification %' te Co,elec1 or %'te registered $olitical $art' or an' Co,elec accredited citi>en ar,.

Po)tin& o' Ca$6ai&n /aterial)6 $olitical $arties and $art'/list grou$s ,a' %eautori>ed %' te Co,elec co,,on $oster areas for teir candidates in not

,ore tan 0@ $u%lic $laces suc as $la>as1 ,ar?ets1 %aranga' centers and teli?e1 *erein1 candidates can $ost1 dis$la' or exi%it election $ro$aganda. 4e


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si>e of te $oster areas sall not exceed 08 x 0; feet or it equivalent. )itres$ect to inde$endent candidates1 ,a' li?e*ise avail of tis %ut te differenceis ,erel' on te si>e *ic sall not exceed x ; feet or its equivalent.0,ection ?5 RA ?6#egulation of Campaign Abroad6 4e use of ca,$aign,aterials1 as *ell as te li,its on ca,$aign s$ending sall %e governed % tela*s and regulations a$$lica%le to te Pili$$ines.

BP@@!5 ,ection ?> :*rohibited Contributions. (o contri%ution for $ur$oses of$artisan $olitical activit' sall %e ,ade directl' or indirectl' %' an' of tefollo*ing2

7a= Pu%lic or $rivate financial institutions2 Provided1 o*ever1 4atnoting erein sall $revent te ,a?ing of an' loan to a candidate or$olitical $art' %' an' suc $u%lic or $rivate financial institutionslegall' in te %usiness of lending ,one'1 and tat te loan is ,ade inaccordance *it la*s and regulations and in te ordinar' course ofte %usinessK

7%= (atural and uridical $ersons o$erating a $u%lic utilit' or in$ossession of or ex$loiting an' natural resources of te nationK

7c= (atural and uridical $ersons *o old contract or su%/contract tosu$$l' te govern,ent or an' of its divisions1 su%divisions orinstru,entalities1 *it goods or services or to $erfor, construction oroter *or?sK

7d= (atural and uridical $ersons *o ave %een granted francises1incentives1 exe,$tions1 allocations or si,ilar $rivileges orconcessions %' te govern,ent or an' of its divisions1 su%divisions orinstru,entalities1 including govern,ent/o*ned or controlledcor$orations.

7e= (atural and uridical $ersons *o1 *itin te one 'ear $rior to tedate of te election1 ave %een granted loans or oteracco,,odations in excess of 0@@F %' te govern,ent or an' of itsdivisions1 su%divisions or instru,entalities including govern,ento*ned or controlled cor$orations.

7f= Educational institutions *ic ave received grants of $u%lic funds tono less tan 0@@FK

7g= !fficials or e,$lo'ees in te Civil Service1 or ,e,%ers of te Ar,ed

&orces of te Pili$$inesK


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7= &oreigners and foreign cor$orations.

It sall %e unla*ful for an' $erson to solicit or receive an' contri%utionfro, an' of te $ersons or entities enu,erated erein.

AB,-CBN "2" ,CRA @!!1 te SC defined exit $olls as a s$ecie of electoralsurve' conducted %' qualified individuals or grou$s of individuals for te$ur$ose of deter,ining te $ro%a%le result of an election %' confidentiall'as?ing rando,l' selected voters *o, te' ave voted for1 i,,ediatel' afterte' ave officiall' cast teir %allots. An a%solute $roi%ition is unreasona%l'restrictive %ecause it effectivel' $revents te use of exit $oll data not onl' forelection da's of te elections1 %ut also for long ter, researc. 4e concern of

Co,elec of a non/co,,unicative effect of te exit $olls *ic is disorder andconfusion in te voting centers does not ustif' a total %an of te exist $olls.Co,elec sould instead set safeguards in $lace for tose *o intends to conductexit $olls.

,ection >.> o' RA ?< 0+air Election) La(= $rovides for terequire,ents for te ta?ing of an exit $olls2

$ollsters sall not conduct teir surve' *itin :@ ,eters fro, te $olling$lace *eter said surve' is ta?en in a o,e1 d*elling $lace and oter$lacesK

$ollsters sall *ear distinctive clotingK

$ollsters sall infor, te voters tat te' ,a' refuse to ans*erK and

te result of te exit $olls ,a' %e announced after te closing of te $ollson election da'1 and ,ust clearl' identif' te total nu,%er ofres$ondents1 and te $laces *ere te' *ere ta?en.. Said announce,entsall state tat te sa,e is unofficial and does not re$resent a trend.

