Education Budget Brief - UNICEF

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Rwanda

Education Budget BriefInvesting in child education in Rwanda

2019/2020

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Education Budget Brief: Investing in child education in Rwanda 2019/2020

© United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) RwandaDecember 2019

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Preface

This education budget brief explores the extent to which the

Government of Rwanda addresses the educational needs of

children and young people. The brief analyses the size and

composition of budget allocations to the education sector

for the fiscal year 2019/20, as well as the adequacy of past

spending. The budget brief aims to synthesize complex

budget information and offer recommendations to strengthen

public investments in children. The financial data used for this

analysis was drawn from various budget documents, with a

major focus on the 2019/20 national budget.

Key Messages and Recommendations

• The majority of education sector resources go to pre-primary and primary education representing 43.3 per cent of the total education sector budget, with allocations to secondary education representing 32.5 per cent. However, there is limited information available that separates pre-primary education from primary education. There is a need for separate budget lines; one for pre-primary and another for primary education levels, to monitor the allocation adequacy for pre-primary education as a foundation to child learning and development.

• Government budget allocation to pre-primary and primary education level is disproportionate compared to other sectors in terms of allocation per student. While it still comprises a large share of the education budget, its budget slightly declined to FRW 106.3 billion in 2019/20 from FRW 111.4 billion. There is a need to further prioritize allocation in the pre-primary and primary education sector to ensure a stronger foundation in learning and education development for the early ages and younger students.

• The allocation of the budget towards improving quality of education has doubled between 2016/17 and 2019/20, increasing from FRW 16.1 billion to FRW 32.9 billion. However, these inputs are mainly focused on ICT development and hardware as opposed to teacher training or other soft inputs. Significant resources are still needed for teacher training and the professional development of those already in service to improve the quality of learning.

• The external financing as a share of the education budget increased almost threefold, from 6.1 per cent in 2018/19 to 16.8 per cent in 2019/20. It is also expected that this rate will continue to rise over the medium term, since the Government of Rwanda has recently signed a credit-financing agreement with the World Bank to support the education sector.

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The education sector is coordinated by the Ministry of

Education (MINEDUC), whose mission it is to ensure equitable

access to quality education through a focus on combating

illiteracy, promoting science and technology, and developing

critical thinking and positive values.

By implementing education policies, MINEDUC is supported

by several agencies including: the Rwanda Education Board

(REB) responsible for pre-primary, primary and secondary

school programmes; the Workforce Development Authority

(WDA), responsible for Technical and Vocational Education

and Training (TVET) and Rwanda Polytechnic Higher Learning

Institution (RP); the Higher Council of Education (HEC),

responsible for university accreditations and tertiary schools

regulation and oversees the functions of higher education

financing; and the districts (decentralized entities) responsible

for daily management of schools at local level. Rwanda’s

education sector has seen significant developments across all

education levels.

Pre-primary education has seen rapid growth in recent years

The net enrolment rate (NER) at the pre-primary level

increased by 3 per cent between 2016 and 2018, from 17.5 per

cent to 20.8 per cent (Figure 1). The government target by

2024 is to expand access to pre-primary to reach 41.5 per cent

net enrolment.

Figure 1: GER and NER for Pre-Primary Education

23.8% 24.1% 24.4%

17.5%20.6% 20.8%

0.0%

5.0%

10.0%

15.0%

20.0%

25.0%

30.0%

2016 2017 2018

Gross Enrolment Rate (Overall) Net Enrolment Rate (Overall)

Source: Ministry of education, annual statistical yearbooks, 2016, 2017, 2018

1. Introduction sector overview

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The primary school to secondary school transition rate1 remained above 71 per cent for both boys (71 per cent) and

girls (72.3 per cent). The school drop-out rate has remained low over the past years.

