Early Methods

Drying/Dessication/Dehydration- Sun / Wind / Ovens- Meat and Fruit

For a 20 lb. ham: o 3 Tablespoons Brown Sugar o 2 Tablespoons Black Pepper o 1 Teaspoon Red Pepper o 2 Cups Salt

Mix the ingredients together and rub onto the skin-on ham, paying special attention to the hock. Then the ham is wrapped in paper, then wrapped in cloth, then placed in a cloth bag and hung with the hock down. The ham is hung in a well ventilated, dark and secure building. The ham "drips" for about two months and is ready to eat in about 6 to 9 months and is edible for 3 to 4 years. Hams continued to stay edible right up until they are completely dried out.

Mummification is the preservation of a body, either animal or human. The Egyptian mummies were deliberately made by drying the body. By eliminating moisture, you have eliminated the source of decay. They dried the body by using a salt mixture called natron. Natron is a natural substance that is found in abundance along the Nile river. Natron is made up of four salts: sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, and sodium sulfate. The sodium carbonate works as a drying agent, drawing the water out of the body. At the same time the bicarbonate, when subjected to moisture, increases the pH that creates a hostile environment for bacteria. The Egyptian climate lent itself well to the mummification process, being both very hot and dry.  

Karya terpopuler Li Shi-Zhen (Dinasti Ming) “Ben Cao Gang Mu" (Compendium of Materia Medica), mencatat lebih dari 20 jenis cendawan obat :

Ganoderma lucidum, Poria cocos, Polyporus umbellatus, Polyporus mylittae, Lentinus edodes, Lasiosphaera fenxlii, Termitomyces albuminosus, Auricularia auricula, Pleurotus ostreatus, Phallus rugulosus Tremella fuciformis dan Armillaria mellea

Use of Honey

- Preserving Fruit- Healing- High Sugar Content

HISTORY Besides being used as food, it was used as medicine

-- more than half remedies prescribed by Egyptian doctors contained honey. Ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans spread honey on wounds to hasten their healing -- So, did German Field Medical personnel during World War I. Even as Late as 1970 in England, a surgeon announced he was using honey on open wounds after surgery -- and had fewer bacterial infections than similar wounds treated with antibiotics. Honey proved to be an effective disinfectant; It hastened healing; and bacteria did not develop resistance to it, as often happens with antibiotics.

Yogurt and Cheese Making to Preserve Milk

- Easier to Transport- Lengthen Time Possible to Use

A Legend

Legend tells that yoghurt was born on the slopes of Mount Elbrus in the Caucasus range of mountains, between the Black and Caspian seas. On the hot southern slopes a pitcher of milk belonging to a Turkish nomad was contaminated by a mixture of organisms that thrived in the warm milk (40 - 45c). The result was what the Turks call "yogurut". The name "yogurut" was supposedly introduced in the 8th century and was changed in the 11th century to the current version "Yoghurt". Legend suggests that Yoghurt can act as a preservative against human ageing, however no scientific evidence actually supports this theory. Undoubtedly a regular intake of the organisms found in yoghurt can have a beneficial affect to the digestive tract.

Cooling

- Collection of Snow and Ice- Caves / Cellars- Water Wells

• We have used biotechnology in manufacturing food products for more than 8,000 years.

• Bread, alcoholic beverages, vinegar, cheese and yogurt, and many other foods owe their existence to enzymes found in various microorganisms

Sauerkraut, Pickles, Kimchi, Asinan, Acar

Wine, Beer, Cider, Tuak, Arak, Anggur, Brem Bali, Lahang, Brandy, Port, Kombucha dst.

Peuyeum, Tape, Koji

Nata deCoco, Nata de Pina, Nata de Tea

Yoghurt, Kefir, Dadih, Kumiss

Tempe, Natto

1803, Thenard menemukan khamir penghasil alkohol

1901, Rudolf Emmerich & Oscarlow menemukan pyonase antibiotik oleh Pseudomonas geruginosa.

1918, Chaim Wismann menemukan Clostridium penghasil aseton.

1923, Pfizer menemukan Aspergillus niger penghasil asam sitrat.

1928, A. Fleming menemukan Penisilin oleh P. notatum untuk menghambat pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus

Produk ma-min (Roti, Keju, Minuman keras (tuak dan sake)

Tidak steril Kultur campur

Kultur murni (Bir Calsberg-Copenhagen)

Sistim aseptis Pasteurisasi

Sistim aseptis dan terkontrol Aerasi Produk senyawa organik (Glycerol,

Lactic acid, Acetone & Butanol) Proses hilir berkembang

Produk antibiotika penisilin Produk lain (asam amino, ensim

industri, nukleotida, steroid, PST)

Penggunaan mutan unggul

Penggunaan DNA Rekombinan Insulin pertama 1979 Vaksin Interferon Ensim pengobatan

