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Eindhoven University of Technology
MASTER
Biogas from sisal waste : a new opportunity for the sisal industry in Tanzania
Oudshoorn, Leo P.K.
Award date:1995
Link to publication
DisclaimerThis document contains a student thesis (bachelor's or master's), as authored by a student at Eindhoven University of Technology. Studenttheses are made available in the TU/e repository upon obtaining the required degree. The grade received is not published on the documentas presented in the repository. The required complexity or quality of research of student theses may vary by program, and the requiredminimum study period may vary in duration.
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Appendices
Appendix 1: Definitions.
Anaerobic digestion
The biologica! breakdown of organic matter in the absence of air.
Appropriate technology
Technology which causes effects in correspondence with the motives for which the technology bas been brought into action.
Biogas
Gas formed during the anaerobic digestion of organic materiaL It consists of methane and carbon dioxide and usually a small amount of hydrogen sulphide.
Biological Oxygen Demand
An indirect measure of the concentration of biologically degradable material present in organic wastes. It is the amount of oxygen used by aerobic bacteria when allowed to degrade the organic matter in the preserree of air at a constant temperature for a specific time.
Break even point
The equilibrium point at which sales revenues equal the casts of products sold. In terros of physical units:
In terros of sales revenue:
BEP= FC SP-VC
BEP=SP FC SP-VC
FC Annual total fixed casts including interest charges; SP Selling price per unit of output; VC Variabie casts per unit of output.
Chemical Oxygen Demand
An indirect measure of the amount of oxygen required to degrade the organic matter in water chemically. It is a measure of both the biodegradable portion and the portion of the waste which can only be oxidised chemically.
1.1
Decortication
The process by which the fibre is extracted from the sisal leave.
DRC analysis
Compares the net returns to dornestic factors of production valued in foreign exchange (after the cost ofimports has been deducted) totheir dornestic 'scarcityvalue'. The DRC ratio is the scarcity value of dornestic factors of production divided by the foreign returns to these factors, both in dornestic prices (it is the inverted International Competitiveness, given in the 'Manual for evaluation of industrial projects').
DRC Indicator of competitiveness; DR Dornestic resource inputs; FI Foreign-exchange inflow; FO Foreign-exchange outflow;
•
DRC DR
FI-FO
The ratio's size depends on the exchange rate used. The lower the DRC ratio, the more competitive a country's exports. An 'economie' DRC ratio of one or less means that the product can compete effectively on the world market Financial DRC's are calculated at the official exchange rate, and market prices and costs as currently observed.
Dry-decortication
The operation of a decorticator without using water to push away the pulp during the process, but washing the fibre after the process with a relatively small amount of water.
Internal rate of return
The rate of discount at which the net present value of benefits equals the net present value of the costs. The IRR can be found when the following equation is solved.
n n
.L Qt(l +r)-t= .L C,(l +rr' t=O t=O
Q Revenues; C Costs; r Discount rate; t Time (year).
1.2
Net present value
The difference between the present value of benefits (revenues) and the present value of the costs.
n n
NPV=E Qt(l+rrt-E ct(l+rrt t=O t=O
Net national value added
An index of the contribution of a project to the national economy.
n n
NNVA=E Ot(l+SRD)-1-L (MI+I+RP>t(l+SRD)-t t=O t=O
NNV A Net national value added; 0 Value of the output; MI Value of material inputs and services purchased from outside the project; I Investment; RP Repatriated payments; SRD Social rate of discount.
Organic loading rate
The amount of COD applied per unit of reactor volume per day.
Pay-back period
The time required for the cash income of a project to return the initial investment.
p
I="' F +D (12.1) L." t t t=O
I Total investment; t Time (year); p Pay-back period; F Annual net profits; D Annual depreciation; F + D Annual net cash earnings.
1.3
Physical infrastructure
The system of roads, railways, waterways, harbours, airports, electdeal installations and other provisions for energy supply.
Technology
The total of physical facilities, human abilities, documented facts and organizational framework.
Technological capacity
Technological capacity is related to the starage of knowledge within a country ('technology stock'), in bath quantitative and qualitative sense. This stock should supply the country with enough skilis to not only enable it to select the most appropriate technology, to master it and adapt it to local circumstances, but also generate new technologies itself.
Technological self-reliance
Acquiring the capability for autonomous decision making, exercising full control over one's own destiny and using an international perspective indecision making, minimising the influence of external factors determining soci-economic development.
Total solids
The residue remaining when the water is evaporated away from the waste and dried at 110 °C.
Volatile solids
The portion of the total solids which is driven off as volatile gases when the sample is heated to 600 oe.
Waste availability
The amount of waste produced during dry-decortication, without diluting with water for washing the fibre. This amount is smaller than the actual amount of waste available for digestion.
Wet-decortication
The operation of a decorticator by which large quantities of water are used to push away the pulp during the process.
1.4
~ -
. ( . -- ..
l(• I ---
)1\" ,, •
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RWANDA 2. ~
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6 •.
ZAl RE
8
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-iH+ Roilwoy Lin~
(!) Town5 I "., Si:-;ol Growing Ar~os
Sealt in milc s 0 g) 100
A N
%&~~y -~A
............ KENYA
"""· LAKE~ t~ 11 T roti , . ""-
·~ Mosh1)
Arusha~." LAKE LAKE .. '
E YIISI el ~ANYARA \ ""'
•
(!)Ir inga •
G)Mbeya
...___
Nochingwco 0
ZAMBIA
LAKE NYASA
0 Mososi . ./
MALAWI . _.../ ·, ( ·../"'· __/
~.r-·--'·
17• I t__ ---•-----' ------------------LU..LLA M 0 ZAMBIQUE
' .. ~
"'0 ~ = Q.. )<" N ••
~ "'0 1:/l
0 ...., 1:/l -· 00 .... 1:/l
t:ll = = -- I'D
ä 1:/l
;-~. t"''-
~ = 1:/l (JQ
= ; = t:ll
0
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Sisal estates in Tanga region .--------- -- --------
\
'
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ü :5
Majorroad
::::>--....._. Alver
Railway
o.:strlcl bo\Jndary
Estare area
11wenff! '· '
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PROJECT lOCATIO'C
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Appendix 4: Fibre and waste production on the TSA estates
Fibre production in Tanzania
Fibre production at TSA estates
Fibre and waste production at Gomba Mwenge estate
Fibre and waste production at Kibaranga estate
Fibre and waste production at Kilosa estate
Fibre and waste production at Kimamba estate
Fibre and waste production at Kitisa estate
Fibre and waste production at Kumburu estate
Fibre and waste production at Magoma Kulasi estate
Fibre and waste production at Magunga estate
Fibre and waste production at Mruazi Hale estate
Fibre and waste production at Muheza Mkumbi estate
Fibre and waste production at Mwelya Usambara estate
Fibre and waste production at Myombo estate
Fibre and waste production at Ngombezi estate
Fibre and waste production at Pangawe Kingolwira estate
Fibre and waste production at Ubena Zomozi estate
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.5
4.7
4.9
4.11
4.13
4.15
4.17
4.19
4.21
4.23
4.25
4.27
4.29
4.31
4.33
260
240 -
220 -
200 r-
~ 180 r-L
0 Q) )"\ 160 -
~~ UJ UJ c-o 0 c 140 -+' 0
~"---./ UJ • ::J tv=o 120 r-
,Q -'= +'f-u'---/ ::J 100 f--o 0 L
o_ 80 -
60 -
40 f-
20 f-
0
><
x
Fibre production 1n Tonzonio
x [X
>< x
x x
x x
x
:x :x :x [X rx
:x >< x x
XXI><>< >< x
>< :x :x x
><IX XXIX ><
><X XX
IX ><i><>< :x >< rx
X XX XXX >< >< >< >< >< [X
><
x
x :XX
x
><><>< Xtx><x><:X><>< :X><>< x :x :x :x ~ x ><
XX7 ><XX >< >< >< x >< >< x ><
>< ><
><
x:x:x
XX >< x ><
x x
:x >< x
:x ><
>< x x I><
XIXXIX IX -x- V( .:x- ,x, -xx .)(, ,)(, .)(,
><
x
x .)(,x x x -» .:x- -x: .:x: -:x- x -x-·><- x.;; x x
''' ,, '' '' W X .:X X X- .:X.
><:X ><x ><x
x x
x ><
>< :x
Xt><XIX:XIX x .x -x x x -x. -x- x x .x- ,;x; :x; :x: :;.:;. :x: -x
:X[X:X[X:X[X:X ><><><>< [X x >< x ,, '' ,, ,, ' -XX. -)(,,)(,,X.X-Y<,-X,.,X, .X--X.·X.
rx rx
XIX X
>< x >< x >< x
><
7 :x
>< >< :x ><
><
>< x >< x ><
1 I 11 1111111111 1 I rl1 1111111 1111
111 I 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 1 I 1 1 1
1935 1945 1975 1985 1993
~ L
0 Q)
>--, ~~
UJ UJ cu 0 c
+-' 0 ~'-/ UJ • :J w::o .2 _c +-'f-u'-/ :J u 0 L
Q_
Fibre production ot TSA estotes
70 ~----------------------------------------------~
1 0
1980 1990 Yeor
é', L
0 QJ >-~é',
(!) (!)
.J:o. cu .J:o. 0 c
+-' 0 '-._./(!)
c ::J 0 0 ·- _c +-'f-u'-._./ ::J u 0 L
Q_
Fibre production ot TSA estotes
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1980 1990 2000 :2C;08 Yeor
Fibre production ot Gombo lv1wenge estote
3
2.8
2.6
2.4
2.2 ~
L 2 0 ())
>, ~~ 1 .8
(fJ (fJ
cu 0 c 1 .6
+o-00 • (fJ
~ ~~ ~~ r-----~vm~~r-ur----------------------------------------~x~~~~~~~~~~--~
~~~~ x~~ ~ ~
VI c :J 0 0 1.4 ·- _c -~-'I-u'---/ 1 .2 :J u 0 L
~ ~ RSS ~~~ ~ f----1XX >( ~ r-------------------------------------1Nx g ~ ~ ~r------------1
~ ~~ ~g ~> ~ >< ><x ><ç;.; ~ ><
J_
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1990 2C; Yeor
Waste production ot Gombo Mwenge estote
160
150
140
130
120
~ 1 1 0 ~ 0 u 100 "' " (fJ
c 90 0 +'
'-.___/
~ 80 ·c 00
+' 70 u :::J u 60 0 L
Q_ 50
40 t~
30
20
10
0
:: ~~ .
:t ~ ~ r- r- r-
~ ~ ~~
2CCl~3
1994 1996 1998 2CClO 2C;Cl6
~ L
0 (j)
>-' '-~
(f) (f)
cv 0 c
......, 0 ~"'--"(/} ~ c ::J
0 0 ·- .L -+-'f-v"--" ::J v 0 L
(L
Fibre production
10
9
8
7 )<
6
5
4
3
2
0
at Kiboronao estote J
~ ~ ~;.: 7. >< )<
:'i
)<
x
~ ~ ~ ~
>< ~ >< x ~ ~ ~ >< ><
~
1990 2000 :2008 Yeor
Waste production ot Kiborongo esotote
450
400
350
~
300 >, 0 u ~
Ij)
c 250 0 +-'
'--.__/
.J::o. Od=
0 200 +-'
u :J u 0 \._
150 [l_
100
50
~§ '1 r ~~ ~~ ~ / ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ >< ~ ~
~ ~x f ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~x ~- i Y ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ -
m _ .~ ~ f ~ , ~ , ç ;ç
l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ C' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ x ~ ~ ~ f . ~~ ~ ~ ~ - -~ ~ ~ ~· ~ - -~
, ;; ~ ~ x x
~ y<~ y<
x x:
x x;
