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8/2/2019 Dehydration PP
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dehydration-pp 1/17
DEHYDRATION
PRESENTED BY:
POTREENA A. RAJAHBUAYAN
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DEHYDRATION
Dehydration is the excessive loss of waterfrom body tissues accompanied by animbalance in essential electrolytes, such as
sodium, potassium, and chloride.
It occurs when the amount of water leavingthe body is greater than the amount beingtaken in. The body is very dynamic andalways changing.
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Total body water also varies in relation toage, gender, and amount of body fat. Adultmales have approximately 60% water
content, adult females have 50%, infantshave an estimated 77%, and the elderlyhave 46% to 52%. An increase in body fatcauses a decrease in the percent fluid
content because fat does not containsignificant amounts of water.
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THREE MAIN TYPES OF DEHYDRATION BASED
ON
TYPE
OF
FLUID
LOSS
: Hypotonic or hyponatremic – primarily a loss of
electrolytes, particularly sodium.
Hypertonic or hypernatremic – primarily a lossof water.
Isotonic or isonatremic – equal loss of waterand electrolytes.
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THREE TYPES OF DEHYDRATION BASED ON SEVERITY:
Mild – when the body has lost about 2% ofit’s total fluid.
Moderate – when the total fluid loss reaches5%.
Severe – when the body reaches 10% fluidloss, considered a emergency
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CAUSES:
Diarrhea
Vomiting
Sweat
Diabetes
Inability to drink fluids
Burns
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SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:Dry Mouth
The eyes stop making tears
Sweating may stop
Muscle Cramps
Nausea & Vomiting
Heart Palpitations
Light headedness (especially when standing)
WeaknessDecreased urine output
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COMPLICATIONS:
Kidney failure
Coma
ShockHeat-related illnesses and associated
complications
Electrolyte abnormalities
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Body weight Daily fluidrequirements(approximate
10 pounds 15 ounces
20 pounds 30 ounces
30 pounds 40 ounces40 pounds 45 ounces
50 pounds 50 ounces
75 pounds 55 ounces100 pounds 50 ounces
150 pounds 65 ounces
200 pounds 70 ounces
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THE HEALTH CARE PRACTITIONER'S EXAMINATION OF THE PATIENT WILL ASSESS THE LEVEL OF DEHYDRATION. INITIAL EVALUATIONS MAY INCLUDE:
Mental status tests to evaluate whether the patient is awake,alert, and oriented. Infants and children may appear listlessand have whiny cries and decreased muscle tone.
Vital signs may include postural readings (blood pressure
and pulse rate are taken lying down and standing).
Temperature may be measured to assess fever.
Skin may be checked to see if sweat is present and to assessthe degree of elasticity (turgor)
The mouth can become dry and the health care practitionermay look or feel the tongue for fluid.
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Infants may have additional evaluations performed, includingchecking for a soft spot on the skull (sunken fontanel).
Pediatric patients are often weighed during routine child visits, thusa body weight measurement may be helpful in assessing how muchwater has been lost with the acute illness.
Laboratory testing
The purpose of blood tests is to assess potential electrolytesabnormalities (including sodium, potassium, and chloride levels)associated with the dehydration.
Urinalysis may be ordered to determine urine concentration, themore concentrated the urine, the more dehydrated the patient.
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TREATMENT: Drinking fluids is usually enough for
mild dehydration. It is better to drinksmall amounts of fluid often instead
of trying to force large amounts of fluid
at one time.
Electrolyte solutions or freezer pops are very effective.
Intravenous fluids and a hospital stay may be needed for
moderate to severe dehydration. The health careprovider will try to identify and then treat the cause of thedehydration.
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Eat nutritious foods and vegetables such as : bananas
and orange.
Do not drink coffee, colas,
or other drinks that contain
caffeine. They increase urine output and make youdehydrate faster.
Provide frequent, oral care.
Wear cotton made shirts to prevent sweating.
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Loperamide (Imodium) may be considered to control
diarrhea. If the affected individual has a fever, or ifthere is blood in the diarrhea, medical advice shouldbe obtained before administering medications tocontrol diarrhea.
Acetaminophen or ibuprofen may be used tocontrol fever.
Avoid alcohol consumption, especially when it is veryhot, because alcohol increases water loss andimpairs your ability to recognize early signsassociated with dehydration.
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PROGNOSIS:
Rapid recognition and treatment ofdehydration will result in a successfuloutcome. In the absence of complications,
fluid balance is usually restored. If nottreated quickly, severe dehydration canresult in cardiovascular collapse, seizures,permanent brain damage, or death.