Over the past four years, the school drop-out rate has remained

low (around 5 per cent). However, in 2018 there was a slight

increase by one per cent from 5.6 per cent in 2017 to 6.7 per

cent (Figure 2). The drop-out rate in primary school is slightly

higher for boys (7 per cent) than for girls (6.3 per cent). Both

drop-out and repetition remain an issue within the Rwandan

education system.

The ratio of students/pupils to qualified teachers has

continued to marginally improve over the past four years,

from 62:1 in 2015 to 57:1 in 2018 (Figure 3). To reach the ESSP

target of 52:1, there is therefore a strong need for increased

investments in the recruitment and training of teachers to

further reduce the ratio of pupils to qualified teachers.

Figure 2: Dropout and transition rates, primary

71.1% 71.1% 74.5% 71.6%

5.7% 5.7% 5.6%

6.7%

0.0%

1.0%

2.0%

3.0%

4.0%

5.0%

6.0%

7.0%

8.0%

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

80.0%

2015 2016 2017 2018

Transition Rate (left axis) Drop-out Rate (right axis)

Source: Ministry of education, annual statistical yearbooks, 2016, 2017 and 2018

Figure 3: Pupil-teacher ratio, primary

58 58 58 5662 59 59 57

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2015 2016 2017 2018

Pupils: Teacher Ratio Pupils: Qualified Teacher Ratio

Source: Ministry of education, annual statistical yearbooks, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018

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2. Education spending trends

2.1. Size of spending

The budget allocated to the Ministry of Education, its agencies

and districts has shown a nominal increase over the past four

years. In 2019/20, the Government of Rwanda has allocated

FRW 310.2 billion to the education sector, up from FRW 278.2

billion in 2018/19, reflecting an increase of 11.5 per cent in

nominal terms or 10.4 per cent in real terms (Figure 4).

Figure 4: The Education sector budget in nominal FRW billion and as

% of total budget and GDP

220.0 240.8 278.2

310.2

3.3 3.2 3.1 3.4

11.3 11.5 11.0 10.8

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

-

50.0

100.0

150.0

200.0

250.0

300.0

350.0

2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20

Education budget (FRW billion) (left axis)

Education budget as share of GDP (right axis)

Education budget as share of national budget (right axis)

Source: Calculated using state finance laws and microframework data

A comprehensive analysis of the budget allocations to the

education sector includes not only the Ministry of Education

and its agencies, but also other budgets allocated to other

Ministries (for example, internet provision to schools).

Therefore, budget allocations to the education sector and

other sectors contributing to education increase up to FRW

571.9 billion and, as share of the domestic national budget

(excluding debt financing & another non-flexible public

budget such as peace keeping operations), reached 21 per

cent in 2019/20, up from 18 per cent in 2018/19 (Figure 5).

Figure 5: The Education budget in nominal FRW billion and as % of

total budget and GDP

290400.86

560 571.9

2019

18

21

0

5

10

15

20

25

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

FRW

Bill

ion

% o

f al

loca

tio

ns

2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20

Education sector and others contributing to education (FRW Billion) (Left axis)

% Education sector and others contributing to education (Right axis)

Source: MINECOFIN & MINEDUC Education sector budget analysis 2019

Note: For the purposes of this document, all analysis will be made on the budget allocated directly to MINEDUC and

Districts.

2.2. Government spending in the region in selected ESAR countries

Among the selected East African countries with comparable

data in 2017/19, Kenya allocated 23 per cent of total natioal

budget to education, followed by Tanzania mainland with 17.3

per cent, Rwanda with 11.5 per cent, while Uganda allocated

8.9 per cent of total national budget to the education sector

(Figure 6).