~. x ~. ~ ~ :~
IL 1 )<
x ~ ~ &2> . ~~ .· ~ -
- ~~ r- r- -
m ~ ~l ~ )< ~ ,x
x ~ ~ ~ ;~ ;x > l'x y l"x ;x ;ex
I I I I 1 9
1
99 I 2CCl I 1993 1995 1997 2\):=n 2C;Cl5 l '1('1)7 L J .-.
0
1994 1996 1998 2000 Yeor
~ L
0 Q) >., ~~
Ij] Ij]
c u 0 c
+-' 0 '-.../Ij]
ft :::J "00 ·- _c +'fu'-.../ :::J u 0 L
0__
Fibre production ot Kiloso estote
1.7 ~-------------------------,
1995 1997 î Cj~)Cj :2C;C) I 2C;C)~) 2CC!:) 2C;:J7 ur
~
>, 0 \J ~
(j)
c 0
~
u :::J \J 0 L
ll
Waste production ot Kiloso estote
90 ,------~~~~~~~~~~--------,
~~ ~--------~~-----~~ ~vv<l--1~1----f'A~>vVV<l'{-":x" -I"V'Vrv<r-Vv: ~X-JV<!--~ KXI/V' 1 ~1XJ<l--iX~ ..>VV<I-~ -1>VV<v:~xr--PV<1 ~.X/1---~ ----1
~ ~ ~ 6 0 f------~~~----i/XxXf--uy'/'xf--!XxAXX!---IX/YXf---i>('>(':/'A---!x~:>d---lXX'>(Xf---IX'xXXf-----I<Xxi--------1
5 0 i---~~~--fx><xXxXxl-+?Y'N--fx\.:><x><xt---fxXA\.:l--f/S~lY"xl---fx§ GX/\?'xH,?<,('\. ~~§ -fxXxV~'vl--f/x'~'Y\J----------1
I
40 i----~~------{AAAx-I.AAAx-I.AAA AA"'AAA
30 f-----------~-----------t'v'>< ~~~-l'VV'v'!----t'Y'x~~VYt---tVYX~----1 ;x
2 0 f-----------{>(/(J\)<J---IXXX)<}-KXX)<}-{>(XX)<J---IX.X,)v1----J/\XX)<)--fx,/-f./t-fX"x__x.__xt-fXf.i".,xt-fx./8V:</f---tX"-X'-"j't---tx,}".-'\/t-f:<,;X,,x,xt-fx_}<,;x,xt-fx"x'x__xt---------l
;; ·~ ~ ~ ~ ~0 , , 'S: s:
o~~~· ~-~~~@~~-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-~»~ 19
1
94 I 191
96 I 191
98 2C1
CIO 2C:D4 2(~1
Clö 2C:D~:3
10
1 995 1997 I <jfJSJ 2C;Cl I 2C:D~S 2C) 2C::=I7 Yec1r
,-.., \._
0 (j)
~ ~,-..,
(jJ (jJ
cu 0 c +' 0 ~(j)
~6 , _ _c +'r-u'-.__/ ::J u 0 \._
[L
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
0
Fibre production ot Kimambo estote
197(1 1980 1990 2000 2008 or
Waste production ot Kinlombo estote
320
300
280
260
240
,-.., 220 ~ 0 u 200 ~
(j)
c 180 0
-+-' .J::o,."--" 160 qs
-+-' 140 u :J u 120 0 \._
Q_ 100
80
60
40
20
0 2CCl3 2C;Cl5
1994 1996 1998 2CClO 2C:Cl6
~ L
0 I]) >, ~~
(j) (j)
cu 0 c ~ 0
f-'(j)
~6 ·- _c ~~u'-.___/ =:l u 0 L
o_
Fibre production ot ~<itiso estote
1990 2C; pC;08 Yeor
Waste production ot Kitlso state
90
"' 60 ::>., 0 lJ ~
(/)
~y 'y ~g ex . ;;:r,;x çx r,;x;;:
~ .. ~~ ~ ~ ~ 1 . ~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ § & f: ~ à~··~~ ~>(0h
80
70
c 50 0 +-' ~
~ 40 ·-+-'
u ~
lJ 0 L 30 CL
~. ~~~~ ~~~ ~x
y r ; ~ §- ~~- ~ - Q ~ x
7C ~ ·~. ~.. ~ '~ ~ ~:; ~ ~>(
. ~ ~f Ë~ ::
y
f -~- -~~- ~- ~- - - ~ . ~ ~ t § ~~ Xy . ~ ~0~~~~ ~: ~ 8~ ~< :'•~· ~ ~~ I
1 9 9 7 1 ~I S~T~~J 9 r 2 C :] I ï'
1993 1995 2C::J~3 2C;C)5 2C)()7
20
10
0
1994 1996 1998 2t)C)0 2C 2C04 2006 2C08 Yeqr
3
2.8
2.6
2.4
2.2 ~
L 2 0 QJ >" ~~ 1.8
ij] ij]
cu 0 c 1.6 +' 0 ~ij]
ct6 1.4 ·- s= ~t::- 1.2 ::J u 0 L
0_
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Flbre production ot Kumburu estote
x ~x ~» ~RS »~ Q~ 7 7)
)< ~ g )< ~ ~ ~ -:;:< ')< ): x ): 7) > ~~~)<~)< ~ ~ )<
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ): ~ g ):
><X ~~ B< ~~x~~ x ::x R2 ~~Q~ ~~ ~ ~ :;>XX)< X> )< )<
> ~ X::X ): ~ ~~ ~ ~ ·»
~~~~ ~ ~ [x~ :ç; R2 R; >~ "" 'X ')<
·r I I I I I I I I I
1S7Q 1980 1990 200(; Yeor
)< :s x:X
~ ~~/t-"~~:'HVf~---1
~ ~ ~ ): ~ ): x
Waste production ot Kumburu estote
150
140
130
120
1 1 0
~
:>, 100 0
-u ~ 90
UJ c 0 80 -f-)
~
~ 70 -f-)
u ::J 60 -u 0 L 50 Q_
40
30
20
1 0
0 m ~~ ~~ t~~ ~ ~~ w~m- ~x , ~ : E~ :'A----1x;'~:/':X:'~
1993 1 191
95 1 1997 1999 ·r 2CC!'I 2():=!3 2C;C!5 I 2C(J7 1994 1996 1998 2CC!O 2CC!2 2CC!4 2GC!6 2C08
Yeqr
Fibre production ot Mogomo Kulo estote
3.2
3
2.8
2.6 ~ ~ x
2.4
~ 2.2 L
0 (]) 2 >., ~~
(j] (j]
1 .8 cu 0 c
+-' 0 ~(j] 1 .6 ~~
1.4 ·- _c_ +'I-u'-._/ :=l u 1 .2 0 L
Cl_
" x~ 0~
> Xt--
~ R R ~ ~ ::x x: x x: x x: ~ ~ ~ x x: y R ~ ::x ::x 7' x ~ R x ~ x x
x ~ ~ ~ R x ~ ~ ~ > x ::x x: x: ~ ::x ::x x
> ,x ~ > ~ ~ > > ~ x ~ Q ~ Q Q ~ ~ Q "><
x )< ~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 7> ~ x: xY x: v>:x x ::x ::x x
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
""::x R~~X)<~ ~ ~ ~ 7' x ::x ~ Q ~ ~ ~ ~ R ~
)0 ::x Q~~ ::x ex: > ~ ex 7 ::x ~ x x: Q >< ::x ~ ~ )<~/< >-v ex: ~ ~ ~t: > ~~~ ·~ ~~ )< ::x )< ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .x,
~ ~ ~ "• )< ~ ""::x ·» >()<X' > . X: x ::x x: x: x x: ·» r:V )\ x ,(") ~-< x >>i >~ ~ ~ > ~ ~ ::x ::x >' ~ ~ ::: x
~ > ~ x x :< )< )< >< >< ::x ::x ~ ::x x: >< ·» x > > > ~ ~ ~ \ ~ >-;, ~ ~:: ~? ~ )< ~ ~
~ )< ~ Q )< > ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Q x ·» ::x )< >< >< ::x x: )< x: ::x
·X·
f~ ,x > 5< ~ >.X ·» r: ~ > )< ~~~ )< > > )< ;x: .x: ::x ·»
x~~ ~ ·» Q ::x ~ ç ,y, )(. x ·»
"'' t x IX' )< ,:x;. ,x,. :x )/ ·X ·X
f T r I I
I I I I I I I I I I ~ T l I
T' ·r T r T I
1970 1980 1990 C;:JI) 08 Yeor
Waste production ot Mogomo Kul, estote
120
1 1 0
100
90
~
80 ~ 0 u ~
Ij) 70 c 0
+-' +:>."-../ 60 ~
+-' u 50 ::J u 0 L 40 D_
30
20
1 0
0 19
1
93 I 1995 ...... 1 <j97 "I <j':J9 I 2CJC) 'I 20:=1~3 2C:Cl5 ~)C1(!7 1994 1996 1998 20DO 2002 2004 2006 2008
Ye~]r
~ L
0 Q) >, ~~
VJ VJ cu 0 c
+-' 0 ~VJ
~6 ·~ _c +-'fu'---/ :J u 0 L
Q_
6
5
3
2
Fibre production ot Mogungo estote
1980 1990 2000 Yeor
+' u =:l u 0 L
o_
Waste production ot Mogungo estote
220~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
2C:Cl5 1994 1996 1998 2GQO 2GQ2 2G04 2G06 2G08
Ye~J Î
Fibre production at Mruozi Hole estote
6
x x
5
~
L 4 0 Q)
>, ~~
(jJ (jJ
cu 0 c
+-' 0 ~(j] 3 ~:J
0 0 ·- s= +-'f-u"--/ :J u 0 L 2 0_
x >< ~~ ~ ~~ ~ x ::x
x~ ~~~ xx::x ~ ~ x~
Q >i 3< ~~/' ~ 9> ~ ~ Q ~ ~ x ~ ~ 7) ::x x ~
x, ~~ > ~ ~ Q ~ ~ )\ ~ )<
~ )<
~ ~~ ~ QQ~ x x ~ ~~
><
> x ~ Q ~ ~ ~ Q ~ ~ ::x ~ ~ x ~ x ~ x x
x x ~ :x " ~ 9 I{ ,; X ~ x ·X· "" x " :x ~x VÇ;< v ~ ~ ~~> X· .,C x " )< ~~)< ~ ~ "' x x "' :x ~ ~ ~ ~ xx:x r:" r> x > ~ ~ ,~ R5 ?, ~~>~ ~5 x x x ~~ ~ ~ ~ ::x .x, X· x
•i> ~ ~ > ~ ~ ~~>:x K? :x, fx: x X>< ~ ~ ·» x x x
~ x ~~~ x 0 f~ •X· x ::x ~~ ~ ~ )< ~~ ~ ~ )< x
r~ r:~ ,x; * :x ~ :x ~ ~~~ x .x, x :x . « ~ ~ ~> ?(Q~~~ x : ~~ x I :x
X ~v ~ )< k<; XX> t~ :;: Sex ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 9 > ~R::x x)< > . ~ ~~ ~ ~ tx: x .y :;: k><
> x > ~ ~ ~ ~ > t~ t~: xf~ ~:>:~~ ~ ~ x )< ~ g ~ ~ x )< 9~K< )< kS kS x ç: )<
x ,x. x x :x:- ·X- ,x. y
T r T l T r T 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I r T I I I 0
1S7Q 1980 1990 2000 2008 Yeor
+-' u :J u 0 \._
Q_
Waste production ot Mruozi Hole estote
2CCl~3 2C;C!5 2CQ7 1994 1996 1998 2CJ:]0 2C:]2
-~ \..._
0 QJ >-~~
UJ UJ cu 0 c
+-' 0 ~ UJ
tt6 ·- s:. +' fu'---" ::J u 0 \..._
~
3.5
3
2.5
2
1 .5
0.5
0
Fibre production ot Muhezo estote
~------~x><HXJ------------------------------------------------------------~
~ ~
/\~ Q ~ ~
1S7Q 1980 1990 Yeor
+-' u :J u 0 \._
Q_
Waste production ot Muh zo Mkum" estote
110~------------------------------------------~
2C:CJ5 2CQ7 1994 1996 1998 2C00 2C02 2C04 2006 2C08
Ye~]î
Flbre production ot Mwelyo Usomo estote
3
2.8
2.6
2.4
2.2 ~
\.._ 2 0 Q) ::>-, ~~ 1 .8
(jJ (jJ
c u 0 c 1.6 +' 0 ~VJ
ct6 1 .4 ·- _c +'r--u'--../ 1 .2 ::J u 0 \.._
Q_
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
~ ~
~ ~ )': ~ )< ~
~ ~ )< x: 7'
~ ~ g
~ )':
x )': )': ::x ::x :x
~ ~ )<
~ x )< ~ ~ ~ ~
;x ~ :< ~ ~ Q ::x
x )< ~ Q ::x ~ Q ~ ~ ~ x )': ~ ~
)': ~ ~ >) x >(
~::x ~ Q ~ x ~ Q Q Q Q >( >< )': Q ~ x ~ ~ ~ ~ x >(
)': ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ x:\ Q Q ~ ~ Q
x >< ::x ::x >< >< :x Q ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ::x ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ x x )': ·~~ Q ~ Q ~ ~ )': >< >< :x >< x x :x x "" x:x:~~x :x x :x ~ :x ~ ~ ~ Q i~~
x )': ~ x: Q~ 7' ~ ~ ~~:x > ~ )< :x >< x ~ x Q ·» ·» »:x s l:< x ~ )': )< ~ ~ * )<
~ ~ x t:: ::x > x >< ~ ::x~ ::x ~ r:: x x ::;.::: ::x Q ~ Q ~ ::x >< X· >< >< r:· S2~;;: x 'X x
r~ ~<2 ~ ; 2 ~ ~ » :x ~ ~ ~ ~ 7; ~ ~ Q~ x ·» ":' x; :;x x •X·
r:~ :>0 ::x x : r:: r) > "' r~ I<~ >< x :x >< :x :x >< :x Q Q)< 'X·
>0 x ~~ ::? : r: x X· >t~:x x
~~ ~i E~ ·~ ;, ~ Q -~ ~ )': ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ :: x ·>0 x~' :: * f~ x Q~ Q~ Q x ·>0 :: r:c :: r:: r: ::~~:: I<~ x x >< ::x x rx<? >< :x- ,x, x ·X
x x X· X y yy rx rx * X· X· x
r t ;~ :T: t T l T l T l r l T I
I
I I
I I
I I
I I I
I I I I 1 T l T
1S7Q 1980 1990 2C;:Jt) Yeor
+' u :J u 0 L
Cl.
Waste production at Mwel·ya Uso estate
140~--------------------------------------~
130~------------------------------------------
1994 1996 1988 2 0 2GQ2 2G04 2006 2GQ8
Fibre production ot Myombo estote
2.2
2.1
2
1. 9
1 .8
1. 7
1. 6 ~ 1.5 '.....
0 (i) 1.4 >, ~~ 1 .3
!j] !j]
cu 1 .2 0 c +' 0 ~!j] 1 . 1 tt:J
1 0 0 ·- _c +'I--
0.9 u'-./ :J u 0.8 0
'..... Q_ 0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
)< x
~ ~ Q Q~ x ~ ~ x )< Q ><x > Q :Q ~ ~ >< x x ><
:Q:x ~ ~ y X>
>< ~ ~ ~ > 22x x :x Q~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~9 >()<
x ~ ~ ~9 ~9> ~ Q~ ~ :Q:Q:x~ ;z )< ~ ~ ><~ XX :X
:Q:Q ~17' ;x Q ~ ~ ~ x IX x )< )< )<
~ ~ x R ~ ~ Q ~ ~ >(~ /( ~ 58 Q ~ ~ Q >< ~~ x x :x
·X >< X, ·. ~ ><
~ ~ "' :x 9 ~9 9 ~ R:x Q ~ ·X >( >( :x x ~Q 9 9 9 9 x y
"~' x :x :x ~ >< g ~9 Q ~ "' ~~ 9 ~ ~~ 9 9 >< >< ><X Q~ >( >< x. ·X· QQS2 ~ x x ~~- ~ ~:c
.x,
-x '.x:' x x x . x. ><x x ><>< ,x, :: ~:: ::: x;x:-_ xX :x x )< ~ 9 9 >( 9 ~ 9 :x R ·X· ·X
x:;::~"~ x " x X· x- ,x, ~~ ,.;~ x ":~1 ;x:
;::;~' ~ 5< <'x >( ~ :x X· x. ~"': x~ >('1 :x: ::: x~X:x~:X 9 ~ >( ~ ~
~ 9 9:< QQx x : :~: ~~ t~j •:· ~x X x. :x x x
x :» :::r ,y x ~:: ::~ x:9 9 >< ><. ~ ~ 131 ?x 9 >< ~::: x x <.,. >t~ x x
xx_:~;x x:;; ><:X ~~ x : ,.;:~ x >: x, ..X, ,;x:.. ,x ·X> X ·X .~~ ·X .x,
T l T ·r
l r l I I
I I
I I I I I
I I I T l l 1'
l l l 1 197(1 1980 1990 200t)
Year
+' u :J u 0 L
(}_
Woste production ot Myombo estote
1994 1996 1998 2GOO 2G02 2G04 2006 2GQ8 Ye~:n
r--, .._ 0 Q) >, ~r--,
(j] (j]
cu 0 c
-+--' 0 ~(j]
~~ ·- J.:: -+-'I-U'-_/ :J u 0 .._
o__
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
0
Fibre production ot Ngombezi estote
1S7Q 1980 1990 2000 ~:(:08
Yeor
+-' u :J u 0 \._
o_
Waste production ot Ngombezi estote
350~--------------------------------------~
300 f--------------------------rx~xx~1-f ~xxx1-fllxxx'f--r)(,'/x1-fx~'><x~1-f~ ~>(,x ~xr-------------1
250
ç; ~ ~~ x ~ x ~ ~ x
2 00 f---------------------------1>()()> > L . ~ K >Ç ~ s ?B
1 50 f-----------------i_Ä t- -~X: -)< <:? ~ A)--------------4
1 ~' / ~i t ~ ~ ~ ~ 100r--------~~·xx~x1-{X)~~~~~~~~~r~~.'x~xx~~~~~'~~0x1-fx0·~~;~~~xxx:r-w~·'f~ T ~~ 7" X ~ . p ; ' ~ : /; : ~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~; ' ~
191
93 191
95 191
97 1999 ·r 2CjC)1 2C1
C)3 2C:C):) 1 2C(17
50
0
1994 1996 1998 2GQO 2GQ2 2GQ4 2GQ6 2008 Yeqr
~
L
0 Q)
>, ~~ Ij) Ij)
Cû 0 c
+-' 0 +:-'-__/IJ)
W r ::J ........ 0 0
·- _C +-'fu'-__/ ::J
û 0 L
Q_
5
4
3
2
0
Fibre production ot Pongowe ~<in, estote
'7 >
197Q 1980 2000 [ZC;08 Yeor
Waste pr-oduction ot Pongowe Kino estote
190
180
170
160
150
140
r-, 130 >-, 0
120 u ~
({J 11 0 c 0
~ 100 w tv= 90 0
-+-' 80 u
:::J u 70 0 L
Q_ 60
50
40 I 30 ~ ~ 20 ~
~ ~ ~ 10
~~ ~ ~ 0
1993 1995 2C:Cl5 20(77 1994 1996 1998 2CClO 2CCl4
~ \._
0 Q)
~ ~~
(/] (/]
cu 0 c
+-' 0 ~(/]
~6 ·- _c +-'ru'-.._/ :J u 0 \._
Q_
Flbre production ot Ubeno Zomozl estote
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
0.5
0
1970 1980 ;2C:08 Yeor
Waste production ot Ubeno Zornozi estote
200
190
180
170
1 60
150
140 ~
>, 130 0
u ~
IJJ 120
c 11 0 0
-+-' ~'---../ 100 w:::: ~
-+-' 90
u :J 80 u 0 70 L
CL 60
50
40
30
20
1 0
0
1994 1996 1998 2()()0 2G04 2006 2GQ8
Appendix 5: The Machinery use on the TSA estates
Machinery use survey ............................................. 5.2
1 Gomba Mwenge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5
2 Kibaranga group ............................................... 5.7
3 Kilosa estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.9
4 Kitisa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.11
5 Kumburu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.13
6 Magunga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.15
7 Mkumbara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.17
8 Mnazi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.19
9 Mruazi Hale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.21
10 Mwelya Usambara ............................................ 5.23
11 Ngombezi .................................................. 5.25
12 Ndungu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.27
13 Toronto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.29
14 Ubena Zomozi .............................................. 5.31
Tancord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.33
Carpet company ................................................ 5.36
Decorticator use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.38
Efficiency of the decorticator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.39
Broshing machine use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.43
Baling machine use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.44
5.1
Machinery use survey
Objective
Get an overview of the available machinery on sisal estates and sisal manufacturers in Tanzania and the use of these machines in one month.
Population
All the sisal estates and sisal manufacturers of the Tanzania Sisal Authority. The number of sisal estates is limited to 22 and they are all included. The number of sisal manufacturers is 2 and they are both included.
Data collection
The strucutured datacolloction is done with a questionnaire which has been sent to all the estates. The questionnaire is given on the next page. The questionnaire for the sisal manufacturers was slightly different and is given on the pages 5.33 - 5.38 of this appendix.
Questionnaire
1 General information
la Estate name:
lb District:
lc Region:
2 Type of sisal grown
I Type I Percentage (%) I Agave Sisalana
Hybrid 11648
Other ......
