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BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS MODEL ECK-10 Instruction Manual by Arthur F. Seymour MSEE It is the intention of this course to teach the fundamental operation of basic electronic components by comparison to drawings of equivalent mechanical parts. It must be understood that the mechanical circuits would operate much slower than their electronic counterparts and one-to-one correlation can never be achieved. The comparisons will, however, give an insight to each of the fundamental electronic components used in every electronic product. Elenco TM Electronics, Inc. Copyright © 2004, 1994 Elenco TM Electronics, Inc. Revised 2004 REV-G 753254 Resistors Capacitors Coils Semiconductors Others Transformers

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Page 1: Eck 10 Manual

BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS

MODEL ECK-10

Instruction Manualby Arthur F. Seymour MSEE

It is the intention of this course to teach the fundamental operation of basicelectronic components by comparison to drawings of equivalent mechanicalparts. It must be understood that the mechanical circuits would operate muchslower than their electronic counterparts and one-to-one correlation can neverbe achieved. The comparisons will, however, give an insight to each of thefundamental electronic components used in every electronic product.

ElencoTM Electronics, Inc.Copyright © 2004, 1994 ElencoTM Electronics, Inc. Revised 2004 REV-G 753254

Resistors Capacitors Coils

Semiconductors

Others

Transformers

Page 2: Eck 10 Manual

-1-

RESISTORSRESISTORS, What do they do?

The electronic component known as the resistor isbest described as electrical friction. Pretend, for amoment, that electricity travels through hollow pipeslike water. Assume two pipes are filled with waterand one pipe has very rough walls. It would be easyto say that it is more difficult to push the waterthrough the rough-walled pipe than through a pipewith smooth walls. The pipe with rough walls couldbe described as having more resistance tomovement than the smooth one.

Pioneers in the field of electronics thought electricitywas some type of invisible fluid that could flowthrough certain materials easily, but had difficultyflowing through other materials. In a way they werecorrect since the movement of electrons through amaterial cannot be seen by the human eye, evenwith the best microscopes made. There is asimilarity between the movement of electrons inwires and the movement of water in the pipes. Forexample, if the pressure on one end of a water pipeis increased, the amount of water that will passthrough the pipe will also increase. The pressure onthe other end of the pipe will be indirectly related tothe resistance the pipe has to the flow of water. Inother words, the pressure at the other end of thepipe will decrease if the resistance of the pipeincreases. Figure 1 shows this relationshipgraphically.

Electrons flow through materials when a pressure(called voltage in electronics) is placed on one endof the material forcing the electrons to “react” witheach other until the ones on the other end of thematerial move out. Some materials hold on to theirelectrons more than others making it more difficultfor the electrons to move. These materials have ahigher resistance to the flow of electricity (calledcurrent in electronics) than the ones that allowelectrons to move easily. Therefore, earlyexperimenters called the materials insulators if theyhad very high resistance to electon flow andconductors if they had very little resistance toelectron flow. Later materials that offered a mediumamount of resistance were classified assemiconductors.

When a person designs a circuit in electronics, it isoften necessary to limit the amount of electrons orcurrent that will move through that circuit eachsecond. This is similar to the way a faucet limits theamount of water that will enter a glass each second.It would be very difficult to fill a glass withoutbreaking it if the faucet had only two states, wideopen or off. By using the proper value of resistancein an electronic circuit designers can limit thepressure placed on a device and thus prevent it frombeing damaged or destroyed.

SUMMARY: The resistor is an electroniccomponent that has electrical friction. This frictionopposes the flow of electrons and thus reduces thevoltage (pressure) placed on other electroniccomponents by restricting the amount of current thatcan pass through it.

Figure 1

Low ResistancePipe

High ResistancePipe (rough walls)

Low Pressure

High PressureThrough SameSize Opening

Water Tank

Page 3: Eck 10 Manual

-2-

RESISTORSRESISTORS, How are they made?

There are many different types of resistors used inelectronics. Each type is made from differentmaterials. Resistors are also made to handledifferent amounts of electrical power. Someresistors may change their value when voltages areplaced across them. These are called voltagedependent resistors or nonlinear resistors. Mostresistors are designed to change their value whenthe temperature of the resistor changes. Someresistors are also made with a control attached thatallows the user to mechanically change theresistance. These are called variable resistors orpotentiometers. Figure 2 shows physical shapes ofsome different types of resistors.

The first commercial resistors made were formed bywrapping a resistive wire around a non-conductingrod (see Figure 3). The rod was usually made ofsome form of ceramic that had the desired heatproperties since the wires could become quite hotduring use. End caps with leads attached were thenplaced over the ends of the rod making contact tothe resistive wire, usually a nickel chromium alloy.

The value of wirewound resistors remain fairly flatwith increasing temperature, but change greatly withfrequency. It is also difficult to precisely control thevalue of the resistor during construction so theymust be measured and sorted after they are built.

By grinding carbon into a fine powder and mixing itwith resin, a material can be made with differentresistive values. Conductive leads are placed oneach end of a cylinder of this material and the unit isthen heated or cured in an oven. The body of theresistor is then painted with an insulating paint toprevent it from shorting if touched by anothercomponent. The finished resistors are thenmeasured and sorted by value (Figure 4). If theseresistors are overloaded by a circuit, their resistancewill permanently decrease. It is important that thepower rating of the carbon composition resistor isnot exceeded.

Figure 2

Carbon Film

Variable

Carbon Composition

THE WIREWOUND RESISTOR

Figure 3

THE CARBON COMPOSITION RESISTOR

Ceramic Rod

Wire

End CapProtective Coating

Figure 4

Insulating Paint Carbon & ResinMixture

Conductive Wire

Page 4: Eck 10 Manual

-3-

RESISTORSCARBON FILM RESISTORS

Carbon film resistors are made by depositing a verythin layer of carbon on a ceramic rod. The resistoris then protected by a flameproof jacket since thistype of resistor will burn if overloaded sufficiently.Carbon film resistors produce less electrical noisethan carbon composition and their values areconstant at high frequencies. You can substitute acarbon film resistor for most carbon compositionresistors if the power ratings are carefully observed.The construction of carbon film resistors requiretemperatures in excess of 1,000OC.

Metal oxide resistors are also constructed in asimilar manner as the carbon film resistor with theexception that the film is made of tin chloride attemperatures as high as 5,000OC. Metal oxideresistors are covered with epoxy or some similarplastic coating. These resistors are more costly thanother types and therefore are only used when circuitconstraints make them necessary.

Metal film resistors are also made by depositing afilm of metal (usually nickel alloy) onto a ceramicrod. These resistors are very stable withtemperature and frequency, but cost more than thecarbon film or carbon composition types. In someinstances, these resistors are cased in a ceramictube instead of the usual plastic or epoxy coating.

When a resistor is constructed so its value can beadjusted, it is called a variable resistor. Figure 6shows the basic elements present in all variableresistors. First a resistive material is deposited on anon-conducting base. Next, stationary contacts areconnected to each end of the resistive material.Finally, a moving contact or wiper is constructed tomove along the resistive material and tap off thedesired resistance. There are many methods forconstructing variable resistors, but they all containthese three basic principles.

