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Salvinia molesta “giant salvinia” SALVINACEAE Fern
• Habit: free floating aquatic fern
• Foliage: Leaves born in 3s, appear distichous (third leaf resembling roots), rounded to broadly elliptic, 1.5-3 cm long and wide, often folded along the midrib, base cordate, hairy on both surfaces, papilla on upper surface with 4 distal hairs joined at the tips (resembling an egg beater)
• Flowers: no flowers, produces spores
• Fruits: no fruits, sporangia among roots
• Habitat: standing water of canals, ponds, lakes and connected waterways
• Similar species: Salvinia minima (water spangles)-FLEPPC Cat. 1
• Control: Diquat, Glyphosate, Imazapyr
Water spangles ‘Egg-beater’ hairs on top leaf surface
Free-floating with roots for absorption
Complete infestation of pond
Adult plant bearing sporangia
HI
FLEPPC Unranked
E
D
R
R
Agave sisalana “sisal hemp” AGAVACEAE Monocot
•Habit: large stiff subshrub to 2m , large taproot
•Foliage: 10cm wide and up to 1.5m long, sharp dark brown spine at end, grey-green in color
•Flowers: A branched inflorescence forms atop a flower stalk 7-9m tall, yellowish-green flowers to 7cm wide.; monocarpic
•Fruits: Dry oblong capsule, black seeds; also producing sterile pups or plantlets;
•Habitat Coastal uplands, scrub, scrubby flatwoods, pine rockland, disturbed sites
•Similar species: Yucca spp. (native); Mauritius hemp (non-native, Watch sp.)
•Control: 2,4-D; 20% Garlon 4, repeat treatments may be needed due to biomass belowground
Yucca filamentosa (Adam’s needle) Adult plants
Infestation in coastal Australia
Plantlet on flower stalk
Flowering stalk
Spine tip of leaf
Flowers
Fruits
HI, PR, VI
Note ‘strings’
FLEPPC Cat 2
E
D
R
R
Ipomoea aquatica “water-spinach” CONVOLVULACEAE Dicot
Leaves and stems, hollow cross-sections
HI, PR
FLEPPC Cat 1
E
D
R
R
• Habit: emergent to submerged floating herbaceous vine, stems hollow, white sap
• Foliage: alternate, simple, with smooth petioles 3-14cm long; leaf blades arrowhead shaped but variable, smooth, to 17 cm long, tips pointed; blades held above water when stems floating
• Flowers: white to light to dark pink
• Fruits: an oval or spherical capsule, woody at maturity, about 1cm wide, 1-4 grayish seeds, these often short-hairy
• Habitat: shallow water (ponds, lakes, rivers, canals)
• Similar species: Ipomoea sagittata -glades morning-glory (native)
• Control: 2,4-D amine, Glyphosate, Diquat
Note variation in flower color, white common in Florida
Vines form monoculture, crowds out other vegetation Glades morning-glory
Seeds
Adenanthera pavonina “red beadtree” FABACEAE Dicot
Flowers on stalks from leaf base
HI, PR, VI
FLEPPC Cat 1
E
D
R
R
• Habit: deciduous tree to 20m, buttressed trunk and reddish flaky bark
• Foliage: twice compound, alternate, to 40cm long, glabrous to whitish-green below
• Flowers: fragrant pale yellow-orange, not pea-shaped, on stalks from leaf axils
• Fruits: long, narrow green pod, maturing black, twisted; shiny red seed
• Habitat: prairie hammock, rockland hammock, disturbed sites
• Similar species: Albizia lebbeck-woman’s tongue (Cat. 1)
• Control: Glyphosate, triclopyr
Habit
Young & mature pods w/ seeds Twice compound leaf
Seeds
Woman’s tongue