3 Machinery
3a Decorticators
I~ Number HP Age
5.2
3b Broshing machines
Type Number HP Age
~C Halin machines g
Number HP Age
3d Tractors
I~ Number HP Age
4 Machinery use in july 1994
No use Shifts hrs/sh hrsjday hrsjmonth
Decorticators
Broshing
Baling
5.3
5 Monthly performance in july 1994
11 I!em Amount
Diesel use (litres)
Decorticator shifts
Metres decorticated
Fibre production ( tons)
3L
UG
Tow 1 + 2
Flume tow
Other:
Electricity use (kWh)
KVA
5.4
1 Gomba Mwenge
1 General information
la Estate name: Gamba Mwenge
lb District: Korogwe
lc Region: Tanga
2 Type of sisal grown
Percentage (%)
A ave Sisalana 0
Hybrid 11648 100
3 Machinery
3a Decorticators
Type Number HP Age
Krupp 11 1 120 50
3b Broshing machines
Type Number HP Age
Local 4 10 40
3c Baling machines
I Type I Number I HP I Age I Kanzier 1 12 40
3d Tractors
Type Number HP Age
Fiat 100-90 1 100 6
Fiat 80-66 2 80 6
MF390 1 90 6
5.5
4 Machinery use in july
IJ No use Shifts hrsL_sh hrsjday hrs/month
Decorticators 1 24 12 12 288
Broshing 4 24 6 6 180
Baling 1 13 6 6 120
5 Monthly performance in july
I Item I Amount I Diesel use (litres) 3570
Decorticator shifts 24
Metres decorticated 1795
Fibre production ( tons) 65
3L 0
UG 58
Tow 1 + 2 1
Flume tow 5
Other: 3S 1
Electricity_ use (kWh) 13114
KVA 88
5.6
2 Kibaranga group
1 General infonnation
la Estate name: Kibaranga
lb District: Muheza
lc Region: Tanga
2 Type of sisal grown
I Type I Percentage (%) I Agave Sisaiana 1
Hybrid 11648 99
3 Machinery
3a Decorticators
Type Number HP Age
Krupp (MLG) 1 42
Stork (KBG) 1 42
Wumag (FRA) 1 42
3b Broshing machines
I Type I Number I HP I Age I (MLG) 6 42
(KBG) 8 42
(FRA) 8 42
3c Baling machines
I Type I Number I HP I Age I Kanzier (KBG) 1 44
Kanzier (MLT) 1 40
MA& MA 1 44 (FRM)
5.7
3d Tractors
11 Type Number HP Age
Fiat 766 1 70 10
Fiat 80-66 4 80 4
Fiat 100-90 1 100 4
MF390 1 86 3
MF399 1 110 3
4 Machinery use in july
No use Shifts hrs/sh hrsjday hrsjmonth
Decorticators 1 14 14 14 196
Broshing 6 22 8 8
Baling 1 26 6 6 156
5 Monthly performance in july
I Item I Amount I Diesel use (litres) 6732
Decorticator shifts 14
Metres decorticated 1890
Fibre production ( tons) 60
3L 37
UG 20
Tow 1 + 2 2
Flume tow 1
Other: 3L special 1
I Electricity use {kWh)
I 6311
I KVA 190
5.8
3 Kilosa estate
1 General information
la Estate name: Kilo sa
lb District: Kilo sa
lc Region: Morogoro
2 Type of sisal grown
I Type I Percentage (%) I Agave Sisalana 96
Hybrid 11648 4
3 Machinery
3a Decorticators
~ ::emchel ~ Number HP Age
1 150 46 I 3b Broshing machines
Number HP Age
1 7.5 46
3c Baling machines
~ ::~aulic Number HP A ge i 1 25 46
3d Tractors
Type Number HP Age
Fiat 80-66 2 80 5
5.9
4 Machinery use in july
No use Shifts hrs/sh hrsjday hrsfmonth
Decorticators 1 2 9 9 18
Broshing 1 11 4 4 44
Baling 0 0 0
5 Monthly performance in july
I Item I Amount I Diesel use (litres) 270
Decorticator shifts 2
Metres decorticated 260
Fibre production ( tons) 9
3L 2
UG 7
Tow 1 + 2
Flume tow
Other:
Electricity use (kWh) 8483
KVA 130
5.10
4 Kitisa
1 General information
la Estate name: Kitisa
lb District: Muheza
lc Region: Tanga
2 Type of sisal grown
Type Percentage (%)
Agave Sisalana 0
Hybrid 11648 100
3 Machinery
3a Decorticators
I Type I Number I HP I Age I Krupp IV 1 150 >46
3b Broshing machines
I Type I Number I HP I Age I Local made 2 7.5 >46
3c Baling machines
Type Number HP Age
Kenzier 1 20 >46
3d Tractors
I Type I Number I HP I Age I Fiat 80-66 4 80 4
Valmet 604 1 60 10
5.11
4 Machinery use in july
No use Shifts hrs/sh hrs/day hrs/month
Decorticators 1 7.39 10 10 73.9
Broshing 2 26.67 7 7 62.23
Baling 1 5.56 7 7 38.92
5 Monthly performance in july
Item Amount
Diesel use (litres) 2601
Decorticator shifts 7.39
Metres decorticated 739.02
Fibre production (tons) 23.5
3L 1.25
UG 20.25
Tow 1 + 2 0
Flume tow 1.00
Other: UF 0.50
Electricity use (kWh) 2,640
KVA 34
5.12
5 Kumburu
1 General information
la Estate name: Kumburu
lb District: Muheza
1c Region: Tanga
2 Type of sisal grown
I Type I Percentage (%) I Agave Sisalana 25
Hybrid 11648 75
3 Machinery
3a Decorticators
I Type I Number I HP I Age I Stirling astald 1 150 >50
3b Broshing machines
Type Number HP Age
Local (TWW) 3 5 >30
3c Baling machines
Number HP Ae
1 12 >50
3d Tractors
Type Number HP Age
Fiat 80-66 1 80 5
Fiat 100-90 2 100 9
5.13
4 Machinery use in july
11 No use Shifts hrs/sh hrsjday hrs/month
Decorticators 1 8 18 18 144
Broshing 2 18 5 5 90
Baling 1 7 5 5 35
5 Monthly performance in july
I Item I Amount I Diesel use (litres) 2375
Decorticator shifts 8
Metres decorticated 782
Fibre production ( tons) 30
3L 10
UG 17
Tow 1 + 2 0
Flume tow 1
Other: UF 2
I Electricity use {kWh)
I 13020
I KVA 130
5.14
6 Magnoga
1 General information
la Estate name: Magunga
lb District: Korogwe
lc Region: Tanga
2 Type of sisal grown
I Type I Percentage (%) I
I Agave Sisalana
I I Hybrid 11648
3 Machinery
3a Decorticators
i ::: (1~20) I Number HP Age
2 150 44
3b Broshing machines
Number HP Ae
10 40
3c Baling machines
Type Number HP Age
Magnal Press 2 4 ton/sq in 62
3d Tractors
Type Number HP Age
MF 390/MF399 12 100 & 80 3
5.15
4 Machinery use in july
No use Shifts hrs/sh hrs/day hrsjmonth
Decorticators 1 15 12 12 180
Broshing 4 23 6 6 138
Baling 2 17 3 6 102
5 Monthly performance in july
I Item I Amount I Diesel use (litres) 5235
Decorticator shifts 15
Metres decorticated 1642
Fibre production ( tons) 76
3L 57.5
UG 16
Tow 1 + 2 1
Flume tow 1
Other: 3L special 0.50
Electricity use (kWh) 25975
KVA 209
5.16
7 Mkumbara
1 General information
la Estate name: Mkumbara
lb District: Korogwe
lc Region: Tanga
2 Type of sisal grown
~ Percentage (%)
Agave Sisalana 1
Hybrid 11648 99
3 Machinery
3a Decorticators
l ~ Twe Number HP Age
J Stork 10-20 1 150 46 I 3b Broshing machines
I T~ I I ~umber HP Age
7.5 46 I 3c Baling machines
Type Number HP Age
Magnum hydraulic 1 12 46
3d Tractors
I Type I Number I HP I Age I Fiat 100-90 1 100 5
Fiat 80-66 1 80 5
5.17
4 Machinery use in july
No use Shifts hrs/sh hrs/day hrs/month
Decorticators 1 3 10 12 36
Broshing 1 20 10 12 240
Baling 1 7 6 6 42
5 Monthly performance in july
I Item I Amount I Diesel use (litres) 1985
Decorticator shifts 3
Metres decorticated 669
Fibre production ( tons) 15
3L 15
UG 0
Tow 1 + 2 0
Flume tow 0
Other: 0
Electricity use (kWh) 5840
KVA 136
5.18
8 Mnazi
1 General information
la Estate name: Mnazi sisal estate
lb District: Lushoto
lc Region: Tanga
2 Type of sisal grown
Type Percentage (%)
Agave Sisalana 0
Hybrid 11648 100
3 Machinery
3a Decorticators
Type I Number I HP I Age
I KruJ2J2
I 1
I 170
I 45
I Stork 20/12 1 170 45
3b Broshing machines
Type Number HP Age
Ferver 5 32
3c Baling machines
Number HP Age I I Kanzier 1 30
3d Tractors
I Type Number HP Age
Fiat 100-90 1 100 7
Fiat 70-66 1 70 6
5.19
4 Machinery use in july
11 No use Shifts hrs/sh hrs/day hrs/month
Decorticators 1 10 12 14 150
Broshing 2 30.3 9 10 200
Baling 1 8 6 8 56
5 Monthly performance in july
I Item I Amount I Diesel use (litres) 3208
Decorticator shifts 10
Metres decorticated 628
Fibre production (tons) 25
3L 5
UG 19
Tow 1 + 2 1
Flume tow 2
Other:
Electricity use (kWh) N.A.8
KVA N.A.a
a The estate has no grid conneetion and runs its machines with power engines.
5.20
9 Mruazi Hale
1 General information
la Estate name: Mruazi Hale
lb District: Korogwe
lc Region: Tanga
2 Type of sisal grown
Type Percentage (%)
Agave Sisalana 5
Hybrid 11648 95
3 Machinery
3a Decorticators
I Type I Number I HP I A~e I Krupp 11 1 120 42
Stork 20-12 1 150 42
3b Broshing machines
I Type I Number I HP I Age I Double drum 17 5 42
Single drum 2 5 42
3c Baling machines
Number HP Ae
2 12 42
3d Tractors
Type Number HP Age
Mass~ Fer_&!!_sson 390 5 80 4
Massey Fergusson 399 6 100 4
5.21
4 Machinery use in july
11
hrs/sh hrs/day hrsjmonth ..... 11 No use Shifts
Decorticators 1 16 12 10 160
Broshing 3 23 8 7 161
Baling 1 23 8 7 161
5 Monthly performance in july
I~ Amount
Diesel use (litres) 5388
Decorticator shifts 16
Metres decorticated 1555
Fibre production ( tons) 78
3L 34
UG 35
Tow 1 + 2 3
Flume tow 3
Other: Special grade 3
Electricity use (kWh) 23,730
KVA 104
5.22
10 Mwelya Usambara
1 General information
la Estate name: Mwelya Usambara
lb District: Korogwe
lc Region: Tanga
2 Type of sisal grown
I Type I Percentage (%) I Agave Sisalana 7.3
Hybrid 11648 92.7
3 Machinery
3a Decorticators
11
~ Tnre Number HP Age
2 200 45 .I Krupp IV
3b B h" h" rus mg mac mes
T_ype Number HP Age
Rota D.N. 11 9 5.5 & 7.5 42
3c Baling machines
I Type I Number I HP I Age I The hydraulic engineering Co. 1 20 42 2035
3d Tractors
Type Number HP Age
Massey Ferguson 1 86 3 390
Fiat 100-90 2 (1 working) 100 6
Valmet 2600 1 117 6
5.23
Fiat 80-66 5 (3 working) 80 4
Fiat 70-66 1 70 7
4 Machinery use in july
No use Shifts hrs/sh hrs/day hrs/month
Decorticators 2 13 9 9 117
Broshing 4 16 6 6 96
Baling 1 9 6 6 96
5 Monthly performance in july
I Item I Amount I Diesel use (litres) 3563
Decorticator shifts 13
Metres decorticated 1035
Fibre production ( tons) 40
3L 33
UG 4
Tow 1 + 2 1
Flume tow 0
Other: 3L/SP 2
Electricity_ use (kWh) 17,173
KVA 244
5.24
11 Ngombezi
1 General information
la Estate name: Ngombezi
lb District: Korogwe
lc Region: Tanga
2 Type of sisal grown
Type Percentage (%)
A_gave Sisalana 41
Hybrid 11648 59
3 Machinery
3a Decorticators
Type I Number I HP I Age
Stock 10-20 I twin 75
3b Broshing machines
HP Age
7.5 54
3c Baling machines
Type Number HP Age
Kanseller 2 54
3d Tractors
11 Tv11e Number HP Age
11 Marsey Ferguson 10 100/75 4
5.25
4 Machinery use in july
11 No use Shifts hrs/sh hrs/day hrs/month
Decorticators 1 15 12 12 180
Broshing 2 20 6 6 120
Baling 1 10 8 8 80
5 Monthly performance in july
I Item I Amount I Diesel use {litres) 5089
Decorticator shifts 15
Metres decorticated 1295
Fibre production ( tons) 45
3L 5
UG 40
Tow 1 + 2 0
Flume tow 0
Other: 0
I Electricity use (kWh}
I 25,135
I KVA 140
5.26
12 Ndungu
1 General information
la Estate name: Ndugu
lb District: Same
lc Region: Kilimanjaro
2 Type of sisal grown
Type Percentage(%)
Agave Sisalana 0
Hybrid 11648 100
3 Machinery
3a Decorticators
I Type I Number I HP I Age I Mobile 7
3b Broshing machines
Type Number HP Age
3c Baling machines
I Type I Number I HP I Age I Chesters London 1 2.25 ton/m2
3d Tractors
I Type I Number I HP I Age I
I Fiat 100-90
I 1
I 100
I 6
I Fiat 80-66 1 80 4
5.27
4 Machinery use in july
No use Shifts hrs/sh hrs/day hrs/month
Decorticators 10 10 9 9 90
Broshing 8 8 7 7 56
Baling
5 Monthly performance in july
I Item I Amount I Diesel use (litres) 1075
Decorticator shifts 10
Metres decorticated 284
Fibre production (tons) 12
3L 0
UG 10
Tow 1 + 2 0
Flume tow 1
Other: 0
Electricity use (kWh)
KVA
5.28
13 Toronto
1 General infonnation
la Estate name: Toronto
lb District: Korogwe
lc Region: Tanga
2 Type of sisal grown
Type Percentage (%)
Agave Sisalana 10
Hybrid 11648 90
3 Machinery
3a Decorticators
I Type I Number I HP I Age I Krupp 4 1 150 >50
KrupQ_ 2 1 150 >50
Stork 1 150 >50
3b Broshing machines
1 T~e I I Number HP Age
5 old I Local
3c Baling machines
e Number HP Ae
1 20 very old
5.29
3d Tractors
T_ype Number HP Age
Fiat 80-66 3 80 4
Fiat 100-90 1 100 7
4 Machinery use in july
~ No use Shifts hrs{sh hrsjday hrs/month
Decorticators 1 5 13 13 65
Broshing 3 8 5 5 40
Baling 1 5 6 6 30
5 Monthly performance in july
I Item I Amount I Diesel use (litres) 2474
Decorticator shifts 5
Metres decorticated 604
Fibre production (tons) 20
3L 9
UG + 3S 9
Tow 1 + 2 2
Flume tow 0
Other: 0
Electricity use (kWh) 16746.5
KVA 109
5.30
14 Ubena Zomozi
1 General information
la Estate name: Ubena Zomozi
lb District: Bagamoyo
lc Region: Pwani
2 Type of sisal grown
Percentage (%)
A ave Sisalana 0
Hybrid 11648 100
3 Machinery
3a Decorticators
I Type I Number I HP I Age I Stork 12-20 1
3b Broshing machines
Type Number HP Age
3c Baling machines
Type Number HP A_ge
Kanzier 4559 1 >35
5.31
3d Tractors
I~ Number HP Age
Fiat 80-66 2 80 5
Fiat 100-90 1 100 7
Valmet 2600 1 117 6
MF390 1 88 4
4 Machinery use in july
No use Shifts hrs/sh hrsjday hrsjmonth
Decorticators 1 15 10 10 150
Broshing 6 20 8 8 160
Baling 1 10 8 8 80
5 Monthly performance in july
I Item I Amount I Diesel use (litres) 2137
Decorticator shifts 15
Metres decorticated 1753
Fibre production (tons) 80
3L 30
UG 48
Tow 1 + 2 2
Flume tow 0
Other: 0
Electricity use (kWh) 42,383
KVA 225
5.32
Tancord
1 General information
la Name: Tancord
lb Place: Ngomeni
lc District: Muheza
ld Region: Tanga
2 Available Machinery
T."'A Function No. HP ~I ~. '1:'-
Goods machine Mixin_g and straightenning fibre 13 15 1964
Drawin_g machine " " 11 10 1964
Finisher machine " " 8 10 1964
Spinnin_g m/ c Production of baler twine 22 75 1974
Spinnin_g m/ c Production of fine yarn 5 55 1964
Spinning m/ c " " 1 100 1964
Spinning m/ c " " 1 75 1964
Layer m/c Making ropes 4-18 mm 2 30 1978
Strander m/ c " " 8 10 1978
Balling m/c Making ball (local salel 4 3 1974
Twister m[c Twisting yarn 1 25 1974
Spooling m/ c Making twine into spools 205 3 1964
Trolley m/c Making ropes 14-40 mm 1 5 1964
Rope twister m/ c " " 1 5 1964
Rope coiler m/ c " " 1 3 1964
Air com_pressors For _I>_neumatic o_I>_eration 4 10 1978
Water pump Supply of water 1 5 1964
Milling m/c Grinding maize grains into flour 2 15 1978 for workers
5.33
3 Machinery use in july 1994
Machine type no in no of hrs/ hrs/ hrs/ u se shifts shift day month
Goods machine 7 3 8 24 600
Drawing machine 5 3 8 24 600
Finisher machine 4 3 8 24 600
Spinning ( twine) 10 3 8 24 600
Spinning (yarn) 7 3 8 24 600
Layer machine 1 3 8 24 600
Strander machine 4 3 8 24 600
Balling machine 3 3 8 24 600
Twister machine 1 3 8 24 600
S_poolin_g machine 115 3 8 24 600
Trolley machine 1 3 8 24 600
Rope twister 1 3 8 24 600
Rope twister 1 3 8 24 600
Air compressor 4 3 8 24 600
Water _pump 1 1 5 5 130
Milling machine 2 1 8 8 216 •t MonthJy performance July 1994
Input of fibre. (kg) 959,657.4
Units electricity (kWh) 195,200
KV A's 700
Other energy sourees 0
Products (kg) 738,198
Baler twine 463,699
Packing twine 101,788
Rope yarn 155,362
Fine yarn 75,503
Ropes 30,778
Other: 0
5.34
5 Specific energy consumption 1993
Month Production kWh Cap. Spec. Cap (tons) (tons) energy utiliz
1 656 152,500 2667 233 25
2 534 133,500 2667 250 20
3 714 180,300 2667 253 27
4 337 131,800 2667 391 13
5 377 136,500 2667 362 14
6 282 107,600 2667 382 11
7 551 163,600 2667 297 21
8 587 178,100 2667 303 22
9 352 134,600 2667 383 13
10 71 18,590 2667 262 3
11 780 188,600 2667 242 29
12 484 145,900 2667 301 18
5.35
Carpet company
1 General infonnation
la Name: Tanzania Carpet Company Ltd.