Figure 5

METAL OXIDE RESISTORS

METAL FILM RESISTORS

THE VARIABLE RESISTOR

Figure 6

Carbon Film

Ceramic Rod Flameproof Jacket

Leads

MovableArm

WiperContact

StationaryContact

Thin Layerof Resistive

Material

Non-conductiveBase Material

Page 5: Eck 10 Manual

-4-

RESISTORSRESISTOR VALUES AND MARKINGS

The unit of measure for resistance is the ohm, whichis represented by the Greek letter Ω. Beforetechnology improved the process of manufacturingresistors, they were first made and then sorted. Bysorting the values into groups that represented a 5%change in value, (resistor values are 10% apart),certain preferred values became the standard forthe electronics industry. Table 1 shows the standardvalues for 5% resistors.

Resistors are marked by using different coloredrings around their body (see Figure 7). The first ringrepresents the first digit of the resistor’s value. Thesecond ring represents the second digit of theresistor’s value. The third ring tells you the power often to multiply by. The final and fourth ringrepresents the tolerance. For example, gold is for5% resistors and silver for 10% resistors. Thismeans the value of the resistor is guaranteed to bewithin 5% or 10% of the value marked. The colorsin Table 2 are used to represent the numbers from 0to 9.

Note: If the third ring is gold, you multiply the firsttwo digits by 0.1 and if it is silver, by 0.01. Thissystem can identify values from 0.1Ω to as high as91 x 109, or 91,000,000,000Ω. The amount of powereach resistor can handle is usually proportional tothe size of the resistor. Figure 8 shows the actualsize and power capacity of normal carbon filmresistors, and the symbols used to representresistors on schematics.

10 11 12 13 15 16 18 2022 24 27 30 33 36 39 4347 51 56 62 68 75 82 91

Table 1

Figure 7

OrangeRed

Violet Gold

27 X 103 = 27,000 Ω,with 5% Tolerance

COLOR VALUE

Black 0

Brown 1

Red 2

Orange 3

Yellow 4

Green 5

Blue 6

Violet 7

Gray 8

White 9

Table 2

Figure 8

Regular Variable

Resistor Symbols

1/8 Watt

1/4 Watt

1/2 Watt

Page 6: Eck 10 Manual

-5-

RESISTORSSELF TEST

1. A flow of electrons through a material:a) Voltage c) Currentb) Resistance d) Conductance

2. The pressure that pushes electrons through amaterial:

a) Voltage c) Conductionb) Current d) Resistance

3. A material that has very high resistance to electronflow:

a) Conductor c) Resistorb) Semiconductor d) Insulator

4. A material that allows electrons to flow easily:a) Conductor c) Resistorb) Semiconductor d) Insulator

5. A material that produces electrical friction andrestricts the flow of electrons:

a) Conductor c) Resistorb) Semiconductor d) Insulator

6. A resistor that is made by wrapping a wire around aceramic rod:

a) Carbon Film c) Thermistorb) Carbon Composition d) Wirewound

7. A resistor made by heating powder and resin in anoven:

a) Carbon Film c) Thermistorb) Carbon Composition d) Wirewound

8. A resistor made by depositing a very thin layer ofresistive material on a ceramic rod:

a) Carbon Film c) Thermistorb) Carbon Composition d) Wirewound

9. One of the preferred values for a 5% resistor:a) 4000Ω c) 77Ωb) 560Ω d) 395Ω

10. The amount of wattage a resistor can handle isdetermined by:

a) Value c) Currentb) Voltage d) Size

THEORYCircle the letter that best fits the description.

PRACTICEOpen the bag marked “resistors” and fill in the table below.

Color 1 Color 2 Color 3 Color 4 Value Percent Wattage

EXTRA CREDITUsing a razor blade or sharp knife, scrape away the paint on the body of one resistor and determine the type ofconstruction used to make it. Try and determine all of the materials used including the metals used to make theleads.

Page 7: Eck 10 Manual

-6-

CAPACITORS, What do they do?

Capacitors are components that can store electricalpressure (Voltage) for long periods of time. When acapacitor has a difference in voltage (ElectricalPressure) between its two leads it is said to becharged. A capacitor is charged by forcing a oneway (DC) current to flow through it for a short periodof time. It can be discharged by letting an oppositedirection current flow out of the capacitor. Considerfor a moment the analogy of a water pipe that has arubber diaphragm sealing off each side of the pipeas shown in Figure 9.

If the pipe had a plunger on one end, as shown inFigure 9, and the plunger was pushed toward thediaphragm, the water in the pipe would force therubber to stretch out until the force of the rubberpushing back on the water was equal to the force ofthe plunger. You could say the pipe is charged andready to push the plunger back. In fact, if theplunger is released it will move back to its originalposition. The pipe will then be discharged or with nocharge on the diaphragm.

Capacitors act the same as the pipe in Figure 9.When a voltage (Electrical Pressure) is placed onone lead with respect to the other lead, electrons areforced to “pile up” on one of the capacitor’s platesuntil the voltage pushing back is equal to the voltageapplied. The capacitor is then charged to thevoltage. If the two leads of that capacitor areshorted, it would have the same effect as letting theplunger in Figure 9 move freely. The capacitorwould rapidly discharge and the voltage across thetwo leads would become zero (No Charge).

What would happen if the plunger in Figure 9 waswiggled in and out many times each second? Thewater in the pipe would be pushed by the diaphragmthen sucked back by the diaphragm. Since themovement of the water (Current) is back and forth(Alternating) it is called an Alternating Current orAC. The capacitor will therefore pass an alternatingcurrent with little resistance. When the push on theplunger was only toward the diaphragm, the wateron the other end of the diaphragm moved justenough to charge the pipe (transient current). Justas the pipe blocked a direct push, a capacitor clocksdirect current (DC). An example of alternatingcurrent is the 60 cycle (60 wiggles each second)current produced when you plug something into awall outlet.

SUMMARY: A capacitor stores electrical energywhen charged by a DC source. It can passalternating current (AC), but blocks direct current(DC) except for a very short charging current, calledtransient current.

CAPACITORS

Pipe Filled with Water

Rubber DiaphragmSealing Center of Pipe

Plunger

Figure 9

Page 8: Eck 10 Manual

-7-

CAPACITORS, How are they made?

There are many different types of capacitors used inelectronics. Each type is made from differentmaterials and with different methods. Capacitorsare also made to handle different amounts ofelectrical pressure or voltage. Each capacitor ismarked to show the maximum voltage that it canwithstand without breaking down. All capacitorscontain the same fundamental parts, which consistof two or more conductive plates separated by anonconductive material. The insulating materialbetween the plates is called the dielectric. The basicelements necessary to build a capacitor are shownin Figure 10.