Figure 6: Education budget % of total government expenditure in

selected ESAR countries, FY 2017/18

23.0

8.911.5

17.3

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania(Mainland)

Source: UNICEF- Budget briefs

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The budget allocation to the education sector in 2019/20 is 26.9

per cent less than costed estimates in the Education Sector

Strategic Plan (ESSP). The ESSP presents three scenarios for

the future developments of the education sector, as well as

the estimated costs for each. These are a “Business as usual”

situation in which the education sector maintains the current

pace of innovations, a pragmatic scenario, envisioning that

“most of new initiatives shall be implemented by 50 per cent”,

and finally, an ambitious scenario, in which all new initiatives

are fully implemented. Table 1 provides the various ESSP cost

scenarios and respective funding gaps.

Table 1: Education Budget Allocations against ESSP Cost Estimates

Scenario 2019/2020

ESSP Costs

(RWF)

Allocated budget

(RWF)

Funding Gap

Business as Usual 424,410,773,568 310,200,000,000 114,210,773,568 (26.9 %)

Pragmatic Implementation 434,950,500,243 124,750,500,243 (28.7%)

Ambitious Approach 476,080,177,449 165,880,177,449 (34.8%)

Source: MINEDUC-ESSP 2018/19 – 2023/24 and State finances law 2019/20

In comparison with other NST1 sectors, the education sector

allocation ranks second with 10.8 per cent, after public finance

management (28.9 percent), the latter covering the allocations

for executive offices, legislative organs, financial and fiscal

affairs, and external affairs (Figure 7).

Figure 7: Budget Allocations to various sectors in FRW billion and as a % of Domestic Budget and GDP

28.9

10.8 9.4 9.3 8.25.7 5.5 5.4 4.9 3.9 2.3

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

0100200300400500600700800900

2019/20 allocations (FRW Billion) (left axis) Share of budget (%) (right axis)

2.4. The education sector budget allocation among other NST1 sectors

2.3. The education budget against national commitments

Source: Calculated using state finance laws

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3. Education budget changes

3.1. Initial and revised education sector budget trends

Over the past four years, a comparison of the original

approved and revised budgets indicates that the allocations

for the education sector were slightly revised upward by about

one per cent as indicated in Figure 8.

Figure 8: Trends budget revision (FRW billion and % change)

220.0 240.8 273.0 310.2

221.3 240.5

278.2

0.6

-0.2

1.9

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

-

50.0

100.0

150.0

200.0

250.0

300.0

350.0

2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20

Orginal Revised budget % Changes


3.2. Nominal vs. real changes (inflation adjusted) in the education sector budget

Inflation has not significantly affected the education budget

allocations over the past two years.

Figure 9: Nominal and inflation adjusted changes in the education

budget

-7.8

1.4

9.5

13.3 11.5

-9.5

.62016/17-1

3.2

7.8 10.4

-15.0

-10.0

-5.0

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

2015/16 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20

Nominal budget changes (%) Inflation adjusted changes (%)


Over the past two years, Rwanda has been able to maintain

a low level of inflation below the government target (5 per

cent). Therefore, the gap between nominal and real budget

changes has continued to narrow. In 2018/19, the nominal

budget change was 13.3 per cent against 7.8 per cent of the

real budget changes while in 2019/20, the nominal education

budget change was 11.5 against 10.4 per cent of the real budget

changes (adjusted with inflation) (Figure 9).

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4. Composition of education sector spending

4.1. Budget trends by education levels

More than half of the education sector budget is allocated to

primary and secondary education, as it is in line with universal

access to education.

Figure 10: Budget allocation by education levels (FRW Billion)

83.8 92.5 111.4 106.3

53.2 60.0 63.7 79.82.9

2.4 2.1

3.1

32.4 35.9

57.0 56.3

-

50.0

100.0

150.0

200.0

250.0

300.0

2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20

FRW

Bill

ion

Pre-primary and primary Secondary TertiaryPost-secondary nontertiary


The combined pre-primary and primary education levels

budget allocation takes a large share of the education budget.

However, its budget slightly declined to FRW 106.3 billion

in 2019/20 down from FRW 111.4 billion in 2018/19, while the

secondary education budget allocation increased from FRW

63.7 billion to FRW 79.8 billion in 2019/20. The allocation

to tertiary and post-secondary non-tertiary education

programmes remained relatively equal over the past four

years (Figure 10).