,OCIAL WEATHER ,TATION %). CO/ELEC ">= ,CRA ;?ing and $u%licl' re$orting te results tereof. !n te oterand1 Fa,aalan Pu%lising Cor$oration $u%lises te "anila Standard1 a

ne*s$a$er of general circulation1 *ic features ne*s*ort' ite,s ofinfor,ation including election surve's Petitioner) 7ro4&3t t3i) action


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'or 6ro3i7ition to enoin t3e Co$elec 'ro$ en'orcin& 6ar. >.; o' RA ?1 8ay) 7e'ore an election an8 )4r%ey) a''ectin& localcan8i8ate) )3all not 7e 647li)3e8 )e%en 0=1 8ay) 7e'ore an election9

4e ter, 3election surve's5 is defined in $ar. :.0 of te la* as follo*s5Election )4r%ey) re'erto te ,easure,ent of o$inions and $erce$tion ofte voters as regards a candidateHs $o$ularit'1 qualification1 $latfor,s or a,atter of $u%lic discussion in relation to te election1 including votersH$reference for candidates or $u%licl' discussed issues during te ca,$aign$eriod5.

Petitioner S)S states tat it *ises to conduct an election surve'

trougout te $eriod of te elections %ot at te national and local levelsand release to te ,edia te results of suc surve' as *ell as $u%lis te,directl'. Fa,aalan also states tat it intends to $u%lis election surve'results u$ to te last da' of te elections on "a' 01 8@@0. -E#D2 Par. :.constitutes an unconstitutional a%ridge,ent of freedo, of s$eec1ex$ression and te $ress. It is invalid %ecause it i,$oses a $rior restrainton te freedo, of ex$ression and it is a direct and total su$$ression of acategor' of ex$ression even toug suc su$$ression is onl' for a li,ited$eriod1 and te govern,ental interest sougt to %e $ro,oted can %eacieved %' ,eans oter tan te su$$ression of freedo, of ex$ression.

PRE/ATURE CA/PAININ

In +ranci)co C3a%e %. Co$elec et. al. .R. No. !


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Cave> on various dates entered in for,al agree,ent *it certainesta%lis,ent to endorse teir $roducts and $ursuant tereto1 < %ill %oards *ereset u$ on so,e strategic areas in "etro "anila. Su%sequentl' on


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It is true tat *en $etitioner entered into te contract or agree,ents to endorsecertain $roducts1 e acted as a $rivate individual and ad all te rigt to lend isna,e and i,age to tese $roducts. -o*ever1 *en e filed is C!C for

senator1 te %ill%oards featuring is na,e and i,age assu,ed $artisan $oliticalcaracter %ecause te sa,e directl' $ro,oted is candidac'. If su%ect

%ill%oards *ere to %e allo*ed1 candidates for $u%lic office *ose na,e andi,age are used to advertise co,,ercial $roducts *ould ave ,ore o$$ortunit'to ,a?e te,selves ?no*n to te electorate1 to te disadvantage of otercandidates *o do not ave te sa,e cance of lending teir faces and na,es toendorse $o$ular co,,ercial $roducts as i,age ,odels. Si,ilarl'1 an individualintending to run for $u%lic office *itin te next fe* ,onts1 could $a' $rivatecor$orations to use i, as teir i,age ,odel *it te intention of fa,iliari>ing

te $u%lic *it is na,e and i,age even %efore te start of te ca,$aign$eriod. 4is1 *itout dou%t1 *ould %e a circu,vention of te rule against$re,ature ca,$aigning..

Section


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as $ractica%le1 te situation of all candidates %' $reventing $o$ular and riccandidates fro, gaining undue advantage in ex$osure and $u%licit' on accountof teir resources and $o$ularit'. Co,elec *as onl' doing its dut' under tela* 0,ec. " an8 !" o' t3e +air Election) Act on la('4l 6ro6a&an8a1

,ection @of te !EC $rovides 3it )3all 7e 4nla('4l 'or any 6er)on5 (3et3eror not a %oter or can8i8ate or 'or any 6arty5 or a))ociation o' 6er)on)5 toen&a&e in an election ca$6ai&n or 6arti)an 6olitical acti%ity5 e#ce6t 84rin&t3e ca$6ai&n 6erio8.9

Penera %. Co$elec >?? ,CRA ed ca,$aign $eriod on


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ing te Co,elec to use an auto,ated election s'ste, forte $rocess of voting1 counting of votes1 and canvasingLconsolidating te resultsof te national and local elections=1 as a,ended %' RA


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acts done %' a candidate %efore te ca,$aign $eriod are te,$oraril' la*ful1 %ut%eco,es unla*ful u$on te start of te ca,$aign $eriod. Besides1 suc a la* asenvisioned in te Decision1 *ic defines a cri,inal act and curtails freedo, ofex$ression and s$eec1 *ould %e void for vagueness.