(asparaginase) Hormon pertumbuhan dll

DNA technology has many useful applications

The Human Genome ProjectThe Human Genome Project The production of vaccines, cancer drugs, and The production of vaccines, cancer drugs, and

pesticidespesticides Engineered Engineered

bacteria that bacteria that can clean up can clean up toxic wastestoxic wastes

Figure 12.3

Plasmidisolated

1Bacterium

Bacterialchromosome

Plasmid

2DNAisolated

Cell containing geneof interest

DNAGene ofinterest

3 Gene inserted into plasmid

Recombinant DNA(plasmid)

4 Plasmid put intobacterial cell

Recombinantbacterium

5

Copies of gene Copies of protein

Clones of cellGene for pestresistanceinserted intoplants

Gene used to alter bacteriafor cleaning up toxic waste

Protein used to dissolve bloodclots in heart attack therapy

Protein used to make snow format highertemperature

Cell multiplies withgene of interest

Figure 12.18A

Insertion ofgene into plasmidusing restrictionenzyme and DNAligase

1

Agrobacteriumtumefaciens

Tiplasmid

T DNA

Restrictionsite

Introductioninto plantcells inculture

2

RecombinantTi plasmid

Plant cell

T DNAcarrying

new genewithin plant

chromosome

Regenerationof plant

3

Plant withnew trait

DNA containinggene for desired trait

Recombinant cells and organisms are used to manufacture useful proteins

Table 12.16

Today’s biotechnology will continue to affect the food industry by providing new products, lowering costs and improving the microbial processes on which food producers have long relied.

Many of these impacts will improve the quality, nutritional value and safety of the crop plants and animal products that are the basis of the food industry.

In addition, biotechnology offers many ways to improve the processing of those raw materials into final products: natural flavors and colors; new production aids, such as enzymes and emulsifiers; improved starter cultures; more waste treatment options; “greener” manufacturing processes; more options for assessing food safety during the process; and even biodegradable plastic wrap that kills bacteria.

The first generation of transgenic crops primarilybenefited the farmers. Although there are

consumerbenefits in growing these crops, the benefitsare largely invisible to consumers. For example,studies have shown that insect-resistant corn(Bt corn) sustains relatively little insect damage;therefore, fungi and molds are not as able toinfect those plants as easily as non-insect-resistantcrops. Therefore the level of toxins producedby these pathogens, some of which are fatal tolivestock, is much lower on Bt corn than non-Bt

corn.

Enzymes, produced by microbial fermentation, play essential roles as processing aids in the food industry.

The first commercial food product produced by biotechnology was an enzyme used in cheese-making. Prior to biotechnology, this enzyme had to be extracted from the stomach of calves, lambs and baby goats, but it is now produced by microorganisms that were given the gene for this enzyme.

The food industry uses more than 55 different enzyme products in food processing. This number will only increase as we discover how to capitalize on the extraordinary diversity of the microbial world and obtain new enzymes that will prove important in food processing.

• More than 325 million people worldwide have been helped by the more than 130 biotechnology drugs and vaccines approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

Of the biotech medicines on the market, 70 percent were approved in the last six years.

There are more than 350 biotech drug products and vaccines currently in clinical trials targeting more than 200 diseases, including various cancers, Alzheimer’s disease, heart disease, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, AIDS and arthritis.

Biotechnology is responsible for hundreds of medical diagnostic tests that keep the blood supply safe from the AIDS virus and detect other conditions early enough to be successfully treated.

Home pregnancy tests are also biotechnology diagnostic products.

Consumers already are enjoying biotechnology foods such as papaya, soybeans and corn.

Hundreds of biopesticides and other agricultural products also are being used to improve our food supply and to reduce our dependence on conventional chemical pesticides.

Bollgard® Insect-Protected Cotton (Developed by Monsanto) Introduced in 1996, cotton with Monsanto’s Bollgard gene is protected against cotton bollworms, pink bollworms and tobacco budworms. Bollgard cotton is a great example of how biotechnology can reduce the amount of pesticide applications on a specific crop.

According to the technology provider, growers using Bollgard technology sprayed an average of 2.5 fewer applications per acre thanconventional cotton growers. This data is further underscored by EPA research. In just one year, 1999, EPA estimated that growers who planted Bollgard cotton reduced their insecticide application by 1.6 million pounds.

Environmental biotechnology products make it possible to clean up hazardous waste more efficiently by harnessing pollution-eating microbes without the use of caustic chemicals.

• Industrial biotechnology applications have led to cleaner processes that produce less waste and use less energy and water in such industrial sectors as chemicals, pulp and paper, textiles, food, energy, and metals and minerals. For example, most laundry detergents produced in the United States contain biotechnology-based enzymes.

There are 1,457 biotechnology companies inthe United States, of which 342 are publicly held.

The biotechnology industry has more thantripled in size since 1992, with revenuesincreasing from $8 billion in 1992 to $27.6billion in 2001.

The U.S. biotechnology industry currentlyemploys 179,000 people

glutamic acid Penyedap

aspartic acid

Pemanis buatan phenylalanine

Aspartic acid and phenylalanine are the two main components of the new sweetener, aspartame.

Ranks Hovis McDougall (RHM), Europe's fourth largest food manufacturer

SCP Myco Meat

INDUSTRI BIOTEKNOLOGI MENENTUKAN MASA DEPAN PERADABAN