Perhaps the most common form of capacitor isconstructed by tightly winding two foil metal platesthat are separated by sheets of paper or plastic asshown in Figure 11. By picking the correct insulatingmaterial the value of capacitance can be increasedgreatly, but the maximum working voltage is usuallylowered. For this reason, capacitors are normallyidentified by the type of material used as theinsulator or dielectric. Consider the water pipe withthe rubber diaphragm in the center of the pipe. Thediaphragm is equivalent to the dielectric in acapacitor. If the rubber is made very soft, it willstretch out and hold a large amount of water, but itwill break easily (large capacitance, but low workingvoltage). If the rubber is made very stiff, it will notstretch far, but will be able to withstand higher

pressure (low capacitance, but high workingvoltage). By making the pipe larger and keeping thestiff rubber we can achieve a device that holds alarge amount of water and withstands a high amountof pressure (high capacitance, high working voltage,large size). These three types of water pipes areillustrated in Figure 12. The pipes follow the rule thatthe capacity to hold water, (Capacitance) multipliedby the amount of pressure they can take (Voltage)determines the size of the pipe. In electronics theCV product determines the capacitor size.

CAPACITORS

THE METAL FOIL CAPACITORSoft Rubber

Figure 12

Stiff Rubber

Stiff Rubber

Larger Size

Large CapacityLow Pressure

Low Capacitybut can withstand

High Pressure

High Capacity and can withstand High Pressure

Figure 10

Lead 1

Nonconductive Material

Conductive Plate

Lead 2

Figure 11

Lead 1

Paper or Plastic Insulator

Conductive Foil

Lead 2

Page 9: Eck 10 Manual

-8-

DIELECTRIC CONSTANT, What is it?

The dielectric (rubber diaphragm in the water pipeanalogy) in a capacitor is the material that canwithstand electrical pressure (Voltage) withoutappreciable conduction (Current). When a voltage isapplied to a capacitor, energy in the form of anelectric charge is held by the dielectric. In therubber diaphragm analogy the rubber would stretchout and hold the water back. The energy was storedin the rubber. When the plunger is released therubber would release this energy and push theplunger back toward its original position. If therewas no energy lost in the rubber diaphragm, all theenergy would be recovered and the plunger wouldreturn to its original position. The only perfectdielectric for a capacitor in which no conductionoccurs and from which all the stored energy may berecovered is a perfect vacuum. The DIELECTRICCONSTANT (K) is the ratio by which thecapacitance is increased when another dielectricreplaces a vacuum between two plates. Table 3shows the Dielectric Constant of various materials.

To make a variable capacitor, one set of stationaryaluminum plates are mounted to a frame with asmall space between each plate. Another set ofplates are mounted to a movable shaft and designedto fit into the space of the fixed plates withouttouching them. The insulator or dielectric in this typeof variable capacitor is air. When the movable platesare completely inside the fixed plates, the device isat minimum capacitance. The shape of the platescan be designed to achieve the proper amount ofcapacitance versus rotation for differentapplications. An additional screw is added tosqueeze two insulated metal plates together(Trimmer) and thus set the minimum amount ofcapacitance.

CAPACITORS

Air, at normal pressure 1 Mica 7.5

Alcohol, ethyl (grain) 25 Paper, manila 1.5

Beeswax 1.86 Paraffin wax 2.25

Castor Oil 4.67 Porcelain 4.4

Glass flint density 4.5 10 Quartz 2

Glycerine 56 Water, distilled 81

Table 3

THE VARIABLE CAPACITOR

Figure 13

Frame

MovablePlates

Shaft

Fixed Plates

Trimmer

Page 10: Eck 10 Manual

The amount of charge a capacitor can hold(capacitance) is measured in Farads. In practice,one farad is a very large amount of capacitance,making the most common term used micro-farad orone millionth of a farad. There are three factors thatdetermine the capacitance that exist between twoconductive plates:

1. The bigger the plates are (Surface Area),the higher the capacitance. Capacitance(C) is directly proportional to Area (A).

2. The larger the distance is between the twoplates, the smaller the amount ofcapacitance. Capacitance (C) is indirectlyproportional to distance (d).

3. The larger the value of the dielectricconstant, the more capacitance (Dielectricconstant is equivalent to softness of therubber in our pipe analogy). Thecapacitance (C) is directly proportional tothe Dielectric Constant (K) of the insulatingmaterial. From the above factors, theformula for capacitance in Farads becomes:

C = 0.244K Picofarads *

C = Capacitance in Picofarads (Farad x 10-12)

K = Dielectric Constant

A = Area of one Plate in square inches

N = Number of Plates

d = Distance between plates in inches

Example Calculation for Capacitor shown in Figure 14.C = 2.24 x (1 x 1)(2 - 1) / (.01) = 224 Picofarads or0.000224 Microfarads.

* If A and d are in centimeters change 0.224 to0.0885.

The older styles of capacitors were marked withcolored dots or rings similar to resistors. In recentyears, the advances in technology has made iteasier to print the value, working voltage, tolerance,and temperature characteristics on the body of thecapacitors. Certain capacitors use a dielectric thatrequires markings to insure one lead is always keptat a higher voltage than the other lead. Figure 15shows typical markings found on different types ofcapacitors. Table 4 gives the standard values usedand the different methods for marking these values.

-9-

CAPACITANCE, How is it calculated?

CAPACITORS

A(N-1)

d

Figure 14

0.01 inch

Glass K=10

1 inch

1 inch

CAPACITOR VALUES AND MARKINGS

Figure 15

B682K

K

+10

+16V

2200µµ F

25V

10µµ F

25V

RadialElectrolytic

AxialElectrolytic

DiscTantalumElectrolytic

Chip(no

markings)

Page 11: Eck 10 Manual

-10-

CAPACITORSVoltage

1Code

2Cap. Value

3Typical Markings

4 5Tolerance (%)

6Markings

7

4 0G 100pF 100pF 101 +5% J5.5 0L .001µF .001 102 +10% K6.3 0J .015µF .015 152 +20% M10 1A .002µF .002 202 –10% +30% Q16 1C .0022µF .0022 222 –10% +50% T25 1E .003µF .003 302 –20% +80% Z35 1V .033µF .033 333 SPECIAL A50 1H .047µF .047 47363 1J .05µF .05 R05 Temperature

Markings80 1K .068µF .068 R068100 2A .1µF .1 104 NP0 <10ppm / OC110 2Q .15µF .15 154 N100 <100ppm / OC125 2B .2µF .2 204 N220 <220ppm / OC160 2C 2.2µF 2.2 2R2 N820 <820ppm / OC180 2Z 22µF 22 22 Y5F200 2D 100µF 100 100 Y5T220 2P 220µF 220 220 Y5V250 2E 470µF 470 470 X5F315 2F 1000µF 1000 1000 Z5U

Capacitor markings vary greatly from onemanufacturer to another as the above table shows.Voltages may be marked directly (200V) or coded(2D). The value of capacitance may be markeddirectly on the part as shown in columns 4 and 5(note that .001µF and 1000µF have the samemarking, but the difference in size makes the valueobvious). The number 102 may also be used torepresent 1000 (10+2 zeros). In some instances the

manufacturer may use an R to represent thedecimal point. The tolerance is usually printeddirectly on the capacitors. When it is omitted, thestandard tolerance is assumed to be +80% to –20%for electrolytics. Capacitance change withtemperature is coded in parts per million per degreeC, N220 = 220/1,000,000 or .022%, or by atemperature graph. See manufacturersspecifications for complete details.