lb Place: Kilo sa
1c District: Kilo sa
ld Region: Morogoro
2 Available machinery
I Type I Function I Number I HP I Age I Boiler Generate steam 1 100 18
Pumps, comQressor Compress air 1 40 20
Dyetubs Dy_eing fibres 6 67 40
Preparing me Combing fibre 3 80 40
Spinners, twister Spinning, twisting 6 215 40
Winders Winding 26 90 40
Looms Weaving 8 40 40
Prepare stands Binding 10 20 20
Workshop me 46 14
3 Machinery use in July 1994.
Type No use shifts hrs Hrs/ hrs/ /shift day month
Boiler 1 1 8 8 32
Preparing 3 2 8 16 320
Spinners, twisters 3 2 8 16 320
Winders 8 2 8 16 320
Looms 5 2 8 16 320
Finishing 6 1 8 8 160
Workshop 1 8 8 160
5.36
4 Monthly performance july 1994.
Tonsof fibre used 15.4
Units consumed (kWh) 64880
kV A's recorded 150
Other energy sourees no
Products made
Carpets ( m2) 3019
Buffin_g cloth (m2) 4259.2
Geotextiles (m2) nil
Yarn (kg) 3111
Bags nil
5.37
Decorticator use
This table is based on the results of the survey.
Estate Production Decorticator Tons/ Hrs/ Efficiency (tons) shifts shift shift (%)
Gomba Mwenge 65 24 2.7 12 2.38
Kibaranga 60 14 4.3 14 2.23
Kilosa 9 2 4.5 9 2.47
Kitisa 23.5 7.4 3.2 10 2.12
Kumburu 30 8 3.8 18 2.46
Ma gun ga 76 15 5.1 12 3.26
Mkumbara 15 3 5.0 10 1.60
Mnazi 25 10 2.5 12 2.84
Mruazi Hale 78 16 4.9 10 3.44
Mwelya 40 13 3.1 9 2.76 Usambara
Ngombezi 45 15 3.0 12 2.48
Ndungu 12 10 1.2 9 3.01
Toronto 20 5 4.0 13 2.36
Ubena Zomozi 80 15 5.3 10 3.25
Total 578.5 157.4
Avera_g_e 3.7 11.4 2.62
Standard dev. 1.15 2.38 0.51
5.38
Efficiency of the decorticator
The figures in the table below are taken from monthly reports of the estates.
Estate Month Me tres Shifts Me tres/ Tons/ Efficiency dec shift shift
Gomba Feb 93 638 5 128 4.4 2.46
May 765 6 128 4.5 2.52
Aug 1407 24 59 2.4 2.92
Nov 1093 28 39 1.3 2.37
Jan 94 1180 18 66 1.77 1.93
Feb 940 8 118 4.38 2.66
Mar 820 20 41 1.65 2.87
Apr 1217 16 76 2.6 2.44
Ma_y_ 1796 21 86 2.61 2.18
Jul 1795 24 75 2.5 2.38
Kibaranga Feb 93 611 6 102 5 3.50
May 1402 8 175 5 2.03
Aug 2470 19 130 4.8 2.63
Nov 2035 16 127 5 2.80
Jan 94 2315 18 129 5 2.77
Feb 2022 15.5 130 4.5 2.46
Mar 1933 15 129 4.6 2.55
Apr 2039 16 127 4.43 2.48
May 1402 10 140 5.4 2.75
Jul 1890 14 135 4.21 2.22
Kirnam ba May 93 660 6 110 5.8 3.76
Au_g_ 1842 13 142 4.2 2.11
Nov 1999 15 133 4 2.14
Kitisa May93 680 6 113 5 3.15
Aug 1299 10 130 4.8 2.64
Nov 1136 9 126 5 2.82
5.39
Jan 94 1383 13 106 4 2.68
Feb 1330 13 102 3.08 2.15
Mar 1482 14 106 3.21 2.16
Apr 1318 11 120 2.73 1.62
May 267 3 89 3.7 2.96
Jul 739 7.4 100 2.98 2.13
Kumburu Feb 93 246 2 123 4 2.32
Aug 1242 9.5 131 4.7 2.56
Nov 955 7 136 5.7 2.98
Jan 94 1290 11.5 112 3.5 2.23
Feb 793 7 113 4.28 2.69
Mar 851 7.5 113 4 2.51
Apr 1183 9 131 2.7 1.46
May 939 7.5 125 4 2.28
Jul 782 8 98 3.38 2.47
Magoma May94 1556 17 92 4.7 3.66
Ma gun ga Jan 94 2298 20 115 5 3.10
Feb 1465 14 105 5 3.41
Mar 2324 18 129 5 2.76
Apr 2289 22 104 5 3.43
May 1261 14 90 5 3.96
Jul 1642 15 109 5 3.26
Mruazi Nov 93 880 14 63 2.9 3.29
Jan 94 1388 20 69 3.5 3.60
Mar 1546 24 64 2.7 2.99
Jul 1555 16 97 4.7 3.45
Muheza Feb 93 309 2 155 9 4.15
May 635 5 127 5 2.81
Aug 1238 9 138 5.6 2.90
Nov 1292 10 129 3.4 1.88
Jan 94 1493 14 107 3.6 2.41
5.40
Feb 1250 15 83 3 2.57
Mar 1479 12 123 4.58 2.65
Apr 1559 13.4 116 4.8 2.94
May 1496 13 115 3.8 2.35
Mwelya Feb 93 402 3 134 6 3.19
May 561 4.5 125 5.6 3.20
Aug 2041.5 16 128 5.3 2.96
Nov 2090 28 75 2.9 2.77
Jan 94 1446 19 76 2.6 2.44
Feb 1015 14 73 1.6 1.57
Mar 995 13 77 3.85 3.59
Apr 1270 17 75 3.5 3.34
May 1290 17 76 2.9 2.73
Jul 1035 13 80 3.1 2.78
Myombo May 93 570 5 114 6 3.75
Aug 1267.5 10.5 121 3.8 2.24
Nov 1048 6.5 161 4.8 2.12
Jan 94 1323 8.5 156 5.41 2.48
Feb 731 5 146 5 2.44
Mar 591 4.2 141 5.7 2.89
Apr 528 3.5 151 4.57 2.16
May 1061 7 152 4.71 2.22
N_gombezi Jan 94 2369 25 95 4 3.01
Feb 1871 20 94 3.75 2.86
Apr 1375 14 98 3.2 2.32
Jul 1295 15 86 3 2.48
Pangawe May 572 4 143 6.2 3.09 1993
Aug 1873 13 144 5.1 2.52
Nov 1391 11.5 121 4.2 2.48
Feb 94 1854 12 155 5.03 2.32
5.41
Mar 1114 7.5 149 4.93 2.37
Apr 1185 10 119 5 3.01
May 1333 10 133 4.5 2.41
Ubena Feb 93 628 5 126 4 2.27
May 1440 11 131 4.5 2.45
Aug 1566 14 112 5.1 3.25
Nov 1578 15 105 4.7 3.19
Jan 94 2052 17 121 5.29 3.13
Feb 2096 17 123 4.71 2.72
Mar 1984 16.8 118 4.16 2.51
Apr 1651 13 127 4.23 2.38
May 1859 15 124 3.33 1.92
Jul 1753 15 117 5.33 3.25
Average 1332.45 12.60 113.26 4.24 2.69
Deviation 525.09 5.82 26.62 1.16 0.52 )Ource: Statistica! de artment TSA. p
5.42
Broshing machine use
Estate Production Broshing Tons/ Hrs/ (tons) shifts shift shift
Gamba Mwenge 65 96 0.7 6
Kibaranga 60 70 0.9 7.5
Kilo sa 9 11 0.8 4
Kitisa 23.5 26.7 0.9 7
Kumburu 30 36 0.8 5
Magunga 76 92 0.8 6
Mkumbara 15 20 0.8 10
Mnazi 25 30.3 0.8 9
Mruazi Hale 78 69 1.1 7
Mwe!Y_a Usambara 40 64 0.6 6
Ngombezi 45 40 1.1 6
Ndungu 12 8 1.5 7
Toronto 20 24 0.8 5
Ubena Zomozi 80 120 0.7 8
Total 578.5 707
Average 0.9 6.7
Standard dev. 0.22 1.55
5.43
Baling machine use
Estate Production Baling Tons/ Hrs/ (tons) shifts shift shift
Gomba Mwenge 65 13 5.0 6
Kibaranga 60 26 2.3 6
Kilosa 9 2 4.5 6
Kitisa 23.5 5.6 4.2 7
Kumburu 30 7 4.3 5
Magunga 76 34 2.2 3
Mkumbara 15 7 2.1 6
Mnazi 25 8 3.1 6
Mruazi Hale 78 23 3.4 7
Mwelya Usambara 40 9 4.4 6
Ngombezi 45 10 4.5 8
Ndungu._ 12 2 6.0 6
Toronto 20 5 4.0 6
Ubena Zomozi 80 10 8.0 8
Total 578.5 161.6
Average 4.2 6.1
Standard dev. 1.51 1.19
5.44
Appendix 6: TANESO tariffs
Tanzania Electric Supply Company Limited Electricity tariffs with effect from july 1993.
Tariff no. 4A: A&ricultural consumers
Applicable to agricultural consumers whose consumption is more than 5,000 units per meter reading period engaged in direct raw farm produce production and/ or processing.
a Demand charges:
Shs. 2,300 per kVA of Billing Demand (B.D.) per meter reading period.
Note: the kV A Maximum Demand (M.D.) indicator shall be reset every meter reading period.
b Units charges:
First 150 times B.D. (kVA) units Remainder of units
c Customer service charge:
Per meter reading period
TShs. 47.50 per kWh. TShs. 45.00 per kWh.
TShs. 40,000.
1 Billing Demand (B.D.) is the higher of the kVA Maximum Demand (M.D.) during the month or the 75 % of the highest kV A Maximum Demand for the preceding 11 months.
2 Meter reading period is the period of time elapsing between any consecutive readings of the meter and/ or maximum de mand indicator installed by the company but with exception of their first and last period; each such period shall be as near to thirty days as possible.
3 These tariffs are applicable only to supply of electricity to consumers with power factor not lower than 0.95, otherwise power factor surcharge shall be applied on the normal charges.
6.1
Electricity use on the estate
Machine kW tons/shift Hrs run/shift kW/tons
Decorticator 110 3.7 9 268
Broshing 5.5 0.9 6.5 40
Baling 12 4.2 5.5 16
Subtotal 127.5 325
Offices /house 25 s
Total 127.5 350
With a daily fibre production of 5 tons, the electricity consumption will be 1750 kWh. This electricity is consumed by 1 decorticator, 6 broshing machines and 1 baling machine, which means a maximum demand of 155 kW. This daily electricity use results in a monthly (25 shifts) electricity consumption of 43,750 kWh.
Possible savin~s for an estate
Presuppositions:
1 The calculations are based on the output of one decordcator and are on a monthly basis.
2 The electricity consumption is assumed to be 43,750 kWh/month.
3 The Billing Demand (B.D.) is set on 155 kVA (based on the engine sizes).
Calculations:
Item Amount Price/unit Total
De mand 155 kVA 2,300.00 356,500
Units 23,250 kWh 47.50 1,104,375
Units 20,500 kWh 45.00 922,500
Taxes 5% 119,170
Total 2,502,5458
Rounded value
6.2
Appendix 7: Gas output
This calculations are based on one decorticator running at full capacity, which means about 300 shifts per year. Each shift produces about 5 tonsof dry line fibre and for every ton of dry fibre 19 tons of waste are ejected.
Output per shift
Fibre: Waste: Water: Total waste:
5 tons 5 * 19 = 95 tons 20 tons 115 tons
Output per year (300 shifts)
Fibre: Waste: Water: Total waste:
Output per day
Fibre: Waste: Water: Total waste:
1,500 tons 28,500 tons 6,000 tons 34,500 tons
4.1 tons 78.1 tons 16.4 tons 94.5 tons
Gas production per ton waste
Volatile Solids: Methane yield:
1,000 * 0.0882 = 88.2 kg 400 1 CH4 per kg VS
Methane production: 35.3 m3
Methane content: 65% Gas production: 54.3 m3
This means that the maximum gas production will be (78.1 * 54.3) 4,240 m3 /day.
Fertilizer per ton waste
Total Solids: VS removal: Solids removed: Solids remaining:
1,000 * 0.115 = 115 kg 55% 88.2 * 0.55 = 48.51 kg 115 - 48.51 = 66.49 kg
This is equal to a fertilizer production of (78.1 * 66.49) 5.2 tons/day.
7.1
Appendix 8: Pressure drop in pipes
The following formulas are necessary to calculate the pressure drop in a pipe.
The friction factor (f) in the two formulas above depends on the Reynolds number of the gas flow and the relative roughness of the pipe:
ll p Pressure drop [Pa]; f Friction factor; p Density [1.13 kgjm3
];
v Velocity (m/s); L Length of pipe pooo m]; Q Gas flow [60 m /s} d Diameter [2.54.10- m]; Re Reynolds number; 17 Viscosity [12.44.10-6 Pa.s]; R Relative roughness; x 0.045 [mm] for galvanized steel.
x R=-d
The first parameter which has to be calculated is the Reynolds number:
v= Q = 0.01667 =32.89 m A 1t.(2.54.10-2)2 s
4
Re= 1.13.32.89.2.54.10-2
=?.6.ur 12.44.10-6
To determine the friction factor (f), the relative roughness has to be calculated:
The friction factor (f)is 0.006 for the given roughness and the Reynolds number
8.1
R= 0·045 =0.0018 25.4
With these figures, the pressure drop can be calculated:
!lp 32.0.006.1.13.2000.0.016672 =l.l6.106Pa 1t2.(2.54.10-2) 5
For other diameters, the figures are given in table 1.
Table 1 Pressure drop in pipes
I D (inch) I D (cm) I v (m/s) I Re I f 0,5 1.27 131.59 1.52.10S 0.006
1 2.54 32.89 7.6.104 0.006
1,5 3.81 14.62 5.1.104 0.0065
2 5.08 8.22 3.8.104 0.007
'he p nces for 1 es m Tanzama are pp g Iven m table 2.
Table 2 Price for pipes
I dp (lo' Pa)
370
11.6
1.65
0.42
Material D (inch) D (cm) Price (TSh/m)
Galvanized steel 0.50 1.27 656
Galvanized steel 0.75 1.91 984
Galvanized steel 1.00 2.54 1,230
Galvanized steel 1.25 3.18 1,639
Galvanized steel 1.50 3.81 2,131
Galvanized steel 2.00 5.08 2,541
Galvanized steel 2.50 6.35 3,934
Galvanized steel 3.00 7.62 4,426
Plastic 4.00 10.16 1,066
Plastic 6.00 15.24 3,607
)Ource: Tan a g g eneral mdustnes
8.2
I
Appendix 9: Estate survey
Objective
Get an overview of the energy use ( especially for cooking) on a sisal estate, to assess the potential market and substitution possible when biogas would be used on the estate.