Figure 11: % Share of budget allocations against % of students by levels

76.5

18.5 5.0

43.3

32.524.2

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

Pre-primary andPrimary

Secondary Post seconday incl.Tertiary

Pro

po

rtio

n (%

) o

f al

loca

ted

bu

dg

et

% if

stu

den

ts b

y lv

el

% Students by levels Proportion (%) of Allocated budget

Source: Calculated using state finance laws & Annual statistical year book 2018

The analysis of budget allocations for the students in each

education category shows that 76.5 per cent of the student

population were enrolled in pre-primary and primary

(combined) and were allocated 43.3 per cent of the education

sector budget. The secondary education level accounted for

18.5 per cent of the total student population, and was allocated

32.5 per cent, while the tertiary education accounted for 5 per

cent to students and was allocated 24.2 per cent (Figure 11).

This suggests that the budget increase in the education sector

should focus more on pre-primary, primary and secondary

to ensure universal access to 12 years of basic education in

Rwanda.

4.2. Education spending by big education sector institutions

A significant portion of education sector resources are

transferred to districts (decentralized entities). In 2019/20, FRW

161.6 billion or 52 per cent of the total education sector budget

was allocated to Districts. The Higher Education Council

(HEC) takes second place with FRW 54.4 billion and remains

constant when compared to 2018/19. The budget for HEC

mainly supports the financing of tertiary education through

education loans and scholarships. The budget allocated to

MINEDUC has significantly increased over the past two years

from FRW 9.6 billion in 2017/18 to FRW 20.2 billion in 2018/19

and FRW 26.8 billion in 2019/20 (Figure 12).

Figure 12: Budget allocations, by spending agency (FRW billion)

0.69.9 0.79.6 20.2 26.854.4 54.4

32.1 27.8

12.0 8.751.9 70.723.3 22.215.7 21.9

119.8127.9

151.2161.6

0.0

50.0

100.0

150.0

200.0

250.0

300.0

350.0

2019/202018/19

Higher Education Council (HEC)

Rwanda Education Board (REB)

Rwanda Polytechnic

2016/17 2017/18

Mineduc

Workforce Development Authority (WDA)

University of Rwanda

Districts

Source: Calculated using state finance Laws

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The education budget is mainly dedicated to cover recurrent

expenses, such as salaries and wages for teaching staff.

However, over the past few years, the development budget as

a share of the education sector budget has increased from 15.5

per cent in 2017/18 to 22.5 per cent in 2019/20. Furthermore,

the recurrent budget for education has also increased from

FRW 226.5 billion to FRW 240.4 billion (Figure 13). The increase

in the recurrent budget under education is partly explained by

the government’s decision to increase teachers’ salary by 10

per cent, implemented from March 2019.

Figure 13: Education recurrent vs. development budget

182.4

207.6 226.5 240.4

38.1 38.2 46.5 69.8

17.3 15.5

17.0

22.5

-

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

-

50.0

100.0

150.0

200.0

250.0

300.0

2018/19 2019/20

Development (FRW billion)

2016/17 2017/18

Recurrent (FRW billion)

% development budget (Right axis)


4.3. The education sector budget by recurrent and capital expenditure categories

4.4. Budget allocations for education quality enhancement programmes

The Government of Rwanda is pushing for an increased

quality of education. For the purpose of this analysis, the

following programmes were selected as drivers of quality

of education enhancing: (i) education quality and standards,

(ii) curricula and pedagogical material development, and

(iii) ICT integration in education. In 2019/20, the government

has allocated FRW 32.9 billion towards these programmes,

up from FRW 22.9 billion in 2018/19. The ICT promotion in

education is the main driver of the increase as it was allocated

FRW 15.6 billion in 2019/20 up from FRW 3.9 billion in 2018/19,

with a slightly reduced budget allocated to education quality

standard and teacher development (Figure 14).