CAPACITOR SYMBOLSFigure 16 shows the schematic symbols used to representcapacitors. The + symbol indicates that the capacitor ispolarized and the lead marked with the + sign must alwayshave a higher voltage than the other lead. The curvedplate, plate with sides, and minus sign also indicate thecapacitor is polarized and these leads must always be at alower voltage than the other lead. The arrow crossingthrough the capacitor indicates of capacitance is variable.

Figure 16 +

Standard VariablePolarized

Page 12: Eck 10 Manual

-11-

CAPACITORSSELF TEST

1. A flow of electrons in one direction:a) AC Voltage c) Alternating Currentb) Direct Voltage d) Direct Current

2. When two conductive plates are moved closertogether Capacitance will:

a) Increase c) Stay the Sameb) Decrease d) Vary Downwards

3. The name given to the material between a capacitor’splates:

a) Air c) Conductorb) Dielectric d) Insulator

4. Electrons flowing in and out of a wire:a) AC Voltage c) Alternating Currentb) Direct Voltage d) Direct Current

5. If the size of the conductive plates is increased,capacitance will:

a) Increase c) Stay the Sameb) Decrease d) Vary Downwards

6. A capacitor will block:a) AC Voltage c) Alternating Currentb) Direct Voltage d) Direct Current

7. When electrons are forced onto one plate of acapacitor:

a) Polarization c) Storageb) Discharging a) Charging

8. A capacitor lead that is marked with a + must always be:a) Grounded c) At higher voltage than

the other leadb) At highest voltage d) b & c

9. A small disc capacitor marked 100 has a value of:a) 100µF c) 100pFb) .00001F d) 100F

10. A large electrolytic capacitor marked 100 has a valueof:

a) 100µF c) 100pFb) .00001F d) 100F

11. If a dielectric is changed from air to distilled water thecapacitance will:

a) remain the same c) decreaseb) increase 81 times d) drop in half

12. A dielectric that stores energy with no loss:a) Does not exist c) Pure Glassb) Air d) A perfect vacuum

THEORYCircle the letter that best fits the description.

PRACTICEOpen the bag marked “capacitors” and fill in the table below.

EXTRA CREDITWhat happens to the total capacitance if you connect twocapacitors as shown in Figure 17. Hint, use water pipeanalogy and try to calculate equivalent if one water pipe.

Type CapacitanceValue

WorkingVoltage

Polarized(Y/N)

OtherMarkings

Figure 17

10µF

20µF

? µF

Table 4

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-12-

INDUCTORSINDUCTORS, What do they do?

The electronic component known as the inductor isbest described as electrical momentum. In ourwater pipe analogy the inductor would be equivalentto a very long hose that is wrapped around itselfmany times (see Figure 18). If the hose is very longit will contain many gallons of water. When pressureis applied to one end of the hose, the thousands ofgallons of water would not start to move instantly. Itwould take time to get the water moving due toinertia (a body at rest wants to stay at rest). After awhile the water would start to move and pick upspeed. The speed would increase until the friction ofthe hose applied to the amount of pressure beingapplied to the water. If you try to instantly stop thewater from moving by holding the plunger, themomentum (a body in motion wants to stay inmotion) of the water would cause a large negativepressure (Suction) that would pull the plunger fromyour hands.

Since Inductors are made by coiling a wire, they areoften called Coils. In practice the names Inductorand Coil are used interchangeably. From the aboveanalogy, it is obvious that a coiled hose will passDirect Current (DC), since the water flow increasesto equal the resistance in the coiled hose after anelapsed period of time. If the pressure on theplunger is alternated (pushed, then pulled) fastenough, the water in the coil will never start movingand the Alternating Current (AC) will be blocked.The nature of a Coil in electronics follows the sameprinciples as the coiled hose analogy. A coil of wirewill pass DC and block AC. Recall that the nature ofa Capacitor blocked DC and passed AC, the exactopposite of a coil. Because of this, the Capacitorand Inductor are often called Dual Components.Table 5 compares the properties of capacitors andinductors.

PlungerWater Pipe

Large Hose Filledwith Water

Figure 18

Capacitor Inductor

Blocks Direct Current Blocks Alternating Current

Passes Alternating Current Passes Direct Current

Voltage in Capacitor cannot change instantly Current in an Inductor cannot change instantly

Quick Voltage change produces large Current Quick Current change produces large Voltage

Stores Energy in Electric Field Stores Energy in Magnetic Field

Current leads Voltage Voltage leads Current

Table 5

Page 14: Eck 10 Manual

-13-

INDUCTORS, How are they made?

In order to understand how inductors are made, wehave to change our water pipe analogy slightly toinclude the effect of magnetic fields. Consider twopipes filled with water and small magnets attachedto the walls of the pipes with rubber bands as shownin Figure 19. The moving magnets, due to theoriginal current, pull the magnets in the second pipeand force a small current to flow in the samedirection as the original current. When the rubberbands are fully stretched, the induced current willstop, even though the initial DC current is stillflowing. If the original current is an AC currenthowever, it will induce a continuous AC current in thesecond pipe because the magnets will move backand forth, pulling the magnets in the second pipeback and forth.

Consider the two coiled pipes shown in Figure 20.When the pipe is stretched out (increased length) asin coil 1, the adjacent turns have little affect on eachother. In coil 2 (decreased length) the magnets ineach turn of the pipe are linking and the amount of“apparent mass” in the pipe seems to increase. Inan inductor, pushing the coiled wire closer togethercauses the inductance of the coil to also increase,and stretching the coil out will lower the inductanceof the coil. In other words, the inductance of a coilis indirectly proportional to its length. If the diameterof the coil is increased, it will take more hose to form

a loop, and the amount of water will thereforeincrease. More water means a larger “apparentmass”. Inductance will also increase in a coil if thecross sectional area increases. Inductance isdirectly proportional to area.

Consider the affect of adding more turns to coiledpipe. The amount of material to push (mass) isincreased and the amount of linkage is increaseddue to more magnets available. This causes the“apparent mass” to increase at a greater rate thanwould be expected. When making an inductor, theactual inductance is directly proportional to thesquare of the number of turns.

The final factor to consider when making a coil is thecore material at the center of the coil. If our pipewrapped around a material that contained manymagnets, they would also link to the magnets in thepipe. This would increase the “apparent mass” ofthe water in the pipe.The tiny magnets inthe core would rotateas shown in Figure 21and force the water tokeep moving in thesame direction.Placing an iron core atthe center of aninductor will directlyincrease theinductance by anamount equal to thepermeability of thecore material.

INDUCTORS

Figure 20

Figure 21

Coil 1

Coil 2

Many tinymagnets

IN

OUT

Figure 19

InducedCurrent

InitialCurrent

Page 15: Eck 10 Manual

-14-

INDUCTORSINDUCTANCE, How is it calculated?