Eucalyptus grandis “grand eucalyptus” MYRTACEAE Dicot
Habit, showing smooth trunk FLEPPC Unranked
E
D
R
R
• Habit: evergreen tree to 55m, smooth white to blue-gray trunk (30m in south Florida)
• Foliage: dark green above, paler below, to 20cm long, lance-linear, curving, aromatic
• Flowers: cream colored flowers, stamens exerted, urn-shaped corolla
• Fruits: brown urn-shaped capsule, 7-10mm long
• Habitat: disturbed sites, planted areas
• Similar species: red gum (non-native)-leaves skinnier, some curving, some straight
• Control: Hack-n-squirt glyphosate, 2,4-D at high concentrations (>50%)
Flowers
Leaves
Red gum
Bark only at base
Capsules
Habit
Corymbia torelliana “Cadaga eucalyptus” MYRTACEAE Dicot
FLEPPC Unranked
E
D
R
R
•Habit: evergreen tree to 30m, bark rough grey to black on lower trunk, smooth gray-green above •Foliage: ovate, 20cm long, 11cm wide at base, green above, paler below, irritating hairs, blunt-tipped, aromatic • Flowers: small creamy white flowers in clusters with
numerous stamens • Fruits: brown globe-shaped capsule, 8mm wide, in tight
clusters
•Habitat: disturbed sites, planted areas
•Similar species: rainbow eucalyptus (non-native)-not aromatic, has tipped leaf
•Control: : Hack-n-squirt glyphosate, 2,4-D at high concentrations (>50%)
Flowers
Leaves
Capsules
Rainbow eucalyptus
Irritating red hairs
Greenish color higher up
Habit Cestrum nocturnum “night-blooming jasmine” SOLANACEAE Dicot
FLEPPC Unranked
E
D
R
R
Flowers
Leaves
Fruits
Habit, note fence for scale
Size of specimen for sale
HI, PR, VI
Seeds
Dayflowering jasmine
• Habit: semi-woody shrub, to 5m tall
• Foliage: stalked, ovate-oblong, 7-20cm long
• Flowers: fragrant greenish-white, night-blooming in clusters, 5-pointed corolla lip
• Fruits: white berry, 8-10mm long
• Habitat: seeds dispersed by birds into coastal and tropical habitats
• Similar species: dayflowering jasmine- Cestrum diurnum (Cat. 2)
• Control: Basal bark-20% triclopyr 4, cut‐stump triclopyr 3A
Furcraea foetida “Mauritius hemp” AGAVACEAE Monocot
• Habit: large shrub to 3.5m wide, may be on stem up to 1m tall, monocarpic; no taproot like sisal
• Foliage: leaves linear‐lanceolate, green & fleshy, with blunt spines on edge & tip
• Flowers: fragrant white flowers on terminal panicles, 2.5-3.3cm long
• Fruits: flowers develop into plantlets, no seed
• Habitat: Dry, disturbed sites, coastal uplands, rockland hammock, scrub
• Similar species: Yucca spp. (native); sisal hemp (Cat. 2)
• Control: Foliar 2,4‐D or triclopyr 3A/4; likely easier to control than sisal since no taproot
HI
Blu
nt
spin
es a
lon
g le
af m
argi
n
Infestation in open grass-shrub habitat
Flowers with close-up at left
Fruits developing into plantlets
Wel
l-d
evel
op
ed p
lan
tlet
Variegated form at left, adult size at right
FLEPPC Unranked
Wa
tc
h
Cryptocoryne walker “water-trumpet” ARACEAE Monocot
• Habit: Perennial, rhizomatous, submerged aquatic herb to emergent aquatic plant
• Foliage: Leaves basal, hairless, ovate, 3-9cm long, upper surface green to brown, sometimes marbled, lower surface red to brown, veins often reddish
• Flowers: separate male & female flowers inside 4-12cm greenish brown spathe
• Fruits: Rarely seen
• Habitat: Freshwater springs, creeks, (canals?)