Figure 14: Education budget allocation to programmes for quality

education in FRW billions

6.2 6.7 9.0 8.31.1

2.60.8 0.91.5

9.3 9.2 8.17.3

5.2 3.9

15.6

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20

Curricula and Pedagogical MaterialsTeacher Development and ManagementEducation Quality and Standards**ICT Integration in Education

Source: Calculated using state finance Laws

Figure 15: Per capita allocation, by level of education FRW

23,806 25,740 32,280 34,345

113,027 122,916

86,549

107,324

24,225

35,735

36,184 23,020

-

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

160,000

180,000

200,000

2016 20172015

Pre-primary and primary Secondary

2018

Post secondary non tertiary

Source: Calculated using state finance laws and NISR- Population projections 2018

4.5. Per capita spending

Per capita spending by education levels shows that combined

pre-primary and primary spending increased from FRW 32,280

to FRW 34,345 from 2017 to 2018, reflecting an increase of 6

per cent. In 2018, per capita spending in secondary level has

increased by 24 per cent when compared to 2017. However, the

allocation to post-secondary non-tertiary (mainly including

allocations for TVET) experienced a decrease from FRW 36,184

to 23,020 in 2019/20 (-36.6 per) as shown in Figure 15.

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5. Decentralization and education spending

Education is the most decentralized sector in Rwanda.

Formal administrative coordination mechanisms have been

established for each district and almost half of the education

budget is implemented through the decentralized entities.

However, over the past four years, the share of the education

budget allocated to District Councils went from 55 per cent

in 2016/17 to 52 per cent in 2019/20 (Figure 16). This could be

partly attributed to the Ministry of Education reforms designed

to centralize school constructions, formerly implemented by

the districts.

Figure 16: Education central vs. decentralised budget allocations

98.1 112.3 129.5 148.6

119.8 127.9151.2

161.655.0

53.2

53.9

52.1

51.552.052.553.053.554.054.555.055.5

0.0

50.0

100.0

150.0

200.0

2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20

Central Government allocations

Decentralized entities allocations

Share of decentalized education budget


Most resources transferred to District Councils are for teachers’

salaries and other incentives, including exam costs, capitation

grants and non-formal education. The government has set up

criteria to allocate the education budget at the district level

by ensuring geographical equity. The allocation formula is

output-based. Some of the parameters considered include

the number of students, number of teachers in the district,

number of examination centers, and number of students in

boarding schools. The decentralized budget for education is

quite evenly distributed, averaging FRW 5.4 billion per district.

Figure 17 shows the distribution of the budget for education

across different districts.

Figure 17: Education budget allocations by district

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

-

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

GA

TS

IBO

NY

AM

AG

AB

EG

ICU

MB

IN

YA

MA

SH

EK

EM

US

AN

ZE

RU

BA

VU

RU

SIZ

IN

YA

GA

TA

RE

KA

RO

NG

IH

UY

EG

AK

ENK

ER

ULI

ND

OB

UG

ES

ER

AB

UR

ERA

KA

MO

NY

IN

YA

BIH

UG

ISA

GA

RA

NG

OR

OR

ERO

NY

AN

ZA

NY

AR

UG

UR

UR

UH

AN

GO

RU

TSIR

ON

GO

MA

MU

HA

NG

AK

AY

ON

ZA

KIR

EHE

RW

AM

AG

AN

AG

AS

AB

O

KIC

UK

IRO

NY

AR

UG

ENG

E

Ave

rag

e FR

W B

illio

n

FRW

Bill

ion

Budget for 2019/20 (FRW Billion) Average budget per district (FRW Billion)


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6. Budget execution in the education sector

The budget execution rate under the education sector remains

among the highest in social sectors. For 2018/19, the budget

execution rate stood at 94.3 per cent at district level, while at

the central (national) level the execution rate was at 91 per

cent (Figure 18).