Reviewing how coils are made will show thefollowing:

1. Inductance of a coil is indirectly proportional tothe length of the coil.

2. Inductance is directly proportional to the crosssectional area.

3. Inductance is proportional to the square of thenumber of turns.

4. Inductance is directly proportional to thepermeability of the core material.

From the above information the formula forinductance of a simple iron core would be:

L =

Where:

L = Inductance in microhenrys

N = Number of turns

µ = Permeability of core material

A = Cross-sectional area of coil, in square inches

ll = Length of coil in inches

This formula is good only for solid core coils withlength greater than diameter.

N2µµA10ll

TRANSFORMERS, How are they made?

Placing different coils on the same iron core asshown in Figure 22 produces the electroniccomponent known as the Transformer. If a DCcurrent is forced through the center coil, the othertwo coils will only produce a current when theoriginal current is changing. Once the DC currentreaches a constant value, the other two coils will“unlink” and produce no flowing current if loaded. Ifthe generator voltage is continuously changing as inFigure 22, it will produce a current that changes withtime. This changing current in the center coil willproduce similar currents in both of the end coils.Since the bottom coil has twice the number of turns(twice the magnetic linkage), the voltage across thiscoil will be twice the generator voltage. The powerin an electronic device is equal to the voltage acrossthe device times the current through the device(P=VI). If the voltage doubles on the bottomwinding, then the current must become 1/2 due tothe law of conservation of power (Power cannot becreated or destroyed, but can be transformed fromone state to another). Since the bottom coil iswound in the same direction as the generator coil,the voltage across the coil (top wire to bottom wire)will be the same polarity as the generator voltage.

The top coil is wound in the opposite directionforcing the core magnet rotation (Called flux by thePros) to push the current in the opposite directionand produce a voltage of the opposite polarity.Since the number of turns in the top coil are thesame as the generator coil, the voltage and current(Power that can be taken from the coil) will also beequal. This ability to transform AC voltages and ACcurrents influenced early experimenters to call thisdevice a Transformer.

Figure 22

VoltageGenerator

Iron Core –V

OppositeVoltage

i

i

½i

2V2N Turns

N Turns

Direction ofCore MagnetRotation Dueto Current i

Page 16: Eck 10 Manual

-15-

TWO MORE LAWS ABOUT INDUCTORS

Faraday’s Law states that any time a conductormoves through a magnetic field (Figure 23) avoltage is generated. Because of this principle, it ispossible to attach a magnet (or coil) to a rotatingdevice and produce large amounts of electricalpower (the Hoover Dam for example).

Lenz’ Law states that the induced currents in aconductor passing through a magnetic field willproduce a magnetic field that will oppose the motionbetween the magnet and the conductor. To producea large amount of electrical power, a largemechanical force is required (conservation ofpower).

Most inductors are custom made to meet therequirements of the purchaser. They are marked tomatch the specification of the buyer and thereforecarry no standard markings. The schematicsymbols for coils and transformers are shown inFigure 24. These symbols are the most commonlyused to represent fixed coils, variable coils, andtransformers.

The Q (figure of merit) of a coil is the ratio of theinductive reactance to the internal series resistanceof the coil. Since the reactance and resistance canboth change with frequency, Q must be measured atthe desired frequency. Anything that will raise theinductance without raising the series resistance willincrease the Q of the coil; for example, using an ironcore. Lowering the series resistance withoutlowering the inductance will also raise the Q, moreturns of larger wire for example. Q is importantwhen the inductor is used in a resonant circuit toblock or select desired frequencies. The higher theQ, the tighter the selection of frequencies become.

The Inductor prevents current from making anysudden changes by producing large opposingvoltages. Magnetic coupling can be used totransform voltages and currents, but power mustremain the same. Coils and transformers can beused to select frequencies.

INDUCTORS

Figure 23

Wire

Lines of Flux

Motion ofMagnet

S N

INDUCTANCE SYMBOLS AND MARKINGS

THE Q FACTOR IN COILS

SUMMARY

Figure 24

Fixed Coils Variable Coils

Iron CoreTransformer

Tunable Transformer

XL

r

Page 17: Eck 10 Manual

-16-

SELF TEST

1. The inductor is best described as:a) Induced Voltage c) Electrical Storage Deviceb) Long Wire d) Electrical Momentum

2. When wires in a coil are moved closer together, theinductance will:

a) Increase c) Stay the Sameb) Decrease

3. Another word used to represent an inductor:a) Wire c) Transformerb) Coil d) Conductor

4. If the diameter of a coil is increased, the inductancewill:

a) Increase c) Stay the Sameb) Decrease

5. If the number of turns in a coil is decreased, theinductance of that coil will:

a) Increase c) Stay the Sameb) Decrease

6. An inductor will block:a) Alternating Voltage c) Alternating Currentb) Direct Voltage d) Direct Current

7. When an iron core is placed into the center of a coil,the inductance will:

a) Increase c) Stay the Sameb) Decrease

8. If voltage in a transformer is stepped down, the currentwill:

a) Increase c) Must Stay the Sameb) Decrease

9. When a conductor is moved through a magnetic field:a) Power is created c) Magnetic field is

reducedb) A voltage is d) a & c

generated on the wire.

10. The Q factor of a coil is equal to:a) Wire quality c) Ratio of inductanceb) Ratio of reactance to resistance

to resistance

11. If windings on a straight rod are in the same direction,the induced voltage will have:

a) Same amplitude c) Same polarityb) Different amplitude d) Different polarity

12. An inductor stores energy in its:a) Electric field c) Coreb) Magnetic field d) Wires

THEORYCircle the letter that best fits the description.

PRACTICEUsing the coil supplied, answer the following questions.

EXTRA CREDITWhat happens to the total inductance if you connect twocoils as shown in Figure 25. Hint, remember the coiledhose analogy and try to calculate equivalent if one coiledhose.

Figure 25

10µH

? µH

INDUCTORS

(Hold the leads and peel the tape off).

Is the coil wound on an iron form? Yes ____ No ____

What prevents the wire from shorting? ________________________________________

How many turns are on the coil? _____________________ (Unwind the outer wire)

Using a length of 0.1”, a radius of 0.02”, and permeability of 14 for the iron core, calculate the inductance of thecoil and record here: ________________________

20µH

Page 18: Eck 10 Manual

-17-

SEMICONDUCTORSTHE DIODE, what is it?

The diode can be compared to the check valveshown in Figure 26. The basic function of a checkvalve is to allow water to flow in only one direction.Once the force of the spring is exceeded, the platemoves away from the stop allowing water to passthrough the pipe. A flow of water in the oppositedirection is blocked by the solid stop and plate. If ittook a pressure of 0.7lb to exceed the spring force,the flow of water versus pressure might look likeFigure 27. In electronics, this curve would representthe typical silicon diode if pounds per square inchequaled volts and gallons per minute equaledamperes. Of course, the amount of current thatflows through the diode must be limited or the devicecould be damaged. Just as too much water throughthe check valve could destroy the plate (shorteddiode). If the diode is made of Gallium Arsenide, itwould take approximately twice the voltage toproduce a flow of current (spring in Figure 26 istwice as strong). The energy level required to “turnon” a Gallium Arsenide diode is so high, that light isgenerated when current starts to flow. These diodesare called “Light Emitting Diodes”, or simply LED’s.