• Similar species: Hypgrophila polysperma (dwarf hygro)-Cat. 1
• Control: Diquat? Literature search difficult for ‘Cryptocoryne’ or ‘water trumpet’ due to aquarium webpages
♂
♀ FLEPPC Unranked Hygrophila polysperma
Habit-red and green leaf colors
Red and green leaf colors
Monoculture in spring run
Habit
Spadix (flower & spathe)
Wa
tc
h
HI, PR, VI
Cyperus alopecuroides “foxtail flatsedge” CYPERACEAE Monocot
• Habit: Large, perennial, rhizomatous, stems triangular, glabrous, to 3.5m tall
• Foliage: broad to 1.5m tall, margins serrated & sharp (like sawgrass)
• Flowers: Inflorescence branched with densely clustered spikes (golden brown) surrounded by broad bracts up to 2m long, flowers in summer
• Fruits: Achenes (seeds) dark brown, sessile, biconvex with 2 stigmas
• Habitat: Wet disturbed sites
• Similar species: Umbrella sedge- Cyperus involucratus (Cat. 2)
• Control: Glyphosate-multiple treatments needed due to belowground biomass and seed bank
FLEPPC Unranked Umbrella sedge Variable length of individual inflorescences
Size relative to person
Habit
Wa
tc
h
A few, long bracts
Seeds*
Cyperus entrerianus “deep-rooted flatsedge” CYPERACEAE Monocot
• Habit: large, perennial rhizomatous sedge to 1m tall, stems triangular, wetlands
• Foliage: leaves glossy with purple-black bases
• Flowers: inflorescence terminal with 5-11 greenish-white spikes, gold-tan hues possible
• Fruits: seeds triagonal (not biconvex), brownish-grey
• Habitat: wet disturbed sites
• Similar species: swamp flatsedge- Cyperus distinctus (native); bracts much shorter than C. alopecuroides
• Control: Foliar 2% glyphosate (2 qts/acre) is expected to achieve 98% control; follow-up likely required
FLEPPC Unranked
Inflorescences short on variable length stalks
Spikelets
Wa
tc
h
Habit
A few bracts
PR
Habit Swamp flatsedge Seeds
• Habit: perennial herb, rhizomatous, lily-like
• Foliage: leaves basal, 50-80cm long, very finely serrated, basal sheath purple
• Flowers: inflorescence a panicle 10-15cm tall with near white-light blue flowers, petals reflexed
• Fruits: fruits succulent, violet‐blue berry with shiny, black seeds
• Habitat: scrub, wet prairie, moist hammock, mostly in disturbed areas
• Similar species: Solanum spp.- esp. Solanum americanum (native) American black nightshade
• Control: biannual foliar treatment imazapyr (1%,), metsulfuron (0.08 g/L). Must follow‐up regularly with spot treatments
Dianella ensifolia “cerulean flaxlily” HEMEROCALLIDACEAE Monocot
FLEPPC Unranked
Wa
tc
h
Variab
le flow
er colo
r
Habit Am. black nightshade
Seeds
Habit
© w
ww
.Natu
reLoveYo
u.sg
Fruits m
aturin
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blu
e
• Habit: rooted perennial aquatic, rooting at leaf nodes along stem
• Foliage: leaves alternate, submersed leaves sessile, emersed leaves stalked, the leaf stalk not inflated, leaf blade rounded
• Flowers: showy light purple flowers above water surface on erect stems, 7-50 flowers per stalk, flowers summer through fall
• Fruits: capsules with seeds
• Habitat: coastal rivers, lakes, canals(?)