Figure 18: Education budget execution rates

95.6 96.3 92.1 91.098.4 94.9 90.5 94.3

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19

National Education budget execution rate (%)

District education budget executon rate (%)

Source: MINECOFIN- Budget execution reports

7. Financing of the education sector

Domestic and external funds recorded in the national budget

cover 73 per cent of the required ESSP costs for 2019/20. The

gap is partly covered by other players in the education sector.

However, education financing by non-government actors is

not covered under this budget brief.

Figure 19: Financing of the education sector budget in FRW billion

204.8 239.6

266.9 293.4

9.1 6.2 6.1 16.8

4.2

2.5 2.2

5.4

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

- 50.0

100.0 150.0 200.0 250.0 300.0 350.0

2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20

Domestic financing (billion)

External financing (billion)

% share external financing (right axis)


The education sector is mainly domestically financed. Over

the past four years, the share of external financing has

remained below 10 per cent. However, external financing to

education sector increased to 16.8 per cent in 2019/20, up

from 6.1 per cent in 2018/19 (Figure 19). The recent increase in

external financing is attributed to external loans and grants for

higher education, mainly directed at financing infrastructure

and different centers of excellence. Furthermore, the external

financing component of the education sector budget is

expected to continue rising as the Government of Rwanda

has recently signed a new credit financing agreement with

the World Bank to support the education sector. Other major

donors for the education sector include the UK department for

International Development (DFID), USAID, Global Partnership

for Education (GPE), Korea International Cooperation Agency

(KOICA) and UNICEF.

The Government of Rwanda is also devising home grown

initiatives to support the financing of the educations sector.

Some of the proposals include mobilizing community

contributions (used mainly in the construction of the

schools). This strategy has been used mainly by faith-based

organizations who manage several primary and secondary

schools in Rwanda. However, there is a need to explore the

possibility of tracking the non-government domestic financing

allocated to education, which further contributes to reducing

the funding gap as indicated in the Education Sector Strategic

Plan 2018-2024.

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ANNEXESAnnex 1: Strategic documents and targets

Strategic documents Key performance indicators and targets

National Strategy for

Transformation (2017-2024)

1. Increase access to pre-primary education: net enrolment rates will reach 45% by 2024

from 17.5% in 2016;

2. Improve quality of education at all levels;

o Schools connected to the internet will increase to 100% by 2024 from 10% in

2016/17;

o The primary and secondary schools with access to electricity will increase from

32% and 46% in 2016 to 100% in 2024;

3. Strengthen mechanisms to promote completion rates especially in primary and

secondary education.

o Transition rate from primary to lower secondary will increase from 71.1% in 2015

to 92.4% by 2024;

4. Ensure that people with disabilities can start school and progress through all levels of

education.

5. Strengthen Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics across all levels of

education

o Achieve 80% of students enrolled in STEM in HLIs and TVETs by 2024 from 44%

in 2016.

6. Ensure digital literacy for all youth (16 to 30 years) by 2024 through achieving a digital

literacy rate of at least 60% by 2024.

Education sector strategic

plan 2018/19 - 2023/24

1. All learners achieve basic levels of literacy and numeracy in early grades and beyond;

2. All learners enter primary school at the correct age and successfully complete 12 years

of basic education;

3. All children complete school readiness programmes;

4. Ensure gender parity in participation and achievement at all levels of education;

5. Increased participation and achievement of children and young people with disabilities

at all levels of education;

6. TVET and HEI programmes are responsive to both labour market needs and Rwanda’s

social and economic development;

7. Qualified pupil- teacher ratio in pre-primary, primary and secondary schools shall

increase from 1:32; 1:62 and 1:28 in 2015 to 1:32, 1:52 and 1:34 respectively by 2024.