The transistor is best described as a device thatuses a small amount of current to control a largeamount of current (Current Amplifier). Consider adevice fabricated as shown in Figure 28. A smallamount of “Base Current” pushes on the L1 portionof the lever arm forcing check valve D1 to open, eventhough it is “reverse biased” (pressure is in directionto keep check valve shut). Keep in mind the basecurrent would not start to flow until the check valveD2 allowed current to flow (0.7lb). If the current ratiothrough D1 and Base was equal to the lever armadvantage, then I1 / Ib = L1 / L2. Call this ratio Beta(β) and let L1 = 1 inch and L2 = 0.01 inch. Then β =100 and I1 will be 100 times Ib. Since both currentsmust pass through D2, I2 = I1 + Ib. These sameprinciples apply to a silicon NPN transistor. I1

becomes collector current (IC), and I2 would beemitter current (IE). β = IC / IB and IE = IB + IC.

THE TRANSISTOR, what is it?

Spring

Solid Stop

Movable Plate

Water-tight Pivot

Figure 26

Figure 27

0.7Pressure (lbs per square inch)

Cur

rent

(ga

ls.p

er m

in.)

Figure 28

Base Current

IbL1

L2

I1 D1

D2

I2

LeverArm

NPN Transistor

Pivot

Page 19: Eck 10 Manual

-18-

SEMICONDUCTORSTHE PNP TRANSISTOR

Figure 29 represents the water pipe equivalent of aPNP transistor. The emitter releases current thatsplits into two paths. The base current “forces open”the collector check valve which collects all thecurrent except the small amount that goes into thebase. The direction of current in the PNP transistoris opposite that of the NPN transistor. Because ofthese differences, the emitter of the PNP is usuallyreferenced to the power supply voltage and theemitter of the NPN is usually referenced to groundor zero voltage. In both transistors, the currentamplification factor (Ic/Ib) is called Beta (β).

In Figure 30 the center of a small section of a pipeis made of thin, flexible rubber and that rubber issurrounded by water from a third pipe called thegate. When pressure is applied to the gate, therubber pinches off the current from the source to thedrain. No current flows from gate to drain or source.This device uses a change in gate pressure tocontrol the current flowing from source to drain.

Since there are no check valves, the current canflow in either direction. In other words, this deviceacts like a variable resistor. The Field EffectTransistor (FET) also controls current betweensource and drain by “pinching off” the path betweenthem. The level of voltage on the gate controls theamount of current that will flow. Since no DC currentflows in or out of the gate (only momentarily a smallamount will flow to adjust to new pressures as in acapacitor), the power used by the gate is very closeto zero. Remember, power equals voltage timescurrent, and if the current is zero, the power is zero.This is why FET’s are used in the probes of testequipment. They will not disturb the circuit beingtested by removing power during a measurement.When a second gate section is added (pipe andrubber) between the source and drain it is called aDual Gate FET. In our water pipe analogy of theFET transistor, the rubber must be very thin andflexible in order to “pinch off” the current from thesource to the drain. This means it could be easilydamaged by a small “spike” of high pressure. Thesame is true of an electronic FET. A high voltage“spike” (Static Electricity) can destroy the gate andruin the FET. To protect the FET, they aresometimes packaged with metal rings shorting theirleads, and a fourth lead may be added to the metalcase containing the transistor.

Figure 29

Base

IB

IE = IB + IC

PNP Transistor

THE FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTOR

Figure 30

Collector

Emitter

IE

IC

Drain

Source

Gate

FET Transistor

Page 20: Eck 10 Manual

-19-

SEMICONDUCTORSTHE INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

If the water pipe analogies of the resistor, diode,transistor, and very small capacitors could beetched into a single block of steel you would havethe equivalent of the Integrated Circuit inElectronics. Figure 31 represents such a device.This block of steel would have to be very large toinclude all the mechanical parts needed. Inelectronics, the actual size of a diode or transistor isextremely small. In fact, millions can be fabricated

on a piece of silicon no larger than the head of a pin.Photographic reduction techniques are used togenerate the masking needed to isolate each part.These masks are then stepped and repeated inorder to make many separate integrated circuits atthe same time on a single substrate. Using massproduction techniques, these circuits aremanufactured, packaged, and sold at prices muchlower than the equivalent discreet circuit would cost.

SEMICONDUCTOR SYMBOLS

Figure 32 shows the common symbols usedin electronics to represent the basiccomponents. Integrated Circuits are usuallydrawn as blocks with leads or as a trianglefor operational amplifiers. The Zener diode(voltage reference diode) is used in thereverse direction at the point of breakdown.

Figure 32

Diode LED ZenerDiode

PNP NPN FET

Figure 31

The Integrated Circuit

8

714

1

Page 21: Eck 10 Manual

-20-

SEMICONDUCTORSSELF TEST

1. The diode is best described as:a) Switch c) Electrical Storage Deviceb) Check Valve d) Electrical Momentum

2. A silicon diode begins to conduct current atapproximately:

a) 7 volts c) 0.7 lb.b) 0.7 volts d) 7 lbs.

3. NPN transistors have:a) 2 leads c) 2 diodesb) 3 leads d) b & c

4. NPN and PNP transistors are used to:a) Create Power c) Control Currentb) Change Resistance d) Control Capacitance

5. The ratio of collector current to base current in atransistor is called:

a) Beta (β) c) Current Controlb) Amplification d) FET

6. A diode made of Gallium Arsenide is called:a) Zener Diode c) LEDb) Power Diode d) Detector Diode

7. A Field Effect Transistor controls Source to Draincurrent by:

a) Diode Conduction c) Base Voltageb) Base Current d) Gate Diode

8. A Zener Diode is used as:a) Voltage Reference c) Resistance Controlb) Current Reference d) b & c

9. An Integrated Circuit contains:a) Diodes and Resistors c) Inductorsb) Transistors and Small d) a & b

Capacitors

10. If the arrow in the symbol for a transistor pointstoward the base lead, the transistor is a:

a) NPN Transistor c) FET Transistorb) PNP Transistor

THEORYCircle the letter that best fits the description.

PRACTICEOpen the Semiconductor bag and answer the following questions.

EXTRA CREDITConnect the LED (light emitting diode) to a 9 volt battery(not provided) as shown in Figure 33. Why is the resistornecessary? If the LED does not light up reverse thebattery leads. Why does the LED only light whenconnected a certain way?

Figure 33

How many of the devices are diodes? __________

How many of the devices look like transistors? __________

How many integrated circuits are included? __________

Was a Light Emitting Diode included? __________

How are the diodes marked to show which end current will not go into? __________

TwistedLeads

LED

1000ΩResistor

9VBattery

Page 22: Eck 10 Manual

-21-

MECHANICAL PARTS

PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS, What are they?