• Similar species: distinguished from the more common E. crassipes (water-hyacinth) by not having inflated stalks on emergent leaves
• Control: There are several herbicides available for the control of E. crassipes, e.g., 2,4-D & glyphosate, which are only effective on small populations – but none are currently registered for E. azurea
Eichhornia azurea “anchored water-hyacinth” PONTEREDIACEAE Monocot
FLEPPC Unranked
Wa
tc
h
Elongated stem rooting at nodes
Habit
Flower spike
Habitat
Seeds
PR
Water-hyacinth
• Habit: evergreen, much-branched tree, to 10m tall; above-ground breathing roots normally absent, but small looping lateral roots may develop in moist habitats; bark gray, fissured longitudinally in older trees
• Foliage: leaves simple, alternate, 3-7cm long, 2-3cm wide, succulent, obovate, indentation at the tip, leaf margin is slightly wavy
• Flowers: inflorescence an axillary spike, 2-3cm long; flowers small, erect with green tube-like calyx, divided into five lobes at the tip; 5 white petals, stamens 10 in 2 whorls
• Fruits: fruit vase-shaped, pale green, corky, 1-2cm long;
• Habitat: Mangrove swamps
• Similar species: white mangrove Laguncularia racemose (native)-lvs opposite, symmetrically oval, fruits are similar though
• Control: Foliar glyphosate (0.5-2%)
Lumnitzera racemosa “black mangrove” COMBRETACEAE Dicot
FLEPPC Cat 1
Wa
tc
h
Maturing fruits w/ persistent style
Habit
Flowers
Underside of leaf, notched tip
White managrove (opposite lvs)
• Habit: leafless, annual parasitic vine, 1-3 mm in diameter, yellow-gold with red striations, spreading over shrubs & trees, spaghetti-like stems thicker than native dodder species
• Foliage: leafless, lacks chlorophyll, grows up to 15cm a day
• Flowers: flowers are small, pale yellow, on short dense spikes
• Fruits*: rarely flowers, but capsules contain 1-3 seeds; seeds viable for 20 years or more (*photo of C. lupuliformis)
• Habitat: disturbed sites, city & surbaban landscapes, citrus-CA
• Similar species: 7 native Cuscuta spp. in our CISMA; look for yellow-green-gold C. japonica, native Cuscuta bright orange, C. japonica has thicker vines than natives
• Control: likely mechanical control, diligent recovery of tissues, careful herbicide application so as not to damage host plant
Cuscuta japonica “Japanese dodder” CONVOLVULACEAE Dicot
FLEPPC Unranked
Wa
tc
h
Capsules*
Habit
Flowers
Close-up of leafless vines
Native Cuscuta sp.
• Habit: slender, clambering vine, to 5m long, with stinging hairs
• Foliage: stalked 3-lobed leaves, hirsute, 6-12cm long, no tendrils
• Flowers: stalked inflorescences with showy white to green bracts that have white stinging hairs
• Fruits: small 3-lobed, explosively dehiscent capsule
• Habitat: disturbed forests, cypress forests
• Similar species: purple passionflower Passiflora incarnata (native)-no stinging hairs, pungent, has tendrils to attach to other vegetation
• Control: no established control methods
• Caution: this plant has stinging capability similar to tread softly-it hurts!
Dalechampia scandens “spurgecreeper” EUPHORIBACEAE Dicot
FLEPPC Unranked
Wa
tc
h
Flowers
Habit
Flower and 3-lobed leaf
Native to PR, VI
Leaves and twining vine Purple passionflower
• Habit: tree to 7m tall; bark brown, fissured, except on new growth where it is green & hairy; spines up to 8cm long, slightly recurved, almost at right angle, may bear leaves at base of thorn
• Foliage: leaves twice compound, dark green above, pale below, leaflets and stalks hairy, 5-15 (19) pairs of pinnae; each pinnae bear (9) 12-22 (41) pairs of leaflets; terminal pair of pinnae shorter
• Flowers: hanging bicolored cylindrical spikes, 6-9cm long , fragrant; lower flowers hermaphroditic, 1 pistil &10 yellow stamens each; upper flowers sterile, pale purple, protruding filaments with attractive effect
• Fruits: pods narrow, yellow or brown; generally twisted or spiraled, 10cm x 1.5cm, in dense, stalked, intertwined clusters, indehiscent; about 4 black seeds per pod, each with a flat spot at one end
• Habitat: hydric hammock; perhaps sloughs, cypress strands
• Similar species: Earleaf acacia (Cat 1)-similar fruits
• Control: no established control methods
Dichrostachys cinerea ssp. africanus “sickle pod” FABACEAE Dicot
FLEPPC Unranked
Wa
tc
h
Pods
Bicolored flowers
Leaves and thorn Earleaf acacia-simple lvs, no thorns
Seeds
Habit
• Habit: Perennial, emergent aquatic herb with shoots floating on the water surface, stems brittle, 1-1.5mm in diameter, up to 13cm long; clusters of brown and pink roots at nodes
• Foliage: leaves distichously arranged, 9-17mm long, circular, dense with short hairs, entire, base cordate, tip notched, light blue-green color; peculiar elliptical pocket on each side of the midrib, proturberant above, concave below, folds on the leaf surface; older leaves have red tints
• Flowers: axillary, white, minute, 2-4mm wide
• Fruits: 3mm wide, depressed globose capsule
• Habitat: canal, river; sluggish open water?