4at Section 0: of RA


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In Lanot %). Co$elec >= ,CRA !!;5 te Court ruled tat tere are t*oas$ects of a disqualification case2

!1 Electoral a)6ectdeter,ines *eter te offender sould %e disqualifiedfro, %eing a candidate or fro, olding office. Proceedings are su,,ar'in caracter and require onl' clear $re$onderance of evidence. An erringcandidate ,a' %e disqualified even *itout $rior deter,ination of$ro%a%le cause in a PI. 4e electoral as$ect ,a' $roceed inde$endentl'of te cri,inal as$ect and vice/versa.

21 Cri$inal a)6ectdeter,ines *eter tere is $ro%a%le cause to carge acandidate for an election offense. If tere is $ro%a%le cause1 te Co,elec

troug its #a* De$art,ent1 files te cri,inal infor,ation %efore te$ro$er court. Proceedings %efore te $ro$er court de,and a full/%lo*nearing and require $roof %e'ond reasona%le dou%t to convict. Acri,inal conviction sall result in te disqualification of te offender1*ic ,a' even include disqualification fro, olding a future $u%licoffice.


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CANVA,,IN BODIE,

,ection 22!5 BP @@!RA


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4e $roceedings of te %oard of canvassers sall %e o$en and $u%lic.

BP01 Section 888. Relation)3i6 (it3 Can8i8ate) an8 ot3er $e$7er) o't3e Boar8. 4e cair,an and te ,e,%ers of te %oards of canvassers sall not%e related *itin te tcivil degree of consanguinit' or affinit' to an' of tecandidates *ose votes *ill %e canvassed %' te said %oard1 or to an' ,e,%erof te sa,e %oard.

BP01 Section 88. +ei&ne8 Illne)). An' ,e,%er of te %oard of canvassersfeigning illness in order to %e su%stituted on election da' until te $rocla,ationof te *inning candidates sall %e guilt' of an election offense.

RA @;"


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RA ?!@?5 ,ection !@0;1 :A S$ecial Board of Canvassers co,$osed of a la*'er$refera%l' of te Co,,ission as cair,an1 a senior career office fro, an' ofte govern,ent agencies ,aintaining a $ost a%road and1 in te a%sence ofanoter govern,ent officer1 a citi>en of te Pili$$ines qualified to vote under

tis Act de$uti>ed %' te Co,,ission1 as vice/cair,an and ,e,%er secretar'1res$ectivel'1 sall %e constituted to canvass election returns su%,itted to it %'te S$ecial Boards of Elections Ins$ectors. xx xxx 34e Certificates ofCanvass and te acco,$an'ing State,ents of Votes as trans,itted viafacsi,ile1 electronic ,ail and an' oter ,eans of trans,ission equall' safe1secure and relia%le sall %e te $ri,ar' %asis for te national canvass.

CERTI+ICATE O+ VOTE,5 ,TATE/ENT O+ VOTE,5 ELECTIONRETURN, AND DI,TRIBUTION

Certi'icate o' Vote)6 is an election docu,ent issued %' te BEIHs after tecounting and announce,ent of te results and %efore leaving te $olling $laceu$on request of te accredited *atcer. It sall contain te nu,%er of voteso%tain %' eac candidate *ritten in *ords and figures1 $recinct T1 na,e of tecit' or ,unici$alit' signed and tu,% ,ar?ed %' eac ,e,%er of te %oard.

Ty6oco %). Co$elec


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oter evidence to i,$ugn te autenticit' of te ER. It cannot %e a valid %asisof canvass.

Pur$ose of requiring autentication of at least 8 ,e,%ers of te B!C 6 tosafeguard te integrit' of te certificate fro, te ti,e it is issued %' te BEI tote *atcer after te counting of votes at te $recinct level u$ to te ti,e tat itis $resented to te %oard of canvassers to $roved ta,$ering.

+UNCTION, O+ THE CERTI+ICATE O+ VOTE,

Prevent or deter te ,e,%ers of te BEI or oter official fro, altering

te state,ent %ecause te' ?no* of te existence of suc certificate 4o advise te candidate definitel' of te nu,%er of is votes so tat in

case te election state,ent su%,itted to te B!C does not tall' *it tecertificate in is ands1 e ,a' as? tat te oter autentic co$ies of tesa,e %e used for te canvass

4o serve as evidence of fraud in election $rotest cases and in su%sequent$rosecution of te election offenses against tose lia%le terefore.

,tate$ent o' Votes 6 is a ta%ulation $er $recinct of te votes o%tained %' tecandidates or reflected in te ER.

Certi'icate o' Can%a))6 is %ased on te SV and *ic serves as %asis for$rocla

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Election Review 2013 Final