A printed circuit is a conductive pattern glued to oneor both sides of an insulating material. Holes arepunched or drilled through the conductor and boardto allow the interconnection of electronic parts. Inthe case of a double sided board, the holes areplated to provide a connection between theconductors on both sides of the board. This methodprovides considerable space savings over handwiring and allows for automated insertion andsoldering of parts. A more uniform product isproduced because wiring errors are eliminated. Theinsulating material thickness may vary from 0.015”to 0.500”. The most widely used base material isNEMA-XXXP paper base phenolic. Copper is themost common conductive material glued to thebase. The common thicknesses of the copper foilare 0.0014” (1 oz./sq. ft.) and 0.0028” (2 oz./sq. ft.).

For single sided boards, the copper is laminated tothe board and then screened and etched away.Double sided boards use a plating process andconductive ink to achieve the desired layout.

Figure 34

InsulatingMaterial

Wrong

Copper

Correct

DESIGN RULES

After a the breadboard has been tested, there aresome design rules used to layout the printed circuitboard. A few of these basic rules are listed here:

1. Diameter of punched holes should not be lessthan 2/3 the board thickness.

2. Distance between punched holes or betweenholes and board edge should not be less than theboard thickness.

3. Holes should not exceed more than 0.020” of thediameter of the wire to be inserted in the hole(machine insertion may require more, but leadsshould be “clinched”).

4. Conductor widths should be large enough tocarry current peaks. A width of one tenth of aninch (1 oz./sq. ft. copper) will increase intemperature 10OC at a DC current of 5A.

5. Conductor spacing must be capable ofwithstanding applied voltages. If a voltagedifference of 500 volts exists between two copperruns, they must be separated by at leads 0.03” toprevent breakdown.

6. Avoid the use of sharp corners when laying outcopper (see Figure 34). Sharp corners producehigh electric fields that can lower breakdown.Sharp corners will also make it easier for copperto peel from the board.

7. Heavy parts must be mounted to prevent boarddamage if the unit is dropped.

8. The printed circuit board must be fastened toprevent leads from touching the case or any otherobject mounted near the board.

9. Mounting hardware must be designed to preventboard stress (warping or excessive torque).

Page 23: Eck 10 Manual

-22-

MECHANICAL PARTS

THE TOP LEGEND

The component side of a printed circuit boardshould always have a drawing showing theplacement of the parts and their schematic marking(R1, R2, etc.). This drawing is called the TopLegend. When a board needs to be repaired, theschematic becomes the “road map” and the toplegend becomes the “address” on the part. Figure35 shows the correlation between the Schematicand the Top Legend.

Different parts have been discussed. A printedcircuit board to interconnect these parts has beendiscussed. Now it’s time to talk about the “ElectronicGlue” called Solder. Soldering wire is composed ofTin and Lead with a rosin or acid core. Acid coresolder should never be used on electronic boardssince the acid will damage the components. Acidcore solder is mainly used to attach metals (copperwater pipes for example). When tin and lead aremixed, the melting point of the mixture is lower thanthe melting point of either tin or lead. The point atwhich the melting point is the lowest is when themixture equals 63% tin and 37% lead. This is calledthe eutectic ( u tek’tik) point of the mixture. An alloyof 50% tin, 32% lead, and 18% cadmium is thelowest melting point solder, but the cost is greaterthan the more commonly used 60/40 type. The mostcommon flux placed at the center of this hollow wirealloy is Rosin based. Removing the flux from theboard requires a chemical that can dissolve rosin. Inrecent years many water soluble fluxes have beendeveloped. These fluxes can be removed bywashing the boards in water.

After the parts are placed in the holes on the printedcircuit board, their leads should be trimmed andbent. A good mechanical connection will improvethe soldering capability of the parts by forcing thepart and copper on the board to rise to the sametemperature. Positioning the soldering iron correctlyand using the right amount of heat are crucial to agood solder job. Solder practicing is highlyrecommended (ElencoTM Solder Practice Kit ModelSP-1A).

SOLDER, The Electronic Glue

Figure 35

Schematic

Printed Circuit Board

R1

C1

R2

B+

T1D1

C2Q1

R1

C1

R2

T1D1

C2

Q1

Page 24: Eck 10 Manual

-23-

MECHANICAL PARTS

OTHER MECHANICAL PARTS

There are many other mechanical parts used bymanufacturers of electronic equipment. Most ofthem fall into the category of switching or connectingcircuits. In Figure 36, five of the six parts shown areused to switch or connect signals to the printedcircuit board. Only the spacer falls into a differentcategory, called mounting. The switch is used toredirect current or voltage from one circuit toanother. The wire nut is used to hold two twistedwires together and insulate them (prevent them frombeing bare and exposed) at the same time. The PCboard male and female connectors are used toattach wires from controls or other circuits to theprinted circuit board. The RCA Phono Jack is usedto bring a signal (for example from a phonographneedle) to the printed circuit board. The spacerholds the printed circuit board away from the case toprevent leads from shorting to the case.

There are many different methods for mountingprinted circuit boards. The simplest method is usingmachine screws and spacers. Figure 37 showssome of the common screw heads used byelectronic manufacturers. The oval head screw inFigure 37 has a tapered end that will cut into themetal and make a thread for the body of the screw.The self-threading screw eliminates the need for anut and lockwasher but can produce metalfragments that must be removed to prevent shortsfrom occurring.

MOUNTING HARDWARE

Figure 37

Round Head

Pan Head

Fillister Head

Flat Head

Oval Head Self-threading

Figure 36

SwitchWire Nut

PC BoardFemale

Connector

Earphone Jack Female

Spacer

PC Board MaleConnector

Page 25: Eck 10 Manual

-24-

MECHANICAL PARTS

SELF TEST

1. Copper patterns on a Printed Circuit Board shouldalways be:

a) As thin as possible c) Roundedb) Sharp and square d) On one side only

2. The distance between conductors on a printed circuitshould be large enough to:

a) Etch easily c) Cleanb) Solder across d) Prevent voltage

breakdown

3. The top legend shows:a) Copper path c) Schematicb) Part placement d) Hole numbers

4. The schematic shows:a) Part placement c) Hole sizesb) Copper path d) Electrical connections

5. The material the copper is glued to on a printed circuitboard is called a:

a) Conductor c) Resistorb) Semiconductor d) Insulator

6. Solder with the lowest melting point has a ratio of tinto lead of:

a) 63/37 c) 40/60b) 60/40 d) 37/63

7. Solder made for electronic parts has a:a) Hollow Core c) Acid Coreb) Rosin Core d) No Core

8. The type of screw NOT mentioned in this course is:a) Sheet Metal c) Round Headb) Machine d) Self-threading

THEORYCircle the letter that best fits the description.

PRACTICEOpen the Mechanical bag and answer the following questions.

EXTRA CREDITWhat is the function of the mechanical part(s) included in the bag that were not mentioned in the instructionsheets?

How many of the following parts were in the mechanical bag?