• Similar species: mosquito fern (native); water spangles (Cat 1)
• Control: foliar-aquatic labeled diquat dibromide; likely introduced from aquarium trade; eradication being attempted in Peace River
Phyllanthus fluitans “red-root floater” PHYLANTHACEAE Dicot
FLEPPC Unranked
Wa
tc
h
Flowers
Leaves from stem
Mosquito fern Habit
Habit
Infesting canal
Water spangles
• Habit: Perennial herbaceous aquatic herb, variable depending on habitat; rooted terrestrially-slender plant to 5cm tall growing in mud; aquatic submersed-highly branched, branching stems to 1m long; aquatic emergent-stem simple or branched to 14cm
• Foliage: aerial leaves variable, usually whorled, dissected 4-12mm long; submersed leaves whorled, to 30mm long
• Flowers: axillary from aerial leaves, solitary, stalked, pink, 8-12mm long
• Fruits*: capsules, ellipsoid, 3.5-5.5 mm long, green-brown when submersed, dark brown when emersed (*for L. sessiliflora-Cat. 1)
• Habitat: ponds, lakes, ditches, marshes, swamps
• Similar species: Limnophila sessiliflora Asian marshweed (Cat. 1)
• Control*: (*for L. sessiliflora) registered aquatic herbicides provide very limited control of this species (Mahler 1980); however, high dose 2-4,D reportedly kills this plant (Mahler 1980); otherwise, there is almost no literature; both Limnophila species are popular in aquarium trade
Limnophila indica var. indica “Indian marshweed” PLANTAGINACEAE Dicot
FLEPPC Unranked
Wa
tc
h
Flowers
Aerial leaves
Asian marshweed Habit Submersed habit
• Habit: semi‐woody vine , climbing by twining, or prostrate and rooting at the nodes, sometimes shrublike
• Foliage: leaves opposite, broadly lanceolate to elliptic, 16cm long, 10cm wide, margins entire, bases rounded to cordate, triangular stipules conspicuous, petioles to 10cm long, leaves and stems with fetid odor
• Flowers*: inflorescence showy, elongate, many branched, leafy, to 50cm long; flowers stalked, corolla tubular, 5-lobed, pinkish-pale lilac with a purple throat, outer surface pubescent (*P. foetida shown)
• Fruits*: laterally compressed, orange to yellow, papery capsule, to 1.1cm in diameter; seeds 2, black, winged, elliptic (*P. foetida shown)
• Habitat: Pine rockland, rockland hammock, mesic hammock
• Similar species: skunk vine-Paederia foetida (Cat. 1)
• Control: foliar (3%‐5% glyphosate), basal bark (10% triclopyr ester). Within 2‐4 weeks retreat the area with basal bark 10% triclopyr ester. Second treatment can be time‐consuming, as many underground runners sprout. The area should continue to be monitored (IFAS).
Paederia cruddasiana “sewervine” RUBIACEAE Dicot
FLEPPC Cat 1
Wa
tc
h
Flowers*
Leaves
Skunkvine Habit Fruits*