Population
Alllabour at the sisal estates of the Tanzania Sisal Authority. Out of the 22 estates, the Muheza Mkumbi estate was chosen, because it was the easiest to reach from Tanga and a translator was available. Out of the available 150 labourers on the estate, 40 were interviewed. The sampling was done randomly by walking around and interviewing labourers on their worksite.
Data coneetion
The structured datacollection is done by a verbal interview with a questionnaire. The questionnaire is given below.
Questionnaire
1 Number:
General information
2a Estate:
2b Camp:
2c Job:
2d Family size:
3 Do you have your own water supply?
o Yes o No
4 Do you have a conneetion to the electricity grid?
o Yes answer question 5, 6 and 8 to 10 o No answer question 7 to 10
Electricity conneetion
5 Do you use the electricty for cooking?
o Yes o No
9.1
6 Do you use other energy sources?
Type Amount Priee I unit Applieation
Fuel wood
Chareoal
Crop residues
Petrol
LPG
Other:
No electricity conneetion
7 What kind of energy sourees do you use?
I Type I Amount I Priee I unit I Applieation I Fuel wood
Charcoal
Crop residues
Petrol
LPG
Other:
Attitude to biogas
8 When biogas would be available against eompetitive priees would you use it?
o Yes o Only when there are no other energy sourees available o No o Don't know I No answer
9 For what applieations would you use the gas?
0 Cooking 0 Lighting 0 Gas refrigerator 0 Generator 0 Other:
10 Comments:
9.2
Results
2a Fourty people were interviewed at Muheza estate
2b
Name of camp Total units Number of interviews
Staff 10 3
Batini 20 9
Machine 49 15
Songea 32 7
Mombasa 36 4
Mkumbi 24 1
Masasi 72 1
Total 243 40
2c
Job Number of Job Number of interviews interviews
R&D 1 Driver 1 coordinator
Accountant 1 Engineer 2
Watchman 2 Decorticator 6
Weeder 2 Cooker 3
Broshing 6 Baling 4
Headman 2 Drying 1
Store keeper 1 Clerk 4
Workshop 1 Messenger 1
Agr. officer 1 Cleaning 1
Total 17 Total 23
9.3
2d
Family size Number of Family size Number of interviews interviews
1 11 7 2
2 1 8 4
3 3 9 1
4 2 10 2
5 5 11 0
6 7 12 2
Total 29 Total 11
3 Only 2 of the interviewed people had water supply in their own house, the other 38 had to share one or more water taps with other families.
4 7 of the interviewed had a conneetion to the grid, the other 33 had no electricity supply.
5 Of the 7 family's with an electricity conneetion only 1 used the electricity for cooking.
6
Type Number Average Average Average Application family size amount/week price (TSh)
Fuelwood 5 6.8 3.5 bundies Cooking
Charcoal 2 7 1.5 bags 1,000/bag Cooking
Crop residues
Petrol
Gas (LPG)
Kerosene 2 4.5 1.5 137.5/litre Cooking
9.4
7
Type Number Average Average Average Application family size amount/week price (TSh)
Fuelwood 33 4.5 3.7 bundies Cooking
Charcoal 1 5 1 bag 1,000/bag Cooking
Crop residues
Petrol
Gas (LPG)
Kerosene
8 All 40 interviewed people will use biogas if it is available against a competitive price and if it si safe (see question 10).
9 They would use it for cooking and lighting.
10 Most comments were about the safety of the biogas. The people would use it if it would prove to be safe.
9.5
Appendix 10: Biogas survey Tanga
Objective
Get an overview of the energy use ( especially for cooking) in urban areas, to assess the potential market for bottled biogas.
Population
The population comprised the population of Tanga town (200,000 inhabitants). Area sampling bas been used, and two areas were selected: Bombo and Ngamiani area. Furthermore from every street in Bombo area a few households were selected, which were visited to interview them. In Ngamiani, random sampling bas been used by walking around at the local market and interviewing people who were working around there houses.
Data collection
The structured datacollection is done by a verbal interview with a questionnaire. The questionnaire is given below.
Questionnaire
1 Number:
General information
2a Area:
2b Street:
2c Family size:
3 Do you have a conneetion to the electricity grid?
o Yes answer question 4 to 7 and 9 to 12 o No answer question 8 to 12
Electricity conneetion
4 Do you have frequent shutdowns?
o Yes o No
5 How many?
Days per week:
Average duration:
10.1
6 Do you use the electricity for cooking?
o Yes o No
7 Do you use other energy sources?
Type Amount Price I unit Application
Fuel wood
Charcoal
Crop residues
Petrol
LPG
Other:
No electricity conneetion
8 What kind of energy sourees do you use?
1Type Amount Price I unit Application
Fuel wood
Charcoal
Crop residues
Petrol
LPG
Other:
Attitude to biogas
9 When (bottled) biogas would be available, would you use it?
o Yes o Only when there are no other energy sourees available o No o Don't know I No answer
10.2
10 Would you be willing to dosome extra investment for it?
o Yes o Maybe o No o Don't know / No answer
11 For what applications would you use the gas?
o Cooking o Lighting o Gas refrigerator o Generator o Other:
12 Comments:
10.3
Results
2a 25 interviews were done in Bombo area, the other 25 were done in Ngamiani area. Both areas are located in Tanga town.
2b Bombo area
Street Number of Street Number of interviews interviews
Hospita! road 2 Onato road 4
Club road 2 Chitale road 1
Sea road 1 Gymkhana road 2
Tasma road 1 Bohora street 2
Kisauni street 1 Hostel road 1
Makongoro 2 Taibalisachak 2 road road
Alnboni street 3 No name 1
Total 12 Total 13
N jgamiam area
Street Number of Street Number of interviews interviews
Street 2 2 Street 9 5
Street 3 3 Street 10 2
Street 4 5 Street 11 2
Street 5 1 Street 21 1
Street 7 2 Chuda street 1
Street 8 1
Total 14 Total 11
10.4
2c
Family size Number Family size Number
1 8 7
2 2 9 1
3 1 10 6
4 6 11
5 4 12 5
6 9 13 1
7 5 >13 3
Total 27 Total 23
3
I Area I Conneetion I No conneetion I Bombo 25 0
Ngamiani 21 4
Both 46 4
4
I Area I Shutdowns I No shutdowns I Bombo 19 6
Ngamiani 21 0
Both 40 6
10.5
5
1 Days/week Bombo Ngamiani Both
<1 1 1
1 4 4
2 6 6
3 5 5 10
4 3 6 9
5 1 1
6
7 9 9
Total 19 21 40
Average duration Bombo Ngamiani Both (hrs)
<1 11 11
1-2 3 1 4
2-4 3 4 7
4-6 7 7
6-8 1 1 2
8-10 1 7 8
10-12 1 1
>12
Total 19 21 40
6
Area Cooking No cooking
Bombo 21 4
Ngamiani 10 11
Both 31 15
10.6
7 46 householcts had a conneetion to the electricity grid. . f . 31 used the electncity or cookinJ .
Type Number Average Average Average Applica family size amountfmonth price (TSh) ti on
Fuelwood
Charcoal 26 7.5 3.8 bags 1,000/bag Cooking
Crop residues
Petrol 1 6 10 litres 282/litre Generat or
Gas (LPG) 7 5.6 7 bottlesfyear 5,300/bottle Cooking
Kerosene 11 7.1 16.8 litres 165/litre Cooking
"d 15 householcts d1 1 . . f ki not use the e ectncity or coo ng
Type Number Average Average Average Applicati family size amount/month price (TSh) on
Fuelwood
Charcoal 15 8 3.5 bags 1,000/bag Cooking
Crop residues
Petrol
Gas (LPG) 1 3 2 bottlesfyear 5,300 /bottle Cooking
Kerosene 3 6.7 15.3 litres 165/litre Cooking
10.7
8 4 households had no conneetion to the grid.
Type Number Average Average Average Applica family size amount/month price (TSh) ti on
Fuelwood
Charcoal 4 9.25 11.25 bags 1,000/bag Cookin g
Crop residues
Petrol
Gas (LPG)
Kerosene 3 9.3 19 litres 165/litre Cookin g
9
Using biogas Bombo Ngamiani Both
Yes 15 21 36
Only when no 2 1 3 other available
No 6 3 9
DN/NA 2 2
Total 25 25 50
10
Using biogas Bombo Ngamiani Both
Yes 7 20 27
Maybe 9 1 10
No 1 1 2
DN/NA
Total 17 22 39
10.8
11
Application Number
Cooking 38
Lighting 18
Gas fridge 5
Generator 5
12 The comments were about the safety of the bottled biogas. They will use it if it will be safe.
10.9
)--1
)--1
)--1
Underground Concrete Biodigester
Discount rate (r) Social rate of discount (SRD) Dividends paid Corporate tax
Total fixed investment co st
Item
Biogas plant
Site prepara ti on ei vil works
Plant machinery Auxiliary equipment
Contingencies
Electricity generation
Enginejgenerator Transformator Synchronizer
Other Contingencies
Total
Pre-production cost
Item
Planning, design Training
Contingencies
Total
with electricity generation
10 10 12 25
Local
157.5
0.0 80.0 70.0 o.o 7.5
26.3
0.0 0.0 0.0
25.0 1.3
183.8
Co st
102.9 10.0 5.6
118.5
Foreign Total
15.8 173.3
o.o 0.0 o.o 80.0
10.0 80.0 5.0 5.0 0.8 8.3
315.0 341.3
200.0 200.0 75.0 75.0 25.0 25.0 o.o 25.0
15.0 16.3
330.8 514.5
~ -· = = ; -· = -= = Q..
s = 0 a fr -
-
Net werking capital requirements
Item
Current assets
Raw material Spare parts
Repair
current liabilities
Net werking capital
Total investment cost
Period
Amount
5.0 12.9 12.9
35.3
Loans
Construction
Coefficient
12.0 2.0
12.0
12.0
0.50
Loans
1.0
7.9
0.4 6.4 1.1
2.9
5.0
2.0
7.9
0.4 6.4 1.1
2.9
5.0
Equity Production ----------------------------------------------------------------------
Fixed investment Pre-production
Net werking capital
Total
514.5 118.5
0.0
633.0
257.3 59.3 0.0
316.5
257.3 59.3
316.5
5.0
5.0
3.0
7.9
0.4 6.4 1.1
2.9
5.0
4.0
7.9
0.4 6.4 1.1
2.9
5.0
........
........ VJ
Depreciation and financial cost Term Interest
10.0 8.0
================================================================================================= UCB system =================================================================================================
Year 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Depreciation 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0
Loan repayment 31.7 31.7 31.7 31.7 31.7 31.7 31.7 Financial co st 25.3 22.8 20.3 17.7 15.2 12.7 10.1
Co st of products sold
Year 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Raw materials
Labour Repair & maintenance Laberatory + services
Energy Overheads
eperating cost
Depreciation Financial cost
Production cost
Marketing cost
Cost of products sold
5.0 14.3 25.7 4.0 6.1 6.0
61.1
33.0 25.3
119.4
2.0
121.4
5.0 14.3 25.7 4.0 6.1 6.0
61.1
33.0 22.8
116.8
2.0
118.8
5.0 14.3 25.7 4.0 6.1 6.0
61.1
33.0 20.3
114.3
2.0
116.3
5.0 14.3 25.7 4.0 6.1 6.0
61.1
33.0 17.7
111.8
2.0
113.8
5.0 14.3 25.7 4.0 6.1 6.0
61.1
33.0 15.2
109.2
2.0
111.2
5.0 14.3 25.7 4.0 6.1 6.0
61.1
33.0 12.7
106.7
2.0
108.7
5.0 14.3 25.7 4.0 6.1 6.0
61.1
33.0 10.1
104.2
2.0
106.2
...... ...... ~
========================================================================
======================================================================== 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 Salvage
33.0 31.7 7.6
8.0
33.0 31.7 5.1
9.0
33.0 31.7
2.5
10.0
33.0
0.0
11.0
33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0
0.0 o.o 0.0 0.0
12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0
------------------------------------------------------------------------5.0
14.3 25.7 4.0 6.1 6.0
61.1
33.0 7.6
101.6
2.0
103.6
5.0 14.3 25.7 4.0 6.1 6.0
61.1
33.0 5.1
99.1
2.0
101.1
5.0 14.3 25.7 4.0 6.1 6.0
61.1
33.0 2.5
96.6
2.0
98.6
5.0 14.3 25.7 4.0 6.1 6.0
61.1
33.0 0.0
94.0
2.0
96.0
5.0 14.3 25.7 4.0 6.1 6.0
61.1
33.0 0.0
94.0
2.0
96.0
5.0 14.3 25.7 4.0 6.1 6.0
61.1
33.0 0.0
94.0
2.0
96.0
5.0 14.3 25.7 4.0 6.1 6.0
61.1
33.0 0.0
94.0
2.0
96.0
5.0 14.3 25.7 4.0 6.1 6.0
61.1
33.0 0.0
94.0
2.0
96.0
20.0
Revenues
Electricity price Fertilizer
Year
Electricity savings Electricity sales Fertilizer sales
Total
Cash-flow for financial planning
Year
Cash inflow
53.0 0.0
1.0
57.2 212.6
o.o
269.8
0.0
633.0
2.0
57.2 212.6
0.0
269.8
1.0
269.8
3.0
57.2 212.6
0.0
269.8
2.0
269.8
4.0
57.2 212.6
0.0
269.8
3.0
269.8
5.0
57.2 212.6
0.0
269.8
4.0
269.8
6.0
57.2 212.6
0.0
269.8
5.0
269.8
7.0
57.2 212.6
0.0
269.8
6.0
269.8
~-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total equity Total loans
Sales revenues
Cash outflow
Fixed investment Pre-production expenditures Increase in current assets
eperating cost Marketing cost Corporate tax
Interest Loan repayment Dividends paid
Surplus Cumulative balance
316.5 316.5
633.0
514.5 118.5
0.0 0.0
269.8
203.1
7.9 61.1
2.0 37.1 25.3 31.7 38.0
66.7 66.7
269.8
193.2
61.1 2.0
37.7 22.8 31.7 38.0
76.6 143.3
269.8
191.3
61.1 2.0
38.4 20.3 31.7 38.0
78.5 221.8
269.8
189.4
61.1 2.0
39.0 17.7 31.7 38.0
80.4 302.1
269.8
187.5
61.1 2.0
39.6 15.2 31.7 38.0
82.3 384.4
269.8
185.6
61.1 2.0
40.3 12.7 31.7 38.0
84.2 468.5
8.0
57.2 212.6
o.o
269.8
7.0
269.8
9.0
57.2 212.6
0.0
269.8
8.0
269.8
10.0
57.2 212.6
0.0
269.8
9.0
269.8
11.0
57.2 212.6
o.o
269.8
10.0
269.8
12.0
57.2 212.6
0.0
269.8
11.0
269.8
13.0
57.2 212.6
0.0
269.8
12.0
269.8
14.0
57.2 212.6
0.0
269.8
13.0
269.8
15.0
57.2 212.6
0.0
269.8
14.0
269.8
15.0 Scrap
269.8 20.0
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.......
269.8 269.8 269.8 269.8 269.8 269.8 269.8 269.8 269.8 20.0
183.7 181.8 179.9 178.0 144.5 144.5 144.5 144.5 144.5 o.o
61.1 61.1 61.1 61.1 61.1 61.1 61.1 61.1 61.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
40.9 41.5 42.2 42.8 43.4 43.4 43.4 43.4 43.4 10.1 7.6 5.1 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 31.7 31.7 31.7 31.7 38.0 38.0 38.0 38.0 38.0 38.0 38.0 38.0 38.0
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------86.1 88.0 89.9 91.8 125.3 125.3 125.3 125.3 125.3 20.0
554.6 642.6 732.4 824.2 949.5 1074.8 1200.1 1325.4 1450.7 1470.7
--
Net income statement from operations
Year
Revenues Cost of products
Taxable profit
Income (corporate) tax
Net profit
Dividends payable
Retained profit
Cash flow table
Year
Cash inflow
Revenues
Cash outflow
Investment Increase in net working capita!