Switches ______ Female PC Board Connectors ______ Male PC Board Connectors ______

Phono Jacks ______ Wire Nuts ______ Spacers ______ Round Head Screws ______

Pan Head Screws ______ Flat Head Screws ______

Self-threading Screws ______ Sheet Metal Screws ______

Page 26: Eck 10 Manual

Type Capacitance Value Working Voltage Polarized (Y/N) Other MarkingsDisc 33pF N —Mylar .005µF 100 volts N KMylar .47µF 250 volts N “Green”

Electrolytic 220µF 16 volts Y ICCElectrolytic 10µF 50 volts Y —Tantalum 1µF or 10µF or 6.8µF 35 volts Y —

Electrolytic 160µF 330 volts Y —

Answer to Extra Credit: 30µF

COLOR 1 COLOR 2 COLOR 3 COLOR 4 VALUE PERCENT WATTAGEBrown Black Black Gold 10Ω 5% 1/2 WattBrown Green Brown Red 150Ω 2% 1/4 WattBrown Black Red Gold 1,000Ω 5% 1/4 WattBrown Red Red Gold 1,200Ω 5% 1/2 WattRed Yellow Red Gold 2,400Ω 5% 1/2 Watt

Brown Black Orange Gold 10,000Ω 5% 1/4 WattGreen Blue Orange Gold 56,000Ω 5% 1/2 WattBrown Green Green Gold 1,500,000Ω 5% 1/4 WattBrown Gray Green Gold 1,800,000Ω 5% 1/4 WattBrown Black Blue Gold 10,000,000Ω 5% 1/4 Watt

ANSWERS TO QUIZZES

PAGE 5

1.c 2.a 3.d 4.a 5.c 6.d 7.b 8.a 9.b 10.d

PAGE 11

1.d 2.a 3.b 4.c 5.a 6.d 7.d 8.c 9.c 10.a 11.b 12.d

PAGE 161.d 2.a 3.b 4.a 5.b 6.c 7.a 8.a 9.b 10.b 11.c 12.bPractice: Coil is wound on small iron core. Enamel coating on wire prevents it from shorting. There are56 turns on the coil. Calculated inductance is 64 microhenrys.Answer to Extra Credit: 30µh

PAGE 201.b 2.b 3.d 4.c 5.a 6.c 7.d 8.a 9.d 10.bPractice: 3 Diodes 3 Transistors 1 Integrated Circuit Yes, 1 LEDA line is painted around the end that blocks current. LED uses flat side to indicate blocking end.Answer to Extra Credit: Resistor is necessary to limit current and prevent LED from damage. LED’s arediodes that only pass current in one direction.

PAGE 241.c 2.d 3.b 4.d 5.d 6.a 7.b 8.aPractice: 1 Switch 1 Female 3 Male 1 Phono Jack 1 Wire Nut 2 Spacers 1 Round 9 Pan2 Flat Head 1 Self Threading 2 Sheet MetalAnswer to Extra Credit: Part in bag that was not mentioned included one strain relief to hold a line cord.Parts included for further study were 2 thicknesses of rosin core solder and 1 Printed Circuit Board. Usinga razor blade, slice solder on an angle to see internal flux.

-25-

Page 27: Eck 10 Manual

-26-

Space War GunK-10

Rapid fire or single shot with 2flashing LEDs.

0-15V Power SupplyK-11

A low-cost way to supply voltageto electronic games, etc.0-15VDC @ 300mA.

Strobe LightK-12A

Produces a bright flash viaxenon flash tube. The flashingrate is adjustable.

Christmas TreeK-14

Produces flashing colored LEDsand three popular Christmasmelodies.

Electronic CricketK-16

Your friends will go crazy tryingto find it.

LED Robot BlinkerK-17

You’ll have fun displaying the PCboard robot. Learn about free-running oscillators.

Digital BirdK-19

You probably have never hearda bird sing this way before.

Nerve TesterK-20

Yap BoxK-22A

This kit is a hit at parties. Makes6 exciting sounds.

Burglar AlarmK-23

Alarm for your car, house, room,or closet.

Whooper AlarmK-24

Can be used as a sounder orsiren.

Metal DetectorK-26

Find new money and oldtreasure. Get started in thisfascinating hobby.

Pocket DiceK-28

To be used with any game ofchance.

FM MicrophoneAK-710/K-30

Learn about microphones, audioamplifiers, and RF oscillators.Range up to 100 feet.

Telephone BugK-35

Our bug is only the size of aquarter, yet transmits both sidesof a telephone conversation toany FM radio.

Sound Activated SwitchK-36

Clap and the light comes on . . .clap again and it goes off.

Decision MakerK-43

Need help in making up yourmind? The Decision Maker willdo it for you.

Lie DetectorK-44

The sound will tell if you arelying. The more you lie, thelouder the sound gets.

Stereo AmplifierK-45

Boost your sound by 12 watts.Use on CD players, tuners,computers, etc. Attractive caseincluded.

Stereo Pre-amplifierK-46

Boost your speaker sound withthis stereo pre-amp kit. Caseincluded.

Wireless A/V SenderK-47

Transmit audio/video signalsover the air to a receiving TV. It’slike having your own minibroadcasting station.

Photo SensorK-48

This photo sensor kit uses lightto control the relay “on” or “off”.Use on appliances up to 300watts.

Mosquito RepellentK-49

Keep those hungry little femalemosquitoes away with this kit.

Touch SensorK-50

Touch the sensor to control therelay “on” or “off”. Use onappliances up to 300 watts.

Motion DetectorAK-510

Use as a sentry, messageminder, burglar alarm, or a roomdetector.

Strobe LightAK-520

Produces a bright flash viaxenon flash tube. The flashingrate is adjustable.Case included.

Two IC AM RadioAM-780K

New design - easy-to-build,complete radio on a single PCboard. Requires 9V battery.

Transistor TesterDT-100K

Test in-circuit transistors anddiodes.

Telephone Line AnalyzerTWT-1K

A telephone line analyzer kit thattests active phone lines with RJ-11or RJ-45 modular jacks.

Variable Power SupplyXP-720K

Three fully regulated supplies:1.5-15V @ 1A, –1.5 to –15V @1A or (3-30V @ 1A) and 5V @ 3A.

EDUCATION KITSComplete with PC Board and Instruction Book

Requires 9V batteryRequires9V battery

Requires 3“AA” batteries

Requires9V battery

Requires9V battery

Requires9V battery

Requires9V battery

Test your ability to remain calm.Indicates failure by a lit LED ormild shock.

Requires9V battery

Requires9V battery Requires 9V battery

Requires 9V batteryRequires9V battery

Requires9V battery

Requires 2“AA” batteries

Training course incl.No batteriesrequired!

Requires 9V batteryRequires9V battery

Requires9V battery

Requires9V battery

Requires 2“AA” batteries

Requires9V battery

Requires9V battery

Requires 4“C” batteries

Requires9V battery

Page 28: Eck 10 Manual

ElencoTM Electronics, Inc.150 W. Carpenter Avenue

Wheeling, IL 60090(847) 541-3800

Web site: www.elenco.come-mail: [email protected]