Annex 2: Learning outcomes results, students reaching the minimum proficiency

Grade Test Boys (%) Girls (%) Different (%) (B-G)

P6 (11-12 Years old) Literacy 59.8 53.2 6.6

Numeracy 63.7 54.5 9.2

S3 (15-16 Year-old) Literacy 77.6 65.3 12.3

Numeracy 81.8 75.9 5.9

Source: MINEDUC, Learning Achievement in Rwandan Schools, 2018

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Annex 3: ICT in primary education

65.8% 69.2%75.5%

9.8%

25.1%30.0%

0

44.0%

55.4%

0.0%

20.0%

40.0%

60.0%

80.0%

2016 2017 2018

% of school with computers

% of school with internet connectivity

% of school having ICT for teaching and learning

Annex 4: Gross and net secondary school enrolment rates

38.0% 37.2% 38.2% 39.6%

28.3%32.9% 34.1%

30.1%

0.0%5.0%

10.0%15.0%20.0%25.0%30.0%35.0%40.0%45.0%

2015 2016 2018

Gross Enrolment Rate

2017

Net Enrolment Rate

Source: Ministry of Education, Annual Statistical Yearbooks, 2016, 2017, 2018

Annex 5: Repetition and dropout rates, secondary

8.8%

5.2% 5.0%4.5% 4.4%

5.8%

0.0%

2.0%

4.0%

6.0%

8.0%

10.0%

2015 2016 2017

Repetition Rate Dropout Rate

Annex 6: Net enrolment rates: 2018

20.4%

98.0%

32.1%

21.2%

98.5%

28.2%

0.0%

20.0%

40.0%

60.0%

80.0%

100.0%

120.0%

Male Female

Pre-primary education Primary Education Secondary Education

Source: Education Statistical yearbook 2018

Source: Ministry of Education, Annual Statistical Yearbooks, 2016, 2017, 2018 Source: Ministry of Education, Annual Statistical Yearbooks 2016, 2017, 2018

Annex 7: Number of TVET training centres

94,373 93,158

107,501102,485

54,912 54,19965,327

57,643

39,461 38,959 42,174 44,842

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

2015 2016 2017 2018

MaleTotal Students Female


Annex 8 : Tertiary education

48,868 52,297 49,908 51,119

37,447 38,506 41,285 38,041

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

2015 2016 2017 2018

Male Female


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i The net enrolment rate (NER) in primary education is the ratio of the number of children of official primary school age who are enrolled in primary education to the total population of children of official primary school age, expressed as a percentage. ii The percentage of students admitted to the first grade of a higher level of education in a given year, when compared to the number of students enrolled in the final grade of the lower level of education in the previous year. iii Capitation grants are funds allocated by the Ministry of Education to schools under the basic education programme to ensure that all Rwandan children are given an opportunity to attend school. iv http://www.minecofin.gov.rw/index.php?id=12&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=733&cHash=b3ea2f11caa9e47126bdb5fdc4a0f641 v Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning, ‘Seven Years Government Programme (7YGP)’, Kigali, Rwanda, 2010, available at: <www.rwandapedia.rw/cmis/views/workspace%253A%252F%252FSpacesStore%252F1adfd4d9-01e0-4834-8d8a-9b1edb581294>. vi Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning, ‘Education Sector Strategic Plan 2013/14–2017/18’, Kigali, Rwanda, 2013, available at: <www.minecofin.gov.rw/index.php?id=163>.

48,868 52,297 49,908 51,119

37,447 38,506 41,285 38,041

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

2015 2016 2017 2018

Male Female

Endnotes

Annex 7: Number of TVET training centres

94,373 93,158

107,501102,485

54,912 54,19965,327

57,643

39,461 38,959 42,174 44,842

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

2015 2016 2017 2018

MaleTotal Students Female


Annex 8 : Tertiary education

48,868 52,297 49,908 51,119

37,447 38,506 41,285 38,041

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

2015 2016 2017 2018

Male Female

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Documents

Education Budget Brief - UNICEF