Operating cost Marketing cost
Corporate tax paid
Net cash flow Cumulative net cash flow
NPV IRR
1.0
269.8 121.4
148.4
37.1
111.3
38.0
73.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
633.0
633.0
-633.0 -633.0
575.619 25.443
2.0
269.8 118.8
151.0
37.7
113.2
38.0
75.2
1.0
269.8
269.8
105.2
5.0 61.1
2.0 37.1
3.0
269.8 116.3
153.5
38.4
115.1
38.0
77.1
2.0
269.8
269.8
100.8
61.1 2.0
37.7
164.6 169.0 -468.4 -299.4
4.0
269.8 113.8
156.0
39.0
117.0
38.0
79.0
3.0
269.8
269.8
101.4
61.1 2.0
38.4
168.4 -131.1
5.0
269.8 111.2
158.6
39.6
118.9
38.0
80.9
4.0
269.8
269.8
102.1
61.1 2.0
39.0
167.7 36.7
6.0
269.8 108.7
161.1
40.3
120.8
38.0
82.8
5.0
269.8
269.8
102.7
61.1 2.0
39.6
167.1 203.7
7.0
269.8 106.2
163.6
40.9
122.7
38.0
84.7
6.0
269.8
269.8
103.3
61.1 2.0
40.3
166.5 370.2
8.0
269.8 103.6
166.2
41.5
124.6
38.0
86.6
7.0
9.0
269.8 101.1
168.7
42.2
126.5
38.0
88.5
8.0
10.0
269.8 98.6
171.2
42.8
128.4
38.0
90.4
9.0
11.0
269.8 96.0
173.8
43.4
130.3
38.0
92.3
10.0
12.0
269.8 96.0
173.8
43.4
130.3
38.0
92.3
11.0
13.0
269.8 96.0
173.8
43.4
130.3
38.0
92.3
12.0
14.0
269.8 96.0
173.8
43.4
130.3
38.0
92.3
13.0
15.0
269.8 96.0
173.8
43.4
130.3
38.0
92.3
14.0 15.0 Scrap ~------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------...... 00 269.8 269.8 269.8 269.8 269.8 269.8 269.8 269.8 269.8 20.0
269.8 269.8 269.8 269.8 269.8 269.8 269.8 269.8 269.8 20.0
104.0 104.6 105.2 105.9 106.5 106.5 106.5 106.5 106.5 0.0
61.1 61.1 61.1 61.1 61.1 61.1 61.1 61.1 61.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
40.9 41.5 42.2 42.8 43.4 43.4 43.4 43.4 43.4
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------165.8 165.2 164.6 163.9 163.3 163.3 163.3 163.3 163.3 20.0 536.0 701.2 865.8 1029.7 1193.0 1356.3 1519.6 1682.8 1846.1 1866.1
...... ...... \0
Calculation of pay-back period
Year
Investment
Cost of products Depreciation
Interest
Revenues
Taxable profit Taxes (25 %)
Profit after taxes and interest Plus interest
Net profit Plus depreciation
0.0
633.0
1.0
5.0
121.4 33.0 25.3
269.8
143.5 35.9
107.6 25.3
132.9 33.0
2.0
118.8 33.0 22.8
269.8
151.0 37.7
113.2 22.8
136.0 33.0
3.0
116.3 33.0 20.3
269.8
153.5 38.4
115.1 20.3
135.4 33.0
4.0
113.8 33.0 17.7
269.8
156.0 39.0
117.0 17.7
134.8 33.0
5.0
111.2 33.0 15.2
269.8
158.6 39.6
118.9 15.2
134.1 33.0
6.0
108.7 33.0 12.7
269.8
161.1 40.3
120.8 12.7
133.5 33.0
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total
Net cash flow Cumulative cash
Calculation of the
Year
Output
Investment Materials Services
flow
national
Value added Cumulative value added
NNVA
633.0 -633.0
0.0
value added
0.0
0.0
633.0
-633.0 -633.0
1227.821
165.9 165.9
-467.2 1.0
1.0
269.8
5.0 4.0
169.0 169.0
-298.2 2.0
2.0
269.8
5.0 4.0
260.8 260.8 -372.2 -111.4
168.4 168.4
-129.8 3.0
3.0
269.8
5.0 4.0
260.8 149.3
167.7 167.7
37.9 4.0
4.0
269.8
5.0 4.0
260.8 410.1
167.1 167.1 205.0
5.0
5.0
269.8
5.0 4.0
260.8 670.9
166.5 166.5 371.4
6.0
6.0
269.8
5.0 4.0
260.8 931.7
---0
7.0
106.2 33.0 10.1
269.8
163.6 40.9
122.7 10.1
8.0
103.6 33.0 7.6
269.8
166.2 41.5
124.6 7.6
9.0
101.1 33.0 5.1
269.8
168.7 42.2
126.5 5.1
10.0
98.6 33.0
2.5
269.8
171.2 42.8
128.4 2.5
11.0
96.0 33.0 0.0
269.8
173.8 43.4
130.3 0.0
12.0
96.0 33.0 0.0
269.8
173.8 43.4
130.3 0.0
13.0
96.0 33.0 0.0
269.8
173.8 43.4
130.3 0.0
14.0
96.0 33.0 0.0
269.8
173.8 43.4
130.3 0.0
15.0
96.0 33.0 o.o
269.8
173.8 43.4
130.3 0.0
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------132.9 132.2 131.6 131.0 130.3 130.3 130.3 130.3 130.3
33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------165.8 165.8 537.3
7.0
7.0
269.8
5.0 4.0
260.8 1192.5
165.2 165.2 702.5
8.0
8.0
269.8
5.0 4.0
260.8 1453.3
164.6 164.6 867.0
9.0
9.0
269.8
5.0 4.0
260.8 1714.1
163.9 163.9
1030.9 10.0
10.0
269.8
5.0 4.0
260.8 1974.9
163.3 163.3
1194.2 11.0
11.0
269.8
5.0 4.0
260.8 2235.7
163.3 163.3
1357.5 12.0
12.0
269.8
5.0 4.0
260.8 2496.5
163.3 163.3
1520.8 13.0
13.0
269.8
5.0 4.0
260.8 2757.3
163.3 163.3
1684.1 14.0
14.0
269.8
5.0 4.0
260.8 3018.1
163.3 163.3
1847.4 15.0
15.0
269.8
5.0 4.0
260.8 3278.9
Calculation of Break Even Point
Capacity
Variable cost Fixed cost
Total cost
Electricity savings Electricity sales
Fertilizer
Revenues
Revenues - cost
~Capacity
0.0
0.0 89.0
89.0
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0
-89.0
60.0
10.0
0.5 89.0
89.5
57.2 0.0 0.0
57.2
-32.3
70.0
20.0
1.0 89.0
90.0
57.2 0.1 0.0
57.3
-32.7
80.0
30.0
1.5 89.0
90.5
57.2 26.7 0.0
83.9
-6.7
90.0
40.0
2.0 89.0
91.0
57.2 53.2 0.0
110.4
19.4
100.0
~-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Variable cost Fixed cost
Total cost
Electricity savings Electricity sales
Fertilizer
Revenues
Revenues - cost
3.0 89.0
92.0
57.2 106.4
o.o
163.6
71.5
3.5 89.0
92.5
57.2 132.9
0.0
190.1
97.6
4.0 89.0
93.0
57.2 159.5
0.0
216.7
123.6
4.5 89.0
93.5
57.2 186.0
0.0
243.2
149.7
5.0 89.0
94.0
57.2 212.6
0.0
269.8
175.8
50.0
2.5 89.0
91.5
57.2 79.8 0.0
137.0
45.5
Sensitivity of the UCB system with electricity generation
Discount ra te NPV SRD NNVA
8 733.2 8 1480.8 10 575.6 10 1227.8 20 121.4 20 488.6 30 -67.9 30 168.7 35 -120
Elec price NPV IRR Pay-back NNVA
45 413.9 21.4 4.4 1005.9 50 515 23.9 4 1144.6 53 575.6 25.4 3.8 1227.8 55 616.1 26.4 3.6 1283.3 - 60 717.1 28.9 3.4 1422 - 65 818.2 31.3 3.1 1560.7 - 70 919.3 33.8 2.9 169.3 N 75 1020.4 36.1 2.7 1838
Fertilizer price NPV IRR Pay-back NNVA
·' 0 575.6 25.4 3.8 1227.8 1000 594.3 25.9 3.7 1252.8 5000 669.2 27.7 3.5 1352.6
10000 762.8 30 3.2 1477.4 15000 856.4 32.3 3 1602.2
Loans NPV IRR Pay-back NNVA
0.25 564.5 25.1 3.8 1227.8 0.5 575.6 25.4 3.8 1227.8
0.75 586.7 25.8 3.7 1227.8
Investment NPV IRR Pay-back NNVA
-20% 700.5 32.6 3 1341 0 575.6 25.4 3.8 1227.8
+20% 450.7 23.9 4.6 1114.6
Operating NPV IRR Pay-back NNVA
-20% 637.9 27 3.6 1240.3 0 575.6 25.4 3.8 1227.8
+20% 513 23.9 4 1215.4
- Waste availability NPV -...... ~
100 575.6 75 231.3
Corporate tax NPV IRR Pay-back NNVA
0 853.8 32 3 1227.8 25 575.6 25.4 3.8 1227.8 50 297.4 18.5 4.9 1227.8
Planning and design shared by 15 installations
No sharing Sharing
NPV 575.6 663.8 IRR 25.4 30.6
Pay-back 3.8 3.2 NNVA 1227.8 1319.5
Sensitivity of the UCB system with both applications
Discount ra te NPV SRD NNVA
8 558.3 8 1274.7 10 419.4 10 1043.6 20 20.7 20 370.7 30 -142.7 30 82.5 35 -186.6
Elec price NPV IRR Pay-back NNVA
45 276 17.4 5.2 846.2 50 365.6 19.6 4.7 969.6 53 419.4 20.9 4.5 1043.6 55 455.2 21.8 4.3 1092.9 60 544.8 23.9 4 1216.2
........ 65 634.4 26 3.7 1339.6 ........
........ 70 724 28 3.5 1463
.J:o. 75 813.6 30 3.2 1586.4
Biogas price NPV IRR Pay-back NNVA
0 405.9 20.6 4.5 1025.6 10 419.4 20.9 4.5 1043.6 20 432.9 21.2 4.4 1061.6 30 446.4 21.5 4.4 1079.6 40 460 21.9 4.3 1097.7 50 473.5 22.2 4.2 1115.7 60 487 22.5 4.2 1133.7 70 500.5 22.8 4.1 1151.7
Fertilizer price NPV IRR Pay-back NNVA
0 419.4 20.9 4.5 1043.6 1000 438.1 21.3 4.4 1068.5 5000 513 23.1 4.1 1168.4
10000 606.6 25.3 3.8 1293.2 15000 700.2 27.5 3.5 1418
Loans NPV IRR Pay-back NNVA
0.25 407.5 20.5 4.6 1043.6 0.5 419.4 20.9 4.5 1043.6
0.75 431.3 21.2 4.4 1043.6
Investment NPV IRR Pay-back NNVA
-20% 553.1 27.2 3.6 1164.7 0 419.4 20.9 4.5 1043.6
+20% 285.8 16.4 5.4 922.5
Operating NPV IRR Pay-back NNVA
-20% 483.8 22.4 4.2 1056 0 419.4 20.9 4.5 1043.6
+20% 354.8 19.3 4.8 1031.1
,...... Waste availability NPV ,......
,...... VI
100 419.4 75 75.1
Corporate tax NPV IRR Pay-back NNVA
0 652.6 26.2 3.7 1043.6 25 419.4 20.9 4.5 1043.6 50 186.2 15.2 5.7 1043.6
Appliances Without With
NPV 435.3 419.4 IRR 21.5 20.9
Pay-back 4.4 4.5 NNVA 1058.1 1043.6
Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor system with both applications
Discount rate (r) Social rate of discount (SRD) Dividends Corporate tax
Total fixed investment cost
Item
Biogas plant
Site preparatien Civil works
Plant machinery Auxiliary equipment
Contingencies
Electricity generation
Enginejgenerator Transformator Synchronizer
Other Contingencies
Biogas on estate
Pipelines Valves etc. Compressor Appliances Gas meters
Contingencies
Total
Local
10 10 12 25
409.5
0.0 215.0 175.0
o.o 19.5
26.3
0.0 0.0 0.0
25.0 1.3
36.2
10.0 2.5 2.0
12.5 7.5 1.7
472.0
Foreign
57.8
0.0 0.0
40.0 15.0
2.8
315.0
200.0 75.0 25.0 0.0
15.0
0.0
o.o 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
372.8
Total
467.3
0.0 215.0 215.0 15.0 22.3
341.3
200.0 75.0 25.0 25.0 16.3
36.2
10.0 2.5 2.0
12.5 7.5 1.7
844.7
~ -· = = = n -· = -= = Q..
8 = 0 e -· s -
-N
Pre-production cost
Item
Planning, design Training
Contingencies
Total
Net working capita!
Item
Current assets
Raw material Spare parts
Repair
Co st
168.9 35.0 10.2
214.1
Amount
5.0 21.1 21.1
Coefficient
12.0 2.0
12.0
1.0
12.7
0.4 10.6 1.8
2.0
12.7
0.4 10.6 1.8
3.0
12.7
0.4 10.6 1.8
4.0
12.7
0.4 10.6 1.8
N -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Current liabilities
Net working capita!
Total investment cost
Period
Fixed investment Pre-production
Net working capita!
Total
39.2
Loans
Construction
844.7 214.1
0.0
1058.9
12.0
0.50
Loans
422.4 107.1
529.4
3.3 3.3
9.5 9.5
Equity Production
422.4 107.1
529.4
9.5
9.5
3.3 3.3
9.5 9.5
....... N w
Depreciation and financial cost Term Interest
10.0 8.0
=============================================================================================== CSTR system ===============================================================================================
Year 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Depreciation
Loan repayment Financial co st
Co st of products sold
Year
Raw materials Labour
Repair & maintenance Laberatory + services
Energy overheads
Operating cost
Depreciation Financial cost
Production cost
Marketing cost
Cost of products sold
52.7 52.9 42.4
1.0
5.0 18.1 42.2 4.0 6.1 6.0
81.4
52.7 42.4
176.5
2.0
178.5
52.7 52.9 38.1
2.0
5.0 18.1 42.2 4.0 6.1 6.0
81.4
52.7 38.1
172.2
2.0
174.2
52.7 52.9 33.9
3.0
5.0 18.1 42.2 4.0 6.1 6.0
81.4
52.7 33.9
168.0
2.0
170.0
52.7 52.9 29.6
4.0
5.0 18.1 42.2 4.0 6.1 6.0
81.4
52.7 29.6
163.8
2.0
165.8
52.7 52.9 25.4
5.0
5.0 18.1 42.2 4.0 6.1 6.0
81.4
52.7 25.4
159.5
2.0
161.5
52.7 52.9 21.2
6.0
5.0 18.1 42.2 4.0 6.1 6.0
81.4
52.7 21.2
155.3
2.0
157.3
52.7 52.9 16.9
7.0
5.0 18.1 42.2 4.0 6.1 6.0
81.4
52.7 16.9
151.1
2.0
153.1
....... N +:-.
