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FOUNDING OF ANCIENT ROME
Romulus and Remus
“Hut of Romulus”
Ancestors of the Trojans…Why did the Romans
attach themselves to Troy?
ROMAN ORIGINS
Founded in 753 B.C.
Etruscans to the North, Greeks in the South
Weak historical evidence exists, much attributed to LivyHe wrote to glorify the Roman Republic during its fall
Annales maximi – yearly posting of important events. These are unfortunately lost, so were are unsure
how accurate the history is
Early History
Praenomen (first name) – General name
Nomen gentilicium (middle name) – Most important; Clan name
Cognomen (last name) – Family name; nickname; “branch” of the clan
Gaius Julius Caesar - Belongs to the family Julia, nicknamed Caesar
Women would only have one name, the feminine version of the family name….
M. Tullius Cicero’s Daughter - Tulia
Roman Names
Viewed their ancestors as outcasts and ethnically mixed
VERSION 1: Romulus granted land and
citizenship to criminalsRape of the Sabine women
VERSION 2:Ancestors of Aeneas, a
Trojan hero. Wandered to Italy after the fall of Troy and married a Latin princess
Who were the Romans?
VERY IMPORTANT: Gave the Romans a sense of shared identity!
FROM VILLAGE TO CITY
Huts on the Palatine hill date to 1000 B.C.
Forum – Drained and paved in about 650 B.C.Open, public spaceWhat does this
compare to?
About 500 B.C. – wealthy moving to the Palatine hill
The EtruscansNot sure where they came
from
Probably developed from the Villanovan culture
First iron age civilization in Italy
Developed urbanization, stone houses, public architecture, and anthropomorphic religion
Government and Society in the Early Republic“Seven Kings of Rome”
Tarquinius Superbus, Lucretia, Junius Brutus (Expelled in 510 B.C.??)
Military, judicial and religious branches of govt.
Slaves and free (citizens and non-citizens)
Military service mandatory; fought in phalanx; landowning wealthy families dominatedIdentified by clans, grouped into tribes for
voting
The Ruling ClassAssembly – all citizens
voted
Consuls – two chief magistrates, elected every yearWhy?
Senate – advise magistrates; “council of elders”They were families
descendent from the kings of Rome
Comitia centuriata – “centuriate assembly”; most important assembly
• 35 total tribes• Elected many official positions
• Made up of wealthy soldiers; overruled the poorer classes
• Included a lot of cavalry• Military exploits were important
• Patron-client relationship• Leaves the poorest out of the
equation!
The Ruling ClassImperium – signified power to command the
army, condemn people to deathHad civil, judicial, and military aspectCould only be used OUTSIDE of the city; unless for
a triumphVery important – keep this in mind when we discuss
Julius Caesar!
Praetor – public judge; name for consuls prior to their establishment
Censors – recorded population for citizenship; primarily for military serviceAlso had power over senatorial membership
The Ruling ClassThe Senate technically had no legal
authority
All they could do was SUGGEST legislation
Over time, this began to carry a lot of weight
Often the committees would not pass legislation without the recommendation of the Senate
PATRICIANS
PLEBIANS
494 B.C.
ISSUES:Debt PeonageLand reformWritten Laws
Plebians seceded! One consul HAS to be a plebian. Created the tribune. Held veto power and could NOT be harmed
CONFLICT OF THE “ORDERS”
Twelve TablesFirst public statement
of Roman law471 B.C. – concilium
plebis, “council of the plebs”
After 342 B.C. one consul was always a plebian
172 B.C. – both consuls were plebs for the first time
Plebeians slowly began to integrate themselves
Novus Homo – “new man”First of the family
to achieve a magistracy
Dictator – absolute authority; elected temporarily in times of need
Rome’s Expansion396 B.C. - Latins banded
together, defeated Veii
First professional army ever
Only those with land were eligible for the army
Poor citizens used the scutum
Cincinnatus519-430 B.C.
Dictator of Rome twice
Model of virtue, civic leadership, humility and lack of personal ambition
Cincinnati, Ohio is named after him
Sack of Rome390 B.C. – sacked by the
Gauls
Most likely on their way to Syracuse
EFFECT: Potentially destroyed a TON of ancient Roman historical sources
Rome’s Expansion343-290 B.C. -
Samnite Wars
Continued to expand, made peace with neighboring peoplesCreated a
Commonwealth of allies
Roman Governance/MilitaryAppian Way – road from
Rome to Capua
Rome ruled liberally; primarily were interested in soldiers Extended citizenship to some
conquered peoples, but not othersLegion – approx. 5,000
men
Century – approx. 70-90 men
Maniple – about 120-160 men Approx. two centuries
Pyrrhic War 280-275 B.C.
Rome is attacked south of Tarentum
Greeks call upon Pyrrhus of Epirus This is the first time Rome is fighting a
Hellenistic army
Pyrrhus wins successive battles, but eventually loses the war
EFFECT: Rome now controls the entire Italian Peninsula!
“Pyrrhic Victory”
What major issue does this illustrate about fighting the Roman Republic?