========================================================================
======================================================================== 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 Salvage
52.7 52.9 12.7
8.0
52.7 52.9 8.5
9.0
52.7 52.9 4.2
10.0
52.7
0.0
11.0
52.7 52.7 52.7 52.7
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0
------------------------------------------------------------------------5.0
18.1 42.2 4.0 6.1 6.0
81.4
52.7 12.7
146.8
2.0
148.8
5.0 18.1 42.2 4.0 6.1 6.0
81.4
52.7 8.5
142.6
2.0
144.6
5.0 18.1 42.2 4.0 6.1 6.0
81.4
52.7 4.2
138.4
2.0
140.4
5.0 18.1 42.2 4.0 6.1 6.0
81.4
52.7 0.0
134.1
2.0
136.1
5.0 18.1 42.2 4.0 6.1 6.0
81.4
52.7 0.0
134.1
2.0
136.1
5.0 18.1 42.2 4.0 6.1 6.0
81.4
52.7 0.0
134.1
2.0
136.1
5.0 18.1 42.2 4.0 6.1 6.0
81.4
52.7 0.0
134.1
2.0
136.1
5.0 18.1 42.2 4.0 6.1 6.0
81.4
52.7 0.0
134.1
2.0
136.1
53.7
-N VI
Revenues
Electricity price Biogas price Fertilizer
Year
Biogas sales Electricity savings Electricity sales
Fertilizer
Total
Cash-flow for financial
Year
planning
53.0 10.0 0.0
1.0
2.6 57.2
189.1 0.0
248.9
0.0
2.0
2.6 57.2
189.1 0.0
248.9
1.0
3.0
2.6 57.2
189.1 0.0
248.9
2.0
4.0
2.6 57.2
189.1 0.0
248.9
3.0
5.0
2.6 57.2
189.1 0.0
248.9
4.0
6.0
2.6 57.2
189.1 0.0
248.9
5.0
7.0
2.6 57.2
189.1 0.0
248.9
6.0 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cash inflow
Total equity Total loans
Sales revenues
Cash outflow
Fixed investment Pre-production expenditures Increase in current assets
eperating cost Marketing cost
Corporate tax Interest
Loan repayment Dividends paid
Surplus Cumulative balance
1058.9
529.4 529.4
1058.9
844.7 214.1
0.0 0.0
248.9
248.9
272.6
12.7 81.4
2.0 17.6 42.4 52.9 63.5
-23.6 -23.6
248.9
248.9
256.7
81.4 2.0
18.7 38.1 52.9 63.5
-7.7 -31.4
248.9
248.9
253.5
81.4 2.0
19.7 33.9 52.9 63.5
-4.6 -35.9
248.9
248.9
250.3
81.4 2.0
20.8 29.6 52.9 63.5
-1.4 -37.3
248.9
248.9
247.1
81.4 2.0
21.8 25.4 52.9 63.5
1.8 -35.5
248.9
248.9
243.9
81.4 2.0
22.9 21.2 52.9 63.5
5.0 -30.6
8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0
------------------------------------------------------------------------2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6
57.2 57.2 57.2 57.2 57.2 57.2 57.2 57.2 189.1 189.1 189.1 189.1 189.1 189.1 189.1 189.1
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
248.9 248.9 248.9 248.9 248.9 248.9 248.9 248.9
7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0
248.9 248.9 248.9 248.9 248.9 248.9 248.9 248.9 248.9
248.9 248.9 248.9 248.9 248.9 248.9 248.9 248.9 248.9
240.8 237.6 234.4 231.2 175.1 175.1 175.1 175.1 175.1
81.4 81.4 81.4 81.4 81.4 81.4 81.4 81.4 81.4 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
24.0 25.0 26.1 27.1 28.2 28.2 28.2 28.2 28.2 16.9 12.7 8.5 4.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 52.9 52.9 52.9 52.9 63.5 63.5 63.5 63.5 63.5 63.5 63.5 63.5 63.5
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------8.1 11.3 14.5 17.7 73.8 73.8 73.8 73.8 73.8
-22.4 -11.1 3.4 21.1 94.9 168.7 242.5 316.3 390.0
Net income statement from operations
Year
Revenues Cost of products
Taxable profit
Income (corporate) tax
Net profit
Dividends payable
Retained profit
cash flow table
Year
Cash inflow
Revenues
Cash outflow
1.0
248.9 178.5
70.4
17.6
52.8
63.5
-10.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
1058.9
Investment 1058.9 Increase in net working capital
eperating cost Marketing cost
Corporate tax paid
Net cash flow cumulative net cash flow
NPV IRR
-1058.9 -1058.9
16.243 10.298
2.0
248.9 174.2
74.7
18.7
56.0
63.5
-7.5
1.0
248.9
248.9
110.5
9.5 81.4
2.0 17.6
138.4 -920.4
3.0
248.9 170.0
78.9
19.7
59.2
63.5
-4.3
2.0
248.9
248.9
102.1
81.4 2.0
18.7
146.9 -773.6
4.0
248.9 165.8
83.1
20.8
62.4
63.5
-1.2
3.0
248.9
248.9
103.1
81.4 2.0
19.7
145.8 -627.8
5.0
248.9 161.5
87.4
21.8
65.5
63.5
2.0
4.0
248.9
248.9
104.2
81.4 2.0
20.8
144.7 -483.0
6.0
248.9 157.3
91.6
22.9
68.7
63.5
5.2
5.0
248.9
248.9
105.2
81.4 2.0
21.8
143.7 -339.3
7.0
248.9 153.1
95.9
24.0
71.9
63.5
8.4
6.0
248.9
248.9
106.3
81.4 2.0
22.9
142.6 -196. 7
-N 00
8.0
248.9 148.8
100.1
25.0
75.1
63.5
11.5
7.0
9.0
248.9 144.6
104.3
26.1
78.2
63.5
14.7
~0
10.0
248.9 140.4
108.6
27.1
81.4
63.5
17.9
9.0
11.0
248.9 136.1
112.8
28.2
84.6
63.5
21.1
10.0
12.0
248.9 136.1
112.8
28.2
84.6
63.5
21.1
11.0
13.0
248.9 136.1
112.8
28.2
84.6
63.5
21.1
12.0
14.0
248.9 136.1
112.8
28.2
84.6
63.5
21.1
13.0
15.0
248.9 136.1
112.8
28.2
84.6
63.5
21.1
14.0 15.0
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------248.9 248.9 248.9 248.9 248.9 248.9 248.9 248.9 248.9
248.9 248.9 248.9 248.9 248.9 248.9 248.9 248.9 248.9
107.4 108.4 109.5 110.5 111.6 111.6 111.6 111.6 111.6
81.4 81.4 81.4 81.4 81.4 81.4 81.4 81.4 81.4 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
24.0 25.0 26.1 27.1 28.2 28.2 28.2 28.2 28.2
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------141.6 140.5 139.4 138.4 137.3 137.3 137.3 137.3 137.3 -55.2 85.3 224.8 363.2 500.5 637.8 775.2 912.5 1049.8
Scrap
53.7
53.7
53.7 1103.6
......... N 1.0
Calculation of pay-back period
Year
Investment
Cost of products Depreciation
Interest
Revenues
Taxable profit Taxes (25 %)
Profit after taxes and interest Plus interest
Net profit Plus depreciation
o.o
1058.9
1.0
9.5
178.5 52.7 42.4
248.9
61.0 15.2
45.7 42.4
88.1 52.7
2.0
174.2 52.7 38.1
248.9
74.7 18.7
56.0 38.1
94.1 52.7
3.0
170.0 52.7 33.9
248.9
78.9 19.7
59.2 33.9
93.1 52.7
4.0
165.8 52.7 29.6
248.9
83.1 20.8
62.4 29.6
92.0 52.7
5.0
161.5 52.7 25.4
248.9
87.4 21.8
65.5 25.4
90.9 52.7
6.0
157.3 52.7 21.2
248.9
91.6 22.9
68.7 21.2
89.9 52.7
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total
Net cash flow Cumulative cash
Calculation of the
Year
Output
Investment Materials Services
flow
national
Value added cumulative value added
NNVA
1058.9 -1058.9
0.0
value added
0.0
0.0
1058.9
-1058.9 -1058.9
696.3
140.8 140.8
-918.1 1.0
1.0
248.9
5.0 4.0
239.9 -819.0
146.9 146.9
-771.2 2.0
2.0
248.9
5.0 4.0
239.9 -579.0
145.8 145.8
-625.4 3.0
3.0
248.9
5.0 4.0
239.9 -339.1
144.7 144.7
-480.7 4.0
4.0
248.9
5.0 4.0
239.9 -99.2
143.7 143.7
-337.0 5.0
5.0
248.9
5.0 4.0
239.9 140.7
142.6 142.6
-194.4 6.0
6.0
248.9
5.0 4.0
239.9 380.6
-N -0
7.0
153.1 52.7 16.9
248.9
95.9 24.0
71.9 16.9
8.0
148.8 52.7 12.7
248.9
100.1 25.0
75.1 12.7
9.0
144.6 52.7 8.5
248.9
104.3 26.1
78.2 8.5
10.0
140.4 52.7
4.2
248.9
108.6 27.1
81.4 4.2
11.0
136.1 52.7 0.0
248.9
112.8 28.2
84.6 0.0
12.0
136.1 52.7 o.o
248.9
112.8 28.2
84.6 o.o
13.0
136.1 52.7 0.0
248.9
112.8 28.2
84.6 0.0
14.0
136.1 52.7 0.0
248.9
112.8 28.2
84.6 0.0
15.0
136.1 52.7 0.0
248.9
112.8 28.2
84.6 0.0
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------88.8 87.8 86.7 85.7 84.6 84.6 84.6 84.6 84.6 52.7 52.7 52.7 52.7 52.7 52.7 52.7 52.7 52.7
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------141.6 141.6 -52.8
7.0
7.0
248.9
5.0 4.0
239.9 620.5
140.5 140.5
87.7 8.0
8.0
248.9
5.0 4.0
239.9 860.4
139.4 139.4 227.2
9.0
9.0
248.9
5.0 4.0
239.9 1100.4
138.4 138.4 365.5 10.0
10.0
248.9
5.0 4.0
239.9 1340.3
137.3 137.3 502.9 11.0
11.0
248.9
5.0 4.0
239.9 1580.2
137.3 137.3 640.2 12.0
12.0
248.9
5.0 4.0
239.9 1820.1
137.3 137.3 777.5 13.0
13.0
248.9
5.0 4.0
239.9 2060.0
137.3 137.3 914.8 14.0
14.0
248.9
5.0 4.0
239.9 2299.9
137.3 137.3
1052.2 15.0
15.0
248.9
5.0 4.0
239.9 2539.8
Calculation of Break Even Point
Capacity
variable cost Fixed cost
Total cost
Electricity savings Biogas sales
Electricity sales Fertilizer
Revenues
Revenues - cost
Capacity
Variable cost Fixed cost
Total cost
Electricity savings Biogas sales
Electricity sales Fertilizer
Revenues
Revenues - cost
0.0
o.o 131.1
131.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
-131.1
60.0
3.0 131.1
134.1
57.2 2.6
82.9 o.o
142.7
8.6
10.0
0.5 131.1
131.6
28.6
0.0
28.6
-103.0
70.0
3.5 131.1
134.6
57.2 2.6
109.4 o.o
169.2
34.6
20.0
1.0 131.1
132.1
57.2 0.0
0.0
57.2
-74.9
80.0
4.0 131.1
135.1
57.2 2.6
136.0 0.0
195.8
60.7
30.0
1.5 131.1
132.6
57.2 2.6 3.2 0.0
63.0
-69.6
90.0
4.5 131.1
135.6
57.2 2.6
162.5 0.0
222.4
86.7
40.0
2.0 131.1
133.1
57.2 2.6
29.7 0.0
89.6
-43.6
100.0
5.0 131.1
136.1
57.2 2.6
189.1 o.o
248.9
112.8
50.0
2.5 131.1
133.6
57.2 2.6
56.3 0.0
116.1
-17.5
Sensitivity of the CSTR system with generator
Discount ra te NPV SRD NNVA
8 324.2 8 1127.1 10 179.1 10 880.6 20 -226.1 20 170.3 30 -381 30 -125.1 35 -419
Elec price NPV IRR Pay-back NNVA
45 17.4 10.3 7.4 658.7 50 118.5 12.2 6.7 797.3 53 179.1 13.3 6.3 880.6 55 219.6 14 6.1 936 60 32.7 15.7 5.6 1074.7 65 421.8 17.4 5.2 1213.4 - 70 522.8 19.1 4.8 1352.1 N
....... 75 623.9 20.7 4.5 1490.8 N
Fertilizer price NPV IRR Pay-back NNVA
0 179.1 13.3 6.3 880.6 1000 197.9 13.6 6.2 905.5 5000 272.7 14.9 5.8 1005.3
10000 366.3 16.5 5.4 1130.1 15000 459.9 18 5 1255
Loans NPV IRR Pay-back NNVA
0.25 161.4 12.9 6.5 880.6 0.5 179.1 13.3 6.3 880.6
0.75 196.9 13.6 6.2 880.6
Investment NPV IRR Pay-back NNVA
-20% 375.4 18.1 5 1058.4 0 179.1 13.3 6.3 880.6
+20% -17.1 9.7 7.7 702.7
eperating NPV IRR Pay-back NNVA
-20% 260.4 14.7 5.9 893 0 179.1 13.3 6.3 880.6
+20% -23.7 11.8 6.9 868.1
Waste availability NPV
100 179.1 75 -165.2
Corporate tax NPV IRR Pay-back NNVA
0 382 16.7 5.4 880.6 ...... 25 179.1 13.3 6.3 880.6 N
...... 50 -23.7 9.5 7.7 880.6 w
Planning and design shared by 15 installations
No sharing Sharing
NPV 179.1 317.6 IRR 13.3 16.6
Pay-back 6.3 5.4 NNVA 880.6 1024.6
Sensitivity of the CSTR system with both applications
Discount ra te NPV SRD NNVA
8 140.1 8 921 10 16.2 10 696.3 20 -328.3 20 52.4 30 -456.1 30 -211.4 35 -485.8
Elec price NPV IRR Pay-back NNVA
45 -127.1 7.6 8.7 498.9 50 -37.5 9.3 7.8 622.3 53 16.2 10.3 7.4 696.3 55 52.1 10.9 7.1 745.7 60 141.7 12.5 6.5 869
......... 65 231.3 14.1 6 992.4 N
......... 70 320.9 15.6 5.6 1115.7 .j::o.
75 410.5 17 5.3 1239.1
Biogas price NPV IRR Pay-back NNVA
0 2.7 10.1 7.5 678.3 10 16.2 10.3 7.4 696.3 20 29.8 10.5 7.3 714.3 30 43.3 10.8 7.2 732.4 40 56.8 11 7.1 750.4 50 70.3 11.3 7 768.4 60 83.8 11.5 6.9 786.4 70 97.4 11.8 6.8 804.5
Fertilizer price NPV IRR Pay-back NNVA
0 16.2 10.3 7.4 696.3 1000 35 10.6 7.2 721.3 5000 109.8 12 6.7 821.1
10000 103.4 13.6 6.2 945.9 15000 297 15.2 5.7 1070.7
Loans NPV IRR Pay-back NNVA
0.25 -2.3 10 7.6 696.3 0.5 16.2 12.3 7.4 696.3
0.75 34.8 10.6 7.2 696.3
Investment NPV IRR Pay-back NNVA
-20% 221.3 14.8 5.8 882.1 0 16.2 10.3 7.4 696.3
+20% -188.7 7 9 510.5
Operating NPV IRR Pay-back NNVA
-20% 99.6 11.8 6.8 708.8 0 16.2 10.3 7.4 696.3
+20% -67.2 8.7 8.1 683.9 ,_. N Waste availability NPV ,_. Vl
100 16.2 75 -328.1
Corporate tax NPV IRR Pay-back NNVA
0 174.1 13 6.5 696.3 25 16.2 10.3 7.4 696.3 50 -141.6 7.3 8.7 696.3
Appliances
Without With
NPV 32.2 16.2 IRR 10.6 10.3
Pay-back 7.3 7.4 NNVA 710.7 696.3
Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket with electricity generation
Discount rate (r) Social rate of discount (SRD) Dividends paid Corporate tax
Total fixed investment cost
Item
Biogas plant
Site preparatien civil works
Plant machinery Auxiliary equipment
Contingencies
Electricity generation
Enginejgenerator Transformator Synchronizer
Other Contingencies
Total
Pre-production cost
Item
Planning, design Training
Contingencies
Total
10 10 12 25
Local
131.3
o.o 65.0 60.0 0.0 6.3
26.3
0.0 o.o o.o
25.0 1.3
157.5
Cost
241.5 70.0 15.6
327.1
Foreign
735.0
0.0 550.0 100.0
50.0 35.0
315.0
200.0 75.0 25.0 0.0
15.0
1050.0
Total
866.3
0.0 615.0 160.0
50.0 41.3
341.3
200.0 75.0 25.0 25.0 16.3
1207.5
~ -· = ~
= n -· ~ -~ = Q..
~ n 0 = 0 a -· g -
Net working capita!
Item
Current assets
Raw material Spare parts
Repair
Current liabilities
Net working capita!
Total investment cost
Period
Amount
5.0 30.2 30.2
43.0
Loans
Construction
Coefficient
12.0 2.0
12.0
12.0
0.50
Loans
1.0
18.0
0.4 15.1
2.5
3.6
14.4
Equity
2.0
18.0
0.4 15.1
2.5
3.6
14.4
Production ~------------------------------------------------------------------------N Fixed investment
Pre-production Net working capita!
Total
1207.5 327.1
0.0
1534.6
603.8 163.5
0.0
767.3
603.8 163.5
767.3
14.4
14.4
3.0
18.0
0.4 15.1
2.5
3.6
14.4
4.0
18.0
0.4 15.1
2.5
3.6
14.4
Depreciation and financial cost Term Interest
10.0 8.0
=================================================================================================== UASB system ===================================================================================================
Year 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Co st
Depreciation Loan repayment Financial co st
of products sold
Year
Raw materials Labour
Repair & maintenance Laberatory + services
Energy Overheads
eperating cost
Depreciation Financial cost
Production cost
Marketing cost
Cost of products sold
70.3 76.7 61.4
1.0
5.0 21.9 60.4 4.0 6.1 6.0
103.3
70.3 61.4
235.0
2.0
237.0
70.3 76.7 55.2
2.0
5.0 21.9 60.4
4.0 6.1 6.0
103.3
70.3 55.2
228.8
2.0
230.8
70.3 76.7 49.1
3.0
5.0 21.9 60.4 4.0 6.1 6.0
103.3
70.3 49.1
222.7
2.0
224.7
70.3 76.7 43.0
4.0
5.0 21.9 60.4 4.0 6.1 6.0
103.3
70.3 43.0
216.6
2.0
218.6
70.3 76.7 36.8
5.0
5.0 21.9 60.4 4.0 6.1 6.0
103.3
70.3 36.8
210.4
2.0
212.4
70.3 76.7 30.7
6.0
5.0 21.9 60.4 4.0 6.1 6.0
103.3
70.3 30.7
204.3
2.0
206.3
70.3 76.7 24.6
7.0
5.0 21.9 60.4
4.0 6.1 6.0
103.3
70.3 24.6
198.1
2.0
200.1
,_. ~
+>-
========================================================================
======================================================================== 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 Salvage
70.3 76.7 18.4
8.0
70.3 76.7 12.3
9.0
70.3 76.7 6.1
10.0
70.3 70.3
0.0 0.0
11.0 12.0
70.3 70.3 70.3
0.0 0.0 0.0
13.0 14.0 15.0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
5.0 21.9 60.4 4.0 6.1 6.0
103.3
70.3 18.4
192.0
2.0
194.0
5.0 21.9 60.4 4.0 6.1 6.0
103.3
70.3 12.3
185.9
2.0
187.9
5.0 21.9 60.4 4.0 6.1 6.0
103.3
70.3 6.1
179.7
2.0
181.7
5.0 21.9 60.4 4.0 6.1 6.0
103.3
70.3 0.0
173.6
2.0
175.6
5.0 21.9 60.4 4.0 6.1 6.0
103.3
70.3 0.0
173.6
2.0
175.6
5.0 21.9 60.4
4.0 6.1 6.0
103.3
70.3 o.o
173.6
2.0
175.6
5.0 21.9 60.4 4.0 6.1 6.0
103.3
70.3 0.0
173.6
2.0
175.6
5.0 21.9 60.4
4.0 6.1 6.0
103.3
70.3 0.0
173.6
2.0
175.6
153.8
Revenues
Electricity price Fertilizer
Year
Electricity savings Electricity sales Fertilizer sales
Total
Cash-flow for financial planning
Year
Cash inflow
53.0 0.0
1.0
57.2 212.6
0.0
269.8
0.0
1534.6
2.0
57.2 212.6
0.0
269.8
1.0
269.8
3.0
57.2 212.6
0.0
269.8
2.0
269.8
4.0
57.2 212.6
0.0
269.8
3.0
269.8
5.0
57.2 212.6
0.0
269.8
4.0
269.8
6.0
57.2 212.6
0.0
269.8
5.0
269.8
7.0
57.2 212.6
0.0
269.8
6.0
269.8
~------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total equity Total loans
Sales revenues
Cash outflow
Fixed investment Pre-production expenditures Increase in current assets
eperating cost Marketing cost
Corporate tax Interest
Loan repayment Dividends paid
Surplus Cumulative balance
767.3 767.3
1534.6
1207.5 327.1
0.0 0.0
269.8
361.8
18.0 103.3
2.0 8.2
61.4 76.7 92.1
-92.0 -92.0
269.8
339.1
103.3 2.0 9.7
55.2 76.7 92.1
-69.3 -161.3
269.8
334.5
103.3 2.0
11.3 49.1 76.7 92.1
-64.7 -226.0
269.8
329.9
103.3 2.0
12.8 43.0 76.7 92.1
-60.1 -286.1
269.8
325.3
103.3 2.0
14.3 36.8 76.7 92.1
-55.5 -341.7
269.8
320.7
103.3 2.0
15.9 30.7 76.7 92.1
-50.9 -392.6
......
8.0
57.2 212.6
0.0
269.8
7.0
269.8
9.0
57.2 212.6
0.0
269.8
8.0
269.8
10.0
57.2 212.6
0.0
269.8
9.0
269.8
11.0
57.2 212.6
0.0
269.8
10.0
269.8
12.0
57.2 212.6
0.0
269.8
11.0
269.8
13.0
57.2 212.6
0.0
269.8
12.0
269.8
14.0
57.2 212.6
0.0
269.8
13.0
269.8
15.0
57.2 212.6
0.0
269.8
14.0
269.8
15.0 Scrap
269.8 153.8
~------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0'\
269.8 269.8 269.8 269.8 269.8 269.8 269.8 269.8 269.8 153.8
316.1 311.5 306.9 302.3 221.0 221.0 221.0 221.0 221.0 o.o
103.3 103.3 103.3 103.3 103.3 103.3 103.3 103.3 103.3 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
17.4 18.9 20.5 22.0 23.6 23.6 23.6 23.6 23.6 24.6 18.4 12.3 6.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 76.7 76.7 76.7 76.7 92.1 92.1 92.1 92.1 92.1 92.1 92.1 92.1 92.1
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------46.3 -41.7 -37.1 -32.5 48.8 48.8 48.8 48.8 48.8 153.8
-438.9 -480.6 -517.7 -550.2 -501.3 -452.5 -403.7 -354.8 -306.0 -152.3
Net income statement from operations
Year
Revenues Cost of products
Taxable profit
Income (corporate) tax
Net profit
Dividends payable
Retained profit
Cash flow table
Year
Cash inflow
Revenues
Cash outflow
1.0
269.8 237.0
32.8
8.2
24.6
92.1
-67.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
1534.6
Investment 1534.6 Increase in net werking capita!
eperating cost Marketing cost
Corporate tax paid
Net cash flow Cumulative net cash flow
NPV IRR
-1534.6 -1534.6
-348.477 5.501
2.0
269.8 230.8
39.0
9.7
29.2
92.1
-62.8
1.0
269.8
269.8
128.0
14.4 103.3
2.0 8.2
3.0
269.8 224.7
45.1
11.3
33.8
92.1
-58.2
2.0
269.8
269.8
115.1
103.3 2.0 9.7
141.8 154.7 -1392.8 -1238.0
4.0
269.8 218.6
51.2
12.8
38.4
92.1
-53.6
3.0
269.8
269.8
116.6
103.3 2.0
11.3
153.2 -1084.9
5.0
269.8 212.4
57.4
14.3
43.0
92.1
-49.0
4.0
269.8
269.8
118.1
103.3 2.0
12.8
151.7 -933.2
6.0
269.8 206.3
63.5
15.9
47.6
92.1
-44.4
5.0
269.8
269.8
119.7
103.3 2.0
14.3
150.1 -783.1
7.0
269.8 200.1
69.7
17.4
52.2
92.1
-39.8
6.0
269.8
269.8
121.2
103.3 2.0
15.9
148.6 -634.5
....... w 00
8.0
269.8 194.0
75.8
18.9
56.8
92.1
-35.2
7.0
9.0
269.8 187.9
81.9
20.5
61.5
92.1
-30.6
8.0
10.0
269.8 181.7
88.1
22.0
66.1
92.1
-26.0
9.0
11.0
269.8 175.6
94.2
23.6
70.7
92.1
-21.4
10.0
12.0
269.8 175.6
94.2
23.6
70.7
92.1
-21.4
11.0
13.0
269.8 175.6
94.2
23.6
70.7
92.1
-21.4
12.0
14.0
269.8 175.6
94.2
23.6
70.7
92.1
-21.4
13.0
15.0
269.8 175.6
94.2
23.6
70.7
92.1
-21.4
14.0 15.0 Sc rap ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
269.8 269.8 269.8 269.8 269.8 269.8 269.8 269.8 269.8 153.8
269.8 269.8 269.8 269.8 269.8 269.8 269.8 269.8 269.8 153.8
122.8 124.3 125.8 127.4 128.9 128.9 128.9 128.9 128.9 o.o
103.3 103.3 103.3 103.3 103.3 103.3 103.3 103.3 103.3 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
17.4 18.9 20.5 22.0 23.6 23.6 23.6 23.6 23.6 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
147.0 145.5 144.0 142.4 140.9 140.9 140.9 140.9 140.9 153.8 -487.5 -342.0 -198.0 -55.5 85.4 226.3 367.2 508.1 649.0 802.8
-VJ
\Q
Calculation of pay-back period
Year
Investment
Cost of products Depreciation
Interest
Revenues
Taxable profit Taxes (25 %)
Profit after taxes and interest Plus interest
Net profit Plus depreciation
0.0
1534.6
1.0
14.4
237.0 70.3 61.4
269.8
18.4 4.6
13.8 61.4
75.2 70.3
2.0
230.8 70.3 55.2
269.8
39.0 9.7
29.2 55.2
84.5 70.3
3.0
224.7 70.3 49.1
269.8
45.1 11.3
33.8 49.1
82.9 70.3
4.0
218.6 70.3 43.0
269.8
51.2 12.8
38.4 43.0
81.4 70.3
5.0
212.4 70.3 36.8
269.8
57.4 14.3
43.0 36.8
79.9 70.3
6.0
206.3 70.3 30.7
269.8
63.5 15.9
47.6 30.7
78.3 70.3
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total
Net cash flow Cumulative cash
Calculation of the
Year
Output
Investment Materials Services
flow
national
Value added Cumulative value added
NNVA
1534.6 -1534.6
0.0
value added
0.0
0.0
1534.6
-1534.6 -1534.6
408.248
145.4 145.4
-1389.2 1.0
1.0
269.8
5.0 4.0
154.7 154.7
-1234.4 2.0
2.0
269.8
5.0 4.0
260.8 260.8 -1273.8 -1013.0
153.2 153.2
-1081.3 3.0
3.0
269.8
5.0 4.0
260.8 -752.2
151.7 151.7
-929.6 4.0
4.0
269.8
5.0 4.0
260.8 -491.4
150.1 150.1
-779.5 5.0
5.0
269.8
5.0 4.0
260.8 -230.6
148.6 148.6
-630.9 6.0
6.0
269.8
5.0 4.0
260.8 30.2
-\.IJ -0
7.0
200.1 70.3 24.6
269.8
69.7 17.4
52.2 24.6
8.0
194.0 70.3 18.4
269.8
75.8 18.9
56.8 18.4
9.0
187.9 70.3 12.3
269.8
81.9 20.5
61.5 12.3
10.0
181.7 70.3 6.1
269.8
88.1 22.0
66.1 6.1
11.0
175.6 70.3 0.0
269.8
94.2 23.6
70.7 0.0
12.0
175.6 70.3 0.0
269.8
94.2 23.6
70.7 0.0
13.0
175.6 70.3 0.0
269.8
94.2 23.6
70.7 0.0
14.0
175.6 70.3 o.o
269.8
94.2 23.6
70.7 0.0
15.0
175.6 70.3 0.0
269.8
94.2 23.6
70.7 0.0
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------76.8 75.3 73.7 72.2 70.7 70.7 70.7 70.7 70.7 70.3 70.3 70.3 70.3 70.3 70.3 70.3 70.3 70.3
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------147.0 147.0
-483.9 7.0
7.0
269.8
5.0 4.0
260.8 291.0
145.5 145.5
-338.3 8.0
8.0
269.8
5.0 4.0
260.8 551.8
144.0 144.0
-194.4 9.0
9.0
269.8
5.0 4.0
260.8 812.6
142.4 142.4 -51.9 10.0
10.0
269.8
5.0 4.0
260.8 1073.4
140.9 140.9
89.0 11.0
11.0
269.8
5.0 4.0
260.8 1334.2
140.9 140.9 229.9 12.0
12.0
269.8
5.0 4.0
260.8 1595.0
140.9 140.9 370.8 13.0
13.0
269.8
5.0 4.0
260.8 1855.8
140.9 140.9 511.7 14.0
14.0
269.8
5.0 4.0
260.8 2116.6
140.9 140.9 652.6 15.0
15.0
269.8
5.0 4.0
260.8 2377.4
-
Calculation of Break Even Point
Capacity
Variable cost Fixed cost
Total cost
Electricity savings Electricity sales
Fertilizer
Revenues
Revenues - cost
0.0
0.0 168.6
168.6
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0
-168.6
10.0
0.5 168.6
169.1
57.2 0.0 0.0
57.2
-111.9
20.0
1.0 168.6
169.6
57.2 0.1 0.0
57.3
-112.3
30.0
1.5 168.6
170.1
57.2 26.7 0.0
83.9
-86.2
40.0
2.0 168.6
170.6
57.2 53.2 0.0
110.4
-60.1
Capacity 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0 w------------------------------------------------------------------------------~ Variable cost 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 - Fixed cost 168.6 168.6 168.6 168.6 168.6
Total cost
Electricity savings Electricity sales
Fertilizer
Revenues
Revenues - cost
171.6
57.2 106.4
0.0
163.6
-8.0
172.1
57.2 132.9
0.0
190.1
18.0
172.6
57.2 159.5
0.0
216.7
44.1
173.1
57.2 186.0
0.0
243.2
70.2
173.6
57.2 212.6
0.0
269.8
96.2
50.0
2.5 168.6
171.1
57.2 79.8 0.0
137.0
-34.1
Sensitivity of the UASB system with generator
Discount ra te NPV SRD NNVA
8 -216.5 8 646 10 -348.5 10 408.2 20 -695.8 20 -262.7 30 -809.8 30 -524.8 35 -825.1
Elec price NPV IRR Pay-back NNVA
45 -510.3 3.2 12.5 186.3 50 -409.2 4.7 11.1 325 53 -348.5 5.5 10.4 408.2 55 -308.1 6.1 10.1 463.7 60 -207 7.5 9.2 512.4 65 -105.9 8.8 8.5 741.1
...... 70 -4.8 10.1 7.7 879.7 (,;J
...... 75 96.3 11.4 6.3 1018.4 N
Fertilizer price NPV IRR Pay-back NNVA
0 -348.5 5.5 10.4 408.2 1000 -329.8 5.7 10.3 435.4 5000 -254.9 6.9 9.5 535.2
10000 -161.3 8 8.7 660 15000 -67.7 9.2 8.1 784.8
Loans NPV IRR Pay-back NNVA
0.25 -374.3 5.2 10.7 408.2 0.5 -348.5 5.5 10.4 408.2
0.75 -321.6 5.8 10.1 408.2
Investment NPV IRR Pay-back NNVA
-20% -55.4 9.4 8.1 676 0 -348.5 5.5 10.4 408.2
+20% -643 2.7 12.8 142.6
eperating NPV IRR Pay-back NNVA
-20% -242.4 7 9.5 422.9 0 -348.5 5.5 10.4 408.2
+20% -454.2 4 11.7 398
Waste availability NPV
100 -348.5 75 -710.6 -~ - Corporate tax NPV IRR Pay-back NNVA
~
0 -237.2 7.2 9.5 408.2 25 -348.5 5.5 10.4 408.2 50 -457.5 3.8 11.7 408.2
Planning and design shared by 15 installations
No sharing Sharing
NPV -348.5 -141.6 IRR 5.5 7.9
Pay-back 10.4 8.8 NNVA 408.2 623.4
R Pay-back
9.4 8.1 5.5 10.4 2.7 12.8
R Pay-back
7 9. 5 5.5 10.4
4 11.7
R Pay-back
7.2 9.5 5.5 10.4 3.8 11.7
i ons
ing
1.6 7.9 8.8 3.4
NNVA
676 408.2 142.6
NNVA
422.9 408.2
398
NNVA
408.2 408.2 408.2
Sensitivity of the UASB system with all
Discount ra te NPV SRD NNVA
8 -427.6 8 439.9 10 -531.2 10 224 20 -802.5 20 -380.6 30 -882.1 30 -611 35 -892.5
Elec price NPV IRR Pay-back NNVA
45 -683.8 0.3 14.6 26.6 50 -585.8 1.9 12.9 150 53 -531.2 2.7 12.1 224 55 -495.3 3.3 11.6 273.3 60 -405.7 4.6 10.5 396.7 65 -316.1 5.9 9.7 520.1 ......
~ 70 -226.5 7.1 8.9 643.4 ...... 75 -136.9 8.3 8.3 766.8 .j:::o.
Biogas price NPV IRR Pay-back NNVA
0 -544.7 2.5 12.3 206 10 -531.2 2.7 12.1 224 20 -517.6 2.9 11.9 242 30 -504.1 3.2 11.7 260 40 -490.6 3.4 11.5 278.1 50 -477.1 3.6 11.4 296.1 60 -463.6 3.8 11.2 314.1 70 -450 4 11 332.2
Fertilizer price NPV IRR Pay-back NNVA
0 -531.2 2.7 12.1 224 1000 -512.4 3 11.8 249 5000 -437.6 4.2 10.9 348.8
10000 -344 5.5 9.9 473.6 15000 -250.4 6.8 9.1 598.4
Loans NPV IRR Pay-back NNVA
0.25 -558.8 2.4 12.4 224 0.5 -531.2 2.7 12.1 224
0.75 -513 3 11.9 224
Investment NPV IRR Pay-back NNVA
-20% -229.3 6.3 9.4 497.6 0 -531.2 2.7 12.1 224
+20% -851.5 0.2 >15 -49.5
eperating NPV IRR Pay-back NNVA
-20% -423.5 4.4 10.7 236.4 0 -531.2 2.7 12.1 224
+20% -643.5 0.9 13.9 211.6
Waste availability NPV
100 -531.2 - 75 -927.1 VJ -VI Corporate tax NPV IRR Pay-back NNVA
0 -467 3.9 11.2 224 25 -531.2 2.7 12.1 224 50 -595.3 1.5 13.2 224
Appliances Without With
NPV -515.2 -531.2 IRR 2.9 2.7
Pay-back 11.9 12.1 NNVA 238.4 224